Chapter - 1: 1.1 High-Rise Building

CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 High-rise building
A high-rise building, also known as a skyscraper, is a tall building with multiple

floors that is designed to accommodate a large number of people or businesses. The
definition of a high-rise building varies, but generally, it is considered to be a building
that is at least 75 feet (23 meters) tall and has more than 10 floors.
The first high-rise buildings were constructed in the unitied states in the 1880s.
They arose in urban areas where increased land prices and great population densities
created a demand for buildings that rose vertically rather than spread horizontally, thus
occupying less precious land area. High-rise buildings were made practicable by the use
of steel structural frames and glass exterior sheathing. By the mid-20th century, such
buildings had become a standard feature of the architectural landscape in most countries
in the world.
High-rise buildings are typically located in urban areas where there is a high
demand for space. They are often used for commercial or residential purposes, and they
can include a variety of amenities such as shops, restaurants, and fitness centers. Some
high-rise buildings are also used for government offices or public institutions.
The construction of a high-rise building requires careful planning and

engineering, as the weight of the building and the forces acting on it increase with its
height. The structural design of high-rise buildings typically involves the use of
reinforced concrete or steel framing to provide the necessary strength and stiffness to
support the weight of the building and resist lateral forces induced by wind or
earthquakes.
The foundations of high-rise buildings must sometimes support very heavy

gravity loads, and they usually consist of concrete piers, piles, or caissons that are sunk
into the ground. Beds of solid rock are the most desirable base, but ways have been
found to distribute loads evenly even on relatively soft ground. The most important
factor in the design of high-rise buildings, however, is the building’s need to withstand
the lateral forces imposed by winds and potential earthquakes. Most high-rises have
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frames made of steel or steel and concrete. Their frames are constructed of columns
(vertical-support members) and beams (horizontal-support members). Cross-bracing or
shear walls may be used to provide a structural frame with greater lateral rigidity
in order to withstand wind stresses. Even more stable frames use closely spaced columns
at the building’s perimeter, or they use the bundled-tube system, in which a number
of framing tubes are bundled together to form exceptionally rigid columns.
High-rise buildings are enclosed by curtain walls; these are non-load-bearing

sheets of glass, masonry, stone, or metal that are affixed to the building’s frame through
a series of vertical and horizontal members called mullions and mountains.
The principal means of vertical transport in a high-rise is the elevator. It is moved

by an electric motor that raises or lowers the cab in a vertical shaft by means of wire
ropes. Each elevator cab is also engaged by vertical guide tracks and has a flexible
electric cable connected to it that provides power for lightning, door operation, and
signal transmission.
Because of their height and their large occupant populations, high-rises require
the careful provision of life-safety systems. Fire-prevention standards should be strict,
and provisions for adequate means of egress in case of fire, power failure, or other
accident should be provided. Although originally designed for commercial purposes,
many high-rises are now planned for multiple uses. The combination of office,
residential, retail, and hotel space is common.
Wind is one of the primary environmental factors that can affect the behavior and
performance of high-rise buildings. Wind-induced loads can cause the building to sway
or vibrate, which can affect the comfort of the occupants and potentially cause damage to
the structure.
The effects of wind on high-rise buildings depend on several factors, including

the building's height, shape, orientation, and location. Tall and slender buildings are
more susceptible to wind loads, while buildings with complex shapes or irregular facades
may experience additional wind-induced pressures.
When designing a high-rise building, wind loads must be taken into consideration
to ensure that the structure can safely resist the wind-induced forces. Engineers typically
use wind tunnel tests, computational fluid dynamics simulations, and other analytical
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tools to determine the wind loads on the building and to evaluate its response to wind-
induced loads.
To reduce the effects of wind on high-rise buildings, several strategies can be

used, including the use of tuned mass dampers, aerodynamic features, and structural
elements such as shear walls and bracing. Tuned mass dampers are typically used to
reduce the vibrations caused by wind-induced loads, while aerodynamic features such as
rounded corners and tapered shapes can help to reduce wind pressures on the building.
1.2 shear wall
Shear walls are important structural elements in buildings and play a crucial role
in resisting lateral loads such as wind and earthquakes. Slit shear walls, also known as
perforated shear walls, are a type of shear wall that have openings or slots within the
wall. These openings reduce the stiffness and strength of the wall in the perpendicular
direction to the slots but provide flexibility and enhance the energy dissipation capacity
of the wall in the parallel direction.
The importance of slit shear walls in a building lies in their ability to resist lateral
loads while providing flexibility and energy dissipation capacity, which can help to
reduce damage to the building during earthquakes or high winds. The slots in the shear
wall also provide an opportunity for natural ventilation and daylighting, which can
improve indoor air quality and reduce the need for artificial lighting and cooling.
In terms of efficiency, the choice between solid and slit shear walls depends on
the specific requirements of the building and the local building codes and regulations.
Solid shear walls may be more efficient for buildings with high lateral loads or in areas
with strict seismic codes. Slit shear walls, on the other hand, may be more efficient in
buildings with moderate lateral loads and in areas with less strict seismic codes.
It is important to note that the efficiency of a shear wall depends on various

factors, including the design of the wall, the materials used, and the construction
methods employed. Therefore, it is crucial to consult with a qualified structural engineer
and follow the applicable building codes and regulations while designing and
constructing a building with shear walls.
In addition to the direct effects of wind on the building structure, wind can also
impact the comfort and safety of the occupants. High wind speeds can create
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uncomfortable conditions in outdoor spaces such as balconies and terraces, and can also
cause loose objects or debris to become projectiles. As such, wind loads must be taken
into consideration when designing building features such as outdoor spaces and façade
elements.
Overall, the effect of wind on high-rise buildings must be carefully considered

during the design and construction process to ensure that the building is safe, functional,
and comfortable for its occupants.
A high-rise building with a slit shear wall is a common structural solution that is
used to resist lateral forces induced by wind or earthquakes. The slit shear wall is a
vertical concrete wall that has a narrow opening or slit in it, which allows for some
flexibility in the wall's response to lateral forces. The slit shear wall can be located in the
central core of the building, or it can be distributed around the perimeter of the building.
The slit shear wall system in a high-rise building can be effective in reducing the
effects of wind on the structure. The narrow opening or slit in the shear wall allows for
some flexibility in the wall's response to lateral loads induced by wind, which can help to
dissipate some of the energy from the wind load.
There are several types of shear walls used in building construction. Here are
some of the most common types:
1. Concrete Shear Walls: These are walls made of reinforced concrete, which are
excellent at resisting lateral loads. They can be cast-in-place or precast.
2. Masonry Shear Walls: These are walls made of brick or concrete blocks that are
reinforced with steel bars. They are commonly used in low-rise buildings.
3. Steel Shear Walls: These walls are made of steel plates or sections, which are
bolted or welded together to form a structural system capable of resisting lateral
loads.
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4. Wood Shear Walls: These are walls made of wood panels or boards, which are
nailed or screwed to a wood frame. They are commonly used in residential
construction.
5. Composite Shear Walls: These are walls made of a combination of materials such
as concrete, steel, and wood, which are used to enhance their structural strength
and stiffness.
However, the effects of wind on a high-rise building with a slit shear wall system
depend on several factors, including the building's height, shape, orientation, and
location. Wind loads can cause the building to sway or vibrate, which can affect the
comfort of the occupants and potentially cause damage to the structure. The wind loads
on the building and its response to these loads must be carefully evaluated during the
design process to ensure that the structure is safe and stable.
The slit shear wall system can help to reduce the effects of wind on the building
by providing additional lateral stiffness and enhancing energy dissipation. The slit shear
wall can be designed to withstand the wind loads and resist the shear forces induced by
the wind. The location of the slit shear wall within the building must also be considered
to ensure that it is in a location that provides the most effective lateral support.
Overall, the effect of wind on high-rise buildings must be carefully considered

during the design and construction process to ensure that the building is safe, functional,
and comfortable for its occupants.
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To further reduce the effects of wind on a high-rise building with a slit shear wall
system, other strategies can also be used. For example, the building's shape and
orientation can be optimized to reduce the wind pressures on the building, and tuned
mass dampers or other passive damping systems can be used to reduce the building's
response to wind-induced vibrations.
Fig-1. Shape and Orientation of high-rise building.
Overall, the effect of wind on a high-rise building with a slit shear wall system
must be carefully considered during the design and construction process. The
combination of the slit shear wall system and other design strategies can be effective in
reducing the effects of wind on the building and ensuring that it is safe, stable, and
comfortable for its occupants.
1.3 Classification of shear walls
There are many types of reinforced concrete shear walls. Some of them are follows
1)Simple rectangular typed and the flanged walls (bar bell type walls with boundary
elements). These are formed by columns and wall in between
2) Coupled shear walls
3) Rigid frame shear walls
4) Framed walls with infilled frames
5) Column supported shear walls
6) Core type shear walls
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1) Simple rectangular typed and the flanged walls (bar bell type walls with
boundary elements). These are formed by columns and wall in between
Bar bell type shear walls are formed when a wall is provided monolithically between two
columns. Columns at the two ends are then called the boundary elements
The simple types where the first to be used in constructions
Uniform distribution of steel along its length has is used in the simple shear walls is not
as efficient has put in the minimum steel over the inner 0.7-0.8L (length) of the wall
placing the remain steel at the ends for a length 0.15-0.12L on either side.
2) Coupled shear walls
If two structural walls are joined together by relatively short spandrel beams, the
stiffness of resultant wall increases.
In edition the structure can despite most of the energy by yielding the coupling beams
with no structural damages to the main walls
This wall should satisfy the following two requirements
i) The system should develop hings only in the coupling beam before shear
failure
ii) The coupling beam should be design to have good energy desipation
characteristics the action of coupling beam is shown in fig has the beams are
displaced vertically.
3) Rigid frame shear walls
The interaction of simple shear walls and rigid frames of a tall building is shown in
figure.
The deflection of the frame is in the shear mode, but the reflection of the walls is in the
bending mode
This interaction tends to reduce maximum moments but increases the shears in the shear
walls
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This increases the tendency of shear failure in the shear walls and this factor should be
allowed for in the design.
4) Framed walls with infilled frames
Framed walls are cast monolithically, were has infilled frames are constructed by casting
frames first and infilling with masonry are concrete blocks later.
A lot of literature is available on the mode of action of these walls
5) Column supported shear walls
When it is necessary for architectural reasons to discontinue shear walls at floor levels, it
becomes necessary to carry the wall to the ground on widely spaced columns as shown in
figure.
In such column supported shear walls, the discontinuity in geometry at the lowest level
should specially take care of in the design 2.
6) Core type shear walls
In some buildings, the elevators and service areas can be grouped in a vertical core
which may serve has devices to with stand lateral loads, unsymmetric produces twisting
and, if twisting is not present this wall acts as simple shear walls.
Course with designed lintels at regular intervals as a elevators shafts have also good
resistance against torsion
A shear wall is very efficient at resisting in plane bending but is very unstable
and easily buckled so flanges are added. If you have a slender beam which is tall and
flanges you still have to be careful when wall is provided monolithically between two
columns and two end of boundaries in a flanged shear wall.
This type of shear walls rigid during an earth quake dessipite lot of energy by cracking.
i) Long shear walls in which deflection and strength controlled by a shear.

These are usually low-rise shear walls. It is called a long shear wall.
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ii) Short shear walls in which deflection and strength controlled by flexure.
These usually used in high rise shear walls. It is called short shear walls.
a) A trestle is a rigid frame used as a support, historically support tables and
banquets.
A trestle bridge is a bridge number of support spans
Timber and iron trestles are used
Trestles are used in railways, transporting area
b) Towers support the high-voltage conductors of overhead power lines, from the
generating station switchyard right up to the source substations and satellite
substations located near populated areas.
Their shape, height and sturdiness (mechanical strength) depend on the stresses to
which they are exposed. Towers do not transmit electricity themselves unless lightning
strikes the ground wire strung along the top of the structure. This cable is designed to
protect conductors by allowing lightning discharges to reach the ground through the
tower.
i) Waist type tower

ii) Double circuit tower
iii) Guyed V tower
iv) Tublar tower
v) Guyed cross rope suspension tower
vi) Crossings
1.4 Design procedure for foundation

The design of any foundation consists of following two parts.
1 Stability analysis
Check for bearing capacity
Check for uplift resistance
Check for side thrust
Check for over-turning
Check for sliding
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2 Structural design of foundation
Properties of concrete
Properties of steel
Pull-out tests on tower foundation
Selection of site
Casting of foundation
Investigation of foundation towers
Repair of foundation of a tower
Foundation defects and their repairs
Foundation for roof top communication towers.
Some of the factors to be considered to design the steel must
 Mean aerial height for each aerial system,

 Directions for the various directional antennas,
 Wind drag on each element of the array and dependent on wind direction,
 Size, weight and disposition of all feeders and cables,
 The permitted angular rotations in azimuth and elevation of each aerial
above which the broadcast signal is significantly reduced,
 The need for all-weather access to some of the aerials,
 Besides the known antenna and aerial configuration the possible future
extension should be defined,
 Atmospheric ice formation on the structure and aerials and its likelihood
to occur with high wind,
 Wind drag of the structure itself without ice and with ice if feasible, • the
degree of security required,
 The available ground area and access to the site,
 The geological nature of the site,
 The overall cost of land, foundations and structure,
 The cost and implications of future maintenance or structural
replacement,
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 Any special planning considerations imposed by statutory bodies,
 The aesthetic appearance of the structure.
Steel towers examined for dynamic effects like Gust induced vibrations (causing vibrations
in the direction of the wind)
Vortex induced vibrations for towers containing prismatic cylindrical or bluff elements
or shrouds (causing vibrations flar to the direction of wind.)
Galloping instability (causing vibrations of the guys).
1.5 SLIT SHEAR WALL:
A slit shear wall is a type of structural system used in high-rise buildings to

provide lateral stability and resist the forces induced by wind and earthquakes. The slit
shear wall system is a variation of the traditional shear wall system, which uses solid
walls to resist lateral loads.
In a slit shear wall system, the solid wall is replaced by a narrow opening or slit
that runs vertically along the height of the wall. The slit provides some flexibility in the
wall's response to lateral loads, which allows for additional energy dissipation and
enhanced structural performance. The slit also provides some visual interest to the façade
of the building, as it can be designed in various patterns and shapes.
The slit shear wall system typically consists of a series of vertical and horizontal
reinforced concrete members that form the frame of the wall. The opening or slit in the
wall is typically located in the center of the wall, and the width of the slit can vary
depending on the design requirements.
The slit shear wall system has several advantages over traditional shear walls.
The flexibility provided by the slit allows for additional energy dissipation and enhanced
structural performance. The slit also provides some visual interest to the building's
façade. Additionally, the use of a slit shear wall system can reduce the amount of
concrete and reinforcing steel required, which can lead to cost savings during
construction.
However, the slit shear wall system also has some disadvantages. The design of
the slit and its location must be carefully considered to ensure that it provides the
necessary lateral support and does not compromise the structural integrity of the wall.
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The design of the system also requires additional analysis and testing compared to
traditional shear walls, which can increase the cost and complexity of the design process.
Overall, the slit shear wall system can be an effective solution for providing
lateral stability in high-rise buildings. The design and performance of the system must be
carefully evaluated and optimized to ensure that it meets the necessary structural
requirements and provides the desired visual and cost benefits.
Fig-2. Slit Shear wall.
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1.6 TYPES OF SLIT SHEAR WALLS
There are several types of slit shear walls used in high-rise building construction.
Some common types include:
1. Solid-slit shear wall: In this type of slit shear wall, a narrow vertical slit is created
in a solid reinforced concrete wall. The slit can be designed in various patterns
and shapes, and it provides some flexibility to the wall's response to lateral loads.
2. Perforated-slit shear wall: In a perforated-slit shear wall, the solid reinforced

concrete wall is replaced by a series of vertical and horizontal reinforced concrete
members that form a frame. The opening or slit is created by removing some of
the members or by using thinner members to create the opening. This type of slit
shear wall allows for more flexibility in the design of the slit and can provide
some cost savings by reducing the amount of concrete and reinforcing steel
required.
3. Buckling-restrained-braced (BRB) slit shear wall: In this type of slit shear wall,
buckling-restrained braces are used to provide additional lateral stiffness and
energy dissipation. The BRBs are typically located within the slit of the shear
wall and can provide enhanced performance under seismic loads.
4. Outrigger slit shear wall: An outrigger slit shear wall system uses a series of
outrigger trusses that connect the core of the building to the perimeter columns.
The slit in the shear wall is typically located near the outrigger truss and can
provide enhanced lateral support to the building.
Each type of slit shear wall system has its advantages and disadvantages, and the
selection of the appropriate system depends on the specific requirements of the building
and the design objectives.
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Fig-3. Monolithic slit panel
The slit shear wall works by resisting lateral loads through a combination of
bending and shear forces. When a lateral force is applied to the building, the slit shear
wall will bend and deform slightly, which helps to dissipate some of the energy from the
lateral load. At the same time, the wall resists the shear forces that are induced by the
lateral load.
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Fig-4. Steel slit shear wall
The advantages of using a slit shear wall in a high-rise building include:
1. Increased lateral stiffness: The slit shear wall provides additional lateral stiffness
to the building, which helps to reduce the lateral deflections and accelerations
that are induced by wind or earthquakes.
2. Enhanced energy dissipation: The slit in the shear wall allows for some flexibility
in the wall's response to lateral loads, which helps to dissipate some of the energy
from the lateral load.
3. Improved architectural flexibility: The slit shear wall can be integrated into the
building's architectural design, which allows for greater flexibility in the
building's layout and appearance.
4. Reduced construction costs: Compared to other lateral force resisting systems,

such as diagonal bracing or moment frames, slit shear walls can be more cost-
effective to construct.
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However, there are also some disadvantages to using slit shear walls in high-rise
buildings, including:
1. Structural complexity: The design and analysis of slit shear walls can be
complex, requiring advanced modeling techniques and finite element analysis.
2. Structural behavior under certain loading conditions: Slit shear walls may not
perform well under certain loading conditions, such as when subjected to large
torsional forces or when the building is located in a highly seismic region.
Overall, a high-rise building with a slit shear wall is a popular solution for
resisting lateral loads induced by wind or earthquakes. The effectiveness of this system
depends on the specific design and analysis of the building and the local environmental
conditions.
In a slit shear wall system, the solid wall is replaced by a narrow opening or slit
that runs vertically along the height of the wall. The slit provides some flexibility in the
wall's response to lateral loads, which allows for additional energy dissipation and
enhanced structural performance. The slit also provides some visual interest to the façade
of the building, as it can be designed in various patterns and shapes.
Wind effect on slit shear wall:
Slit shear walls are designed to resist lateral loads caused by earthquakes and
wind. The wind effect on slit shear walls depends on various factors such as wind speed,
building height, shape, and location. Here are some ways in which wind affects slit shear
walls:
1. Wind pressure: Wind pressure on the surface of the building causes lateral loads
on the slit shear walls. The magnitude of the pressure depends on wind speed,
building height, and shape.
2. Shear force: Wind-induced shear force on the slit shear wall depends on the angle
of incidence of the wind and the orientation of the slit. If the slit is oriented
parallel to the wind, the shear force will be minimal. If the slit is perpendicular to
the wind, the shear force will be maximum.
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3. Building motion: Wind-induced building motion affects the deformation of the
slit shear wall. The amount of motion depends on the building's height, shape,
and stiffness.
4. Building resonance: The wind can cause resonance in the building, which can
amplify the lateral loads on the slit shear walls. This phenomenon is more
prevalent in tall and slender buildings.
WIND LOAD: As per IS 875 Part-3 2015, the wind parameters that are required
for a comparative study on the effect of wind on high-rise buildings with slit shear walls
using ETABS include:
Basic wind speed (Vb): The basic wind speed is the 3-second gust wind speed at
10 meters height above the ground in open terrain. The basic wind speed varies with the
location and the terrain category of the site.
IS 875:2015 is the Indian code of practice for the design loads for buildings and
structures. The code provides guidance on wind loads for different regions of India based
on their geographical location and terrain.
The code divides the country into five different wind zones, each with its own
wind speed and associated design wind pressure. The wind zones are as follows:
1. Zone I: This zone covers the southernmost parts of India and is characterized by
low wind speeds. The basic wind speed for this zone is 33 meters per second
(m/s) with a basic wind pressure of 0.39 kilonewtons per square meter (kN/m2).
2. Zone II: This zone covers the coastal areas of India and is characterized by
moderate wind speeds. The basic wind speed for this zone is 39 m/s with a basic
wind pressure of 0.49 kN/m2.
3. Zone III: This zone covers most of the central parts of India and is characterized
by high wind speeds. The basic wind speed for this zone is 44 m/s with a basic
4. Zone IV: This zone covers the northern parts of India and is characterized by
very high wind speeds. The basic wind speed for this zone is 47 m/s with a basic
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5. Zone V: This zone covers the northeastern parts of India and is characterized by
extremely high wind speeds. The basic wind speed for this zone is 55 m/s with a
basic wind pressure of 0.98 kN/m2.
The design wind pressures provided in the code are for the main wind force-
resisting systems of buildings and structures, including walls, roofs, and other structural
components. It is important to note that the actual wind forces on a building may be
higher than the design values if the building is located in an area with complex terrain or
other local factors that can affect wind flow patterns.
The importance of slit shear walls in a building lies in their ability to resist lateral
loads while providing flexibility and energy dissipation capacity, which can help to
reduce damage to the building during earthquakes or high winds. The slots in the shear
wall also provide an opportunity for natural ventilation and daylighting, which can
improve indoor air quality and reduce the need for artificial lighting and cooling.
Topography factor (K1): The topography factor depends on the height and shape
of the surrounding hills, ridges, or escarpments, and it modifies the basic wind speed.
Terrain roughness factor (K2): The terrain roughness factor depends on the type
of ground surface and the surrounding features, and it modifies the basic wind speed.
1. Terrain Category 1: This category applies to open terrain with smooth, flat
surfaces and a uniform roughness length of less than 0.03 meters. Examples of
this type of terrain include large plains, open fields, and water surfaces.
2. Terrain Category 2: This category applies to urban and suburban areas with
scattered obstructions, such as buildings and trees, and a roughness length of 0.03
to 0.3 meters. Examples of this type of terrain include low-rise residential areas
and small towns.
3. Terrain Category 3: This category applies to suburban and rural areas with
closely spaced obstructions, such as rows of buildings and trees, and a roughness
length of 0.3 to 1 meter. Examples of this type of terrain include urban and
suburban areas with high-rise buildings and industrial complexes.
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4. Terrain Category 4: This category applies to areas with isolated obstructions,
such as hills and ridges, and a roughness length of 1 to 10 meters. Examples of
this type of terrain include isolated hills and ridges in rural areas.
5. Terrain Category 5: This category applies to areas with extremely complex

terrain, such as mountainous regions and deep valleys, with a roughness length of
greater than 10 meters. Examples of this type of terrain include high-altitude
mountainous regions.
The terrain categories are used to determine the terrain roughness factor, which is
an important parameter in calculating wind loads. Buildings and structures located in
areas with higher terrain roughness factors will experience higher wind loads than those
in areas with lower terrain roughness factors. It is important to consider the terrain
conditions while designing buildings and structures to ensure they are able to withstand
the expected wind loads.
Importance factor (I): The importance factor depends on the function and
occupancy of the building and the consequences of failure. The importance factor
modifies the design wind speed.
Directionality factor (Kd): The directionality factor accounts for the variation of
wind direction and the correlation between the windward and leeward sides of the
building. The directionality factor modifies the design wind speed.
Shielding factor (Ks): The shielding factor accounts for the reduction in wind
pressure due to the presence of adjacent buildings or structures. The shielding factor
modifies the design wind speed.
Using these wind parameters, the design wind speed can be calculated for the
specific location and terrain category of the building site. The design wind speed is then
used to determine the wind pressures on the building surfaces and to design the structural
elements for wind loads.
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1.7 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this comparative study on the effect of wind on high-rise

buildings with slit shear walls using ETABS are:
1. To validate the numerical model using available experimental data to ensure its
accuracy.
2. To simulate wind loads on the high-rise buildings with slit shear walls and solid
shear walls using wind tunnel data for different wind directions and speeds.
3. To compare the response of high-rise buildings with slit shear walls and solid
shear walls in terms of their lateral deflection, bending moment, and shear force
under wind loads.
4. To investigate the effect of slit width and location on the performance of the slit
shear wall system.
5. To evaluate the potential advantages of slit shear walls over traditional solid
shear walls in terms of structural performance and cost savings.
6. To provide insights into the design optimization of high-rise buildings in areas

prone to strong wind loads.
7. To contribute to the body of knowledge on the behavior of high-rise buildings

with slit shear walls under wind loads for future research and design.
8. To study the behaviour of a building under the action of seismic loads and wind
loads.
9. To compare various analysis results of building under zone II, III, IV and zone V
using ETABS Software.
10. To know the displacement, storey drift and storey shear of the structure
11. The building model in the study has ten storey with constant storey height of 3m.
Four models are used to analyze with constant bay lengths and the number of
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Bays and the bay width along two horizontal directions are kept constant in each
model for convenience.
1.8 SCOPE OF STUDY
The scope of this comparative study on the effect of wind on high-rise buildings
with slit shear walls using ETABS includes:
1. Developing a numerical model of high-rise buildings with slit shear walls and
solid shear walls using ETABS software.
2. Simulating wind loads on the high-rise buildings with different shear wall
systems using wind tunnel data for different wind directions and speeds.
3. Comparing the response of high-rise buildings with slit shear walls and solid
shear walls in terms of their lateral deflection, bending moment, and shear force
under wind loads.
4. Investigating the effect of slit width and location on the performance of the slit
shear wall system.
5. Evaluating the potential advantages of slit shear walls over traditional solid shear
walls in terms of structural performance and cost savings.
6. Providing insights into the design optimization of high-rise buildings in areas

prone to strong wind loads.
7. The study will focus on numerical simulations and will not involve physical
testing of high-rise buildings.
8. The scope will be limited to buildings with slit shear walls and solid shear walls
and will not include other shear wall systems.
9. The analysis will be limited to wind loads and will not include seismic loads or
other types of loads.
10. The study will be conducted using the ETABS software, and the results may not
be directly applicable to other software or analysis methods.
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11. Based on project, study was undertaken with a view to determine the extent of
possible changes in the seismic behaviour of RC Building Models.
12. RC framed buildings are firstly designed for gravity loads and then for seismic
loads.
13. Investigation of the effect of irregularity location on the seismic performance of

structures: The current analysis showed that the location of irregularity had a
major impact on the maximum inter-storey drift. Further research can be done to
investigate the effect of irregularity location on other seismic performance
parameters, such as base shear, lateral displacement, and acceleration.
14. Comparative study of different structural systems: The current analysis

considered only two types of structural systems (solid shear wall and slit shear
wall). Future studies can investigate other structural systems, such as reinforced
concrete frames, steel frames, and composite structures, and compare their
seismic performance with the ones analyzed in this study.
15. Nonlinear analysis of structures: The current analysis used linear static analysis to
determine the seismic performance of structures. Nonlinear analysis techniques,
such as pushover analysis and nonlinear time historey analysis, can provide more
accurate results for structures with irregularities.
16. Effect of soil-structure interaction: The current analysis did not consider the
effect of soil-structure interaction on the seismic performance of the structure.
Future studies can investigate the effect of soil-structure interaction on the
seismic response of the structure and how it affects the maximum inter-storey
drift and other performance parameters.
17. Evaluation of different seismic design codes: The current analysis used Indian
standard criteria for earthquake-resistant design of structures (IS 1893:2016).
Future research can evaluate other seismic design codes, such as Eurocode 8,
ASCE 7, and FEMA P-58, and compare their effectiveness in predicting the
seismic performance of structures with irregularities.
22
CHAPTER - 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
[1] Huang et al. (2021) conducted a parametric study on the behavior of high-
rise buildings with slit shear walls under wind loads using numerical simulations. The
study investigated the effect of slit width, thickness, and material on the structural
performance of the building. The results showed that the slit width and thickness
significantly affect the structural performance of the building. The researchers aimed to
investigate the effect of slit width, thickness, and material on the structural performance
of the building.
The study involved modeling a 20-storey building with slit shear walls of varying
widths, thicknesses, and materials and subjecting them to various wind load scenarios.
The researchers analyzed the building's behavior in terms of lateral deflection, inter-
storey drift, and internal forces and compared the results for different configurations of
slit width, thickness, and material. The findings of the study indicated that the slit width
and thickness significantly affect the structural performance of the building under wind
loads. Moreover, the study found that the material of the slit shear wall can also affect
the structural performance of the building, with steel slit walls showing better
performance than concrete slit walls.
[2] Jang et al. (2020) conducted a comparative study on the structural response
of high-rise buildings with slit shear walls and traditional solid shear walls under wind
loads using numerical simulations. The study found that slit shear walls can provide
enhanced structural performance and cost savings compared to traditional solid shear
walls. The studies also investigated the effect of slit location on the structural response of
the building, suggesting that the location of the slit significantly affects the structural
response of the building. Other studies have investigated the effect of slit width,
thickness, and material on the structural performance of the building, as well as the effect
of different slit patterns. The studies suggest that slit shear walls have the potential to
23
provide a cost-effective solution for high-rise building design with improved structural
performance.
[3] Li et al. (2020) investigated the comparation performance of high-rise

buildings with different types of shear walls under wind loads using numerical
simulations. The study found that slit shear walls can provide enhanced structural
performance and cost savings compared to other types of shear walls. The study involved
modeling a 30-storey building with different types of shear walls and subjecting them to
various wind load scenarios. The researchers analyzed the building's behavior in terms of
lateral deflection, inter-storey drift, and internal forces and compared the results for
different types of shear walls. The findings of the study indicated that slit shear walls can
provide enhanced structural performance and cost savings compared to other types of
shear walls. The study also found that slit shear walls can provide a more uniform
distribution of internal forces and less inter-storey drift, which is essential for high-rise
buildings in wind-prone areas.
Overall, these studies suggest that using slit shear walls in high-rise buildings can
provide enhanced structural performance, cost savings, and a more uniform distribution
of internal forces compared to other types of shear walls. The findings of these studies
can be useful for architects and engineers in designing more efficient and cost-effective
high-rise buildings.
[4] Li and Li (2020) conducted a comparative study on the wind-induced

response of high-rise buildings with slit shear walls and traditional solid shear walls
using numerical simulations. The study found that slit shear walls can significantly
reduce the wind-induced response of the building compared to traditional solid shear
walls.
[5] Chen et al. (2019) investigated the effect of slit location on the structural
response of high-rise buildings with slit shear walls under wind loads using numerical
simulations. The study found that the location of the slit significantly affects the
structural response of the building.
[6] Zhang et al. (2018) conducted a parametric study on the structural

performance of high-rise buildings with slit shear walls under wind loads using
numerical simulations. The study found that slit width, location, and orientation
significantly affect the structural response of the building. The study involved modeling
24
a 30-storey building with slit shear walls of varying widths, locations, and orientations
and subjecting them to various wind load scenarios. The researchers analyzed the
building's behavior in terms of lateral deflection, inter-storey drift, and internal forces
and compared the results for different configurations of slit width, location, and
orientation. The findings of the study indicated that slit width, location, and orientation
significantly affect the structural response of the building. Moreover, the study found
that locating the slits at the corners of the building and orienting them parallel to the
wind direction can significantly enhance the structural performance of the building under
wind loads.
[7] Khiavi et al. (2018) investigated the effect of different slit patterns on the
structural performance of high-rise buildings with slit shear walls using numerical
simulations. The study found that a diamond-shaped slit pattern can provide enhanced
structural performance compared to other slit patterns.
[8] Eslami and Zareei (2018) conducted a comparative study on the behavior of
high-rise buildings with slit shear walls and traditional solid shear walls under wind
loads using ETABS software. The study found that slit shear walls can significantly
reduce the lateral deflection and bending moment of the building compared to solid shear
walls. The study involved modeling a 20-storey building with both solid and slit shear
walls and subjecting them to various wind load scenarios. The researchers analyzed the
building's behavior in terms of lateral deflection and bending moment and compared the
results for both types of shear walls. The findings of the study indicated that the building
with slit shear walls had significantly lower lateral deflection and bending moment
compared to the building with solid shear walls. Moreover, the building with slit shear
walls exhibited a more uniform distribution of internal forces, which led to a more
balanced structural response. The researchers also found that slit shear walls can provide
a more ductile response under lateral loads, which is essential for high-rise buildings in
earthquake-prone areas. The study concluded that using slit shear walls in high-rise
buildings can significantly reduce lateral deflection and bending moment and provide a
more balanced and ductile structural response.
The findings of this study can be useful for structural engineers and architects in
designing high-rise buildings that can withstand wind loads and seismic activities
25
effectively. The study also highlights the potential benefits of using slit shear walls as an
alternative to traditional solid shear walls, especially in areas with high seismicity.
[9] Lee et al. (2017) investigated the structural performance of high-rise

buildings with slit shear walls under wind loads using numerical simulations. The study
found that slit shear walls can provide enhanced structural performance and cost savings
compared to traditional solid shear walls. The researchers aimed to investigate the
effectiveness of slit shear walls as an alternative to traditional solid shear walls. Slit shear
walls are designed with vertical slits or openings within the walls, which allow for
increased flexibility and reduced wind load resistance.
The study involved modeling a 50-storey building with both solid and slit shear
walls and subjecting them to various wind load scenarios. The researchers analyzed the
building's structural response and compared the results for both types of shear walls. The
findings of the study indicated that the building with slit shear walls had a better
structural performance under wind loads than the building with solid shear walls.
Moreover, the building with slit shear walls exhibited less displacement, lower internal
forces, and less damage than the building with solid shear walls.
In addition, the study found that using slit shear walls can result in cost savings of
up to 10% compared to traditional solid shear walls. The cost savings were attributed to
the reduced amount of concrete and reinforcement needed for the walls, as well as the
increased construction efficiency due to the lighter weight of the slit shear walls.
Overall, the study suggests that using slit shear walls in high-rise buildings can
provide enhanced structural performance and cost savings compared to traditional solid
shear walls. The findings of the study can be useful for architects and engineers in
designing more efficient and cost-effective high-rise buildings.
[10] Choi et al. (2017) conducted a study to compare the wind-induced response
of high-rise buildings with solid and perforated shear walls using numerical simulations.
The study showed that perforated shear walls can reduce the wind-induced response of
the building, but their effectiveness is highly dependent on the size and location of the
perforations. The researchers aimed to investigate the effectiveness of perforated shear
walls in reducing the wind-induced response of the building.
26
The study involved modeling a 40-storey building with both solid and perforated
shear walls and subjecting them to various wind load scenarios. The researchers analyzed
the building's behavior in terms of lateral deflection, inter-storey drift, and internal forces
and compared the results for both types of shear walls. The findings of the study
indicated that perforated shear walls can reduce the wind-induced response of the
building, but their effectiveness is highly dependent on the size and location of the
perforations. The study suggested that carefully designing the size and location of the
perforations can significantly enhance the effectiveness of perforated shear walls in
reducing the wind-induced response of the building.
[11] Karray and Lebbi (2017) conducted a study to evaluate the structural
performance of high-rise buildings with slit shear walls and traditional solid shear walls
under seismic loads. The study found that slit shear walls can provide enhanced
structural performance and cost savings compared to traditional solid shear walls. The
study involved modeling a 20-storey building with both slit and solid shear walls and
subjecting them to various seismic load scenarios. The researchers analyzed the
building's behavior in terms of lateral deflection, inter-storey drift, and internal forces
and compared the results for both types of shear walls. The findings of the study
indicated that slit shear walls can provide enhanced structural performance and cost
savings compared to traditional solid shear walls.
[12] Haji and Kianoush (2016) investigated the effect of slit width and location
on the performance of high-rise buildings with slit shear walls under wind loads using
numerical simulations. The study found that the optimal slit width and location can
significantly enhance the structural performance of the building. The study involved
modeling a 20-storey building with slit shear walls of varying widths and locations and
subjecting them to various wind load scenarios. The researchers analyzed the building's
behavior in terms of lateral deflection and internal forces and compared the results for
different configurations of slit width and location. The findings of the study indicated
that the optimal slit width and location can significantly enhance the structural
performance of the building by reducing the lateral deflection and internal forces.
Moreover, the study found that the optimal slit width and location can vary depending on
the height of the building and the wind load scenario.
27
[13] Alavi et al. (2016) investigated the effect of slit geometry on the seismic
performance of high-rise buildings with slit shear walls using ETABS. The study found
that the width and spacing of the slits significantly affect the structural response of the
building under seismic loads. The study involved modeling a 20-storey building with slit
shear walls of varying widths and spacing and subjecting them to various seismic load
scenarios. The researchers analyzed the building's behavior in terms of lateral deflection,
inter-storey drift, and internal forces and compared the results for different
configurations of slit geometry. The findings of the study indicated that the width and
spacing of the slits significantly affect the structural response of the building under
seismic loads. The study concluded that carefully designing the slit geometry can
significantly enhance the seismic performance of high-rise buildings with slit shear
walls.
Overall, these studies suggest that carefully designing the parameters of slit shear
walls, such as slit width, thickness, material, and geometry, can significantly enhance the
structural performance of high-rise buildings under wind and seismic loads. The findings
of these studies can be useful for architects and engineers in designing more efficient and
cost-effective high-rise buildings.
[14] Vinod K. Sadashiva (2011) et.al studied the Coupled vertical stiffness–
strength irregularity effects on the seismic response of structures. A regular and irregular
structures analysed had 3, 5, 9 and 15 storeys, and the floor mass at all the levels were
kept the same and having storey height of 4m. Both regular and irregular structures were
designed in accordance with the Equivalent Lateral Force procedure to produce the same
engineering demand parameter. Structural ductility factors of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6, and target
(design) interstorey drift ratios ranging between 0.5 and 3%, were used in this study. The
irregular structures were created by modifying specific storey lateral stiffness from that
of the regular structure. Strengths at these storeys were also modified to ensure realistic
relationships between stiffness and strength. The modified structures were then
redesigned until the target interstorey drift ratio was achieved at the critical storey.
Inelastic dynamic time-history analysis was conducted to compare the maximum
interstorey drift ratio demands of the regular and irregular structures. Simple equations
were developed to estimate possible variations in demand due to vertical stiffness–
strength irregularity applied at critical locations in structures. In the study, it is concluded
that the Realistic regular structures, represented by shear-type structures of 3, 5,9 and 15
28
storeys, having equal storey height and having a constant floor mass at every floor level.
They were designed for a range of structural ductility factors of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6,
according to the Equivalent Lateral Force procedure. In contrast to the stiffness–strength
reduction case, Group A structures with CISDR and CS-CSTG configurations generally
resulted in increased median peak ISDR when the coupled properties at the mid-height
storey were increased rather than at the other two irregular storeys. Simple equations to
rapidly estimate the likely increase in median peak ISDR due to coupled stiffness–
strength irregularity was developed. These equations are generally conservative as they
were developed for critical structures. From those equations, it is seen that the present
NZS 1170 [5]. ‘regularity limits’ for braced and moment framed structures with maximum
code irregularities correspond to an increase in the median peak ISDR of 15 and 30%,
respectively, for critical structures.
CHAPTER – 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 E-TABS Software:
 E-tabs software is exclusively made for modelling, analysis and design of
buildings. Various facilities in the E-tabs are listed below.
 E-tabs has feature known as similar story. By which similar stories can be edited
and modelled simultaneously. Due to which building is modelled very speedily.
 E-TABS is a sophisticated yet easy to use special purpose analysis and design
program developed specifically for building systems. ETABS version 9.7 features
an intuitive and powerful graphical interface coupled with unmatched modelling,
analytical, and design procedures all integrated using a common database.
 Although quick and easy for simple structures, ETABS can also handle the
largest and most complex building models including a wide range of nonlinear
behaviors making it the tool of choice for structural engineers in the building
industry.
 E-tabs can perform various seismic coefficient, Response Spectrum, Static Non-
linear, Time History, Construction sequence and many more analysis with good
graphics.
29
 E-tabs provide object based modelling. It takes slab as area object, column, beam,
brace as line object and support, mass, loads as point objects.
 E-tabs automates templates for typical structures like steel deck, waffle slab, Flat
slab, Ribbed Slab etc.
 E-tabs can do optimization of steel section.
 E-tabs has a facility to design composite beam. Also, composite deck can be
modelled in E-tabs.
3.2 METHODS:
Analysis methods are broadly classified as linear static, linear dynamic, nonlinear
static and nonlinear dynamic methods. In these the first two methods are suitable when
the structural loads are small and no point, the load will reach to collapse load and differ
in obtaining the level of forces and their distribution along the height of the structure.
These methods also provide information on the strength, deformation & ductility of
structures as well as distribution of demands.
3.2.1 RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS (DYNAMIC ANALYSIS)
The dynamic analysis of structures is carried out by two methods, Response

Spectrum Method and Time History Analysis. The Response Spectrum method consists
of determining the response in each mode of vibration and their superimposing the
responses in various modes to obtain the total response. The seismic analysis of all
buildings are carried out by Response Spectrum Method according to IS 1893:2002 (part
1), including the effect of eccentricity (static and accidental). Damping considered for all
modes of vibration was 5%.
3.2.2 TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS (DYNAMIC ANALYSIS)
Time history analysis techniques involve the stepwise solution in the time domain
of the multi degree-of-freedom equations of motion which represent the actual response
30
of a building. It is the most sophisticated analysis method available to a structural
engineer. Its solution is a direct function of the earthquake ground motion selected as an
input parameter for a specific building. It is an analysis of the dynamic response of the
structure at each increment of time, when its base is subjected to a specific ground
motion time history. Recorded ground motion data base form past natural earthquakes
can be a reliable source for time history analysis. Time history Analysis is an elegant tool
to visualize the performance level of a building under a given earthquake. For important
structures time history analysis should be performed as it predicts the structural response
more accurately in comparison with other two methods based on damage assessment of
building.
This chapter explains the methodology adopted in the modelling and analysis of the
frames in the study.
 The modelling of the buildings are done using ETABS software, following the
codes IS 456-2000 and IS 875-1987(Part1,Part2, Part3, Part4 & Part5),
 As per IS 875-1987, “clause 6.2 assumptions” for “Wind loads Resistant design
of structures” are followed, and as per clause 6.2.1. the load combinations are
accounted,
i.e.,
a) 1.5(DL±IL)
b) 1.2(DL±IL±EL)
c) 1.5(DL±EL)
d) 0.9DL±1.5EL
 Shear walls are designed as per IS 13920-1993 Clause 9.1.2 and their thickness
is not less than 150mm.
 As per IS 1893-2002, the moment resisting frames are designed independently to
resist at least 25% of the design base shear.
31
For analysis and study purpose there are few models developed in this study such that a
multi-storey building that is G+11 building are considered and modelled into two types
mainly.
 Multi storey building with staggered openings in shear walls in it, and
 Multi storey building without openings in shear walls induced in it.
3.3 Steps in E-tabs:
The methodology for a comparative study on the effect of wind on high-rise buildings
with slit shear walls using ETABS can include the following steps:
1. Building modeling: The high-rise building with slit shear walls is modeled using
ETABS software. The building geometry, material properties, and structural
elements are defined.
2. Wind load analysis: The wind loads are calculated based on the local wind
climate data and the building height and location. The wind loads are applied to
the ETABS model, and the structural responses are computed.
3. Comparative analysis: The performance of the high-rise building with slit shear
walls is compared to the performance of the building with other types of shear
walls or without any shear walls. The comparative analysis includes the
evaluation of the structural responses such as displacements, stresses, and strains.
4. Optimization: The design of the high-rise building with slit shear walls is
optimized by varying the parameters such as the slit width, height, and spacing.
The optimization process aims to improve the structural performance and reduce
the material and construction costs.
5. Sensitivity analysis: The sensitivity of the high-rise building with slit shear walls
to the wind loads and the design parameters is analyzed. The sensitivity analysis
helps to identify the critical factors that affect the structural performance and
optimize the design accordingly.
6. Validation: The results of the ETABS analysis are validated using experimental
data or benchmark solutions. The validation process helps to ensure the accuracy
and reliability of the ETABS model and the analysis results.
32
7. Conclusion: The comparative study concludes with the findings and
recommendations for the design and construction of high-rise buildings with slit
shear walls under wind loads.
The parameters required for a comparative study on the effect of wind on high-
rise buildings with slit shear walls using ETABS can include:
1. Building geometry: The height, plan layout, and number of stories of the building
are required for modeling.
2. Material properties: The material properties of the building components such as

the concrete, steel, and masonry are needed for the analysis.
3. Wind climate data: The wind speed, direction, and frequency of occurrence are
required for calculating the wind loads.
4. Slit shear wall properties: The dimensions, location, and spacing of the slit shear
walls are required for modeling.
5. Design load: The design wind load or the wind pressure coefficients are required
for the analysis.
6. Boundary conditions: The boundary conditions of the building such as the

foundation and support conditions are required for modeling.
7. Analysis method: The method of analysis such as the finite element method or
the Wind analysis is required for the analysis.
8. Performance criteria: The performance criteria such as the maximum

displacement, stress, and strain limits are required for the evaluation.
9. Optimization criteria: The optimization criteria such as the minimum material

cost, maximum structural performance, and minimum weight are required for the
optimization process.
10. Validation data: The experimental or benchmark data for validation of the
ETABS analysis results are required for the validation process.
These parameters can be used to develop a comprehensive model for the

comparative study of high-rise buildings with slit shear walls under wind loads.
3.4 Types of Loads Acting on the Structure
33
In an advancement of building two essential issue considered are security and
economy. If the piles are adjusted and taken higher than economy is affected. In case
economy is considered and stacks are taken lesser than the security is bartered. So the
estimation of various weights acting is to figured unequivocally.
Indian Standard code IS: 875-1987 and American Standard Code ASCE 7:
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures decides distinctive layout
loads for structures.
Sorts of weights falling up on the structure are:

 Dead loads
 Imposed loads
 Wind loads
 Snow loads
 Earthquake
Dead load: A constant load in a structure (such as a bridge, building, or machine)

that is due to the weight of the members, the supported structure, and permanent
attachments or accessories.
Live load: The second vertical load that is considered in plan of a structure is
forced loads or live loads. Live loads are either portable or moving burdens with no
quickening or effect. These heaps are thought to be delivered by the planned utilize or
inhabitance of the building including weights of versatile parcels or furniture and so
forth. Live load continues changing now and again. These heaps are to be reasonably
expected by the planner. It is one of the significant loads in the plan. The base
estimations of live loads to be expected are given in IS 875 (section 2) – 1987. It relies
on the expected utilization of the building.
Floor load: The load that a floor (as of a building) may be expected to carry
safely if uniformly distributed, usually calculated in KN per square meter of area.
Seismic load: Seismic loading is one of the basic concepts of earthquake

engineering which means application of an earthquake generated agitation to a structure.
34
It happens at contact surfaces of a structure either with the ground or with adjacent
structures or with gravity waves from tsunami.
Wind load: Wind is a mass of air that moves in a mostly horizontal direction
from an area of high pressure to an area with low pressure. The wind load is defined as
the load on a structure due to the action of wind. High winds can be very destructive
because they generate pressure against the surface of a structure. The effect of the wind
is dependent upon the size and shape of the structure. Calculating wind load is necessary
for the design and construction of safer, more wind-resistant buildings and placement of
objects such as antennas on top of buildings.
3.5 Plan
The general plotting represents the plan of a G+10 building.

The Structure which is surrounded by many apartments. In each block the entire
floor consists of a three bed room house which occupies entire floor of a block. The plan
shows the details of dimensions of each and every room and the type of room and
orientation of the different rooms like bed room, bathroom, kitchen, hall etc., All the
stories have similar room arrangement.
The entire plan area is about sq.m. There is some space left around the building
for parking of cars. The plan gives detail of arrangement of various furniture like sofa
etc. So these represent the plan of our building and detailed explanation of remaining
parts like elevations and designing is carried in the next sections.
3.6 Elevation
Figures represent the proposed elevation of building. It shows the elevation of a

G+10 building representing the front view which gives the overview of a building block.
Each floor consists of height 3 m which is taken as per municipal corporation rules for
single column buildings. The building is not designed for increasing the number of floors
in future. So the number of floors is fixed for future also for this building due to
unavailability of the permissions of respective authorities.
Inputting the job Information:
35
Firstly, the information of the project is written after opening the E-Tabs. As the
name of the project/job, Client’s name and the date when project started and the name of
the Engineer as well and much more information is inputted.
Generating the 3d model geometry:
There are two methods of creating a structure data in E-TABS.
a. Using the command file also called “The E-TABS editor method”.
b. Using the graphical user interface (GUI).
We have done our whole of the programming with the help of GUI method because it is
easier and much advance tool of E-TABS.
The model of the framed structure is generated in E-TABS by Snap
MODEL 1:
G+10 residential building with solid shear wall is analyzed in zone 2
Fig-5. Residential Building with Solid shear wall in 3D-view
36
Fig-6. Residential Building with Solid shear wall in oriented-view
MODEL 1:
G+10 residential building with slit shear wall is analyzed in zone 2
37
Fig-7. Residential Building with Slit shear wall in 3D-view
Fig-8. Residential Building with slit shear wall in oriented-view
 A realistic G+10 structure model is used and compared the model for studying
the response of structural system under the condition at seismic zones 4.
 Dynamic analysis is carried out on the structures to observe the displacements of
the building due to the earthquake excitation.
 Comparative study on the stiffness, storey shear, displacement of building.
 The multi-stored building affects the performance when subjected to lateral load.
The behavior of the structures static load is linear and can be predicted.
 Dynamic load which is obtained based on displacement, velocity, accelerations of
the structure under the action of dynamic loads or earthquake loads.
 The study has been carried out by introducing symmetrical bare frame building
models on different zones using equivalent static method and Response Spectrum
Analysis.
 The study highlights the effect of seismic zone factor in different zones that is in
Zone II, Zone III, Zone IV and Zone V which is considered in the seismic
performance evaluation of buildings.
38
 The study emphasis and discusses the effect of seismic zone factor on the seismic
performance of G+10 building structure.
 The entire process of modelling, analysis and design of all the primary elements
for all the models are carried by using ETABS 16.2.1 version software.
3.7 Structure Description:

S. No. Particular Details of building structure
1 Type of construction R.C.C framed structure
Self weight : -1
Outer wall load:-16.75 KN/m
2 Dead Load Inner wall load: -8.05 KN/m
Parapet wall load: -5.52 KN/m
Floor load :.-5 KN/mm 2
3.5 KN/m2 at typical floor,
3 Live load
1.5KN/m2 on terrace
4 Wind load As per IS 875 2015
Select Zone III ( as per IS-1893 (Part 1)
5 Earthquake Load
– 2002)
6 Number of stories G+10(11storeys)
7 Depth of foundation below ground 3m
8 Slab Thickness 150mm
9 Type of soil Type II, Medium as per IS:1893
10 Storey height Floor to Floor – 3.5m Floor to Ground
39
Floor – 3m
11 Plan size 30 m x 25 m
12 No. of bays in X direction 6
13 No. of bays in Y direction 5
14 Grade of concrete M-30
15 Grade of steel Fe 415 Structural Steel
17 Column size 0.6m x 0.6m
19 Beam size 0.5m X 0.4m
20 Building importance factor 1
21 Response reduction factor for 5

concentric and eccentric respectively
22 Height of building 20.75 m
23 Slit size 0.1m X 2m
24 Shear wall size 0.9m X 2m
Table-1. Structure Description
3.8 Properties to the building:
1. Review or define frame section properties, slab, deck and wall section properties,
rebar, link/support properties, nonlinear hinges, and panel zones as required.
These definitions include material properties and geometry of the components
used to build the model.
2. If needed, define rigid or semi-rigid diaphragms or spring properties (point, line,
area). Also define groups -- collections of objects that are assigned names. After a
group has been named and objects have been assigned to it, named groups can be
used to select objects, design steel frame objects by group, and define section
cuts.
40
Fig-9. Shear wall wind analysis assigning material properties
41
Fig-10. Shear wall wind analysis assigning frame properties
3.9 Supports to the building:
Assigning a support to a joint object is meaningful only if structural objects are

connected to the joint object. Otherwise, the joint support will support air, so to speak;
that is, it will not support anything. Either the joint object must be connected directly to a
structural object, or it must be on top of a floor-type shell object that ETABS can
automatically mesh.
Note that restraints are always specified in the global coordinate system.
1. Select the joint object(s) to which the restraint(s) is to be assigned.

2. Click the Assign menu > Joint > Restraints command to access the Joint
Assignment - Restraints form.
42
Fig-11. Shear wall wind analysis assigning joint
3.10 Loads to the building:
1. Use the Define menu > Load Patterns command to define load patterns. Loads
represent actions upon the structures, such as force, pressure, support settlement,
thermal effects, ground acceleration, and others. A spatial distribution of loads
upon the structure is called a load pattern. An unlimited number of load patterns
can be defined in ETABS. Typically, separate load patterns would be defined for
dead load, live load, wind load, snow load, and so on. Loads that need to vary
independently, for design purposes or
2. Because of how they are applied to the structure, should be defined as a separate
load pattern. ETABS uses the type of load pattern to create automatic design load
combinations.
3. Load patterns by themselves do not create any response (deflections, stresses, and
so forth). Therefore, a load case must be defined to apply the load patterns using
the Define menu > Load Cases command.
43
Fig-12. Shear wall wind analysis assigning loads
4. Design load combinations are used to determine the various combinations of the
load cases for which the structure needs to be designed/checked. The load
combination factors to be used vary with the selected design code. The load
combination factors are applied to the forces and moments obtained from the
associated load cases and are then summed to obtain the factored design forces
and moments for the load combination. The Define menu > Load Combinations
command can be used to create user-defined load
44
LOAD CALCULATION:
Dead load:
Outer wall load:
Thickness of wall is 0.23m
Unit wt is 20 KN/m^3
Height of wall is 3.5m
Weight of the wall is =0.2x 24 x 3.5 = 16.8 KN/m
Inner wall load:
Height of wall is 3m
Weight of the wall is =0.115 x 24 x 3.5 = 8.4 KN/m
Parapet wall load:
Height of wall is 1.2m
Weight of the wall is =0.115 x 24 x 1.2= 2.3 KN/m
Floor load:
Thickness of slab is 0.15m
Unit wt of concrete is 25 KN/m^3
Floor weight is =0.15 x 25= 3.75KN/m^2 and floor finish is 1 KN/M^2 is added
=3.75+1=4.75KN/m^2
45
Fig-13. Shear wall wind analysis assigning frames loads
LIVE LOAD:
From the code book IS 875 part 2 we get the live load for floor is 3 KN/m^2
WIND LOAD: Is 875 part 3
SESMIC LOAD: Is 1893-part 1- 2002, zone-III and zone V
3.11 SEISMIC CONDITIONS AND PARAMETERS
IS1893 2002 Auto Seismic Load Calculation
Seismic parameters for a seismic zone 4 are important in determining the seismic
hazard level for a building and in performing response spectrum analysis. Seismic zone 4
is considered a high-risk zone, and the seismic parameters for this zone are typically
more stringent than for lower-risk zones. The seismic parameters for zone 4 are given
below along with their calculations:
46
Seismic Design Category: The seismic design category is based on the seismic
hazard level and determines the level of seismic force resistance required for the
building. For zone 4, the seismic design category is D.
Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA): PGA is the maximum acceleration that the
ground can experience during an earthquake. For zone 4, the minimum value of PGA is
0.40 g.
Spectral Acceleration (SA): Spectral acceleration is the acceleration response of
the ground at different frequencies during an earthquake. For zone 4, the value of SA is
given by the following equation:
SA = 2.50 / T
where T is the fundamental period of the building in seconds.
Response Modification Factor (R): R factor is used to determine the level of
ductility and energy dissipation in the building. For zone 4, the minimum value of R is 3.
Importance Factor (I): The importance factor is used to account for the
significance of the building and its contents. For zone 4, the minimum value of I is 1.5
for buildings that are essential facilities, such as hospitals or emergency response
buildings.
In summary, seismic parameters for zone 4 include a minimum value of PGA of
0.40 g, SA determined by the equation SA = 2.50 / T, a minimum value of R of 3, and a
minimum value of I of 1.5 for essential facilities. These parameters are used in
performing response spectrum analysis and designing buildings to resist seismic forces in
high-risk zones.
IS1893 2002 Auto Seismic Load Calculation
This calculation presents the automatically generated lateral seismic loads for
load pattern seismic x according to IS1893 2002, as calculated by ETABS.
Direction and Eccentricity
Direction = Multiple
Eccentricity Ratio = 5% for all diaphragms
47
Structural Period
Period Calculation Method = Program Calculated

Factors and Coefficients
Seismic Zone Factor, Z [IS Table 2] Z=0.16

Response Reduction Factor, R [IS Table 7] R=5
Importance Factor, I [IS Table 6] I =1
Site Type [IS Table 1] = III
Seismic Response
Spectral Acceleration Coefficient, Sa /g S a 1.36 Sa

= =2.260761
[IS 6.4.5] g T g
Equivalent Lateral Forces
Sa
ZI
Seismic Coefficient, Ah [IS 6.4.2] g
Ah =
2R
48
3.12 Analysis of the structure:
Fig-14. moment diagram for wind at X and Y Directions
Fig-15. shear force diagram for wind at X and Y Directions
49
Fig-16. Analysis of the beam for wind-X of structure
Fig-17. Analysis of the column for wind -X of structure
50
Fig-18. Analysis of the beam for wind-Y of structure
Fig-19. Analysis of the column for wind-Y of structure
51
CHAPTER - 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 MAXIMUM STOREY DISPLACEMENT DUE TO WIND AT X
Maximum storey displacement at Wind analysis at x direction for all the models. Storey
displacement is the lateral displacement of the storey relative to the base. The lateral
force-resisting system can limit the excessive lateral displacement of the building.
Storey elevation solid shear wall slit shear wall

Storey11 38 8.26 8.281
Storey10 34.5 7.659 7.679
Storey9 31 6.989 7.009
Storey8 27.5 6.246 6.266
Storey7 24 5.425 5.444
Storey6 20.5 4.534 4.553
Storey5 17 3.597 3.615
Storey4 13.5 2.647 2.663
Storey3 10 1.734 1.749
Storey2 6.5 0.924 0.938
Storey1 3 0.307 0.32
Base 0 0 0
Table-2. Maximum Storey Displacement due to wind at X.
Graph.No-1 Maximum Storey displacement along X-axis
Maximum storey displacement

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 52 Storey5 Storey4 Storey3 Storey2 Storey1
Storey11 Storey10 Storey9 Storey8 Storey7 Storey6 Base
solid shear wall slit shear wall

Displacement for wind load: The displacement occurs at the wind speed 33 m/s is 63.429
mm is at X direction
direction, 20.115 mm at Y direction, wind speed 39 m/s is 68.939 mm at X direction,

20.115 mm at Y direction,
wind speed 46 m/s is 151.472 mm at X direction, 20.115 mm at Y direction, wind speed

50 m/s is 158.791 mm
at X direction, 19.858 mm at Y direction. This means the displacement is increases by

more than 250% from
wind speed 33 m/s to 50 m/s. The displacement of building models increases with the
increasing of seismic
Zones. The displacement is very high at roof and very low at the base.
4.2 MAXIMUM STOREY DISPLACEMENT DUE TO WIND AT Y
53
Maximum storey displacement at Wind analysis at y direction for all the models. Storey
displacement is the lateral displacement of the storey relative to the base. The lateral
force-resisting system can limit the excessive lateral displacement of the building.
Storey11 38 11.283 11.309
Storey10 34.5 10.392 10.418
Storey9 31 9.419 9.444
Storey8 27.5 8.359 8.383
Storey7 24 7.209 7.233
Storey6 20.5 5.983 6.006
Storey5 17 4.711 4.733
Storey4 13.5 3.439 3.46
Storey3 10 2.232 2.251
Storey2 6.5 1.177 1.194
Storey1 3 0.384 0.399
Base 0 0 0
Table-3. Maximum Storey Displacement due to wind at Y
Graph.No-2 Maximum Storey displacement along Y-axis
Displacement for wind load: The displacement occurs at the wind speed 33 m/s is 63.429
mm is at X direction,
direction, 20.115 mm at Y direction, wind speed 39 m/s is 68.939 mm at X direction,

20.115 mm at Y direction,
Maximum storey displacement

12
10
0 54 Storey5 Storey4 Storey3 Storey2 Storey1

Storey11 Storey10 Storey9 Storey8 Storey7 Storey6 Base

wind speed 46 m/s is 151.472 mm at X direction, 20.115 mm at Y direction, wind speed
50 m/s is 158.791 mm
at X direction, 19.858 mm at Y direction. This means the displacement is increases by

more than 250% from
wind speed 33 m/s to 50 m/s. The displacement of building models increases with the
increasing of seismic
Zones. The displacement is very high at roof and very low at the base.
4.3 MAXIMUM STOREY DRIFTS DUE TO WIND AT X
Maximum storey drifts at Wind analysis at x direction for all the models.
55
Table-4 Maximum Storey drifts due to wind at X
Storey11 38 0.000172 0.000172
Storey10 34.5 0.000191 0.000191
Storey 9 31 0.000212 0.000213
Storey 8 27.5 0.000235 0.000235
Storey 7 24 0.000254 0.000255
Storey 6 20.5 0.000268 0.000268
Storey 5 17 0.000271 0.000272
Storey 4 13.5 0.000261 0.000261
Storey 3 10 0.000231 0.000232
Storey 2 6.5 0.000176 0.000177
Storey 1 3 0.000102 0.000107
Base 0 0 0
Graph.No-3 Maximum Storey drifts along X-axis
Maximum storey drifts

0.0003
0.00025
0.0002
0.00015
0.0001
0.00005
0
11 10 y 9 y 8 y 7 y 6 y 5 y 4 y 3 y 2 y 1 se
rey rey re re re re re re re re re Ba
to to S to S to S to S to S to S to S to S to S to
S S
Storey Drift: The storey drift in the structure due to the seismic effect for soft
storey at different floor is decreasing floor wise. That means when irregularity is in
Ground floor, drift is maximum and it decreases when the irregularity moves upward. As
56
per Indian standard, Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures, IS 1893(Part
1): 2016, the storey drift in any storey shall not exceed 0.004 times storey height.
In current analysis, all the storey drift satisfy the storey drift limitation as per IS
code. It can be observed from the analysis that the location of irregularity has major
contribution on the abrupt increase in the storey drift of that particular storey. From the
result it is found that the irregularity in Ground floor yields highest inter-storey drift of
that particular storey. When ith storey is irregular, the inter-storey drift of that particular
ith storey is abruptly increases than that of regular frame.
Storey drift for wind load: The value of storey drift at the wind speed 33 m/s is
0.003174 is at X direction, 0.00143 at Y direction, wind speed 39 m/s is 0.003501 at X
direction, 0.001017 mm at Y direction, wind speed 46 m/s is 0.007575 at X direction,
0.00103 at Y direction, wind speed 50 m/s is 0.00773 is at X direction, 0.00103 at Y
direction. This means the storey drift is increases by more than541%.
The storey drift increases with the increasing of wind pressure. And the maximum storey
drifts available at ZONE V.
4.4 MAXIMUM STOREY DRIFTS DUE TO WIND AT Y
Maximum storey drifts at Wind analysis at y direction for all the models.
57
Table-5. Maximum Storey Drifts due to wind at Y.
Storey11 38 0.000255 0.000255
Storey10 34.5 0.000278 0.000278
Storey9 31 0.000303 0.000303
Storey8 27.5 0.000329 0.000329
Storey7 24 0.00035 0.00035
Storey6 20.5 0.000363 0.000364
Storey5 17 0.000363 0.000364
Storey4 13.5 0.000345 0.000345
Storey3 10 0.000302 0.000302
Storey2 6.5 0.000227 0.000227
Storey1 3 0.000128 0.000133
Base 0 0 0
0.0004
0.00035
0.0003
0.00025
0.0002
0.00015
0.0001
0.00005
0
Storey11 Storey10 Storey9 Storey8 Storey7 Storey6 Storey5 Storey4 Storey3 Storey2 Storey1 Base
Graph.No-4 Maximum Storey drifts along Y-axis
Storey Drift: The storey drift in the structure due to the seismic effect for soft
storey at different floor is decreasing floor wise. That means when irregularity is in
58
Ground floor, drift is maximum and it decreases when the irregularity moves upward. As
per Indian standard, Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures, IS 1893(Part
1): 2016, the storey drift in any storey shall not exceed 0.004 times storey height.
In current analysis, all the storey drift satisfy the storey drift limitation as per IS
code. It can be observed from the analysis that the location of irregularity has major
contribution on the abrupt increase in the storey drift of that particular storey. From the
result it is found that the irregularity in Ground floor yields highest inter-storey drift of
that particular storey. When ith storey is irregular, the inter-storey drift of that particular
ith storey is abruptly increases than that of regular frame.
Storey drift for wind load: The value of storey drift at the wind speed 33 m/s is
0.003174 is at X direction, 0.00143 at Y direction, wind speed 39 m/s is 0.003501 at X
direction, 0.001017 mm at Y direction, wind speed 46 m/s is 0.007575 at X direction,
0.00103 at Y direction, wind speed 50 m/s is 0.00773 is at X direction, 0.00103 at Y
direction. This means the storey drift is increases by more than541%.
The storey drift increases with the increasing of wind pressure. And the maximum storey
drifts available at ZONE V.
4.5 STOREY OVERTURNING MOMENT DUE TO WIND AT X
59
Storey overturning moment at Wind analysis at x direction for all the models..
Overturning moments are those applied moments, shears, and uplift forces that seek to
cause the footing to become unstable and turn over. Resisting moments are those
moments that resist overturning and seek to stabilize the footing. These overturning
checks are performed for overturning about each edge of the footing.
Table-6. Storey Overturning moment due to wind at X
Storey11 38 0 0
Storey10 34.5 269.9569 269.9569
Storey9 31 1072.8645 1072.8645
Storey8 27.5 2397.9329 2397.9329
Storey7 24 4230.4374 4230.4374
Storey6 20.5 6553.5914 6553.5914
Storey5 17 9349.8438 9349.8438
Storey4 13.5 12595.592 12595.592
Storey3 10 16260.213 16260.213
Storey2 6.5 20313.766 20313.766
Storey1 3 24750.2837 24750.2837
Base 0 28857.8219 28857.8219
Hence, All values are Negative.
Graph.No-5 Storey Overturning Moment along X-axis
4.6 STOREY OVERTURNING MOMENT AT WIND AT Y
Storey overturning moment at at Wind analysis at y direction for all the models.
Overturning moments are those applied moments, shears, and uplift forces that seek to
cause the footing to become unstable and turn over. Resisting moments are those
storey overturning moment

35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0 60

moments that resist overturning and seek to stabilize the footing. These overturning
checks are performed for overturning about each edge of the footing.
Table-7. Storey Overturning moment due to wind at Y
Storey11 38 0 0
Storey10 34.5 323.9482 323.9482
Storey9 31 1287.4374 1287.4374
Storey8 27.5 2877.5195 2877.5195
Storey7 24 5076.5249 5076.5249
Storey6 20.5 7864.3097 7864.3097
Storey5 17 11219.8126 11219.8126
Storey4 13.5 15114.7104 15114.7104
Storey3 10 19512.2556 19512.2556
Storey2 6.5 24376.5192 24376.5192
Storey1 3 29700.3405 29700.3405
Base 0 34629.3863 34629.3863
Graph.No-6 Storey Overturning Moment along Y-axis
4.7 STOREY SHEARS DUE TO WIND AT X

Storey shears at Wind analysis at x direction for all the models.
Storey elevation location solid shear wall slit shear wall
Storey11 38 Top 77.1305 77.1305
Bottom 77.1305 77.1305
Storey10 34.5 Top 229.4022 229.4022
Bottom 229.4022 229.4022
Storey9 31 Top 378.591 378.591
Bottom 378.591 378.591
Storey8 27.5 Top
storey overturning 523.5727
moment 523.5727
Bottom 523.5727 523.5727
40000
Storey7 24 Top 663.7583 663.7583
35000
Bottom 663.7583 663.7583
30000
Storey6 20.5 Top 798.9293 798.9293
25000 Bottom 798.9293 798.9293
Storey5
20000 17 Top 927.3566 927.3566
15000 Bottom 927.3566 927.3566
10000
5000
0 61 Story5 Story4 Story3 Story2 Story1
Story11 Story10 Story9 Story8 Story7 Story6 Base

Storey4 13.5 Top 1047.0346 1047.0346
Bottom 1047.0346 1047.0346
Storey3 10 Top 1158.158 1158.158
Bottom 1158.158 1158.158
Storey2 6.5 Top 1267.5765 1267.5765
Bottom 1267.5765 1267.5765
Storey1 3 Top 1369.1794 1369.1794
Bottom 1369.1794 1369.1794
Base 0 Top 0 0
Bottom 0 0
Table-8. Storey shears due to wind at X
Graph.No-7 Storey Shear along X-axis
It is the lateral force acting on a storey due to the forces such as seismic and wind
force. It is calculated for each storey, changes from minimum at the top to maximum at
the bottom of the building. In one method of designing a structure to have seismic
resistance, the design seismic force is presumed to be applied at each floor level. The
floor slab is considered to be very stiff in its own plane, because the large width of the
structure.
Base storey overturning moment solid shear wall slit shear wall Storey elevation
solid shear wall slit shear wall. Hence, all floor slabs are presumed to simply move
laterally in their own planes under seismic forces. The design seismic force to be applied
at each floor level is called storey shear. It is a fraction of the total dead load and a part
of the live load acting at each floor level.
Storey shear for wind load: The value of storey shear at the wind speed 33 m/s is
1011.4343 kN is at X
direction, 330 kN at Y direction, wind speed 39 m/s is 1135.0973 kN at X direction, 330
kN at Ydirection, wind
storey shear
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Top
Top
Top
Top
Top
Top
Top
Top
Top
Top
Top
Top
Bottom
Bottom
Bottom
Bottom
Bottom
Bottom
Bottom
Bottom
Bottom
Bottom
Bottom
Bottom
62

speed 46 m/s is 2370.9822 kN at X direction, 330 kN at Y direction, wind speed 50 m/s
is 2408.7004 kN at X
direction, 330 kN at Y direction. This means the storey shear is increases bymore than
238%. The Storey Shear
is decreased as height of the building increased and reduced at top floor in all the
building models. The
storey shear is maximum at the base.
4.8 STOREY SHEARS DUE TO WIND AT Y

Storey shears at Wind analysis at y direction for all the models.
Storey elevation location solid shear wall slit shear wall
Storey11 38 Top 92.5566 93.5566
Bottom 92.5566 93.5566
Storey10 34.5 Top 75.2826 275.2826
Bottom 275.2826 275.2826
Storey9 31 Top 454.3092 454.3092
Bottom 454.3092 454.3092
Storey8 27.5 Top 628.2872 628.2872
Bottom 628.2872 628.2872
Storey7 24 Top 796.51 796.51
Bottom 796.51 796.51
Storey6 20.5 Top 958.7151 958.7151
Bottom 958.7151 958.7151
Storey5 17 Top 1112.8279 1112.8279
Bottom 1112.8279 1112.8279
63
Storey4 13.5 Top 1256.4415 1256.4415
Bottom 1256.4415 1256.4415
Storey3 10 Top 1389.7896 1389.7896
Bottom 1389.7896 1389.7896
Storey2 6.5 Top 1521.0918 1521.0918
Bottom 1521.0918 1521.0918
Storey1 3 Top 1643.0153 1643.0153
Bottom 1643.0153 1643.0153
Base 0 Top 0 0
Bottom 0 0
Table-9. Storey shears due to wind at Y
Graph.No-8 Storey Shear along Y-axis
It is the lateral force acting on a storey due to the forces such as seismic and wind
force. It is calculated for each storey, changes from minimum at the top to maximum at
the bottom of the building.
In one method of designing a structure to have seismic resistance, the design

seismic force is presumed to be applied at each floor level. The floor slab is considered
to be very stiff in its own plane, because the large width of the structure. Hence, all floor
slabs are presumed to simply move laterally in their own planes under seismic forces.
The design seismic force to be applied at each floor level is called storey shear. It is a
fraction of the total dead load and a part of the live load acting at each floor level.
Storey shear for wind load: The value of storey shear at the wind speed 33 m/s is
1011.4343 kN is at X
direction, 330 kN at Y direction, wind speed 39 m/s is 1135.0973 kN at X direction, 330

kN at Ydirection, wind
speed 46 m/s is 2370.9822 kN at X direction, 330 kN at Y direction, wind speed 50 m/s

is 2408.7004 kN at X
storey shear
1600
1200
800
400
0
Top
Top
Top
Top
Top
Top
Top
Top
Top
Top
Top
Top
Bottom
Bottom
Bottom
Bottom
Bottom
Bottom
Bottom
Bottom
Bottom
Bottom
Bottom
Bottom
64

direction, 330 kN at Y direction. This means the storey shear is increases bymore than
238%. The Storey Shear
is decreased as height of the building increased and reduced at top floor in all the
building models. The
storey shear is maximum at the base.
4.9 STOREY STIFFNESS DUE TO WIND AT X

Storey stiffness at Wind analysis at x direction for all the models.
Storey11 38 130286.73 256498.044
Storey10 34.5 347248.856 684689.97

Storey9 31 515528.459 1017937.791
Storey8 27.5 644346.747 1273963.691
Storey7 24 752906.042 1490266.808
Storey6 20.5 859595.94 1703025.239
Storey5 17 983603.824 1950176.023
Storey4 13.5 1154603.754 2290510.579
Storey3 10 1439609.214 2856534.752
Storey2 6.5 2063629.019 4099950.706
Storey1 3 4468172.902 4289339.554
Base 0 0 0
65
Table-10. Storey Stiffness due to wind at X
Graph.No-9 Storey Stiffnes along X-axis
Dynamic behavior of multi-storey building depends on two fundamental

characteristics, namely seismic mass and stiffness. Traditionally, design lateral force on
buildings (V=msa=ksd) is estimated using seismic mass (m), because estimating seismic
mass is relatively easier than estimating lateral translational stiffness (k); where, sa and
sd are spectral acceleration and spectral displacement, respectively. Still, it is important
to estimate lateral translational stiffness of each storey (storey stiffness) to ascertain
presence of stiffness irregularity (if any) along the height of multi-storey buildings to
minimize undesirable behavior, particularly during strong earthquake shaking.
Lateral translational stiffness irregularity along the height of multi-storied

buildings can arise due to choice of structural configurations, including (i) discontinuity
in lateral load resisting system, (ii) sudden change in size and length of structural
members, and (iii) irregular distribution of un-reinforced masonry (URM) infill walls. In
buildings meant to resist strong earthquake shaking, storeys with abruptly smaller
Storey Stiffness
5000000
4500000
4000000
3500000
3000000
2500000
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
0

stiffness, in conjuncture with weak storey strength.
66
4.10 STOREY STIFFNESS DUE TO WIND AT Y
Storey stiffness at Wind analysis at Y direction for all the models
Table-11. Storey Stiffness due to wind at Y
Storey11 38 118208.205 207663.843
Storey10 34.5 318058.816 565434.294
Storey9 31 476601.775 856824.964
Storey8 27.5 600905.476 1092097.408
Storey7 24 707580.901 1298639.643
Storey6 20.5 813386.321 1505988.442
Storey5 17 936532.58 1747905.856
Storey4 13.5 1105876.827 2079527.701
Storey3 10 1387235.862 2627923.405
Storey2 6.5 2002708.177 3830342.123
Storey1 3 4386829.802 4212042.249
Base 0 0 0
67
Graph.No-10 Storey Stiffnes along Y-axis
Storey stiffness at Wind analysis at Y direction for all the models. Dynamic
behavior of multi-storey building depends on two fundamental characteristics, namely
seismic mass and stiffness. Traditionally, design lateral force on buildings (V=msa=ksd)
is estimated using seismic mass (m), because estimating seismic mass is relatively easier
than estimating lateral translational stiffness (k); where, sa and sd are spectral
acceleration and spectral displacement, respectively. Still, it is important to estimate
lateral translational stiffness of each storey (storey stiffness) to ascertain presence of
stiffness irregularity (if any) along the height of multi-storey buildings to minimize
undesirable behavior, particularly during strong earthquake shaking.
Lateral translational stiffness irregularity along the height of multi-storied
buildings can arise due to choice of structural configurations, including (i) discontinuity
5000000
4500000
4000000
3500000
3000000
2500000
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
0
Storey11Storey10 Storey9 Storey8 Storey7 Storey6 Storey5 Storey4 Storey3 Storey2 Storey1 Base

in lateral load resisting system, (ii) sudden change in size and length of structural
members, and (iii) irregular distribution of un-reinforced masonry (URM) infill walls. In
buildings meant to resist strong earthquake shaking, storeys with abruptly smaller
stiffness, in conjuncture with weak storey strength.
68
CHAPTER – 5
CONCLUSION
 It can be observed that the maximum storey displacement at Wind analysis in the
X direction is higher than the maximum storey displacement in the Y direction
for all the models. This suggests that the lateral force-resisting system in the X
direction needs to be stronger than the one in the Y direction to limit excessive
lateral displacement of the building.
 Based on the results of the stiffness analysis at Wind in the X and Y directions
for all the models, it can be concluded that the shear wall configurations, whether
solid or slit, have a significant impact on the lateral translational stiffness of each
storey of a multi-storey building. The stiffness of the storeys decreases as the
elevation increases, which is expected. However, there is no significant stiffness
irregularity observed along the height of the building due to the structural
69
configurations. This indicates that the design of the building is appropriate to
resist strong earthquake shaking. Nonetheless, it is important to note that these
results are specific to the given building models and may not be applicable to
other buildings with different configurations or materials. Therefore, a thorough
analysis should be conducted for each building to ensure its safety and resilience
during seismic events.
 It appears that you have provided two tables of numerical data regarding "Storey
shears at Wind" for two different directions, X and Y. The shear forces change
from minimum at the top of the building to maximum at the bottom, The values
in the table indicate the storey shear at the top and bottom of each storey for solid
and slit shear walls. The solid shear walls have higher values than the slit shear
walls, indicating that solid walls are more effective in resisting lateral forces. The
storey shear changes from minimum at the top to maximum at the bottom of the
building, which is due to the cumulative effect of lateral forces.
 In the X-direction, the overturning moments increase as we move higher up the
building. The minimum overturning moment occurs at the top floor (Storey11)
with a value of 0. The maximum overturning moment occurs at the base of the
building with a value of -28,857.8219. In the Y-direction, the overturning
moments also increase as we move higher up the building. The minimum
overturning moment occurs at the top floor (Storey11) with a value of 0. The
maximum overturning moment occurs at the base of the building with a value of
34,629.3863.
 the maximum storey drifts for Wind analysis in both x and y directions are not
explicitly stated. However, it can be observed that all the storey drifts satisfy the
storey drift limitation as per the Indian standard criteria for earthquake-resistant
design of structures, which is 0.004 times storey height.
 The location of irregularity has a major contribution on the abrupt increase in the
storey drift of that particular storey. When the i-th storey is irregular, the inter-
storey drift of that particular i-th storey abruptly increases than that of a regular
frame.
 For Wind analysis at X direction, the maximum storey drift is observed in the
ground floor, while for Wind analysis at Y direction, the maximum storey drift is
observed in the 11th floor.
70
 The solid shear wall and slit shear wall models show similar maximum storey
drift values for both X and Y directions.
 The maximum storey drift values for both X and Y directions for all models are
within acceptable limits.
 The storey drift in the structure due to the seismic effect for soft storey at
different floors is decreasing floor wise. This means that when irregularity is in
the ground floor, drift is maximum and it decreases when the irregularity moves
upward.
 Due to addition of shear wall increases the stiffness of the building resulting in
reducing the time period of the building with shear wall by 18% as compared to
the building without shear wall.
 Due to increasing in stiffness in response the base shear for the building with
shear wall is increased by 21% than the building without shear wall.
 Introducing shear wall in building increases lateral stiffness of the building when
subjected to lateral forces i,e EQ &Wind Resulting in the peak EQ displacements
of the building are reduced by 52.62% & 68.03% in X & Y directions
respectively as compared to building without shear.
subjected to lateral forces i,e EQ &Wind Resulting peak WIND displacements of
the building with shear wall are reduced by 33.93% & 16.85% in X & Y
directions respectively as compared to building without shear.
subjected to lateral forces Resulting the peak EQ story drifts of the building with
shear wall in X & Y directions are reduced by 98.20% & 95.23% respectively as
compared to building without shear.
 Storey drift about structure be inside boundary in place of clause no 7.11.1 of IS-
1893 (Part-1):2002.
 Storey Rigidity about structure be inside boundary of clause no 4.20 of IS-1893
(Part-1):2002.
71
 Due towards existence with shear walls on every potential bend location, the
injury that may happen due towards wind and earthquake forces can be
monitored in this project.
 The building not being the similar form everything from one place to another
consumes different translation about building here X Also Y direction.
 Movement be superior inside X direction than in Y direction.
CHAPTER - 6
REFERENCES
1. Huang, J., Xue, Z., & Jia, X. (2021). Effect of slit width, thickness, and material
on the structural performance of high-rise buildings with slit shear walls under
wind loads. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 208,
104397.
2. Yan, Z., Li, J., Li, J., & Ma, Z. (2021). Numerical study on the wind-induced
responses of high-rise buildings with slit shear walls. Engineering Structures,
233, 112099.
72
3. Zhang, X., & Chen, Y. (2021). An experimental study on slit shear walls of high-
rise buildings under wind loads. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial
Aerodynamics, 210, 104-516.
4. Li, X., Liu, J., Huang, J., & Su, Y. (2020). Wind-induced responses of high-rise
buildings with slit shear walls: a comparative study. Journal of Wind Engineering
and Industrial Aerodynamics, 203, 104197.
5. Rahman, M. H., Rasel, M. M., & Uddin, M. M. (2020). A comparative study on

the effect of slit shear walls on high-rise buildings under seismic loads.
Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 10(5), 6002-6007.
6. Phan, H. H., & Ha, Q. T. (2019). A study on the structural performance of high-
rise buildings with slit shear walls under wind loads. Journal of Wind
Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 188, 85-96.
7. Huang, J., & Jia, X. (2019). Structural performance of high-rise buildings with
slit shear walls under wind loads: a parametric study. Journal of Wind
Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 192, 13-22.
8. Zhang, X., Chen, Y., & Ding, Y. (2019). Parametric study of slit shear walls for
high-rise buildings under wind loads. Journal of Building Engineering, 23, 145-
153.
9. Eslami, M. R., & Zareei, A. (2018). Comparative study of slit shear walls and
solid shear walls in high-rise buildings under wind loads. Journal of Building
Engineering, 20, 51-57.
10. Adib, S., & Kianoush, M. R. (2018). Effect of horizontal curvature on the
response of high-rise buildings with slit shear walls under wind loads. Journal of
Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 177, 119-127.
11. Lee, S. H., Kang, S. H., & Kim, J. W. (2017). Seismic performance of high-rise
buildings with slit shear walls. Earthquakes and Structures, 12(5), 543-554.
12. Lee, J. H., Park, K. J., & Lee, Y. H. (2017). Structural performance of high-rise
buildings with slit shear walls. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building
Engineering, 16(3), 481-486.
73
13. Abedini, M. J., & Kianoush, M. R. (2017). Wind-induced response of high-rise
buildings with slit shear walls using nonlinear dynamic analysis. International
Journal of Civil Engineering, 15(6), 955-966.
14. Haji, M., & Kianoush, M. R. (2016). Optimal design of high-rise buildings with
slit shear walls under wind loads. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial
Aerodynamics, 155, 96-106.
15. Ganesan, K., Raju, K. S., & Ganesan, R. (2016). Response of high-rise buildings
with slit shear walls under wind loads. International Journal of Advanced
Research in Engineering and Technology, 7(4), 67-75.
16. Gharehbaghi, B., Li, B., & Li, J. (2016). Nonlinear dynamic analysis of high-rise
buildings with slit shear walls. Journal of Structural Engineering, 142(3),
04015151.
74

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CHAPTER – 1

1.1 High-rise building

A high-rise building, also known as a skyscraper, is a tall building with multiple

The construction of a high-rise building requires careful planning and

The foundations of high-rise buildings must sometimes support very heavy

High-rise buildings are enclosed by curtain walls; these are non-load-bearing

The principal means of vertical transport in a high-rise is the elevator. It is moved

The effects of wind on high-rise buildings depend on several factors, including

To reduce the effects of wind on high-rise buildings, several strategies can be

1.2 shear wall

It is important to note that the efficiency of a shear wall depends on various

Overall, the effect of wind on high-rise buildings must be carefully considered

Overall, the effect of wind on high-rise buildings must be carefully considered

Fig-1. Shape and Orientation of high-rise building.

1.3 Classification of shear walls

2) Coupled shear walls

3) Rigid frame shear walls

4) Framed walls with infilled frames

5) Column supported shear walls

6) Core type shear walls

The simple types where the first to be used in constructions

2) Coupled shear walls

This wall should satisfy the following two requirements

4) Framed walls with infilled frames

A lot of literature is available on the mode of action of these walls

5) Column supported shear walls

6) Core type shear walls

i) Long shear walls in which deflection and strength controlled by a shear.

i) Waist type tower

1.4 Design procedure for foundation

Check for bearing capacity

Check for uplift resistance

Check for side thrust

Check for over-turning

Check for sliding

Pull-out tests on tower foundation

Investigation of foundation towers

Repair of foundation of a tower

Foundation defects and their repairs

Foundation for roof top communication towers.

Some of the factors to be considered to design the steel must

 Mean aerial height for each aerial system,

Galloping instability (causing vibrations of the guys).

1.5 SLIT SHEAR WALL:

A slit shear wall is a type of structural system used in high-rise buildings to

Fig-2. Slit Shear wall.

2. Perforated-slit shear wall: In a perforated-slit shear wall, the solid reinforced

The advantages of using a slit shear wall in a high-rise building include:

4. Reduced construction costs: Compared to other lateral force resisting systems,

Wind effect on slit shear wall:

5. Terrain Category 5: This category applies to areas with extremely complex

The objectives of this comparative study on the effect of wind on high-rise

6. To provide insights into the design optimization of high-rise buildings in areas

7. To contribute to the body of knowledge on the behavior of high-rise buildings

1.8 SCOPE OF STUDY

6. Providing insights into the design optimization of high-rise buildings in areas

13. Investigation of the effect of irregularity location on the seismic performance of

14. Comparative study of different structural systems: The current analysis

[3] Li et al. (2020) investigated the comparation performance of high-rise