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Math 221E Module 2 2nd Edition - Protected

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Module 2

1st Order Differential Equation


Techniques (Part 1)

DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION

Engr. Renel M Alucilja, RPABE


Engr. Kathleen Mae B. Alucilja, CE

Developed by:
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
University of Southern Mindanao
Kabacan, Cotabatao
2 Math 221: 1st Order Techniques (Part 1)
=================================
Module 2. 1st Order Differential Equation Techniques
(Part 1)

Learning Outcomes:

ILO 4 Solve First Ordinary Differential Equation using Separation


techniques

ILO 5 Solve First Ordinary Differential Equation using Substitution

ILO 6 Solve Linear Differential Equation in order 1

Topics
2. Concept of Mathematical Modeling and
Differential Equation
1. Separation of Variable
2. Substitution Methods
1. Homogeneous Equations
2. Linear Equation
3. First Order Linear Equation (Lagrange Equation)

2.1 Separable Differential Equation

A differential equation in the first order differential equation is said


to be a separable equation if first order differential equation in the
form of

P( x, y) dx+ Q( x, y) dy=0

can be transformed into

Mdx +Ndy=0

where M is a function of x alone and N is a function of y alone.

In example, evaluate the differential equation


x
e siny dx+cos y dy =0 if it is separable or not.

Evaluating the equation, we can separate the variable x with


variable y following the solution shown below. Trigonometric Reciprocal identities
1
Example 2.1 =csc x
sin x
1
x
e siny dx +cos y dy =0 multiply both =sec x
cos x
[ ]
1
sin y [ ]
[ e x siny dx+cos y dy ]=0 1
sin y
side by
1
sin
y tan x=
sin x
cos x
x cos y cos x
e dx+ dy=0 Simplify cot x=
sin y sin x
e x dx+ cot y dy =0 1
tan x=
x
cot x
therefore the differential equation is a separable with M =e
and N=sec y .
Math 221: 1st Order Techniques (Part 1) 3

Integration Techniques used


2.1.1 Solution of a separable differential equation.
∫ e=û du=e u +C
∫ sin u du=−cos u+C A differential equation in form of Mdx + Ndy=0 where M is
Derivative of an exponential function a function of x alone and y as a function of y alone can be
D( eu )=e u du solve using direct integration. The following example for
solving the solution in this form is shown in an example
Derivative of a Trigonometric Function below.
D(sin u)=cos u du
D( cos u)=−sin u du Example 2.2
D( sec u)=sec u tan u du e x dx +sin y dy=0
D( cscu)=−cscu cot u du
2
∫ e x dx +∫ sin y dy=C
D( tan u)=sec u du x
e −cos y=C
2
D( cot u)=−csc u du
An Example shown below is in the for of
P( x, y) dx+ Q( x, y) dy=0 that can be transform into
Mdx + Ndy=0 .

Example 2.3
dy x+ 1 notice that a constant C
=
dx y represents another
ydy =(x +1) dx constant 2C
∫ ydy=∫ ( x +1) dx +C
2 2
y ( x +1)
= +C
2 2
y= √ ((x +1) +C)
2

Note that the solution in the previous two examples are called
General Solutions. Meaning it represents a sets of solution. The
next example deals with a particular solution.

Example 2.4. Find the particular solution for the differential


equation given an initial condition.

2
x y– y
y ’= ; y(3) =−1
y +1
y (x 2 – 1)
y ’=
y +1
y +1 2
dy=(x −1) dx
y
dy
dy + =x 2 dx−dx
y
∫ dy +∫ dy y
=∫ x dx−∫ dx+C
2

x3
y + ln y = −x+C ; y(3)=−1
3
3
x
−x+C− y
3
y=e
Solve Problems
Solve Problem Set 2.1: Separation of Variables

Solve for the General/particular solution given in the problem.

dr
1. =−4 rt , when t=0 , r=r 0
dt

solution:

dr
=−4 rt
dt
dr
=−4 t dt ✔ separation of variables
r
∫ dr
r
=∫ −4 t dt+ C ✔ integrating both sides
2
t
lnr =−4 +C ✔ simplification
2
2
−2 t +C
r =e ✔ substitution
2

r =e−2 t .e C ,let e C = A
r =Ae−2 t ✔ General Solutions
@ t=0 ,r =r 0
r 0 =Ae
(−2 (0 ))
✔ using boundary condition
A=r o , therefore
r =r 0 e−2t ✔ Particular solutions

2. ye 2 x dx =(4+e 2 x )dy

solution:
2x 2x
ye dx=(4+ e )dy
2x
e dy ✔ separation of variables
dx=
(4+ e ) 2x
y
2x ✔ Integration
∫ e(4+ e2 x ) dx=∫ dy y
+C
✔ Substitution methods= of integration
let u=4+ e 2 x , du=2 e2 x dx
1 du
2 u
∫ =ln y +C
✔ Substitution techniques on dealing with
lnu=2 ln y+2 C ,let 2C=lnA
2 constant
lnu=ln y + ln A
u=Ay 2
✔ Answer should be a function of x and y
(4+ e 2 x )= Ay 2
Solve Problems
2
3. y '=x −2 x+ 2
solution:

y ' =x 2−2 x+ 2 ✔ Direct Integration


y=∫ ( x2 −2 x +2)dx
x3
y= −x 2 +2 x +C
3

4. ( (1+ln x)dx +(1+ ln y )dy=0


solution:
(1+ ln x) dx+(1+ln y )dy =0
∫ dx +∫ ln x +∫ dy +∫ ln y dy=C ✔ Direct Integration
✔ Derivation of integration of ln u du
∫ ln u du
let v=ln u dw=du
✔ integration by parts
du
dv= w=u
u
du
u ln u−∫ u
u
∫ ln u du=u lnu−u=u(lnu−1) ✔ integration
x + x (ln x−1)+ y + y ( ln y−1)=C ✔ General Solution
x ln x+ y ln y=C

1
5. y 2 (1 – x 2)2 dy =arcsin x dx , y (0 )=0

solution:
1
2 2 2
y (1 – x ) dy=arcsin x dx , y(0)=0
2 arcsin x ✔ Separation of Variables
y dy= 1
dx
2 2
(1 – x )
✔ Integration
∫ y 2 dy=∫ arcsin x1 dx +C
(1 – x2 )2 ✔ Integration by substitution
arcsin x
∫ 1
dx ; let u=arcsin x ✔ derivative of inverse
2 2
(1 – x ) trigonometric functions
dx arcsin x arcsin 2 x
du= =∫ dx=
1
2 2
1
2 2
2
(1 – x ) (1 – x )
3
y 1 ✔ General Solution
= arcsin2 x+C ,@ y (0)=0 ;C=0
3 2

( )
1
3 ✔ Particular Solution
y= arcsin2 x 3
2
Problem Sets

Problem Set 2.1: Separation of Variable

Set 1. Solve for the General solution of the following Differential Equation.

2
x
1. y ’=
y dy
14. =3+5 y
dt
x2
2. y ’= 2
y(1+ x 3 ) 15. y (x +1) dy +( y +2) xdx =0

3. y ' + y 2 sin x=0 dy 1/ 3


16. =(64 xy )
dx
(3 x 2 −1)
4. y ’= 2 dy
(3+2 y) 17. (1 – x ) =2 y
dx
2
(cos x) 18. y '=xy 3
5. y ’= 2
(cos 2 y)
3 dy 4
1 19. y =( y +1)cos x
2 2 dx
6. xy ’=(1− y )
5
dy ( x – 1) y
dy x −e −x
20. =
7. = dx x 2 (2 y 3 – y)
dx y+ e y

21. y '=1+ x + y + xy
dy x 2
8. =
dx 1+ y2 dy
22. +2 xy 2=0
dx
9. x dx + y dy=0
1
dy
10.
3
x dx − y dy =0 23. =( xy )3
dx
4 y
11. dt− dy =0 dy
t y−3 24. =2 x sec y
dx
12. (t 2+1) dt=( y 2 + y )dy 25.
2 2
(1+ x )dy=(l+ y) dx

xe x
13. y ’=
2y
Problem Sets

Set 2. Solve the Particular Solution given the boundary conditions

x2 2x
1. y ’= ; y( 0)=2 14. y ’= , y(2)=0
y(1+ x 3 ) (1+2 y)

(3 x 2 −1) x ( x 2 +1) 3 1
2. y ’= @ x=1 y=3 15. y ’= y , y(0)=−
(3+2 y) 4 √2
2 x
1 (3 x − e )
3.
2 2
xy ’=(1− y ) ; y (1)=3 16. y ’= , y(0)=1
(2 y − 5)

dy x 2 (e − x − e x )
4. = @ x=4 , y=1
dx 1+ y2 17. y ’= , y(0) =1
(3+ 4 y)
3
5. x dx − y dy =0 ; @(1,3) 18. sin 2 x dx +cos 3 ydy=0 , y (π / 2)=π /3
2 2
6. t +1 dt=( y + y )dy @(2,1) 2 2 1/ 2
19. y (1− x ) dy =arcsin x dx , y (0 )=0
dy
7. =3+5 y ; y (1)=2 dy
dt 20. = ye x , y (0 )=2 e
dx
8. y ’=(1− 2 x ) y 2 , y(0) =−1/6 dy 2 2
21. =3 x ( y +1), y (0) =1
dx
(1− 2 x )
9. y ’= , y (1)=− 2
y dy x
22. 2y = , y =2
dx √ x 2 – 16 (5 )
10. x dx + y e − x dy =0 , y(0)=1
dy 3
2 23. =4 x y − y , y (l)=−3
r dx
11. dr /dθ= , r(1)=2
θ
dy
24. +1=2 y , y(l)=1
x dx
12. y ’=2 2
, y (0 )=−2
( y+ x y)
dy 1
25. tan x =y, y 1 = π
13.
3
y ’=xy (1+ x ) 2 − 1/ 2
, y (0 )=1 dx (
2
π ) 2
8 Math 221: 1st Order Techniques (Part 1)
=================================
Substitution Techniques

When the equation of a differential equation in the


Here are the steps in
for P(x,y) dx + Q(x,y) dy = 0, cannot be directly
substitution.
separated in such way that the function of x and y
witll be in the form of Mdx + Ndy of which M is a
(a). Identify the type of
function of x alone and N is a function of y alone, a equation and
variable for both or x and y can be substituted on determine the
which we can have and equation F(u)du + G(v)dv appropriate
=0. substitution or
transformation.
2.2 Homogeneous Equation (b). Rewrite the original
equation in terms of
Homogeneous Equations. A homogeneous
differential equation in the first order is defined as a
new variables.
functions in which all terms are of the same degree. (c) Solve the transformed
Examples of these are equation.
(d) Express the solution in
3
x +y
3
terms of the original
x 2 – 2 xy + y 2 , and variables.
2 3 3 2
x y +x y

In the first order differential equation, a differential


equation can also defined as homogeneous
dy y
derivative ( ) can be expressed as or
dx x
x
.
y

Shown below is the determination example if a


given differential is a homogeneous equation.

Example 2.5 Verify of the differential equation is a


homogeneous equation.

( x+ y) dx + y dy=0

Examining the equation we let M = (x+y) and N = y.


We evaluate the degree of M, which gave as 1 for
the x and also 1 for y. For N, the degree is also
1. Therefore we conclude that the equation is a
homogeneous equation. Another way to verify of
it is homogeneous is transforming the equation into
dy
the form of and evaluate the right function
dx
and use the second definition we presented.

( x+ y) dx + y dy=0
dy − y
=
dx ( x+ y )
dy −x
= −1
dx y
Therefore, the equation is a homogeneous
equation.
Math 221: 1st Order Techniques (Part 1) 9

Example 2.6 Verify if the differential equation is a


homogeneous equation.

(x+ y) dx +( x + y−1) dy=0

Examining the equation (we let M = (x+y) and N =


(x + y - 1). We evaluate the degree of M, which gave
as 1 for the x and also 1 for y. For N, the degree is
of x is 1, y is 1 and 0 fr -1. Therefore we conclude
that the equation is a non-homogeneous
equation. Another way to verify of it is
homogeneous is transforming the equation into the
dy
for of and evaluate the right function and
dx
use the second definition we presented.

(x+ y) dx +( x + y−1) dy=0


dy −( x+ y )
=
dx ( x+ y −1)
dy −( x+ y −1+ 1)
=
dx ( x+ y −1)
dy 1
=−1+
dx ( x+ y −1)

therefore the equation is a non-homogeneous


equation.

2.2.2 Solution of a homogeneous equation by


Substitution. To solve for a homogeneous
x y
equation, we can substitute or to a
y x
certain function, in our exercises, we let this as v.
Further, hence we need to substitute only one
function we can simplify a substitution as

x=vy or y=vx

Both substitution will lead onto a separable


equation, of which the techniques is separable
equation can be applied.
The choice of
substitution for either v Example 2.7. Find the general solution for the
or x will gave different differential equation ( x+ y) dx +( x – y )dy=0 .
integration techniques to
be used. However most Solution:
of this integration deals
with partial fraction, ( x+ y) dx +( x – y )dy=0
substitution or
First we determine is this is a homogeneous
integration by part.
equation. Just by looking at the equation we know
that it is a homogeneous equation in the first
degree.
10 Math 221: 1st Order Techniques (Part 1)
=================================
Then we rewrite the equation as a function v by
letting x = vy, Here we need to determine the value
of dx as we need to substitute all function of x into
v and y and substitute into the original equation.

x=vy Integration operation


dx =vdy + y dv used in this equation
(vy+ y)(vdy+ y dv)+(vy− y )dy=0 Integration by subsitution
y (v +1)(vdy + y dv )+ y(v−1) dy=0 (v +1)
(v+1)( vdy+ y dv )+(v−1)dy =0 ∫ (v 2 +2 v +1) dv
(v2 + v+ v−1) dy+( v+ 1) y dv=0
2 let u=v2 +2 v +1
(v +2 v −1) dy +(v +1) y dv=0 du=(2 v +2)dv
dy ( v+1) 1 1
+ dv=0 ( ) du=(2 v +2)dv( )
y ( v 2+2 v −1) 2 2
dy (v +1) du
∫ y +∫ (v 2 +2 v −1) dv=0 2
=( v +1)dv , subsitute
(v +1)
1 2
lny + ln(v +2 v−1)=C
2
∫ (v 2 +2 v +1) dv =∫ du
2u
2
2lny+ ln (v +2 v −1)=2 C , let 2C=C 1
∫ du
2u 2
1
= lnu
lny 2+ ln(v 2+2 v−1)=C1
(v +1)
∫ (v 2 +2 v +1) dv =12 ln( v 2+2 v+1)
2 2
ln y (v +2 v−1)=C 1
2 2 C C1 x
y (v +2 v−1)=e1 , let e =A and substitute v=
y
2
2 x x
y (( ) +2( )−1)= A
y y
2 2
2 ( x +2 xy− y )
y ( 2 )=A
y
x 2 +2 xy − y 2=A , GeneralSolution
Solve Problems
Solved Problems 2.2 Determine whether the equation is a homogeneous or non-homogeneous
equation.

Differential Equation Homogeneous or Non-


Homogeneous Equation
1. ( x – 3 y) dy +(x +2 y) dx=0 Homogeneous Equation at 1st
degree

2.
dy ( x + y)
= Non- Homogeneous Equation, x is
dx ( x + y−1) first degree, y first degree, 1 is zero
degree
3. (x 2 – 3 xy + y 2 ) dx+ y dy=0 Non-Homogeneous Equation
M is 2nd degree and N is 1st Degree
4. x dx + √ x 2+ y 2 dy=0 Homogeneous Equation at 1st
degree
5. 3 3
x – 2 xy + y dx+ dy=0 Non- Homogeneous Equation, x is
3rd degree, xy 2nd degree, y is
third degree
6. e x dx+( x + y) dy=0 Non- Homogeneous Equation, x is
first degree, y first degree, 1 is zero
degree
x Homogeneous Equation at 1st
7. tan dx +dy=0
y degree
8. (xlnx – y lny)dx+ dy=o Non- Homogeneous Equation

Solved Problems 2.3 Determine whether the equation is a homogeneous or non-homogeneous


equation. If Homogeneous, find the General Solution/ Particular Solutions

1. ( x – 3 y) dy +(x +2 y)dx=0

Solution: Homogeneous

(x – 3 y)dy +( x +2 y) dx=0 ➢ Homogeneous equations


x
let v=
y ➢ Substitution
x=vy
dx=vdy + y dv
➢ Solving for dx, substitution
Solve Problems

dy (v+ 2) ➢ Separation of Variables


+ dv=0
y (v 2+3 v−3)
(v +2) ➢ Integration
∫ dy
y
+∫ 2
(v +3 v−3)
dv=C
➢ Integration by substitution

(
1 ∫ (2 v+3)
)
2
dv u=v + 3 v−3
ln y + 2
dv +∫ 2 =C
2 ( v +3 v−3) (v +3 v−3)
➢ Techniques like integration

( )
1 dv
ln( v +3 v−3)+∫
2
ln y + =C of partial fraction can also
( )
2 3
2
3
2
v+ −3+( ) be used in solving this
2 2
problem
dv
2 ln y +ln (v + 3 v−3)+∫
2
=2C
( )
2 2
3 3 ➢ Integration by completing a
v+ −( )
2 2 square
let 2C=C 1
3 ➢ a constant is just another
v−
2 2 1 2 constant
ln y +ln (v +3 v−3)+( ln )=C1
2 3
v+
2 ➢ Another Integration by
3 partial fraction or
( v− ) du 1 u−a
2
y 4 (v 2 +3 v −3)2
3
=2e C1 ,let 2 e C1 =A ∫ u2 – a 2 =2 ln u+a
(v+ )
2
4 2 2 3 3 ➢ Simplifying the Equation
y (v +3 v −3) ( v− )= A (v + )
2 2
2 x
2
x x 3 x 3 ➢ Substitution to original
y (( ) +3( )−3)(( )− )= A (( )+ ) function x and y
y y y 2 y 2
2 2
(x +3 xy−3 y ) (2 x −3 y) (2 x +3 y)
y2 2 ( )= A ➢ General Solution
y 2y 2y
2 2 2
2 (x +3 xy−3 y ) (2 x−3 y ) (2 x+ 3 y )
y 4 ( )=A
y 2y 2y
2 2 2 2
( x +3 xy−3 y ) ( 2 x−3 y )= A y (2 x +3 y )

2 2 2
2. x y ’=4 x +7 xy+ 2 y

Solution:
x 2 y ’=4 x 2 +7 xy+ 2 y 2
let y=vx ➢ Substitution y = vx
dy=v dx+ x dv
2 dy
dy
x
2
=4 x +7 xy +2 y
2 ➢ Solving and Substitution of
dx dx
Solve Problems

dy
2 2 2
x =4 x +7 xy +2 y ➢ Simplifying the equation
dx
2 v dx+ x dv 2 2
x =4 x + 7 x( vx)+2(vx )
dx
2
v dx + x dv=( 4+ 7 v +2 v ) dx
2
x dv=(4+ 6 v +2 v ) dx
dv dx
2
= ➢ Separation of variables
(4+ 6 v +2 v ) x
∫ dv
(2+ 3 v +v )
2
=2∫ +C
dx
x
➢ Integration

∫ dv
(v +2)(v +1)
=2 lnx+C
➢ Integration by partial fraction
A B
∫ v+ +
2 v +1
dv=lnx +C
2

A+ B=0 ; A +2 B=1
A=−1; B=1
∫−1 +
1
v+ 2 v +1
2
dv=lnx +C ;let C=lnA
ln (v +1)−ln ( v +2)=ln x 2+ ln A
(v +1) 2
ln =ln Ax
(v +2)
(v +1)
= Ax2
(v +2)
y ➢ Substitution to original function x
( +1)
x and y
= Ax2
y
( +2)
x ➢ Simplifying the Equation
( y + x)
= Ax2 ➢ General Solution
( y +2 x )
( y + x)= Ax 2( y+2 x)

2 2 2
3. y + 7 xy+ 16 x dx+ x dy=0; when x=1 , y=1

Solution:
y 2 +7 xy +16 x 2 dx + x 2 dy=0 ; when x=1 , y =1
let y=vx ➢ Substitution y = vx
dy=vdx + xdv
((vx)2 +7 x ( vx)+16 x 2) dx+ x 2 ( vdx+ xdv)=0 ➢ Solving and Substitution of
(v 2 x 2+7 vx 2+16 x 2 )dx + x 2 (vdx + xdv )=0 dy
(v 2 +7 v+16) dx +(vdx + xdv)=0 dx
2
(v +8 v+ 16) dx + xdv=0
dx dv
+ =0
x ( v 2+ 8 v +16)
Solve Problems
dx dv ➢ Separation of variables
+ =0
x (v 2 +8 v+ 16)
➢ Integration by power formula
∫ dxx
+∫
dv
(v + 4)
2
=C

1
ln x− =C
(v + 4)
(v + 4) ln x−1=C( v +4)
y y
( +4) ln x−1=C ( + 4)
x x
( y +4 x ) ln x−x=C ( y + 4 x) ➢ General Solutions
when x=1 , y=1(1+4) ln 1−1=C(1+ 4)
−1 ➢ Solving for C
C=
5
−1 ➢ Particular Solution
( y +4 x ) ln x−x= ( y +4 x )
5
5( y+ 4 x)ln x=x− y

3y
x
4. y '= 4 4
2 y +x

Solution:

x3 y ➢ Classifying is homogeneous
y '=
2 y 4+ x 4
this is a homogeneous equation ➢ Homogeneous Substitution
let x=vy , dx=vdy + ydv
3 4
dy v y ➢ Substitution
= 4 4 4
(vdy + y dv ) 2 y + v y
dy v3 ➢ Separation of Variables
=
(vdy + y dv ) 2+ v 4
4 3
(2+v )dy=v (vdy + y dv )
2 dy=v 3 ydv
dy 3
=v dv
y
∫ dy
y
=∫ v 3 dv +lnC ➢ Integration
4
v
lny= +lnC
4
4 ➢ General Solution
4 lny+ ln C=v
4
4 4 4 v
ln Cy =v , Cy =e
4
x
( )
4 y
Cy =e
Solve Problems
5. ( y – √ x2 + y 2 )dx – x dy=0 ; where y (0 )=1

Solution:

( y – √ x + y )dx – x dy=0 ; where y(0) =1


2 2

let y=vx ➢ Classifying is


dy=vdx+ x dv homogeneous
(vx – √ x 2+(vx )2)dx – x (vdx + xdv )=0
➢ Homogeneous Substitution
(vx – x √ 1+ v ) dx – x(vdx + xdv)=0
2

(v – √ 1+v )dx – (vdx + xdv )=0


2
➢ Substitution
( √1+ v )dx−xdv=0
2

dx dv ➢ Separation of Variables
− =0
x √1+ v 2
➢ Integration using
∫ dx −∫
dv
=C ; welet C=lnA 2
substitution v =tan Θ
x √1+ v 2
lnx−ln ( √ v +1+ v)=lnA
2

➢ or Integration table
ln ( x)=lnA ( √ v 2+1+ v)
x= A √ v 2 +1+ v
x−v= A √ v +1
2
➢ General Solution
y
x −2 vx + v =A (v +1) , substitute v = ,let A2=B
2 2 2 2
x ➢ Boundary Condition
2 2
2 y y y
x −2( ) x+( ) =B (( ) +1)
x x x
2 2
y y
x 2−2 y +( 2 )=B( 2 +1)
x x
4 2 2 2 2
x −2 x y+ y =B ( y + x ), @ x=0 , y =1 ➢ Solving for the coefficient
4 2 2 2 2 B
0 −2(0) (1)+1 =B ((1) + 0 )
B=1
x 4 −2 x 2 y+ y 2= y 2+ x 2
4 2 2
x −2 x y=x
x 2=2 y +1 ➢ Particular Solution
Problem Sets
Problem Set 2.2 . Find the General Solution/ Particular Solution of the given Differential
Equation.

1. 3(3 x 2+ y 2)dx – 2 xy dy=0 17. (3 x2 – 2 xy +3 y 2) dx=4 y dy=0

2. 2(2 x2 + y 2 )dx – xy dy=0 18. ( x+ y) y '=x− y

x
19. xy '= y +2 √ xy
3. y 2 dy=x (xdy – ydx)e y

2 2 2 20. x ( x+ y ) y '= y ( x− y )
4. y dx+(x +3 xy + 4 y )dy=0 y (1)=1

dy x 2 + xy + y 2 21.
2
xy y ' =x + y
3 3
5. =
dx x 2
2
22. xy '=xy + y
2 2
dy x +3 y
6. =
dx 2 xy 23. (x 2− y 2) y '=2 xy

dy 4 y −3 x 24. xyy ' = y + x √ 4 x + y


2 2 2
7. =
dx 2 x − y
25. xy '= y + √ x 2+ y 2
dy 4 x +3 y
8. =−
dx 2x+ y
yy ' + x=√ x + y
2 2
26.

9. (x – y)dx +(3 x + y )dy =0


when x=3 , y=−2 27. 2 xyy ' =x 2+2 y 2

10. (5 v – u)du+(3 v−7 u)dv=0 28. ( x− y ) y '=x + y


y (1)=1
11. xy dx – (x+ 2 y )2 dy=0
29. (x+ 2 y ) y '= y
y (0)=1
12. (x 2+ y 2)dx+ xy dy =0
y
x
2 y 30. x 2 y '=xy+ x2 e x
13. y dy=x (xy – ydx)e

2x 31. x 2 y '=4 x 2 +7 xy+ 2 y 2


(x cos – y) dx + xdy=0
14. y
32. xy '= y (ln x−ln y )
when x=1 , y =π
4
33. x 2 y '=4 x 2 +7 xy+ 2 y 2
2 2
15. xy dx+2( x +2 y )dy=0
when x=1 , y=1 2
( x +2 xy −4 y ) dx
2
34. 2 2
−( x −8 xy−4 y )dy =0
16. y (9 x – 2 y ) dx – x(6 x – y )dy=0
when x=1 , y=1
Math 221: 1st Order Techniques (Part 1) 17

2.2 Coefficient Linear in the two variables

A differential equation is a coefficient linear of the two


variables of it has in the form of

(a1 x+ b1 y + c1 )dx+(a2 x+ b2 y+ c 2) dy=0

in which a,b, and c are constants. The equation above


can be transformed into a homogeneous equation by
substitution. Consider the equation (a1 x+ b1 y + c1 )=0
as the first equation and (a2 x+ b2 y+ c 2)=0 as the
second equation. You notice that the equation represent a
line. We can translate this linear equation into two axis u
and v.

x=u+h
y=v+ k

where h and k is the intersection between two lines.


This is however true only to line which are not parallel. For
parallel equations, another techniques on substitution can
be applied.

Solving for the point of intersection for the two


equation, h and k can be solved as.

h=
[ −c 1 b1
−c 2 b2 ]
D

k=
[ a1 −c 1
a2 −c 2 ]
D
where D is the determinants.

D=
[ ]
a1 b1
a2 b2
The value of h and k can also be solved using
substitution method.

For coefficient linear in two variable that are parallel a


simple substitution

u=a x +b y
3 3

were a3 and b3 is the lowest coefficient value.

Example 2.8. Let’s look at the differential equation


18 Math 221: 1st Order Techniques (Part 1)
=================================
(2 x +3 y – 5) dx+(3 x – y – 2)dy=0

This equation is not parallel therefore we can have a


substitution

x=u+h
y=v+ k

where

h=
[ −c 1 b1
−c 2 b2 ][ ]
=
−c1 b1
−c2 b2

D [ ]
a 1 b1
a 2 b2

h=
[ 2 −1 ] (5)(−1)−(2)(3) −11
5 3
= = =1
[ 3 −1]
2 3 (2)(−1)−(3)(3) −11

k=
[ a1 −c 1
b2 −c 2 ][ ]
=
a1 −c 1
b2 −c 2

D [ ]
a1 b 1
a2 b 2

k=
[ 3 2]
2 5
=
(2)(2)−(3)(5) −11
= =1
[3 −1]
2 3 (2)(−1)−(3)(3) −11

Substitution

let x =u+1 ,dx =du


y=v +1 , dy=dv

Substituting to the differential equation.

(2(u+1)+3( v+1) – 5)du+(3 (u+1) – (v +1) – 2) dv=0


(2 u+2+3 v +3−5)du+(3 u+1−v+ 1−2)dv=0
(2 u+3 v )du+(3 u−v )dv =0 ,

You would notice that the linear equation was transformed


into a homogeneous equation.

Solving the homogeneous DE.


Math 221: 1st Order Techniques (Part 1) 19

let v=zu
dv =z du+ u dz
(2u+ 3 zu)du+(3 u−zu)( z du+u dz )=0
(2+3 z ) du+(3−z)(zdu +u dz)=0
2
(2+6 z−z ) du+(3−z)u dz=0
du (3−z)
+ dz=0
u (2+6 z−z 2 )
(3−z)
∫ du
u
+∫
(2+6 z−z )
2
dz=c

1 2
lnu+ ln(2+6 z−z )=ln A (let c=lnA)
2
2 2 2
lnu + ln(2+6 z−z )=ln A (A is just another constant )
2 2
u (2+6 z−z )= A

After solving for the General Solution we need to represent


the solution in terms to the original functions (x and y)

2
2 y−1 ( y−1)
( x−1) (2+6 − )= A
x−1 ( x−1)2
2 2
2(x −1) +6( y−1)(x−1)−( y−1) =A

Example 2.9 Evaluation the Differential Equation and find


the general solution.

(2 x + 4 y +2)dx +( x+2 y – 2)dy =0

By inspecting the equation, we know that the equation


2 x +4 y +2=0 and x+ 2 y – 2=0 is a parallel line with
−1
slope of . here a3=1 and b3=2 .
2

We substitute

u=a x +b y 3 3
u=x+2 y
du=dx +2 dy
dx=du−2 dy

Here we need to choose whether to substitute dy or dx.


We choose dx.

(2 u+2)(du−2 dy )+(u – 2) dy=0


2( u+1)du−(3 u+6)dy=0
( u+1)
2 du−dy =0
( 3u+ 6)
2 (u+1)

3 (u+2)
du−∫ dy =C

We can integrate du using irrational fraction


considering the upper function(u) has the same degree
with the denominator. The techniques used below, is
20 Math 221: 1st Order Techniques (Part 1)
=================================
introducing constant in the numerator that would have the
same value with the denominator either by multiplication
and adding numerical values.
2 (u+1)

3 (u+2)
du−∫ dy=C

2 (u+2−1)

3 (u+2)
du−∫ dy =C
(u+2−1)
∫ (u+2) du−32 ∫ dy =A ,(32 C= A)
du 3
∫ du−∫(u+ − ∫ dy= A
2) 2
3
u−ln (u+ 2)− y =A
2
3
ln(u+2)=u− y −A
2
3
ln(u+2)=u− y −A
2
3
u− y− A
2
(u+2)=e
3
x+2 y− y− A
2
( x+2 y +3)=e
( x+2 y +3)2=e 2 x+ y− A

2.3 Substitution by inspection.

A substitution techniques can also be applied to the


equation. Let us look at the example below.

Example 2.10. Find the general solution of the differential


equation.

( x+ y – 3)dx +dy =0

Here, if we substitute ( x+ y−3) with z we can


separate the variables.

( x+ y – 3) dx +dy=0
let z=x+ y−3
dz=dx+ dy , dy=dz−dx
z dx+ dz−dx=0
( z−1) dx +dz=0
dz
dx + =0
( z−1)
dz
∫ dx +∫( z−1) =C
x +ln (z −1)= A
ln(z−1)=A−x
z−1=e A −x
A −x A
x + y−3−1=e e , e =B
x + y−4=Be−x
Solve Problems
Solve problem 2.3. Substitution Techniques 1st Order Differential Equation.

1. ( y−2)dx−( x− y −1)dy=0

Solution:
( y−2)dx −( x− y−1)dy=0 ➢ Identifying the type of
coefficient of two variables non parallel differential Equations
let x=u+h y=v +k (Constant coefficient non
y=v +2 , x=u +3 parallel.
dy =dv , dx=du
(v +2−2) du−((u+ 3)−( v+ 2)−1)dv=0 ➢ Substitution x = u + h and
vdu−(u−v) dv=0 y = v + k. Here we need
not to solve considering
let u=vz , du=vdz+ zdv that we have y – 2 = v, we
v (vdz + zdv )−( vz−v)dv=0 can solve for h using the
vdz+ zdv−( z −1) dv=0 value of k.
vdz+ dv=0 ➢ Transformed to
dv homogeneous Equations
dz + =0
v
dv
∫ dz +∫ v =C ➢ Integration

z +lnv+lnA =0
➢ Note that a constant can
ln Av=−z
z be represented by
Av=e
−z another constant.
v= Ae
−u
y−2= Aev ➢ Simplifying the Equation.
−(x−3)
( y−2)
y−2= Ae ➢ General Solution

dy
2. = y−x−1+( x – y +2)−1
dx

Solution:

dy −1 ➢ Identifying the type of differential


= y−x−1+( x – y +2)
dx Equations (Substitution by Inspection)
let z= y−x −1
dz=dy−dx , dy=dx +dz ➢ Substitution
(dx +dz )
=z−(z−1)−1
dx
z (z−1)−1
dx+ dz= dx
z−1
Solve Problems

( z−1) dx=(z 2−z−1)dx−( z−1) dz ➢ Separation of Variables


2
( z −2 z )dx=(z−1)dz
dx =dz ove z
z−1
∫ dx=∫ z (z−2) dz +C ➢ Integration
dz dz
x= A ∫ +B∫ +C ➢ Integration by Partial Fraction (You
z z−2
Az−2 A , Bz ; A + B=1 ,−2 A=−1 can also apply other techniques in
1 1 integration)
A= , B=
2 2
1 dz 1 dz
x= ∫ + ∫ +C
2 z 2 z−2 ➢ Methods of Partial Fraction
1 1 1
x= ln z + ln( z−2)+ ln A
2 2 2 ➢ Simplification
2 x=ln z ( z−2)( A)
2x
z ( z−2)=Be
( y−x−1)( y−x−3)=Be2 x ➢ General Solution

3. ( x−2 y+ 2)dx +(3 x−6 y −1) dy=0

Solution:

(x−2 y +2) dx+(3 x−6 y−1)dy=0 ➢ Evaluation of type of Equation


let z=x−2 y
dz=dx−2 dy ➢ Parallel Equations
(z+2)(dz +2 dy )+(3 z−1)dy =0
(z+2) dz+(5 z +3)dy =0
(z+2) ➢ Separation of Variables
dz +dy=0
(5 z +3)
(5 z +10) ➢ Integration of rational Fraction\
dz +5 dy=0
(5 z +3)
(5 z +3+7) ➢ you can split also 10 into 3 and 7
dz +5 dy=0 to simplify the integration
(5 z +3)
dz process
∫ dz +∫ 7 (5 z +3)
+5∫ dy=0
➢ Integration
7
z + ln( 5 z +3)+5 y=C
5
➢ General Solution
7
x−2 y + ln (5(x−2 y)+3)+5 y=C
5
7
x +3 y + ln(10 x−10 y +3)=C
5
Problem Sets
Problem Set 2.3. Find the General/ Particular Solution of the Given differential Equation.

1. y '−(4 x− y+1)2=0
2
10. (x + y +3) dx=dy
2. ( x+ 2 y −1)dx +3( x +2 y) dy=0 when x=3 , y=−2
2
3. (1+3 x sin y )dx−x 2 cos y dy=0 11. 4 (3 x+ y−2) dx−(3 x+ y) dy
when x=1 , y=0
4. ( x+ 2 y −1) dx−( x+2 y−5) dy=0
12. (−3 x+ y+ 6)dx +( x+ y +2)dy=0
5. 2v 2v 2v
(k e −u) du=2 e ( e +ku) dv
13. (−3 x+ y – 1)dx+(x + y +3)dy=0
6. ( x+ 2 y −1) dx−( 2 x +4 y−3)dy=0
14. (x+ y−1)dx +( y – x – 5) dy=0
7. (6 x – 3 y+ 2)dx – (2 x – y – 1)dy=0
15. (2 x – y )dx+(4 x+ y – 3) dy=0
8. ( x – y )dx+(3 x + y) dy=0 ;
when x=3 , y=−2
1/ 2
9. (2 x +3) y '= y +(2 x +3)
when x=−1 , y=0
EXERCISES

EXERCISE C01-1 Techniques in 1st Order Differential Equation

Name: _____________________________________________________ Score

Date Taken: _______________________________________________

Solve 1 problem assigned to you by your faculty in the Following set of


Problems:

1. Select one or more problem in Problem Set 2.1. Write the problem and
your solution.

2. Select one problem in Problem Set 2.2. Write the problem and your
solution.
EXERCISES

3. Select one problem in Problem Set 2.3. Write the problem and your
solution.

I do certify that the answers provided are my own personal work.

__________________
Note: Take a picture of this exercise, save as pdf and submit as attachment
Signature
1 of CO1: Exercise 1.(http://vle.usm.edu.ph/mod/assign/view.php?
id=614)
26 Math 221: 1st Order Techniques (Part 1)
=================================
2.3 Linear Equations. A first order differential equation is linear in
independent variable x if its or it can be written in the form

dy
+ P(x) y=Q(x) .
dx

For example, a differential equation

1
y'+ x
y=x−1
e

1
is a linear equation in order 1 with P( x)= and Q( x)=x−1 .
ex

Lagranze develop a general solution for this type of equation by


introducing an integrating factor I. Integrating factor will be
further discussed in preceding module.

Lagranze techniques can be summarized as follows:

1. Write the equation in the standard form

dy
+ P(x) y=Q(x) or
dx

dx
+ P( y) x +Q ( y)
dy

2. Calculate the integrating factor I by the formula

I (x) =e∫
P( x)dx
or

I ( y)=e∫
P( y) dy

3. Solve the General Solution sung the equation.

I (x) y=∫ I ( x) Q (x) dx +C or

I ( y) x=∫ I ( y) Q ( y) dy +C

Example 2.11. To prove this technique let us look at a differential


equation given below.

dy
+ 4 y=1
dx

Here the value of P( x)=4 and Q( x)=1 . We then solve of the


value of I.

I (x) =e∫
P( x)dx

∫ 4 dx
I x =e
I x =e 4 x
Math 221: 1st Order Techniques (Part 1) 27

We can now solve the General Solution as follows.

I (x) y=∫ I ( x) Q (x) dx +C


e 4 x y=∫ e 4 x dx +C
1
e 4 x y= e 4 x +C
4
1
y= +Ce−4 x
4

1 −4 x
Now let us check if y= +Ce is a solution of
4
dy
+ 4 y=1
dx

1
y= +Ce−4 x
4
dy
=−4 Ce−4 x
dx
substituting
1
−4 Ce−4 x + 4( e4 x +Ce−4 x )=1
4
1=1

The techniques in linear equation in the first order, Student


should review the techniques in Integration.

Example 2.12 Find the particular solution given the differential


equation.

−2 t
y ’ +2 y=e

Here we identify P(t )=2 and Q(t )=e−2 t . solving for I.

I (t) =e∫
P(t )dt

∫ 2 dt
I (t) =e
2t
I (t) =e

Then we solve for the General Solution.

I (t) y=∫ I (t ) Q(t) dt +C


e 2 x y =∫ (e 2 x )(e−2 t) dt +C
e y =∫ dt+ C
2t

2t
e y =t+C
−2 t −2 t
y=te + Ce
Solve Problems
Sample Problems 2.4. Linear 1st Order Differential Equation

3
1. cos x y ' + sinx y=2 cos x sin x−1

Solution:
cos x y ' + sinx y=2 cos3 x sin x−1
sinx 2
y' + y=2 cos x sin x−sec x
cosx
∫ sinx dx
I =e cosx
−ln cosx
I =e
I =sec x
sec x y=∫ 2 cos x sinx−sec 2 x dx
sec x y=sin 2 x−tan x+C

4
2. y' + y=x 4
x

Solution:
4
y '+ y= x 4
x
∫4 dx
μ=e x
4 ln x 4
μ=e =x
x y=∫ x dx + C
4 8

9
4 x
x y= +C
9

2
3. t y '+2 y=4 t

Solution:
2
t y '+2 y=4 t
2
y ' + y=4 t
t
2
dt
t
I =e
I =e2 lnt
I =t 2
t 2 y=∫ 4 t 3 +C
y=t 2+ Ct−2
Problem Sets
Problem Set 2.4 Linear Differential Equation in Order 1

dy 2 dy sin x
15. x
2 2
1. – y=x cos x + 3( y + x )=
dx x dx x

2. t y ' +2 y=4 t
2 dy
16. (x +1)
2
+ xy – x=0
dx
dy
3. ( x 2+ 1) + 3xy=6x dy
dx 17. (1 – x )
2
– x 2 y=(1+ x) √ 1−x 2
dx
2xy
4. y' − =x−2 dy y
x 2−4 18.
x
– =xe , y (1) =e−1
dx x
2xy
5. y'− =x+ 2 dy 4
19. 19.
x
x 2−4 +4 y −e =0 , y (0 )=
dx 3
6. ( x 5+ 3y ) dx−xdy=0 dx
20.
2 4
t +3 tx=t lnt ¿+1 , x (1) =0
dt
dx x
7. + xt=e
dt dy y
21. +3 +2=3 x , y(1)=1
dx x
dy y
8. = + 2 x +1
dx x 22. ty ' +2 y=4 t 2
dy 23. 2t
9. − y−e 3 x =0 y ’ − y=2 te , y(0) =1
dx

dy 24. y ’+2 y=te− 2t , y (1 )=0


10. x + 2 y=x −3
dx
25. ty ’+ 2 y=t 2− t+1 , y(1)=1
dr
11. Θ+r tan Θ=sec Θ
d 2
26. y ’+( ) y=(cos t)/t 2 , y (π) =0
t
12. (t+ y+ 1) dt−dy=0
27. 2t
y ’ −2 y=e , y(0)=2
dy
13. =x 2 e−4 x −4 y
dx 28. ty ’+ 2 y=sint , y(π / 2)=1 , t> 0
dx
14. y +2 x=5 y 3 29. t 3 y ’+ 4 t 2 y =e −t , y (− 1)=0 , t< 0
dy

30. ty ’+(t + 1) y=t , y (ln 2)=1 ,t >0


30 Math 221: 1st Order Techniques (Part 1)
=================================
2.5 Bernoulli's Equation

Sometimes it is possible to solve a nonlinear equation by


making a change of the dependent variable that converts it
into a linear equation. The most important such equation has
the form

n
y ’+ P(x) y=Q(x) y

This equation is called the Bernoulli's Equation. Such


equation can be transformed into a linear equation by letting
1−n
z= y .

Example. 2.13 Let’s take the differential equation


x 3
y ’+ 4 y=e y .

1−3 −2
Here the value of n = 3. therefor we let z= y or z= y
−2
z= y
−3
z '=−2 y y '
We substitute this values in the differential equation we have

x 3
y ’ +4 y=e y
y−3 y ’ +4 y−2=e x
z' x
+4 z=e
−2
x
z ' −8 z=−2 e

The Bernoulli’s equation is now transformed into a linear


equation. We can now apply the method we used to find the
solution.

z '−8 z=−2 e x
−8∫ dx
I (x) =e
−8 x
I (x) =e
e−8 x z=∫ e−8 x (−2 e x )dx +C
z=−2∫ e dx+C
−8 x −7 x
e
2
e−8 x z= e−6 x +C
6
1
z= e 2 x +Ce8 x
3
−2 1 2 x
y = e +Ce8 x
3
Solve Problems
Sample Problem 2.5. Bernoulli’s Equation

dy
1. + y=xy 3
dx

Solution:

dy 3
+ y=xy
dx ➢ Evaluation of type of Equation
y−3 y '+ y−2=x
let z= y
−2 ➢ Substitution
−3
z '=−2 y y '
z' −3
=y y '
−2
z'
+ z=x
−2
z '−2 z =−2 x
I (x)=e∫
−2 dx ➢ Transformed into linear Equations
−2 x
I (x)=e
➢ Integrating Factor I
e z =∫ −2 x e dx+C
−2 x −2 x

let u=x ,du=dx ➢ Integration by Parts


−2 x −2 x
dv=e (−2) dx , v =e
e−2 x z =xe−2 x −∫ e−2 x dx+C
−2 x −2 x 1 −2 x
e z =xe − e +C ➢ Substitution to the Original function of
2
−2 x −2 −2 x
2 e y =2 xe −e + C
−2 x (x,y)
−2 2x ➢ General Solution
2 y =2 x −1+Ce
Problem Sets
2.5 Problems Sets. Bernoulli’s Equations

2 dy 3 dy 2 −x
1. x + xy =xy 17. – y=y e
dx dx

dy dy y
2. ( x 3+ 1) +6 x 2 y =6 x2 18. + = y2
dx dx x

dy y3 dy y 2
3. x2 + xy = , y (1)=1 19. – =xy
dx x dx x

4. y ’ +2 ty − y 3=0 dy y x 4
20. + =e y
dx 3
5. x 2 y ’=1(1−x)
dy y
21. – 2 =2 x √ y
1 dx x
3
6. y’ – y=x 4 y 3
4
dy y 2 2 2
22. +2 =−x y sec x
2 dx s
7. y ’ + y= y
dy
8. xy ’ + y=xy
3 23. + y (tan x)=− y 3 x sec 2 x
dx

9. y ’ + xy=6 x √ y 1
dy
24. – y =−xy 2
−2 dx
10. y ’ + y= y
4
11. y ’ + y=e y
x 2 25. y ’+ y=x 3 y 2 , y (2) =−1
x
2 9 5
12. y’+ y=−x y , y (−1 )=2 26. y ’=5 y +e−2 x y−2 , y(0)=2
x

dy 5 5 7 27. 6 y ’−2 y=xy 4 , x=−2 , y=0


13. + x y=x y
dx
y
28. y ’+ – √ y=0 , x=1 , y=0
dy x
14. − yx= y 9
dx
1 t 4
29. y '− y = y
dy 3 3 6
15. + xy=xy
dx
30. t
y ’−e y =sint y
2

dy 3
16. – y=y
dx
EXERCISES

EXERCISE C01-2 Techniques in 1st Order Differential Equation

Name: _____________________________________________________ Score

Date Taken: _______________________________________________

Solve 1 problem assigned to you by your faculty in the Following set of


Problems:

1. Select one or more problem in Problem Set 2.4. Write the problem and
your solution.

2. Select one or more problem in Problem Set 2.5. Write the problem and
your solution.

I do certify that the answers provided are my own personal work.

__________________
Note: Take a picture of this exercise, save as pdf and submit as attachment
Signature
1 of CO1: Exercise 2.(http://vle.usm.edu.ph/mod/assign/view.php?
id=615)
34 Math 221: 1st Order Techniques (Part 1)
=================================
References

Boyce, W. E., DiPrima, R. C., & Meade, D. B. (2017). Elementary


differential equations. John Wiley & Sons.
Bronson, R. (2003). Differential Equations [: Based on Schaum's
Outline of Theory and Problems of Differential Equations,
by Richard Bronson. Tata McGraw-Hill Education
Edwards, C. H., Penney, D. E., & Calvis, D. T. (2016). Differential
equations and boundary value problems. Pearson
Education Limited. ,
Rainville, E. D., Bedient, P. E., & Bedient, R. E. (1989).
Elementary Differential Equations, 7th..

erratum: for 1st Edition


Page 2:

x
e x siny dx +cos y dy =0 e siny dx +cos y dy =0

[ ]
1
sin y
[ e x siny dx+cos y dy ]=0 1
sin y[ ] [ ]
1
sin y [ ]
[ e x siny dx+cos y dy ]=0 1
sin y
x cos y x cos y
e dx+ dy=0 e dx+ dy=0
sin y sin y
x
e dx+ sec y dy=0 e x dx+ cot y dy =0

page 8: Theretofore – Therefore


) - deleted
for - form
page 9: of – if

Problem Set 2.1

12. (t 2+1) dt=( y 2 + y )dy

3
14. y '=xy

page 17

(a1 x+ b1 y + c1 ) dx+(a2 x+ b2 y+ c 2) dx=0 - (a1 x+ b1 y + c1 )dx+(a2 x+ b2 y+ c 2) dy=0

k=
[ a1 −c 1
b2 −c 2 ] - k=
[ a1 −c 1
a2 −c 2 ]
D D
page 18

k=
[ a1 −c 1
b2 −c 2 ] - k=
[ a1 −c 1
a2 −c 2 ]
D D
Math 221: 1st Order Techniques (Part 1) 35

page 19

(2 x + 4 y −10)dx +( x +2 y – 2) dy=0 -

(2 x + 4 y +2)dx +( x+2 y – 2)dy =0

page 20

2 (u+5)

3 (u+3)
du−∫ dy =C

2 (u+3−2)

3 (u+3)
du−∫ dy=C
(u+3−2)
∫ (u+3) du− 32 ∫ dy= A ,(32 C= A)
du 3
∫ du−2∫ (u+3) − ∫ dy= A
2
3
u−2 ln(u+3)− y =A
2
3
2 ln (u+ 3)=u− y −A
2
3
ln (u+3)2=u− y −A
2
3
u− y− A
2 2
(u+3) =e
3
x +2 y− y− A
2 2
(x+2 y +3) =e
(x+2 y +3)4 =e2 x+ y− A

2 (u+5)

3 (u+3)
du−∫ dy =C

2 (u+3+2)

3 (u+3)
du−∫ dy =C
(u+3+2)
∫ (u+3) du−32 ∫ dy =A ,(32 C=A )
∫ du+ 2∫ du 3
− ∫ dy =A
(u+3) 2
3
u+2 ln( u+3)− y= A
2
3
2 ln (u+ 3)+u= y + A
2
2 3
ln(u+3) +u= y− A
2
3
y−u + A
2 2
(u+3) =e
3
y−x−2 y+ A
2 2
( x+2 y +3) =e

x+ y−3 +1=e A e−x , e A =B


A −x A
x+ y−3−1=e e , e =B
36 Math 221: 1st Order Techniques (Part 1)
=================================

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