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Problem Set 5 (1)

This document outlines Problem Set 5 for a Differential Equations course, focusing on ordinary differential equations (ODE) and their basic theory. It includes tutorial and assignment problems that require students to demonstrate understanding of linear independence, general solutions, and specific conditions related to ODEs. The problems cover a range of topics, including Bessel's equation, Wronskian, and the properties of solutions in various intervals.

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bandarupavan2006
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2 views

Problem Set 5 (1)

This document outlines Problem Set 5 for a Differential Equations course, focusing on ordinary differential equations (ODE) and their basic theory. It includes tutorial and assignment problems that require students to demonstrate understanding of linear independence, general solutions, and specific conditions related to ODEs. The problems cover a range of topics, including Bessel's equation, Wronskian, and the properties of solutions in various intervals.

Uploaded by

bandarupavan2006
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Department of Mathematical Sciences

Rajiv Gandhi Institute Of Petroleum Technology, Jais

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (MA 121)

Week 2 / February 2024 Problem Set 5 GR,PD

Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE)


Basic Theory of second order linear ODE

■ Tutorial Problems.

1. Consider the differential equation

d2 y dy
− 2 + y = 0. (1)
dx2 dx
i) Show that e x and xe x are linearly independent solutions of the equation (1) on the
interval −∞ < x < ∞.
ii) Write the general solution of the equation (1).
iii) Find the solution that satisfies the conditions y(0) = 1, y′ (0) = 4.

2. Show that y = c1 x + c2 x2 is the general solution of x2 y′′ − 2xy′ + 2y = 0 on any interval


not containing 0, and find the particular solution for which y(1) = 3 and y′ (1) = 5.

3. Suppose that f and g are linearly independent on an interval I. Prove that y1 = f + g


and y2 = f − g are are also linearly independent on I.

4. i) Verify that y1 = 1 and y2 = x2 are solutions of the equation xy′′ − y′ = 0, and write
down the general solution.
ii) Determine the value of a for which y p = ax3 is a particular solution of the equation
xy′′ − y′ = 3x2 . Use this solution and the result of part (i) to write down the general
solution of this equation.

5. Let the functions p( x ) and q( x ) be continuous at x = 0. Show that y( x ) = x2 can never


d2 y dy
be a solution of the differential equation 2 + p( x ) + q( x )y = 0.
dx dx
2
6. i) Solve y′′ + y′ = 0. [Hint: Consider y′ = p and solve the first order ODEs]
ii) Verify that y1 = 1 and y2 = log x are solutions of the given equation on the interval
[0.1, ∞).
iii) Is y = c1 + c2 log x the general solution of this ODE? Why?

7. If the Wronskian of any two solutions of y′′ + P( x )y′ + Q( x )y = 0 is constant in some


interval I, then the ODE becomes y′′ + Q( x )y = 0 on I.

8. Let y1 and y2 be solutions of Bessel’s equation

d2 y dy
x2 2
+ x + ( x 2 − n2 ) y = 0
dx dx
on the interval (0, ∞), with y1 (1) = 1, y1′ (1) = 0, y2 (1) = 0, and y2′ (1) = 1. Compute
W [y1 , y2 ]( x ).
9. Use the Wronskian to construct the ODE y′′ + P( x )y′ + Q( x )y = 0 such that y1 = x2
1
and y2 = 2 are solutions of it on [1, ∞).
x
10. Assume that p and q are continuous functions of x, and that the functions y1 and y2 are
solutions of the ODE
d2 y dy
2
+ p( x ) + q( x )y = 0
dx dx
on the interval I.
i) Prove that if y1 and y2 vanish at the same point in the interval I, then they cannot
form a fundamental set of solutions on this interval.
ii) Prove that if y1 and y2 achieve a maximum or minimum at the same point in the
interval I, then they cannot form a fundamental set of solutions on this interval.
iii) Suppose that y1 and y2 are a fundamental set of solutions on the interval (−∞, ∞).
Show that there is one and only one zero of y1 between consecutive zeros of y2 .
11. Verify that one solution of xy′′ − (2x + 1)y′ + ( x + 1)y = 0 is given by y1 = e x , and find
the general solution.
12. Verify that one solution of x2 y′′ − x ( x + 2)y′ + ( x + 2)y = 0 is given by y1 = x, and find
the general solution

■ Assignment Problems.
1. Let y1 ( x ) = x2 , y2 = 2x2 and y3 ( x ) = x − x2 . Show that y1 , y2 and y3 are linearly
dependent.
2. Let f ( x ) = e x , g( x ) = cos x and h( x ) = sin x. Show that f , g and h are linearly indepen-
dent functions on R.
3. Let y1 ( x ) = x2 and y2 ( x ) = x | x |.
i) Show that y1 and y2 are linearly dependent on the interval [0, 1].
ii) Show that y1 and y2 are linearly independent on the interval [−1, 1].
iii) Show that W [y1 , y2 ]( x ) is identically zero.
iv) Show that y1 and y2 can never be a solution of y′′ + P( x )y′ + Q( x )y = 0 on the
interval (−1, 1) if both P and Q are continuous in this interval.
4. If y1 and y2 are two linearly independent solutions of y′′ + P( x )y′ + Q( x )y = 0, then
show that
y1 y2′′ − y2 y1′′
P( x ) = −
W [ y1 , y2 ]
and
y1′ y2′′ − y2′ y1′′
Q( x ) = .
W [ y1 , y2 ]
5. Find the general solution of y′′ − x f ( x )y′ + f ( x )y = 0.
6. Find the general solution of y′′ − f ( x )y′ + [ f ( x ) − 1] y = 0.

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