Lab Manual

for
CSE 224
Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab
Credit: 1
Contact Hours: 2 Hours Per Week

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Varendra University
Rajshahi, Bangladesh

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 VARENDRA UNIVERSITY
Department of Computer Science and Engineering

CSE 224
Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab

Student Information
Student ID

Student Name

Semester

Section
Batch

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 INDEX

Serial Page
No. No.
I INSTRUCTIONS FOR LABORATORY 4
II COURSE SYLLABUS 6
III LAB EXPERIMENTS
1. Introduction, identification, gathering knowledge and the usages of 11
instruments.
2. To study the operation of Forward Bias. 16
3. To study the operation of Reverse Bias. 19
4. To study the operation of Voltage Regulation using Zener Diode while 22
Load Resistor is constant.
5. To study the operation of Voltage Regulation using Zener Diode while 25
Input Voltage is constant.
6. To study the operation of Half Wave Rectifier. 28
7. To study the operation of Full Wave Rectifier. 30
8. To study the operation of Positive Clipper Circuit and Negative Clipper 32
Circuit.
9. To study the operation of Positive Clamper Circuit and Negative Clamper 37
Circuit.
10. Lab Quiz and Lab Viva. 41
11. Lab Final followed by report submission. 42

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 INSTRUCTIONS FOR LABORATORY

1. Students should sign in the log registers as soon as they enter in the lab and strictly observe the
lab timings.

2. Students have to strictly follow the written and verbal instructions given by the teacher. If they
do not understand the instructions, the handouts and the procedures, they can ask the instructor
or teacher.

3. Students should have to accompany by their laboratory partner and the instructors all the time.

4. It is mandatory for the students to come to lab in a proper dress and have to wear their ID
cards.

5. Mobile phones should be switched off in the lab and the bags should keep in proper place.

6. Students should keep the lab clean all times, no food and drinks are allowed inside the lab.

7. Intentional misconduct will lead to expulsion from the lab.

8. Students should not handle any equipment without reading the safety instructions. They
should read the handout and procedures in the Lab Manual before starting the equipments.

9. Students should do their writing, setup and a careful circuit checkout before applying power.
They should not make circuit changes or perform any writing when power is on.

10. Student should avoid contact with energized electrical circuits.

11. Students should not insert connectors forcefully into the sockets.

12. Students should immediately report dangerous or exceptional conditions to the Lab
instructors. Equipment that is not working as expected, wires or connectors are broken, the
equipment that smells or smokes. If a student is not sure what the problem is or what is going on
they should switch off the Emergency Shutdown.

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13. Students should never use the damage instruments, wires or connectors. They should
handover the parts to the Lab Instructor.

14. After completion of Experiment, students should return the equipment to lab staff. They are
not allowed to take any item from the lab without permission.

15. Observation book and lab record should be carried to each lab. Readings of current lab
experiment are to be entered in Observation book and previous lab experiment should be written
in Lab record book. Both the books should be corrected by the faculty in each lab.

16. Handling of Semiconductor Components: Sensitive electronic circuits and electronic

components have to be handled with great care. The inappropriate handling of electronic
component can damage or destroy the devices. The devices can be destroyed by driving to high
currents through the device, by overheating the device, by mixing up the polarity, or by
electrostatic discharge (ESD). Therefore, always handle the electronic devices as indicated by the
handout, the specifications in the data sheet or other documentation.

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 Varendra University
COURSE SYLLABUS

1. Faculty Faculty of Science and Engineering

2. Department Department of CSE
3. Program B.Sc. in Computer Science and Engineering
4. Name of Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab
Course
5. Course Code CSE 224
6. Trimester Summer 2022
and Year
7. Pre - CSE 122
requisites
8. Status Core Course
9. Credit Hours 1
10. Section N/A
11. Class Hours 2 Hours
12. Class Digital Electronics Lab
Location
13. Names of Arifa Ferdousi
Academic Farah Wahida
Instructors
14. Contact arifa@vu.edu.bd
wahida@vu.edu.bd
15. Office Room 504, Old Engineering Building,
Room 504, Old Engineering Building
16. Counseling Sunday 09:00 - 10:00,
Hours Monday 09:00 - 10:00,
Tuesday 09:00 - 10:00
17. Text Books 1. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, Robert L. Boylestad, Louis

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 Nashelsky
2. Microelectronics Circuits, Sedra / Smith
3. Principles of Electronics, S. Chand Group, Mehta, Rohit, V K Mehta
18. Equipments 1. Lab Sheet
2. Resistors
3. Project Board
4. Ammeter
5. Multimeter
6. Diode
7. Zener Diode
8. Voltage Regulator
9. Connecting Wires
10. Capacitor
11. Signal Generator
12. DC Voltage Supply
13. Oscilloscope
19. Course In this course students will perform experiments to verify practically the
Description theories and concepts learned in CSE 223.
20. Course The course is designed to provide the background of the following topics:
Objectives a) Perform the experiment with different types of diode.
b) Perform the use of oscilloscope and signal generator in circuit
operation.
c) Demonstrate the functions of rectifier.
21. Learning After the successful completion of this course, students will be able,
Outcomes i. To plot electronic circuits.
ii. To measure values from electronic circuits.
iii. To use electronic equipments properly.
iv. To know the use of semiconductor devices.
v. To use signal in circuits and display the output.
22. Teaching Lecture
Methods

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23. Topic
Outline
Class Topics Class Reading Activities
Reference
1 Introduction, 1 Implementation,
identification, gathering Question Answer
knowledge and the usages
of instruments
2 Forward Bias 1 Implementation,
Question Answer
3 Reverse Bias 1 Implementation,
Question Answer
4 Voltage Regulation using 1 Implementation,
Zener Diode while Load Question Answer
Resistor is constant
5 Voltage Regulation using 1 Implementation,
Zener Diode while Input Question Answer
Voltage is constant
6 Half Wave Rectifier 1 Implementation,
Question Answer
7 Full Wave Rectifier 1 Implementation,
Question Answer
8 Positive and Negative 1 Implementation,
Clipper Circuit Question Answer
9 Positive and Negative 1 Implementation,
Clamper Circuit Question Answer
10 Lab Quiz and Lab Viva 1 Problem Solving,
Question Answer
11 Lab Final and Lab Report 1 Implementation,
Final Submission Question Answer

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24. Assessment
Methods
Assessment Type Marks
Attendance 10%
Class Performance and Regular Assessment 10%
Lab Report 10%
Quiz 30%
Lab Viva 10%
Lab Final 30%
Total 100%

25. Grading
Policy
Numerical Grade Letter Grade Grade Point
80% and above A+ 4.00
75% to less than 80% A 3.75
70% to less than 75% A- 3.50
65% to less than 70% B+ 3.25
60% to less than 65% B 3.00
55% to less than 60% B- 2.75
50% to less than 55% C+ 2.50
45% to less than 50% C 2.25
40% to less than 45% D 2.00
Less than 40% F 0.00

26. Additional 1. Lab Reports

Course Report on previous Experiment must be submitted before the beginning
Policies of new experiment. A bonus may be obtained if a student submits a neat,

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 clean and complete lab report.
2. Examination
There will be a lab exam at the end of the semester that will be closed
book.
3. Unfair means policy
In case of copying/plagiarism in any of the assessments, the students
involved will receive zero marks. Zero tolerance will be shown in this
regard. In case of severe offences, actions will be taken as per University
rule.
4. Counseling
Students are expected to follow the counseling hours posted. In case of
emergency/unavoidable situations, students can e-mail me to make an
appointment. Students are regularly advised to check the course
materials.
5. Policy for Absence in Class/Exam
If a student is absent in the class for anything other than medical reasons,
he or she will not receive attendance. If a student misses a class for
genuine medical reasons, he or she must apply with the supporting
documents (prescription/medical report). He or she will then have to
follow the instructions given by the instructions given by the instructor
for makeup.
In case of absence in the mid/final exam for medical grounds, the student
must also get his or her application forwarded by the head of the
department before a make-up exam can be taken.
It is recommended that the students inform the instructor before hand
through mail if they feel that they will miss a class or evaluation due to
medical reasons.
27. Additional a. Academic Calendar Summer 2019.
Information b. Academic information and policies.
c. Grading and performance Evaluation.
d. Proctorial Rules.

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Experiment No.: 01

Experiment Name: Introduction, identification, gathering knowledge and usages of lab

instruments.

Theory: There are many equipments in electronic lab. It is most important to know about the
equipments, identify them and know the process of use of the equipments before starting
experiment. Introduction of some of the electronic lab equipments are described below with
diagram.

Breadboard: Breadboards are an essential tool for prototyping and building temporary circuits.
These boards contain holes for inserting wire and components. Because of their temporary
nature, they allow you to create circuits without soldering. The holes in a breadboard are
connected in rows both horizontally and vertically as shown below.

Digital Multimeter: A multimeter is a device that’s used to measure electric current (amps),
voltage (volts) and resistance (ohms). It’s a great for troubleshooting circuits and is capable of
measuring both AC and DC voltage. Check out this post for more info on how to use a
multimeter.

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Jumper Wire: These wires are used with breadboard and development boards and are generally
22-28 AWG solid core wire. Jumper wires can have male or female ends depending on how they
need to be used.

Resistor: Resistors are used to resist the flow of current or to control the voltage in a circuit.
The amount of resistance that a resistor offers is measured in Ohms. Most resistors have colored
stripes on the outside and this code will tell you it’s value of resistance. You can use a
multimeter or Digikey’s resistor color code calculator to determine the value of a resistor.

Variable Resistor (Potentiometer): A variable resistor is also known as a potentiometer. These

components can be found in devices such as a light dimmer or volume control for a radio.
When you turn the shaft of a potentiometer the resistance changes in the circuit.

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Capacitor: Capacitors store electricity and then discharges it back into the circuit when there is
a drop in voltage. A capacitor is like a rechargeable battery and can be charged and then
discharged. The value is measured in F (Farad), nano Farad (nF) or pico Farad (pF) range.

Diode: A diode allows electricity to flow in one direction and blocks it from flowing the
opposite way. The diode’s primary role is to route electricity from taking an unwanted path
within the circuit.

Oscilloscope: Electronics are all about the signals and the oscilloscope is the primary
measurement tool to observe the shape of signals. Oscilloscopes, often called oscopes or just
scopes, display signals in a graphical format on a pair of axes, generally with Y as the voltage
and X as the time. This is a very powerful way to quickly see the shape of a signal, determine
what is going on in an electronic circuit and monitor performance or track down problems.
Oscilloscopes are available in digital and analog variants, starting at a few hundred dollars and
running into the tens of thousands for the top of the line models. Digital scopes have several
measurements and trigger options built into the system which make measurements of peak-to-

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peak voltage, frequency, pulse width, rise time, signal comparisons, and recording waveforms
simple tasks.

Ammeter: A measuring instrument which is used to measure the electric current in a circuit is
known as an ammeter. The units of measurement for electric current is amperes (A) Earlier
ammeters were laboratory instruments which depend on the earth’s magnetic field for operation.
In an era of the 19th century, improved instruments were designed which could be placed in any
position and allows accurate measurements in electric power systems. The smaller currents can
be measured by using milli ammeters or micro ammeters, units of measuring the smaller current
are in the milli ampere or micro-ampere range. There are different types of ammeters such as
moving-coil, moving magnet and moving-iron, etc.

Signal Generator: A signal generator is also named as pitch generator, function generator or
frequency generator is an electronic device used for generating electronic signals either in the
analog or digital domains (repeating or non-repeating signals). Signal generators are used in
testing, designing and repairing electro acoustic or electronic devices. In general no electronic
device is suitable for all applications. There are various types of signal generators with different

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applications and purposes. During the development in technology, compared to signal generators
there are flexible and programmable software tone generators with embedded hardware units are
made available in the market.

Signature of the Teacher

Date:

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Experiment Number: 02

Experiment Name: To study the operation of Forward Bias.

Theory: A forward-bias or “on” condition is established by applying the positive potential to the
p -type material and the negative potential to the n -type material. The application of a forward-
bias potential VD will “pressure” electrons in the n -type material and holes in the p -type
material to recombine with the ions near the boundary and reduce the width of the depletion. The
resulting minority-carrier flow of electrons from the p -type material to the n -type material and
of holes from the n -type material to the p -type material has not changed in magnitude since the
conduction level is controlled primarily by the limited number of impurities in the material, but
the reduction in the width of the depletion region has resulted in a heavy majority flow across the
junction.

Required Equipments:

1. Bread Board
2. DC Voltage Supplier
3. Resistor (1 kΩ, 1 piece)
4. Diode (1 piece)
5. Ammeter (1 piece)
6. Digital Multimeter (1 piece)
7. Connecting Wires

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Circuit Diagram:

Figure: Circuit Diagram of Forward Bias

Data Table:

No. of Supply Resistor Voltage Across Current Across

Observation Voltage R( ) Diode Diode
Vs ( ) VD ( ) ID ( )

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15

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Graph:

Signature of the Teacher

Date:

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Experiment Number: 03

Experiment Name: To study the operation of Reverse Bias

Theory: If an external potential of V volts is applied across the p – n junction such that the
positive terminal is connected to the n -type material and the negative terminal is connected to
the p -type material, the number of uncovered positive ions in the depletion region of the n -type
material will increase due to the large number of free electrons drawn to the positive potential of
the applied voltage. For similar reasons, the number of uncovered negative ions will increase in
the p-type material. The net effect, therefore, is a widening of the depletion region. This
widening of the depletion region will establish too great a barrier for the majority carriers to
overcome, effectively reducing the majority carrier flow to zero. The current that exists under
reverse-bias conditions is called the reverse saturation current and is represented by Is.

Required Equipments:

1. Bread Board
2. DC Voltage Supplier
3. Resistor (1 kΩ, 1 piece)
4. Zener Diode (1 piece)
5. Ammeter (1 piece)
6. Digital Multimeter (1 piece)
7. Connecting Wires

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Circuit Diagram:

Figure: Circuit Diagram of Reverse Bias

Data Table:

No. of Supply Resistor Voltage Across Current Across

Observation Voltage R( ) Diode Diode
Vs ( ) VD ( ) ID ( )

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15

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Graph:

Signature of the Teacher

Date:

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Experiment No.: 04

Experiment Name: To study the operation of Voltage Regulation using Zener Diode while
Load Resistor is Constant.

Theory: The use of the Zener diode as a regulator is so common that three conditions
surrounding the analysis of the basic Zener regulator are considered. The analysis provides an
excellent opportunity to become better acquainted with the response of the Zener diode to
different operating conditions. The purpose of a voltage regulator is to maintain a constant
voltage across a load regardless of variations in the applied input voltage and variations in the
load current. The resistor is selected so that when the input voltage is at Vi(min) and the load
current is at IL(max) that the current through the Zener diode is at least Iz(min). Then for all other
combinations of input voltage and load current the Zener diode conducts the excess current thus
maintaining a constant voltage across the load. The Zener conducts the least current when the
load current is the highest and it conducts the most current when the load current is the lowest.

Required Equipments:

1. Bread Board
2. DC Voltage Supplier
3. Resistor (1 kΩ 1 piece, 4.7 kΩ 1 piece)
4. Zener Diode (1 piece)
5. Digital Multimeter (1 piece)
6. Connecting Wires

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Circuit Diagram:

Figure: Circuit Diagram of Voltage Regulation while Input Voltage is Variable and Load
Resistance Constant

Data Table:

No. of Input Voltage Load Resistor Output Voltage

Observation Vin ( ) RL ( ) Vout ( )

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12

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Graph:

Signature of the Teacher

Date:

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Experiment No.: 05

Experiment Name: To study the operation of Voltage Regulation using Zener Diode while
Input Voltage is Constant.

Theory: The use of the Zener diode as a regulator is so common that three conditions
surrounding the analysis of the basic Zener regulator are considered. The analysis provides an
excellent opportunity to become better acquainted with the response of the Zener diode to
different operating conditions. The purpose of a voltage regulator is to maintain a constant
voltage across a load regardless of variations in the applied input voltage and variations in the
load current. The resistor is selected so that when the input voltage is at Vi(min) and the load
current is at IL(max) that the current through the Zener diode is at least Iz(min). Then for all other
combinations of input voltage and load current the Zener diode conducts the excess current thus
maintaining a constant voltage across the load. The Zener conducts the least current when the
load current is the highest and it conducts the most current when the load current is the lowest.

Required Equipments:

1. Bread Board
2. DC Voltage Supplier
3. Resistor (1 kΩ, 1 piece)
4. Variable Resistor
5. Zener Diode (1 piece)
6. Digital Multimeter (1 piece)
7. Connecting Wires

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Circuit Diagram:

Figure: Circuit Diagram of Voltage Regulation while Input Voltage is Constant and Load
Resistance Variable

Data Table:

No. of Input Voltage Load Resistor Output Voltage

Observation Vin ( ) RL ( ) Vout ( )

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12

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Graph:

Signature of the Teacher

Date:

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Experiment No.: 06

Experiment Name: To study the operation of Half Wave Rectifier

Theory: In half-wave rectification, the rectifier conducts current only during the positive half-
cycles of input A.C. supply. The negative half-cycles of A.C. supply are suppressed that is,
during negative half-cycles, no current is conducted and hence no voltage appears across the
load. Therefore, current always flows in one direction (D.C.) through the load though after every
half-cycle.

Required Equipments:

1. Bread Board
2. Signal Generator
3. Resistor (1 kΩ 1 piece)
4. Diode (1 piece)
5. Oscilloscope
6. Connecting Wires

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Circuit Diagram:

Figure: Half Wave Rectifier Circuit

Data Table:

Input Voltage Input Frequency Output Voltage Output Frequency

Vin ( ) fin ( ) Vout ( ) fout ( )

Graph:

Signature of the Teacher

Date:

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Experiment No.: 07

Experiment Name: To study the operation of Full Wave Rectifier

Theory: In full-wave rectification, current flows through the load in the same direction for both
half-cycles of input A.C. voltage. This can be achieved with two diodes working alternately. For
the positive half cycle of input voltage, one diode supplies current to the load and for the
negative half-cycle, the other diode does so. Current being always in the same direction through
the load. Therefore, a full-wave rectifier utilizes both half-cycles of input A.C. voltage to
produce the D.C. output. The dc level obtained from a sinusoidal input can be improved 100%
using a process called full-wave rectification. The most familiar network for performing such a
function has four diodes in a bridge configuration. The input output shape for Full Wave
Rectifier is,

Required Equipments:

1. Bread Board
2. Signal Generator
3. Resistor (1.5 kΩ 1 piece)
4. Diode (4 piece)
5. Oscilloscope
6. Connecting Wires

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Circuit Diagram:

Figure: Full Wave Rectifier Circuit

Data Table:

Input Voltage Input Frequency Output Voltage Output Frequency

Vin ( ) fin ( ) Vout ( ) fout ( )

Graph:

Signature of the Teacher

Date:

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Experiment No.: 08

Experiment Name: To study the operation of Positive Clipping Circuit and Negative Clipping
Circuit.

Theory: Clippers are networks that employ diodes to clip away a portion of an input signal
without distorting the remaining part of the applied waveform. The half-wave rectifier is an
example of the simplest form of diode clipper. Depending on the orientation of the diode, the
positive or negative region of the applied signal is “clipped” off. According to this concept,
Clipping circuit are two types. Positive clipping circuit and negative clipping circuit.

In positive diode clipping circuit, the diode is forward biased during the positive half cycle of the
sinusoidal input waveform. For the diode to become forward biased the diodes begins to conduct
and become short circuit. So the current pass through it and the output voltage is become zero.
During the negative half cycle, the diode is reverse biased blocking current flow through itself
and as a result has no effect on the negative half of the sinusoidal voltage which passes to the
load unaltered. Then the diode limits the positive half of the input waveform and is known as a
positive clipper circuit.

In negative clipping circuit, the diode is forward biased during the negative half cycle of the
sinusoidal waveform and short it while allowing the positive half cycle to pass unaltered when
reverse biased. As the diode limits the negative half cycle of the input voltage it is therefore
called a negative clipper circuit.

The input output shape for both positive and negative clipping circuit is given below,

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Required Equipments:

1. Bread Board
2. Signal Generator
3. Resistor (1.5 kΩ 1 piece, 4.7 kΩ 1 piece)
4. Diode (1 piece)
5. Oscilloscope
6. Connecting Wires

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 1: Positive Clipping Circuit

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 Figure 2: Negative Clipping Circuit

Data Table:

Input Voltage Input Frequency Output Voltage Output Frequency

Vin ( ) fin ( ) Vout ( ) fout ( )

Table 1: Data Table for Positive Clipping Circuit

Input Voltage Input Frequency Output Voltage Output Frequency

Vin ( ) fin ( ) Vout ( ) fout ( )

Table 2: Data Table for Negative Clipping Circuit

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Graph:

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Signature of the Teacher
Date:

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Experiment No.: 09

Experiment Name: To study the operation of Clamping Circuit

Theory: A clamper is a network constructed of a diode, a resistor and a capacitor that shifts a
waveform to a different dc level without changing the appearance of the applied signal.
Additional shifts can also be obtained by introducing a dc supply to the basic structure.

The chosen resistor and capacitor of the network must be chosen such that the time constant
determined by t = RC is sufficiently large to ensure that the voltage across the capacitor does not
discharge significantly during the interval the diode is non conducting.

If the clamping circuit shifts the waveform in the positive portion then it is called positive
clamping circuit. If the clamping circuit shifts the waveform in the negative portion then it is
called negative clamping circuit.

The input output shape for both positive and negative clamping circuit is given below,

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Required Equipments:

1. Bread Board
2. Signal Generator
3. Resistor (1.5 kΩ 1 piece)
4. Capacitor (1 μF 1 piece)
5. Diode (1 piece)
6. Oscilloscope
7. Connecting Wires

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 1: Positive Clamping Circuit

Figure 2: Negative Clamping Circuit

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Data Table:

Input Voltage Input Frequency Output Voltage Output Frequency

Vin ( ) fin ( ) Vout ( ) fout ( )

Table 1: Data Table for Positive Clamping Circuit

Input Voltage Input Frequency Output Voltage Output Frequency

Vin ( ) fin ( ) Vout ( ) fout ( )

Table 2: Data Table for Negative Clamping Circuit

Graph:

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Signature of the Teacher
Date:

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 Lab 10

FINAL LAB QUIZ

Task 1: Lab Quiz.

Task 2: Viva Voce.

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 Lab 11

FINAL LAB EXAMINATION

Task 1: Final Lab Examination.

Task 2: Final Lab Report Submission.

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