Math 221E Module 2 2nd Edition - Protected
Math 221E Module 2 2nd Edition - Protected
Math 221E Module 2 2nd Edition - Protected
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION
Developed by:
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
University of Southern Mindanao
Kabacan, Cotabatao
2 Math 221: 1st Order Techniques (Part 1)
=================================
Module 2. 1st Order Differential Equation Techniques
(Part 1)
Learning Outcomes:
Topics
2. Concept of Mathematical Modeling and
Differential Equation
1. Separation of Variable
2. Substitution Methods
1. Homogeneous Equations
2. Linear Equation
3. First Order Linear Equation (Lagrange Equation)
P( x, y) dx+ Q( x, y) dy=0
Mdx +Ndy=0
Example 2.3
dy x+ 1 notice that a constant C
=
dx y represents another
ydy =(x +1) dx constant 2C
∫ ydy=∫ ( x +1) dx +C
2 2
y ( x +1)
= +C
2 2
y= √ ((x +1) +C)
2
Note that the solution in the previous two examples are called
General Solutions. Meaning it represents a sets of solution. The
next example deals with a particular solution.
2
x y– y
y ’= ; y(3) =−1
y +1
y (x 2 – 1)
y ’=
y +1
y +1 2
dy=(x −1) dx
y
dy
dy + =x 2 dx−dx
y
∫ dy +∫ dy y
=∫ x dx−∫ dx+C
2
x3
y + ln y = −x+C ; y(3)=−1
3
3
x
−x+C− y
3
y=e
Solve Problems
Solve Problem Set 2.1: Separation of Variables
dr
1. =−4 rt , when t=0 , r=r 0
dt
solution:
dr
=−4 rt
dt
dr
=−4 t dt ✔ separation of variables
r
∫ dr
r
=∫ −4 t dt+ C ✔ integrating both sides
2
t
lnr =−4 +C ✔ simplification
2
2
−2 t +C
r =e ✔ substitution
2
r =e−2 t .e C ,let e C = A
r =Ae−2 t ✔ General Solutions
@ t=0 ,r =r 0
r 0 =Ae
(−2 (0 ))
✔ using boundary condition
A=r o , therefore
r =r 0 e−2t ✔ Particular solutions
2. ye 2 x dx =(4+e 2 x )dy
solution:
2x 2x
ye dx=(4+ e )dy
2x
e dy ✔ separation of variables
dx=
(4+ e ) 2x
y
2x ✔ Integration
∫ e(4+ e2 x ) dx=∫ dy y
+C
✔ Substitution methods= of integration
let u=4+ e 2 x , du=2 e2 x dx
1 du
2 u
∫ =ln y +C
✔ Substitution techniques on dealing with
lnu=2 ln y+2 C ,let 2C=lnA
2 constant
lnu=ln y + ln A
u=Ay 2
✔ Answer should be a function of x and y
(4+ e 2 x )= Ay 2
Solve Problems
2
3. y '=x −2 x+ 2
solution:
1
5. y 2 (1 – x 2)2 dy =arcsin x dx , y (0 )=0
solution:
1
2 2 2
y (1 – x ) dy=arcsin x dx , y(0)=0
2 arcsin x ✔ Separation of Variables
y dy= 1
dx
2 2
(1 – x )
✔ Integration
∫ y 2 dy=∫ arcsin x1 dx +C
(1 – x2 )2 ✔ Integration by substitution
arcsin x
∫ 1
dx ; let u=arcsin x ✔ derivative of inverse
2 2
(1 – x ) trigonometric functions
dx arcsin x arcsin 2 x
du= =∫ dx=
1
2 2
1
2 2
2
(1 – x ) (1 – x )
3
y 1 ✔ General Solution
= arcsin2 x+C ,@ y (0)=0 ;C=0
3 2
( )
1
3 ✔ Particular Solution
y= arcsin2 x 3
2
Problem Sets
Set 1. Solve for the General solution of the following Differential Equation.
2
x
1. y ’=
y dy
14. =3+5 y
dt
x2
2. y ’= 2
y(1+ x 3 ) 15. y (x +1) dy +( y +2) xdx =0
21. y '=1+ x + y + xy
dy x 2
8. =
dx 1+ y2 dy
22. +2 xy 2=0
dx
9. x dx + y dy=0
1
dy
10.
3
x dx − y dy =0 23. =( xy )3
dx
4 y
11. dt− dy =0 dy
t y−3 24. =2 x sec y
dx
12. (t 2+1) dt=( y 2 + y )dy 25.
2 2
(1+ x )dy=(l+ y) dx
xe x
13. y ’=
2y
Problem Sets
x2 2x
1. y ’= ; y( 0)=2 14. y ’= , y(2)=0
y(1+ x 3 ) (1+2 y)
(3 x 2 −1) x ( x 2 +1) 3 1
2. y ’= @ x=1 y=3 15. y ’= y , y(0)=−
(3+2 y) 4 √2
2 x
1 (3 x − e )
3.
2 2
xy ’=(1− y ) ; y (1)=3 16. y ’= , y(0)=1
(2 y − 5)
dy x 2 (e − x − e x )
4. = @ x=4 , y=1
dx 1+ y2 17. y ’= , y(0) =1
(3+ 4 y)
3
5. x dx − y dy =0 ; @(1,3) 18. sin 2 x dx +cos 3 ydy=0 , y (π / 2)=π /3
2 2
6. t +1 dt=( y + y )dy @(2,1) 2 2 1/ 2
19. y (1− x ) dy =arcsin x dx , y (0 )=0
dy
7. =3+5 y ; y (1)=2 dy
dt 20. = ye x , y (0 )=2 e
dx
8. y ’=(1− 2 x ) y 2 , y(0) =−1/6 dy 2 2
21. =3 x ( y +1), y (0) =1
dx
(1− 2 x )
9. y ’= , y (1)=− 2
y dy x
22. 2y = , y =2
dx √ x 2 – 16 (5 )
10. x dx + y e − x dy =0 , y(0)=1
dy 3
2 23. =4 x y − y , y (l)=−3
r dx
11. dr /dθ= , r(1)=2
θ
dy
24. +1=2 y , y(l)=1
x dx
12. y ’=2 2
, y (0 )=−2
( y+ x y)
dy 1
25. tan x =y, y 1 = π
13.
3
y ’=xy (1+ x ) 2 − 1/ 2
, y (0 )=1 dx (
2
π ) 2
8 Math 221: 1st Order Techniques (Part 1)
=================================
Substitution Techniques
( x+ y) dx + y dy=0
( x+ y) dx + y dy=0
dy − y
=
dx ( x+ y )
dy −x
= −1
dx y
Therefore, the equation is a homogeneous
equation.
Math 221: 1st Order Techniques (Part 1) 9
x=vy or y=vx
2.
dy ( x + y)
= Non- Homogeneous Equation, x is
dx ( x + y−1) first degree, y first degree, 1 is zero
degree
3. (x 2 – 3 xy + y 2 ) dx+ y dy=0 Non-Homogeneous Equation
M is 2nd degree and N is 1st Degree
4. x dx + √ x 2+ y 2 dy=0 Homogeneous Equation at 1st
degree
5. 3 3
x – 2 xy + y dx+ dy=0 Non- Homogeneous Equation, x is
3rd degree, xy 2nd degree, y is
third degree
6. e x dx+( x + y) dy=0 Non- Homogeneous Equation, x is
first degree, y first degree, 1 is zero
degree
x Homogeneous Equation at 1st
7. tan dx +dy=0
y degree
8. (xlnx – y lny)dx+ dy=o Non- Homogeneous Equation
1. ( x – 3 y) dy +(x +2 y)dx=0
Solution: Homogeneous
(
1 ∫ (2 v+3)
)
2
dv u=v + 3 v−3
ln y + 2
dv +∫ 2 =C
2 ( v +3 v−3) (v +3 v−3)
➢ Techniques like integration
( )
1 dv
ln( v +3 v−3)+∫
2
ln y + =C of partial fraction can also
( )
2 3
2
3
2
v+ −3+( ) be used in solving this
2 2
problem
dv
2 ln y +ln (v + 3 v−3)+∫
2
=2C
( )
2 2
3 3 ➢ Integration by completing a
v+ −( )
2 2 square
let 2C=C 1
3 ➢ a constant is just another
v−
2 2 1 2 constant
ln y +ln (v +3 v−3)+( ln )=C1
2 3
v+
2 ➢ Another Integration by
3 partial fraction or
( v− ) du 1 u−a
2
y 4 (v 2 +3 v −3)2
3
=2e C1 ,let 2 e C1 =A ∫ u2 – a 2 =2 ln u+a
(v+ )
2
4 2 2 3 3 ➢ Simplifying the Equation
y (v +3 v −3) ( v− )= A (v + )
2 2
2 x
2
x x 3 x 3 ➢ Substitution to original
y (( ) +3( )−3)(( )− )= A (( )+ ) function x and y
y y y 2 y 2
2 2
(x +3 xy−3 y ) (2 x −3 y) (2 x +3 y)
y2 2 ( )= A ➢ General Solution
y 2y 2y
2 2 2
2 (x +3 xy−3 y ) (2 x−3 y ) (2 x+ 3 y )
y 4 ( )=A
y 2y 2y
2 2 2 2
( x +3 xy−3 y ) ( 2 x−3 y )= A y (2 x +3 y )
2 2 2
2. x y ’=4 x +7 xy+ 2 y
Solution:
x 2 y ’=4 x 2 +7 xy+ 2 y 2
let y=vx ➢ Substitution y = vx
dy=v dx+ x dv
2 dy
dy
x
2
=4 x +7 xy +2 y
2 ➢ Solving and Substitution of
dx dx
Solve Problems
dy
2 2 2
x =4 x +7 xy +2 y ➢ Simplifying the equation
dx
2 v dx+ x dv 2 2
x =4 x + 7 x( vx)+2(vx )
dx
2
v dx + x dv=( 4+ 7 v +2 v ) dx
2
x dv=(4+ 6 v +2 v ) dx
dv dx
2
= ➢ Separation of variables
(4+ 6 v +2 v ) x
∫ dv
(2+ 3 v +v )
2
=2∫ +C
dx
x
➢ Integration
∫ dv
(v +2)(v +1)
=2 lnx+C
➢ Integration by partial fraction
A B
∫ v+ +
2 v +1
dv=lnx +C
2
A+ B=0 ; A +2 B=1
A=−1; B=1
∫−1 +
1
v+ 2 v +1
2
dv=lnx +C ;let C=lnA
ln (v +1)−ln ( v +2)=ln x 2+ ln A
(v +1) 2
ln =ln Ax
(v +2)
(v +1)
= Ax2
(v +2)
y ➢ Substitution to original function x
( +1)
x and y
= Ax2
y
( +2)
x ➢ Simplifying the Equation
( y + x)
= Ax2 ➢ General Solution
( y +2 x )
( y + x)= Ax 2( y+2 x)
2 2 2
3. y + 7 xy+ 16 x dx+ x dy=0; when x=1 , y=1
Solution:
y 2 +7 xy +16 x 2 dx + x 2 dy=0 ; when x=1 , y =1
let y=vx ➢ Substitution y = vx
dy=vdx + xdv
((vx)2 +7 x ( vx)+16 x 2) dx+ x 2 ( vdx+ xdv)=0 ➢ Solving and Substitution of
(v 2 x 2+7 vx 2+16 x 2 )dx + x 2 (vdx + xdv )=0 dy
(v 2 +7 v+16) dx +(vdx + xdv)=0 dx
2
(v +8 v+ 16) dx + xdv=0
dx dv
+ =0
x ( v 2+ 8 v +16)
Solve Problems
dx dv ➢ Separation of variables
+ =0
x (v 2 +8 v+ 16)
➢ Integration by power formula
∫ dxx
+∫
dv
(v + 4)
2
=C
1
ln x− =C
(v + 4)
(v + 4) ln x−1=C( v +4)
y y
( +4) ln x−1=C ( + 4)
x x
( y +4 x ) ln x−x=C ( y + 4 x) ➢ General Solutions
when x=1 , y=1(1+4) ln 1−1=C(1+ 4)
−1 ➢ Solving for C
C=
5
−1 ➢ Particular Solution
( y +4 x ) ln x−x= ( y +4 x )
5
5( y+ 4 x)ln x=x− y
3y
x
4. y '= 4 4
2 y +x
Solution:
x3 y ➢ Classifying is homogeneous
y '=
2 y 4+ x 4
this is a homogeneous equation ➢ Homogeneous Substitution
let x=vy , dx=vdy + ydv
3 4
dy v y ➢ Substitution
= 4 4 4
(vdy + y dv ) 2 y + v y
dy v3 ➢ Separation of Variables
=
(vdy + y dv ) 2+ v 4
4 3
(2+v )dy=v (vdy + y dv )
2 dy=v 3 ydv
dy 3
=v dv
y
∫ dy
y
=∫ v 3 dv +lnC ➢ Integration
4
v
lny= +lnC
4
4 ➢ General Solution
4 lny+ ln C=v
4
4 4 4 v
ln Cy =v , Cy =e
4
x
( )
4 y
Cy =e
Solve Problems
5. ( y – √ x2 + y 2 )dx – x dy=0 ; where y (0 )=1
Solution:
dx dv ➢ Separation of Variables
− =0
x √1+ v 2
➢ Integration using
∫ dx −∫
dv
=C ; welet C=lnA 2
substitution v =tan Θ
x √1+ v 2
lnx−ln ( √ v +1+ v)=lnA
2
➢ or Integration table
ln ( x)=lnA ( √ v 2+1+ v)
x= A √ v 2 +1+ v
x−v= A √ v +1
2
➢ General Solution
y
x −2 vx + v =A (v +1) , substitute v = ,let A2=B
2 2 2 2
x ➢ Boundary Condition
2 2
2 y y y
x −2( ) x+( ) =B (( ) +1)
x x x
2 2
y y
x 2−2 y +( 2 )=B( 2 +1)
x x
4 2 2 2 2
x −2 x y+ y =B ( y + x ), @ x=0 , y =1 ➢ Solving for the coefficient
4 2 2 2 2 B
0 −2(0) (1)+1 =B ((1) + 0 )
B=1
x 4 −2 x 2 y+ y 2= y 2+ x 2
4 2 2
x −2 x y=x
x 2=2 y +1 ➢ Particular Solution
Problem Sets
Problem Set 2.2 . Find the General Solution/ Particular Solution of the given Differential
Equation.
x
19. xy '= y +2 √ xy
3. y 2 dy=x (xdy – ydx)e y
2 2 2 20. x ( x+ y ) y '= y ( x− y )
4. y dx+(x +3 xy + 4 y )dy=0 y (1)=1
dy x 2 + xy + y 2 21.
2
xy y ' =x + y
3 3
5. =
dx x 2
2
22. xy '=xy + y
2 2
dy x +3 y
6. =
dx 2 xy 23. (x 2− y 2) y '=2 xy
x=u+h
y=v+ k
h=
[ −c 1 b1
−c 2 b2 ]
D
k=
[ a1 −c 1
a2 −c 2 ]
D
where D is the determinants.
D=
[ ]
a1 b1
a2 b2
The value of h and k can also be solved using
substitution method.
u=a x +b y
3 3
x=u+h
y=v+ k
where
h=
[ −c 1 b1
−c 2 b2 ][ ]
=
−c1 b1
−c2 b2
D [ ]
a 1 b1
a 2 b2
h=
[ 2 −1 ] (5)(−1)−(2)(3) −11
5 3
= = =1
[ 3 −1]
2 3 (2)(−1)−(3)(3) −11
k=
[ a1 −c 1
b2 −c 2 ][ ]
=
a1 −c 1
b2 −c 2
D [ ]
a1 b 1
a2 b 2
k=
[ 3 2]
2 5
=
(2)(2)−(3)(5) −11
= =1
[3 −1]
2 3 (2)(−1)−(3)(3) −11
Substitution
let v=zu
dv =z du+ u dz
(2u+ 3 zu)du+(3 u−zu)( z du+u dz )=0
(2+3 z ) du+(3−z)(zdu +u dz)=0
2
(2+6 z−z ) du+(3−z)u dz=0
du (3−z)
+ dz=0
u (2+6 z−z 2 )
(3−z)
∫ du
u
+∫
(2+6 z−z )
2
dz=c
1 2
lnu+ ln(2+6 z−z )=ln A (let c=lnA)
2
2 2 2
lnu + ln(2+6 z−z )=ln A (A is just another constant )
2 2
u (2+6 z−z )= A
2
2 y−1 ( y−1)
( x−1) (2+6 − )= A
x−1 ( x−1)2
2 2
2(x −1) +6( y−1)(x−1)−( y−1) =A
We substitute
u=a x +b y 3 3
u=x+2 y
du=dx +2 dy
dx=du−2 dy
2 (u+2−1)
∫
3 (u+2)
du−∫ dy =C
(u+2−1)
∫ (u+2) du−32 ∫ dy =A ,(32 C= A)
du 3
∫ du−∫(u+ − ∫ dy= A
2) 2
3
u−ln (u+ 2)− y =A
2
3
ln(u+2)=u− y −A
2
3
ln(u+2)=u− y −A
2
3
u− y− A
2
(u+2)=e
3
x+2 y− y− A
2
( x+2 y +3)=e
( x+2 y +3)2=e 2 x+ y− A
( x+ y – 3)dx +dy =0
( x+ y – 3) dx +dy=0
let z=x+ y−3
dz=dx+ dy , dy=dz−dx
z dx+ dz−dx=0
( z−1) dx +dz=0
dz
dx + =0
( z−1)
dz
∫ dx +∫( z−1) =C
x +ln (z −1)= A
ln(z−1)=A−x
z−1=e A −x
A −x A
x + y−3−1=e e , e =B
x + y−4=Be−x
Solve Problems
Solve problem 2.3. Substitution Techniques 1st Order Differential Equation.
1. ( y−2)dx−( x− y −1)dy=0
Solution:
( y−2)dx −( x− y−1)dy=0 ➢ Identifying the type of
coefficient of two variables non parallel differential Equations
let x=u+h y=v +k (Constant coefficient non
y=v +2 , x=u +3 parallel.
dy =dv , dx=du
(v +2−2) du−((u+ 3)−( v+ 2)−1)dv=0 ➢ Substitution x = u + h and
vdu−(u−v) dv=0 y = v + k. Here we need
not to solve considering
let u=vz , du=vdz+ zdv that we have y – 2 = v, we
v (vdz + zdv )−( vz−v)dv=0 can solve for h using the
vdz+ zdv−( z −1) dv=0 value of k.
vdz+ dv=0 ➢ Transformed to
dv homogeneous Equations
dz + =0
v
dv
∫ dz +∫ v =C ➢ Integration
z +lnv+lnA =0
➢ Note that a constant can
ln Av=−z
z be represented by
Av=e
−z another constant.
v= Ae
−u
y−2= Aev ➢ Simplifying the Equation.
−(x−3)
( y−2)
y−2= Ae ➢ General Solution
dy
2. = y−x−1+( x – y +2)−1
dx
Solution:
Solution:
1. y '−(4 x− y+1)2=0
2
10. (x + y +3) dx=dy
2. ( x+ 2 y −1)dx +3( x +2 y) dy=0 when x=3 , y=−2
2
3. (1+3 x sin y )dx−x 2 cos y dy=0 11. 4 (3 x+ y−2) dx−(3 x+ y) dy
when x=1 , y=0
4. ( x+ 2 y −1) dx−( x+2 y−5) dy=0
12. (−3 x+ y+ 6)dx +( x+ y +2)dy=0
5. 2v 2v 2v
(k e −u) du=2 e ( e +ku) dv
13. (−3 x+ y – 1)dx+(x + y +3)dy=0
6. ( x+ 2 y −1) dx−( 2 x +4 y−3)dy=0
14. (x+ y−1)dx +( y – x – 5) dy=0
7. (6 x – 3 y+ 2)dx – (2 x – y – 1)dy=0
15. (2 x – y )dx+(4 x+ y – 3) dy=0
8. ( x – y )dx+(3 x + y) dy=0 ;
when x=3 , y=−2
1/ 2
9. (2 x +3) y '= y +(2 x +3)
when x=−1 , y=0
EXERCISES
1. Select one or more problem in Problem Set 2.1. Write the problem and
your solution.
2. Select one problem in Problem Set 2.2. Write the problem and your
solution.
EXERCISES
3. Select one problem in Problem Set 2.3. Write the problem and your
solution.
__________________
Note: Take a picture of this exercise, save as pdf and submit as attachment
Signature
1 of CO1: Exercise 1.(http://vle.usm.edu.ph/mod/assign/view.php?
id=614)
26 Math 221: 1st Order Techniques (Part 1)
=================================
2.3 Linear Equations. A first order differential equation is linear in
independent variable x if its or it can be written in the form
dy
+ P(x) y=Q(x) .
dx
1
y'+ x
y=x−1
e
1
is a linear equation in order 1 with P( x)= and Q( x)=x−1 .
ex
dy
+ P(x) y=Q(x) or
dx
dx
+ P( y) x +Q ( y)
dy
I (x) =e∫
P( x)dx
or
I ( y)=e∫
P( y) dy
I ( y) x=∫ I ( y) Q ( y) dy +C
dy
+ 4 y=1
dx
I (x) =e∫
P( x)dx
∫ 4 dx
I x =e
I x =e 4 x
Math 221: 1st Order Techniques (Part 1) 27
1 −4 x
Now let us check if y= +Ce is a solution of
4
dy
+ 4 y=1
dx
1
y= +Ce−4 x
4
dy
=−4 Ce−4 x
dx
substituting
1
−4 Ce−4 x + 4( e4 x +Ce−4 x )=1
4
1=1
−2 t
y ’ +2 y=e
I (t) =e∫
P(t )dt
∫ 2 dt
I (t) =e
2t
I (t) =e
2t
e y =t+C
−2 t −2 t
y=te + Ce
Solve Problems
Sample Problems 2.4. Linear 1st Order Differential Equation
3
1. cos x y ' + sinx y=2 cos x sin x−1
Solution:
cos x y ' + sinx y=2 cos3 x sin x−1
sinx 2
y' + y=2 cos x sin x−sec x
cosx
∫ sinx dx
I =e cosx
−ln cosx
I =e
I =sec x
sec x y=∫ 2 cos x sinx−sec 2 x dx
sec x y=sin 2 x−tan x+C
4
2. y' + y=x 4
x
Solution:
4
y '+ y= x 4
x
∫4 dx
μ=e x
4 ln x 4
μ=e =x
x y=∫ x dx + C
4 8
9
4 x
x y= +C
9
2
3. t y '+2 y=4 t
Solution:
2
t y '+2 y=4 t
2
y ' + y=4 t
t
2
dt
t
I =e
I =e2 lnt
I =t 2
t 2 y=∫ 4 t 3 +C
y=t 2+ Ct−2
Problem Sets
Problem Set 2.4 Linear Differential Equation in Order 1
dy 2 dy sin x
15. x
2 2
1. – y=x cos x + 3( y + x )=
dx x dx x
2. t y ' +2 y=4 t
2 dy
16. (x +1)
2
+ xy – x=0
dx
dy
3. ( x 2+ 1) + 3xy=6x dy
dx 17. (1 – x )
2
– x 2 y=(1+ x) √ 1−x 2
dx
2xy
4. y' − =x−2 dy y
x 2−4 18.
x
– =xe , y (1) =e−1
dx x
2xy
5. y'− =x+ 2 dy 4
19. 19.
x
x 2−4 +4 y −e =0 , y (0 )=
dx 3
6. ( x 5+ 3y ) dx−xdy=0 dx
20.
2 4
t +3 tx=t lnt ¿+1 , x (1) =0
dt
dx x
7. + xt=e
dt dy y
21. +3 +2=3 x , y(1)=1
dx x
dy y
8. = + 2 x +1
dx x 22. ty ' +2 y=4 t 2
dy 23. 2t
9. − y−e 3 x =0 y ’ − y=2 te , y(0) =1
dx
n
y ’+ P(x) y=Q(x) y
1−3 −2
Here the value of n = 3. therefor we let z= y or z= y
−2
z= y
−3
z '=−2 y y '
We substitute this values in the differential equation we have
x 3
y ’ +4 y=e y
y−3 y ’ +4 y−2=e x
z' x
+4 z=e
−2
x
z ' −8 z=−2 e
z '−8 z=−2 e x
−8∫ dx
I (x) =e
−8 x
I (x) =e
e−8 x z=∫ e−8 x (−2 e x )dx +C
z=−2∫ e dx+C
−8 x −7 x
e
2
e−8 x z= e−6 x +C
6
1
z= e 2 x +Ce8 x
3
−2 1 2 x
y = e +Ce8 x
3
Solve Problems
Sample Problem 2.5. Bernoulli’s Equation
dy
1. + y=xy 3
dx
Solution:
dy 3
+ y=xy
dx ➢ Evaluation of type of Equation
y−3 y '+ y−2=x
let z= y
−2 ➢ Substitution
−3
z '=−2 y y '
z' −3
=y y '
−2
z'
+ z=x
−2
z '−2 z =−2 x
I (x)=e∫
−2 dx ➢ Transformed into linear Equations
−2 x
I (x)=e
➢ Integrating Factor I
e z =∫ −2 x e dx+C
−2 x −2 x
2 dy 3 dy 2 −x
1. x + xy =xy 17. – y=y e
dx dx
dy dy y
2. ( x 3+ 1) +6 x 2 y =6 x2 18. + = y2
dx dx x
dy y3 dy y 2
3. x2 + xy = , y (1)=1 19. – =xy
dx x dx x
4. y ’ +2 ty − y 3=0 dy y x 4
20. + =e y
dx 3
5. x 2 y ’=1(1−x)
dy y
21. – 2 =2 x √ y
1 dx x
3
6. y’ – y=x 4 y 3
4
dy y 2 2 2
22. +2 =−x y sec x
2 dx s
7. y ’ + y= y
dy
8. xy ’ + y=xy
3 23. + y (tan x)=− y 3 x sec 2 x
dx
9. y ’ + xy=6 x √ y 1
dy
24. – y =−xy 2
−2 dx
10. y ’ + y= y
4
11. y ’ + y=e y
x 2 25. y ’+ y=x 3 y 2 , y (2) =−1
x
2 9 5
12. y’+ y=−x y , y (−1 )=2 26. y ’=5 y +e−2 x y−2 , y(0)=2
x
dy 3
16. – y=y
dx
EXERCISES
1. Select one or more problem in Problem Set 2.4. Write the problem and
your solution.
2. Select one or more problem in Problem Set 2.5. Write the problem and
your solution.
__________________
Note: Take a picture of this exercise, save as pdf and submit as attachment
Signature
1 of CO1: Exercise 2.(http://vle.usm.edu.ph/mod/assign/view.php?
id=615)
34 Math 221: 1st Order Techniques (Part 1)
=================================
References
x
e x siny dx +cos y dy =0 e siny dx +cos y dy =0
[ ]
1
sin y
[ e x siny dx+cos y dy ]=0 1
sin y[ ] [ ]
1
sin y [ ]
[ e x siny dx+cos y dy ]=0 1
sin y
x cos y x cos y
e dx+ dy=0 e dx+ dy=0
sin y sin y
x
e dx+ sec y dy=0 e x dx+ cot y dy =0
3
14. y '=xy
page 17
k=
[ a1 −c 1
b2 −c 2 ] - k=
[ a1 −c 1
a2 −c 2 ]
D D
page 18
k=
[ a1 −c 1
b2 −c 2 ] - k=
[ a1 −c 1
a2 −c 2 ]
D D
Math 221: 1st Order Techniques (Part 1) 35
page 19
(2 x + 4 y −10)dx +( x +2 y – 2) dy=0 -
page 20
2 (u+5)
∫
3 (u+3)
du−∫ dy =C
2 (u+3−2)
∫
3 (u+3)
du−∫ dy=C
(u+3−2)
∫ (u+3) du− 32 ∫ dy= A ,(32 C= A)
du 3
∫ du−2∫ (u+3) − ∫ dy= A
2
3
u−2 ln(u+3)− y =A
2
3
2 ln (u+ 3)=u− y −A
2
3
ln (u+3)2=u− y −A
2
3
u− y− A
2 2
(u+3) =e
3
x +2 y− y− A
2 2
(x+2 y +3) =e
(x+2 y +3)4 =e2 x+ y− A
2 (u+5)
∫
3 (u+3)
du−∫ dy =C
2 (u+3+2)
∫
3 (u+3)
du−∫ dy =C
(u+3+2)
∫ (u+3) du−32 ∫ dy =A ,(32 C=A )
∫ du+ 2∫ du 3
− ∫ dy =A
(u+3) 2
3
u+2 ln( u+3)− y= A
2
3
2 ln (u+ 3)+u= y + A
2
2 3
ln(u+3) +u= y− A
2
3
y−u + A
2 2
(u+3) =e
3
y−x−2 y+ A
2 2
( x+2 y +3) =e