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    A Brief Glimpse and Overview of Early Deviant Sects and Orientations

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    Shabab ASH
    This document provides an overview of early deviant sects and orientations in Islam, summarizing their key influences, beliefs, and differences: 1. It outlines four foundational sects that emerged early on: the Khawarij, Rawafid, Qadariyya, and Murji'ah. 2. It then describes several theological ("kalām") groups that engaged in philosophical reasoning about God's names and attributes, often contradicting each other: the Jahmiyyah, Mu'tazilah, Hishamiyyah, Kullabiyyah, Karrāmiyyah, Ash'ariyyah, and Maturidiyyah. 3.

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    A Brief Glimpse and Overview of Early Deviant Sects and Orientations

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    Shabab ASH
    13 views2 pages
    This document provides an overview of early deviant sects and orientations in Islam, summarizing their key influences, beliefs, and differences: 1. It outlines four foundational sects that emerged early on: the Khawarij, Rawafid, Qadariyya, and Murji'ah. 2. It then describes several theological ("kalām") groups that engaged in philosophical reasoning about God's names and attributes, often contradicting each other: the Jahmiyyah, Mu'tazilah, Hishamiyyah, Kullabiyyah, Karrāmiyyah, Ash'ariyyah, and Maturidiyyah. 3.

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    This document provides an overview of early deviant sects and orientations in Islam, summarizing their key influences, beliefs, and differences: 1. It outlines four foundational sects that emerged early on: the Khawarij, Rawafid, Qadariyya, and Murji'ah. 2. It then describes several theological ("kalām") groups that engaged in philosophical reasoning about God's names and attributes, often contradicting each other: the Jahmiyyah, Mu'tazilah, Hishamiyyah, Kullabiyyah, Karrāmiyyah, Ash'ariyyah, and Maturidiyyah. 3.

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    13 views2 pages

    A Brief Glimpse and Overview of Early Deviant Sects and Orientations

    Uploaded by

    Shabab ASH
    This document provides an overview of early deviant sects and orientations in Islam, summarizing their key influences, beliefs, and differences: 1. It outlines four foundational sects that emerged early on: the Khawarij, Rawafid, Qadariyya, and Murji'ah. 2. It then describes several theological ("kalām") groups that engaged in philosophical reasoning about God's names and attributes, often contradicting each other: the Jahmiyyah, Mu'tazilah, Hishamiyyah, Kullabiyyah, Karrāmiyyah, Ash'ariyyah, and Maturidiyyah. 3.

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    A BRIEF GLIMPSE AND OVERVIEW OF EARLY DEVIANT

    SECTS AND ORIENTATIONS


    ُ ۟ ُ َّ ُ ‫يماَف َّٱتب ُع‬
    ً ‫اَصِط َُم ْستق‬ َّ َ
    َ‫َٱلس ُبلَفتف َّرق َِبك ْمَعن‬
    ُّ ‫وا‬ ‫وهَوَلَتت ِبع‬ ِ ِ ِ َٰ ِ ‫— َوأنَه َٰ ذ‬
    INFLUENCES
    —Jews —Christian
    )6:153(َ‫س ِبي ِل َِه‬
    ‫ن‬
    َ‫قتَالنصارىَعىلَاثنتي‬ ‫ر‬
    ‫َوافت‬،‫َفرقة‬ ‫ن‬
    ‫قتَاليهودَعىلَإحدىَوسبعي‬ ‫افت‬‫— ر‬
    —Greeks —Persians ‫ن‬ ‫ر‬
    َ‫َفرقةَكلهاَفَالنارَإال‬ ‫ن‬
    ‫قَهذهَاألمةَعىلَثالثَوسبعي‬ ‫َوستفت‬،‫َفرقة‬ ‫ن‬
    ‫وسبعي‬
    —Sabeans —Hindus ‫ي‬
    َ‫َمنَكانَعىلَمثلَماَأناَعليه‬:‫َمنَهَياَرسولَهللا؟َقال‬ ‫ي‬ :‫َقيل‬،‫واحدة‬
    ‫وأصحاب‬
    َ —
    Yūsuf bin Asbāṭَ(d. 195H):
    The foundations of Ashaʾirah
    innovation are four: The Mātūrīdīyyah
    Rāwāfīḍ, Khawārij, Kullābiyyah
    Qadariyyah and Murjiʾah.
    Karrāmiyyah

    Jahmiyyah
    Muʿtazilah
    Hishāmiyyah
    Khawārij
    Raʾī (opinion)

    Murjiʾah Salaf Qadariyyah

    50H

    Rāwāfiḍ 100H
    Taṣawwuf
    200H

    300H
    Kashf

    Dhawq 400H
    Bāṭiniyyah

    Waḥdat al-Wujūd Mutafalsifah


    Ittiḥād / Ḥulūl

    َ َ ُ ْ َ
    OPPOSING ORIENTATIONS َ‫َل‬
    َ ‫ٱّللَو‬ َُ ََ‫ٱحكمَب ْين ُهمَ ِبمَاَأنزل‬ َ‫ن‬
    َ ِ ‫— وأ‬
    ʿaql (reason) — naql (revelation) ْ ُ ْ َ ْ َّ
    )5:49(َ‫م‬ َ ‫تت ِب َعَأهواءه‬
    ḥaqīqah (reality) — sharīʿah (creed, tawḥīd, law) َّ َ ْ َ ْ َ ۟ ُ َ
    َ‫— ف ِإنَل ْمَي ْست ِجيبواَلكَفٱعلمَأنما‬
    bāṭin (esoteric) — ẓāhir (apparent) َ ُ ْ َ َّ
    َ‫يت ِب ُعونَأهواءه ْمَوم ْنَأض ُّل َِم َّم ِن‬
    siyāsah (politics) — sharīʿah (legislation) َ ِّ ‫َه ًد‬ُ ْ ُ َٰ َّ
    َِ ‫ىَمن‬
    ‫َٱّلل‬ ‫ٱتبعَهوىه َِبغ ِت‬
    raʾī (opinion) — ḥadīth (prophetic tradition)
    َ(28:50)
    kashf (enlightenment) — naql (revelation)
    dhawq (taste, feeling) — naql (revelation) ʿaql ṣarīḥ (sound reason)

    Abu ʿIyaaḍ—@abuiyaadsp
    IslamTees Lessons, Middlesbrough, Shaʿbān 1443 / March 2022
    Four Foundational Sects
    —1. Khawārij: Rebel against rulers on account of sins, perceived or actual injustice, make takfīr of the
    rulers due to sin and injustice, and rouse people against them.
    —2. Rawāfiḍ: Show partisanship for ʿAlī, claim he should have been first khalīfah, reject majority of the
    Companions, make takfīr of them and speak ill of the Prophet’s wives and claim Qurʾān is incomplete.
    —3. Qadariyyah: Deny that Allāh wills and creates man’s actions and claim that man creates his own
    actions outside of Allāh’s control and power.
    —4. Murjiʾah: Expel actions from the reality of īmān (faith) and claim faith is only what is in the heart,
    or what is in the heart and on the tongue.

    Kalām Groups—Creed Derived Through Intellect


    —5. Jahmiyyah: Rejected Allāh’s names, attributes and actions on account of rationalities and
    philosophy while trying to argue for His existence. They put reason ahead of revelation. They also adopted
    an extreme version of the bidʿah of the Murjiʾah, and claimed we have no real free will and are forced to do
    our actions (the opposite of the Qadariyyah).
    —6. Muʿtazilah: Affirmed the names of Allāh, but denied His attributes and actions. They also adopted
    the bidʿah of the Qadariyyah.
    —7. Hishāmiyyah: A group of the Rāwāfiḍ who made resemblances between Allāh and His creation in
    the matter of His attributes, they claimed He has a body and form like men, has five senses, has nose,
    mouth and likened His attributes to those of His creatures. They understood that He cannot have attributes
    unless He is like His creatures.
    —8. Kullābiyyah: They argued with the Muʿtazilah upon their philosophical principles without being
    thoroughly grounded and fell into some of their misguidance. They denied Allāh has actions tied to His will.
    —9. Karrāmiyyah: A faction similar to the Kullābiyyah, they argued with the Jahmiyyah and Muʿtazilah
    and fell into errors, they claimed Allāh acquires attributes, such as speech (kalām) after not having them.
    They also fell into errors of the Murjiʾah.
    —10. Ashāʾirah: Named after Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī, who used to be a Muʿtazilī, and then adopted the
    view of the Kullābiiyyah, after which he came closer to the Sunnah. Those after him slowly drifted away
    back towards the direction of the Muʿtazilah and Jahmiyyah.
    —11. Māturīdiyyah: Name after Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī, they are Ḥanafīs in fiqh and their creed is like
    that of the Ashāʾirah.
    The above kalām groups claimed the proof of reason is definitive, yet they differed with and refuted
    each other in the issue of Allāh’s names and attributes.

    Other Orientations
    —12. Taṣawwuf: Excess in piety and abstinence, leading to innovations in worship and great
    misguidance in doctrines.
    —13. Raʾī (opinion): Placing heavy reliance on analogy (qiyās) and opinion on account of having very
    stringent criteria for ḥadīth authenticity, and tendency to reject or interpret away texts that go against their
    views. Term has also been used to include kalām groups.
    —14. Bāṭiniyyah: Factions who made ascription to Islām, through the face of Shīʿism but were trying to
    merge Greek philosophy with the outward aspects of Islām. Basically, they tried to corrupt the religion of
    Islām by merging or dissolving it with the sciences of the nations.
    —15. Mutafalsifah: A faction supporting views of Greek philosophers who argued against the kalām
    factions, trying to prove eternity of the universe. They denied resurrection and claimed prophethood can
    be acquired and had similar views to the kalām groups in the topic of the attributes.

    Extreme Ṣūfīs
    —16. Waḥdat al-Wujūd (Unity of Existence: Claimed there is only one existence, there is no “created”
    and “creator”, thus there is no distinction between the worshipper and the worshipped.
    —17. Ittiḥād/Ḥulūl (Divine Indwelling): Claimed Allāh can unite with and enter into His creatures just
    like Christians believe about Jesus ().

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