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MA 102 (Ordinary Differential Equations)

1. This document contains 10 problems related to ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The problems cover various applications of ODEs including radioactive decay, ellipses, reflection of light, and higher order ODEs. 2. The document also addresses Wronskian determinants, which provide a test for linear independence of solutions to ODEs. It explores conditions under which solutions may be linearly dependent or independent. 3. Several problems ask students to find particular solutions to ODEs, verify linear independence, or determine the largest interval over which solutions exist and are unique.

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Akshay Narasimha
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© © All Rights Reserved
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164 views

MA 102 (Ordinary Differential Equations)

1. This document contains 10 problems related to ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The problems cover various applications of ODEs including radioactive decay, ellipses, reflection of light, and higher order ODEs. 2. The document also addresses Wronskian determinants, which provide a test for linear independence of solutions to ODEs. It explores conditions under which solutions may be linearly dependent or independent. 3. Several problems ask students to find particular solutions to ODEs, verify linear independence, or determine the largest interval over which solutions exist and are unique.

Uploaded by

Akshay Narasimha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MA 102 (Ordinary Differential Equations)

IIT Guwahati

Tutorial Sheet No. 9 Date: March 23, 2020

Applications of ODEs, Theory of higher order ODEs

1. Assuming that the rate of decay of a radioactive substance is proportional to


the amount of substance present at any time t, show that in general the half
life of a radioactive substance is
(t2 − t1 ) ln 2
t=
ln(A1 /A2 )

where A1 = A(t1 ) and A2 = A(t2 ), t1 < t2 .


2 2
2. Show that the length of the part of the ellipse xa2 + yb2 = 1 (a > b) that lies in
R a q a2 −e2 x2
the first quadrant is 0 a2 −x2
dx where e is the eccentricity of the ellipse.

3. Light strikes a plane curve C in such a manner that all beams L parallel to
the y-axis are reflected to a single point O. Determine the shape of the curve.

4. If y = φ1 (x) is a particular solution of y 00 + (sin x)y 0 + 2y = ex and y = φ2 (x)


is a particular solution of y 00 + (sin x)y 0 + 2y = cos(2x), then find a particular
solution of y 00 + (sin x)y 0 + 2y = ex + 2 sin2 x.

5. Determine the largest interval (a, b) in which the given IVP is certain to have
a unique solution:
y0
(a) ex y 00 − x−3 + 3y = ln x, y(1) = 3, y 0 (1) = 2.
(b) (1 − x)y 00 − 3xy 0 + 3y = sin x, y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 1.
(c) x2 y 00 + 4y = cos x, y(1) = 0, y 0 (1) = −1.

6. If f = (f1 , f2 , . . . , fn ) and u = (u1 , u2 , . . . , un ) be two n-tuples of functions


fi , ui ∈ C n (R), 1 ≤ i ≤ n, such that Af = u for some n × n real matrix A,
then show that

W (u1 , u2 , . . . , un )(x) = det A × W (f1 , f2 , . . . , fn )(x).

Use the above to answer the following.

(a) If u = 3g + f and v = −g − f, then W (u, v) = 4(t cos t − sin t) where


W (f, g) = t cos t − sin t.
(b) If y1 and y2 are linearly independent solutions of y 00 + p(t)y 0 + q(t)y = 0,
under what conditions will y2 = a1 y1 + a2 y2 and y4 = b1 y1 + b2 y2 also be
linearly independent solutions?

1
7. Let p(x), q(x) ∈ C(I). Assume that the functions y1 , y2 ∈ C 2 (I) are solutions
of the differential equations y 00 + p(x)y 0 + q(x)y = 0 on an open interval I.
Prove that if y1 and y2 are zero at the same point in I, then they cannot be
a fundamental set of solutions on that interval.
000
8. Let S = {f : R → R |L(f ) = 0}, where L(f ) := f +f 00 −2. Find the Ker(L).
Let S0 ⊂ Ker(L) be the subspace of solutions g such that limx→∞ g(x) = 0.
Find g ∈ S0 such that g(0) = 0 and g 0 (0) = 2.

9. Consider the differential equation x2 y 00 − 4xy 0 + 6y = 0 on (−∞, ∞);

(a) Verify that the functions y1 (x) = x3 and y2 (x) = x2 |x| are linearly inde-
pendent solutions.
(b) Show that y1 and y2 are linearly dependent on (−∞, 0), but are linearly
independent on (−∞, ∞);
(c) Although y1 and y2 are linearly independent, show that W (y1 , y2 ) = 0
for all x ∈ (−∞, ∞). Does this violate the fact that W (y1 , y2 ) = 0 for
every x ∈ (−∞, ∞) implies y1 and y2 are linearly dependent?

10. If y1 and y2 are linearly independent solutions of (x2 + 1)y 00 + 2xy 0 + xex y = 0
and if W (y1 , y2 )(1) = 2, find the value of W (y1 , y2 )(5).

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