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    of 4

    Differential equation of the 1st order and 1st degree:

    A differential equation of the type

    dy
    M +N =0 or Mdx + Ndy=0
    dx

    Where M and N are functions of x and y or constants, is called a


    differential equation of the 1st order and 1st degree.

    Method: separation of variables or by direct integrating method:

    Example:
    y=x

    dy
    =1
    dx

    dy =dx

    ∫ dy=∫ dx +C
    y=x +C [ Error
    জন্য C use করা হয় ]
    টা estimate করার

    Solution of the differential equation when variables are


    separable:
    If an equation can be written as in such a way that dx and all the terms
    containing x are on one side and dy and all the terms containing y on the
    other side, then this is an equation in which variables are separable. Such
    equation can therefore be written as

    f 1 (x)dx=f 2 ( y )dy

    and can be solved by integrating directly and adding a constant on either


    side.

    Example:
    2
    dy 1+ y
    Solve, =
    dx 1+ x 2

    dx dy
    ⇒ 2
    = 2
    1+ x 1+ y
    −1
    ⇒ tan x=tan
    −1 −1
    y + tan C [Integrating both
    sides]
    −1 −1 −1
    ⇒ tan x−tan y =tan C
    −1 x− y −1
    ⇒ tan ⁡ =tan C
    1+ xy

    x− y
    ⇒ =C
    1+ xy

    ∴ x− y=(1+ xy )C

    Home work:

    Ex-1: Solve
    dy x− y −y
    (i) =e + x e
    dx
    (ii) ( e y +1 ) cos ⁡xdx + e y sin ⁡xdy=0

    (i) Solution:
    Given that,

    dy x− y −y
    =e + x e
    dx

    dy x − y −y
    ⇒ =e ⋅e + x e
    dx

    dy − y x
    ⇒ =e ( e + x )
    dx

    ⇒ e y dy=( e x + x ) dx

    [Integrating both
    ⇒ ∫ e y dy=∫ ( e x + x ) dx +C sides]
    2
    y x x
    ⇒ e =e + +C
    2

    y x 1 2
    ∴ e =e + x + c
    2

    (ii) Solution:
    Given that,

    ( e y +1 ) cos xdx +e y sin xdy =0

    ⇒ ( e y +1 ) cos xdx=−e y sin xdy


    y
    cos x −e
    ⇒ dx = y dy Let
    sin x e +1 y
    e +1=z
    −1 e y dy=dz
    ⇒ cot xdx= dz
    z

    Integrating both sides, we get

    1
    ⇒ ∫ cot xdx=−∫ dz+ ln C
    z

    ⇒ ln sin x=−ln z+ ln C

    ⇒ ln sin x + ln z=lnC

    ⇒ ln sin x + ln ( e y +1 ) =ln C

    ⇒ ln sin x ( e y +1 )=lnC

    ∴ sin x ( e y +1 ) =C

    EX-2: Solve
    dy π
    (i) x +cot y=0 ; y ( √ 2)=
    dx 4
    (ii) cos (x + y)dy=dx
    dy
    (iii) −x tan( y− x)=1
    dx

    (i) Solution:
    Given that,

    dy
    x +cot ⁡y=0 x dy =−cot ⁡y ¿ ⇒ ¿ x dy = −1 ¿⇒ ¿ dy tan ⁡y =−dx ¿
    dx dx dx tan ⁡y x
    ¿
    integrating both sides, we get

    dx
    ∫ tan ⁡ydy=−∫ x
    + ln ⁡c ln ⁡sec ⁡y=−ln ⁡x+ ln ⁡c ¿⇒ ¿ ln ⁡sec ⁡y+ ln ⁡x=ln ⁡c ¿ ⇒ ¿ ln ⁡sec ⁡yx=ln ⁡c ¿ ⇒ ¿⋅ x s
    ¿

    when x=√ 2, then y=π /4 From e n ( ), we get

    |()
    f (x)= y
    y (x )=1
    2 π
    y =
    2 4
    √2 ¿ c(cos ⁡π / 4):
    ⇒√2 ¿ c ⋅1/ √ 2
    ⇒2 ¿c
    ∴c ¿2

    putting the value of c in eq n n (1) we get

    ∴ x=2 cos ⁡y

    which is the required solution.


    (i) solution:

    Given that,

    cos ⁡(x + y )dy =dx dy = 1 dy dz


    ¿⇒ ¿ =sec ⁡( x + y ) ¿⇒ ¿ dz /dx−1=sec ⁡z ¿⇒ ¿ =(sec ⁡z +1)¿ ⇒ ¿
    ¿ dx cos ⁡(x + y) dx dx se

    1+cos ⁡z−1
    ⇒ dz =dx
    1+cos ⁡z
    1
    ⇒ dz− dz=dx
    1+cos ⁡z
    1
    ⇒ dz− 2
    dz=dx
    2 cos ⁡z /2
    ⇒ dz−1 /2 sec 2 ⁡z /2 dz=dx
    ⇒ ∫ dz−1 /2 ∫ sec ⁡z /2 dz=∫ dx+C
    2

    ⇒ z −tan ⁡z /2=x +C
    ⇒ x+ y−tan ⁡ ( )
    x+ y
    2
    =x +C

    ⇒ y−tan ⁡ ( )
    x+ y
    2
    =C

    which is the required solution.

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