KING ABDULAZIZ UNVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER
ENGINEERING
SUMMER-2015

BASIC ELECTRICAL LABORATORY REPORT

(EE250/251)

STUDENT NAME: COMPUTER ID:

SECTION:

1
 TABLE OF CONTENT

EXPT NAME OF EXPERIMENT DATE OF REPORT

NO. CONDUCTION GRADES
(10)
1 MEASUREMENTS
2 VERIFICATION OF OHM’S LAW
3 RESISTANCE IN SERIES AND PARALLEL
4 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT DIVIDER
RULE
5 KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
LAW
6 THEVENIN’S AND NORTON’S
THEOREM
7 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
8 SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
AVERAGE
FINAL
EXAM
FINAL GRADE= AVERAGE + FINAL EXAM

INSTRUCTOR SIGNATURE:

DATE:

2
 EE251/250 LABORATORY GRADING AND RULES
Total Laboratory contribution is 15 out of 100.
10 out of 15 are for the report which is filled out at the end of each
laboratory session. The reports will not be accepted after lab.
5 out 15 are for the final laboratory exam which will be included at the end of
the semester. The questions in the exam will be similar to the experiments
done in the lab but need not be identical.
1. Attendance is must. If you don’t attend lab without valid reason you will
loose 2 out of the 15 grades allotted for the lab. You are suggested to
check your attendance sheet at the end of each lab session to avoid
mistakes.
2. There are no grades for attendance.
3. If for any reason you are unable to attend the lab in your assigned
session then you can make up the lab in another available session.
4. Official Sick leave must be submitted the very next day when you
attend the lab.
BASIC RULES FOR THE LABORATORY
1. All the students should purchase a lab coat which they should wear
during the lab session.
2. All the students should wear shoes and come to the lab. Failing to do so
they will not be allowed to attend the lab.
3. For each lab session a short introduction will be given about the
experiments. All students must be in the lab on schedule time. If any
student comes late they will get negative mark according to the table
shown below.
4. Before leaving the lab check to see that the groups table and floor is
clean and all equipment should be in place failing to do so the entire
group will get negative marks.
5. If any members of the group do not attend on time then no assistance
will be provided to the group during the lab session.

3
 6. Students will not be allowed to change their lab session after the first
week of the semester.
7. Students are not allowed to eat, drink or bring any food or water in the
lab. Anyone found doing so will get negative mark as mentioned in the
table below.
8. Before entering the lab all mobiles should be either switched off or kept
in silent mode. Anyone found using mobile inside the lab will be
awarded negative mark as mentioned in the table below.
9. To be eligible for the lab final exam all the experiments should be
completed and submitted. Failing to do so will cause the group to a
denial of the final exam.

All the negative marks accumulated by the students will be added to

the students final grade which will cause their grade to reduce.
Hence follow the rule of the lab strictly.
Table: Table showing code of the activity, activity and its negative grade
Code Activity Negative Grades
L 5-10 min late -0.2
XL 10-15 min late -0.4
XXL 15-20 min late -0.6
BF Bringing food or drink or gum -0.2
M Mobile call or ring -0.2
NI Not involving in experiment -0.2
W Some wires or tissues on the floor -0.2
A Absence during experiment -0.2
N Noise -0.2

4
 HOW THE BREADBOARD IS ORGANIZED
Sections of the BREADBOARD have rows or columns that are all connected
together, making it easy to have multiple things connected together.
Here's some detail of how the BREADBOARD that we use is organized:

The Horizontal Rows have 5 holes (abcde) and (fghij) with sockets that are
connected together. Any wires or parts that are plugged into this row are
connected together.

The Vertical Columns (+Red and -Blue) have the same connection running all
the way down.

5
 EE 250/251 LAB 1 GRADE
BASIC ELECTRICAL LLAM
ENGINEERING MEAS
SPRING 2015 UREM

Note: All the students are directed to do all necessary theoretical calculation for the experiments and come
for the laboratory session.

DATE OF EXPERIMENT: DAY: TIME:

Sr no. NAME OF STUDENT ID SECTION COURSE ID

1

OBJECTIVE:
1. Recognize the color code for resistors.
2. a. To learn how digital multimeter is used.
b. To learn the operational controls of function generator.
c. To learn the operational controls of Oscilloscope.
COLOR CODE CHART:

6
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Sr. no Name Quantity
1 Resistors
2 Dc supply
3 Function generator
4 Oscilloscope
5 Others

Procedure 1:
1. Take a resistor and write down its color code.
2. Against each color write down its coded value.
3. Write the observed value of the resistor in the table below.
4. Take a digital multimeter and set its control to resistance mode.
5. Connect the probes of the multimeter to the ends of the resistor.
6. Write the measured value of the resistor in the table below.
7. Repeat the same procedure for a set of 4 different resistors.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr no. Color code Observed value of Measured value
resistor(Ω) of resistor(Ω)
1. R=2, O=3, Y=10000, G=5% 230K
2.
3.
4.

Procedure 2a:
1. Take a DC supply source and adjust its voltage (for variable voltage source) to 5 V.
2. If the voltage source is a fixed voltage source simply turn on the source.
3. Set the DMM to voltage mode.
4. Connect the probes of the DMM with its positive and negative terminal of the voltage source
respectively.
5. Write the observed and measured value of the voltage in the table below.
6. Repeat the same procedure for measuring current and write the observed and measured value of
current in the table below.

7
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr. no Quantity Observed Value Measured Value
1.
2.

Procedure 2 (b and c):

1. Using suitable probes connect the function generator to any one channel of the oscilloscope.
2. Set a frequency of 1 KHz in the function generator and voltage.
3. Select the shape of the waveform.
4. Use the volt/div knob to adjust the voltage of the waveform.
5. Note the voltage in the table below.
6. Verify the voltage observed on the oscilloscope.
7.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Waveform Voltage set by Voltage measured by
Function Generator oscilloscope

REMARK:
1.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
2a.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
2(b,c)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………….

8
 EE 250/251 GRADE
LAB 2
BASIC ELECTRICAL LLAM
ENGINEERING VERIFICATION OF OHM’S LAW
SPRING 2015

Note: All the students are directed to do all necessary theoretical calculation for the experiments and come
for the laboratory session.

DATE OF EXPERIMENT: DAY: TIME:

Sr no. NAME OF STUDENT ID SECTION COURSE ID

1

OBJECTIVE:
To verify ohm’s law experimentally and to find relationship between voltage current and resistance in the
circuit.
BACKGROUND:

Ohm's Law deals with the relationship between voltage and current in an ideal conductor. This relationship
states that the potential difference (voltage) across an ideal conductor is proportional to the current through it.
The constant of proportionality is called the "resistance", R.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Sr. Name Range Quantity
no
1 Resistors
2 DC variable voltage supply
3 Digital Multimeter
4 Resistance Box
5 Others

9
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: (Part a)

Figure 1.
PROCEDURE:
To Prove The Ohm’law
a. V α I
b. I α 1/R
a. To Verify “V α I” (Resistance constant)
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure1.
2. Vary the voltage in steps and note down the voltage and the corresponding current in the DMM in the
table below.
3. Using the value of the resistor and the voltage calculate the current.
4. Note the calculated current in the table below.
V
CALCULATION: I =
R
OBSERVATION TABLE:
VOLTS (V) OBSERVED CURRENT CALCULATED CURRENT
I (mA) I(mA)

10
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: (Part b)

FIGURE 2.

b. To Verify “ I α 1/R” (Voltage constant)

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure2.
2. Set the voltage to 10 volt.
3. Vary the resistance in steps and note down the corresponding current the DMM in the
table below.
3. Using the value of the resistor and the voltage calculate the current.
4. Note the calculated current in the table below.

CALCULATION:
V
I=
R
OBSERVATION TABLE: Voltage Constant V =10V
RESISTANCE (Ω) OBSERVED CURRENT CALCULATED CURRENT
I (mA) I(mA)

11
REMARK:
2a.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………

2b.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………

12
 EE 250/251 GRADE
LAB 3
BASIC ELECTRICAL LLAM
ENGINEERING Resistance in Series and Parallel
SPRING 2015

Note: All the students are directed to do all necessary theoretical calculation for the experiments and come
for the laboratory session.

DATE OF EXPERIMENT: DAY: TIME:

Sr no. NAME OF STUDENT ID SECTION COURSE ID

1

OBJECTIVE:
In the set of experiments, the theoretical expressions used to calculate the total resistance in a combination of
resistors in series and parallel will be tested experimentally. In addition, the expected distribution of the voltage
and current to each resistor in a network will also be tested.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Sr. no Name Range Quantity
1 Resistors
2 DC variable voltage supply
3 Digital Multimeter
4 Others

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND CALCULATION:

1. Series resistance

13
 Figure 1. Resistors connected in series
RT = R1 + R2 + R3

Figure 2. Snapshot of how resistors can be connected in series on breadboard

AA

Figure 3. Voltage And Current Relation In A Resistive Series Circuit

14
The voltage drop across the battery VT will be the total sum of the individual drops across each of the 3
resistors, and
VT =V1 + V2 + V3
V T = RT I T
V1 = I1 × R1
V2 = I2 × R2
V3 = I3 × R3

In this circuit the current supplied by the battery flows through each resistor, with the current in each
resistor being the same. If the current supplied by the battery is I T, the current in each resistor is I1, I2,
and I3, and they are all one and the same, then
IT = I1 = I2 = I3
PROCEDURE:
1. Identify the resistance of the resistors using the color code and write the value of each resistors in
the table below.
2. Calculate the total resistance RT and write in the table below.
3. Connect the resistors as shown in figure 1.
4. Using the multimeter in the resistance mode observe the resistance of the circuit at terminal RT.
5. Write the observed value of the resistance in the table.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Standard Resistance Value Observed Value Theoritical RT (Ω) Observed RT (Ω)

Color Code From Color Code (Ω) From DMM (Ω)
R1=
R2=
R3=

Procedure For Obtaining Voltage And Current Relation For Series Circuit:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.

2. Set the voltage of the voltmeter to 10 V.
3. Mark this voltage as VT and note this voltage in the table below.
4. Using the DMM in the current mode observe the current IT and write the value of current in the
table.
5. Using DMM in the voltage mode observe the value for voltages across the resistors R 1 , R2 , R3 as V1 ,
V2 , V3 respectively.
6. Using the values of R1 , R2 , R3 and I1 , I2 , I3 calculate the value for V1 , V2 , V3 respectively.
7. Write these value in the table below.
8. Using the DMM in current mode write the values of current I1 , I2 , I3 in the table.
9. Using values of the voltage across the resistors R1 , R2 , R3 obtain the value of current I1 , I2 , I3 .
10. Write these values in the table below.

15
 11. Compare the observed and calculated values of the voltages and current to verify the results .

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Measured Measured Calculated Calculated Measured Calculated
Voltage VT(V) Voltage Voltage voltage VT (V) current current
Across the Across the Across the Across the
resistors (V) resistors (V) resistors (I) resistors
mA (I)mA
V1 = V1 = I1 = I1 =
VT = VT =
V2 = V2 = I2 = I2 =

V3 = V3 = I3 = I3 =

2. Parallel resistance

Procedure For Measurement Of Parallel Resistance And Its Related Voltage And Current:

1. Using the resistance values R1 , R2 , R3 calculate the total resistance using the formula for total
resistance in parallel

2. Verify the value of the calculated resistance using the DMM.

3. Note these values in the table below.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Standard Resistance Value Observed Value Theoritical RT (Ω) Observed RT (Ω)
Color Code From Color Code (Ω) From DMM (Ω)
R1=
R2=

16
 R3=

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 3. Three resistors R1, R2, and R3 connected in parallel showing the flow of current and potential
differences all being equal.

The total current flowing in the circuit is the sum of the separate currents flowing through the resistors,

17
 The voltage drops across the battery and resistors are all equal, and as illustrated in Figure 3,

Procedure For Obtaining Voltage And Current Relation For Parallel Circuit:
1. Using DMM measure the currents I1 , I2 , I3 and . Also measure the value of VT.
2. Wirte these value in the table below.
3. Using the value of resistors and the voltage across the it calculate the value of the currents I1 , I2 , I3.
4. Note these value in the table below.
5. Use these value of current to calculate IT.
6. Compare and verify the results.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Calculated Calculated Measured Measured Calculated Measured

current current current current voltage voltage
IT(A) Across the Across the IT (A) Across the Across the
resisitors (A) resisitors (A) resisitors (V) resisitors
(V)
I1 = I1 = V1 = V1 =
IT = IT =
I2 = I2 = V2 = V2 =

I3 = I3 = V3 = V3 =

REMARKS:
SERIES CONNECTION:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
PARALLEL CONNECTION:
….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

18
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………

EE 250/251 LAB 4 GRADE

BASIC ELECTRICAL LLAM
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT DIVIDER
ENGINEERING
RULE
SPRING 2015

Note: All the students are directed to do all necessary theoretical calculation for the experiments and come
for the laboratory session.

DATE OF EXPERIMENT: DAY: TIME:

Sr no. NAME OF STUDENT ID SECTION COURSE ID

1

OBJECTIVE:
Verify the voltage and current division properties as applicable to series and parallel network.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Sr. no Name Range Quantity
1 Resistors
2 DC variable voltage supply
3 Digital Multimeter
4 Others

19
THEORY:
The Voltage Divider Rule (VDR) states that the voltage across an element or across a series combination of
elements in a series circuit is equal to the resistance of the element or series combination of elements divided
by the total resistance of the series circuit and multiplied by the total impressed voltage:
Rn
V n= V
Rtotal s
V n=voltage across the element ,
Rn =resistance of the element
V s =impressed voltage∨supply voltage
Rtotal=total resistance of the series circuit
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FIGURE 1. SEREIS CIRCUIT

CALCULATION:
Vs
I= ; current throughthe circuit
R 1+ R 2+ R3

20
 R1
V 1= V ; voltage across resistor R1
R1 + R2 + R3 s

R2
V 2= V ; voltage across resistor R 2
R1 + R2 + R3 s

R3
V 3= V ; voltage across resistor R 3
R1 + R2 + R3 s

PROCEDURE FOR VOLTAGE DIVISION (VDR):

1. Connect the circuit shown in Fig. (1).
2. Take VS = 10V, R1=5KΩ, R2=2.5KΩ and R3=2.5KΩ.
3. Using ohm’s law calculate the current I through the circuit in figure 1.
4. Practically verify this current using the digital multimeter.
5. Using the formula for the voltage divider calculate the voltage across each resistor.
6. Write the calculated voltage in the table below in the column for calculated value.
7. Measure the voltage across the resistors R1, R2 & R3 using a digital multimeter in the DC voltage mode.
8. Write the value of the voltage across the resistors in the table below in the column for the observed
value.
9. Write the remark from the result obtained from the observed and calculated values.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Impressed / supply Calculated Observed Calculated Value Of Observed Value Of
voltage Current Current Voltage Across Resistors Voltage Across Resistors
(V) (mA) (mA) (V) (V)
V1 = V1 =
V2 = V2 =
V S =¿ I =¿ I =¿
V3 = V3 =
V S = V1 +V2 +V3 = V S = V1 +V2 +V3 =

The Current Divider Rule (CDR) states that the current through one of two parallel branches is equal to the
resistance of the other branch divided by the sum of the resistances of the two parallel branches and multiplied
by the total current entering the two parallel branches. That is,
R¿
I n= Is
Rn
I n=current through one of the∥branches

21
R¿ =resistance of the other branch
Rn =∑ of the resistance of the∥branches
I s=total current entering the branch
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

(a) (b)

(c)
Figure 2. Current divider
CALCULATION:
Vs
I s=
RT
1 1 1 1
= + +
R T R1 R2 R3

22
 R(R ¿ ¿2 ¿/ R )
I 1= 3
¿
R 1+ R(R ¿ ¿2 ¿/ R ) I s ¿
3

R3
I 2= ( I −I )
R 2+ R 3 s 1
R2
I 3= ( I −I )
R 3+ R 2 s 1
PROCEDURE FOR CURRENT DIVISION (CDR):
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. (2a).
2. Take VS = 6V, R1=5KΩ, R2=2.5KΩ and R3=2.5KΩ.
3. Using ohm’s law calculate the current I through the circuit in figure 2 (a).
4. Practically verify this current using the digital multimeter as shown in figure 2(b)
5. Using the formula for the current divider calculate the current flowing through each resistor.
6. Write the calculated current in the table below in the column for calculated value.
7. Measure the current through the resistors R 1, R2 & R3 using a digital multimeter in the DC current mode
as in figure 2 (c).
8. Write the value of the current through the resistors in the table below in the column for the observed
value.
9. Write the remark from the result obtained from the observed and calculated values.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Impressed / supply Calculated Observed Calculated Value Of Observed Value Of
voltage Current Current Current Through Current Through
(V) (mA) (mA) Resistors (mA) Resistors (mA)
I1 = I1 =
I2 = I2 =
V S =¿ I s=¿ I s=¿
I3 = I3 =
I s=¿ I1 +I2 +I3 = I s=¿ I1 +I2 +I3

REMARKS:
VOLTAGE DIVIDER RULE:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
CURRENT DIVIDER RULE:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

23
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………

EE 250/251
LAB 5 GRADE
BASIC ELECTRICAL
LLAM
ENGINEERING
KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
SPRING 2015 LAW

Note: All the students are directed to do all necessary theoretical calculation for the experiments and come
for the laboratory session.

DATE OF EXPERIMENT: DAY: TIME:

Sr no. NAME OF STUDENT ID SECTION COURSE ID

1

OBJECTIVE:

Verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) using mesh and nodal analysis of the given
circuit

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

Sr. no Name Range Quantity

1 Resistors
2 DC variable voltage supply
3 Digital Multimeter

24
 4 Others

THEORY:

1. KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law “states that the algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path (loop or
mesh) is zero”.

FIGURE 1.
Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the first and the second loops in the circuit shown in Figure 1 yields the
equation below respectively

V 1 +V 2−V 6 −V S=0 (LOOP “a b e f a”) (1a)

V 3 +V 4 + V 5−V 2=0 (LOOP “b c d e b”) (1b)

BREAD BOARD LAYOUT

FIGURE 2.
PROCEDURE: KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)

1. Construct the circuit shown in Figure 1 using the values below:

25
 R1 = 1 KΩ R2 = 2.2 KΩ
R3 = 1.8 KΩ R4 = 1 KΩ
R5 = 1.5 KΩ R6 = 2.7 KΩ

2. Set the Variable Power Supply (Vs) to 5 Volts.

3. Accurately measure all voltages in the circuit using the Digital Multi-Meter (DMM).

4. Record the measurements in the observation table containing the measured voltage values as shown below.

5. Verify the results theoretically and record the value in the observation in the column for calculated value.

6. Verify KVL for the loops in the circuit using equations ‘1a’ and ‘1b’.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Element voltage
LOOP VOLTAGE “a b e f a”
Nodes V 1 +V 2−V 6 −V S=0
Calculated
Measured
value of
Element Specified Element value (V)
+ − voltage Calculated:
value Voltage (V)
R1 V1 a b
Measured:
R2 V2 b e
R3 V3 b c
LOOP VOLTAGE “b c d e b”
R4 V4 c d V 3 +V 4 + V 5 −V 2=0
R5 V5 d e
Calculated:
R6 V6 e f

Vs Vs a f Measured:

1. KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL):

KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW “states that the algebraic sum of all the currents at any node is zero”.
Applying Kirchhoff’s current law to the nodes in the circuit shown in Figure 3 yields the following
equations;

26
 FIGURE 3.
Node a: -Is + I1 = 0 (2a)

Node b: -I1 + I2 + I3 = 0 (2b)

Node c: -I3 + I4 = 0 (2c)

Node d: - I4 + I5 = 0 (2d)

Node e: - I5 - I2 + I6 = 0 (2e)

Node f: +Is – I6 = 0 (2f)

PROCEDURE: KIRCHOFF’S Current LAW (KCL)

1. Construct the circuit shown in Figure 3 using the values below:

R1 = 1 KΩ R2 = 2.2 KΩ
R3 = 1.8 KΩ R4 = 1 KΩ
R5 = 1.2 KΩ R6 = 2.7 KΩ

2. Set the Variable Power Supply (Vs) to 5 Volts.

3. Accurately measure all current in each branch using the Digital Multi-Meter (DMM) as shown in figure 4.

4. Record the measurements in the observation table containing the total current into and total current out

of respectively.

5. Verify the results theoretically and experimentally and record the value in the observation in the column

27
 for calculated and measured value.

6. Verify KCL for the nodes in the circuit using equations ‘2a’ through ‘2f’.

FIGURE 4.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Total current Total current KCL

Node into (Iin) (A) out of (Iout) (A) (Iin – Iout) (A)
Calculated Measured Calculated Measured Calculated Measured

28
REMARK:
1. KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW(KVL):

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………….....

2. KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW(KCL):

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………….....

29
 EE 250/251
LAB 6 GRADE
BASIC ELECTRICAL
LLAM
ENGINEERING
THEVENIN’S AND NORTON’S THEOREM
SPRING 2015

Note: All the students are directed to do all necessary theoretical calculation for the experiments and come
for the laboratory session.

DATE OF EXPERIMENT: DAY: TIME:

Sr no. NAME OF STUDENT ID SECTION COURSE ID

1

OBJECTIVE:

The objective of this laboratory session is to experimentally verify the Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorem.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

Sr. no Name Range Quantity

1 Resistors
2 DC variable voltage supply
3 Digital Multimeter
4 Others

THEORY:

Thévenin’s Theorem: It is a process by which a complex circuit is reduced to an equivalent series circuit
consisting of a single voltage source (VTH), a series resistance (RTH) .

OR

30
It states that for a linear electrical networks any combination of voltage sources , current sources and resistors
with two terminals is electrically equivalent to a single voltage source (V TH), in series with a single series resistor
(RTH) .

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Procedure:

Verifying the Thévenin’s theorem:

a) Construct the circuit of Figure 1 using the following component values:

b) Accurately measure the voltage VL across the load resistance.
c) Using the value of voltage and the resistance value calculate the current IL.
d) Record these reading in the table below.

To Find VTH:

a) Remove the load resistance RL and measure the open circuit voltage Voc across the terminals.

31
b) This is equal to VTH.

To Find RTH:

a) Remove the source voltage VS and replace it with a short circuit.

b) Measure the resistance looking into the opening where RL was with an ohmmeter (DMM).
c) This gives RTH
d) After Obtaining VTH and RTH, construct the circuit of figure 2 using these values.

e) Measure the VL for this circuit and compare it to the VL obtained from circuit of figure 1.

f) This verifies the Thévenin theorem.

Observation table:

RESISTOR MEASURED CALCULATED THEVENIN’S THEVENIN’S

VALUES(KΩ) VOLTAGE VALUE OF VOLTAGE RESISTANCE
ACROSS LOAD CURRENT VTH(V) RTH(Ω)
VL (V) THROUGH LOAD
IL (mA)
BEFORE BEFORE CALCULATED CALCULATED

AFTER AFTER MEASURED MEASURED

Theory:

Norton's Theorem
Any collection of batteries and resistances with two terminals is electrically equivalent to an ideal current
source
IN in parallel with a single resistor RN. The value of RN is the same as that in the Thevenin equivalent and the
current IN can be found by dividing the open circuit voltage by RN.
OR
For linear electrical networks, states that any collection of voltage sources,current sources, and resistors with
two terminals is electrically equivalent to an ideal current source, IN , in parallel with a single resistor,RN.

32
PROCEDURE:
a. Use the circuit of figure 1 .
b. Connect the output of the power supply as shown and adjust the voltage to 10 V.
TO FIND IN OR ISC:
a. Remove the load resistor from terminal a and b.
b. Connect a digital ammeter across terminals a and b and record the current measured (I N).
c. this current is the Norton’s current “IN “ or the short circuit current “ISC”.
d. Calculate the theoretical value for short-circuit current across terminals a and b (I N) using hand calculations.
e. Record the results in the tabular column below.

TO FIND RN:
a) Remove the source voltage VS and replace it with a short circuit.
b) Measure the resistance looking into the opening where RL was with an ohmmeter (DMM).
c) This gives RN
d) After Obtaining IN and RN, construct the circuit of figure 3 using these values.

FIGURE 3.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

CALCULATED NORTON’S CALCULATED NORTON’S OBSERVED NORTON’S OBSERVED NORTON’S

CURRENT RESISTANCE CURRENT RESISTANCE
IN (mA) RN (Ω) IN (mA) RN(Ω)

REMARK:

33
THEVENIN’S THEOREM:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

NORTON’S THEOREM:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

34
 EE 250/251
LAB 7 GRADE
BASIC ELECTRICAL
LLAM
ENGINEERING MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
SPRING 2015

Note: All the students are directed to do all necessary theoretical calculation for the experiments and come
for the laboratory session.

DATE OF EXPERIMENT: DAY: TIME:

Sr no. NAME OF STUDENT ID SECTION COURSE ID

1

OBJECTIVE:

The objective of this laboratory session is to experimentally verify the MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

Sr. no Name Range Quantity

1 Resistors
2 DC variable voltage supply
3 Digital Multimeter
4 Others

THEORY:

35
The maximum power transfer theorem states that a load resistance will abstract maximum power from the
network when the load resistance is equal to the internal resistance.

For maximum power transfer Load resistance

RL=Rin

,Where Rin internal resistance of the circuit.

IL = V / (Rin + RL)

= V / (Rin + RL)

= V / 2 RL

Where,

Pmax = IL2 RL

Maximum power, Pmax = V2 / 4RL

Where V is the dc supply voltage.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FIGURE 1.

36
PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as shown in the Fig.1

2. Adjust the DC supply voltage to 20 V.

3. Vary the load resistance RL from 1KΩ ohm to 10kΩs.

4. Note the load current corresponding to each value of load resistance.

5. Calculate the power and verify the load resistance at which the power will be maximum.

OBSERVATION:

LOAD RESISTANCE LOAD CURRENT Power dissipated at the load Power dissipated at the
S.N RL (Ω) IL (mA) PL (mW) internal resistor Rin
O Pin (mW)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

REMARK:

MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

37
 EE 250/251
LAB 8 GRADE
BASIC ELECTRICAL
LLAM
ENGINEERING SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
SPRING 2015

Note: All the students are directed to do all necessary theoretical calculation for the experiments and come
for the laboratory session.

DATE OF EXPERIMENT: DAY: TIME:

Sr no. NAME OF STUDENT ID SECTION COURSE ID

1

OBJECTIVE:

The objective of this laboratory session is to apply and verify the superposition theorem to linear circuits.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

Sr. no Name Range Quantity

1 Resistors
2 DC variable voltage supply
3 Digital Multimeter
4 Others

THEORY:

38
Superposition Theorem: The voltage and current responses in a network from two or more sources acting
simultaneously can be obtained as the sum of the responses from each source acting alone with other sources
deactivated. A deactivated current source is an open circuit. A deactivated voltage source is a short circuit.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FIGURE 1.

THE SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

A : MEASUREMENT OF CURRENTS AND VOLTAGE IN CIRCUIT WITH TWO SOURCES

1. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 1.

2. Switch on the power supplies. Adjust the voltage of the power supplies to the required values.
3. Use the ammeter to measure the currents, I1 and I2. Record the values in Table 1.
(Note: Ammeter must be placed in series with the branch to be measured.)
4. Use the voltmeter to measure the voltage V3 . Record the value in Table 1.

B : APPLYING THE SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

1. Use the same circuit as in Figure 1. Switch off the power supplies and remove the 15 V voltage source.
2. The 10 V, voltage source is made ACTIVE by replacing the 15 V voltage source with a jumper between
the points labeled C and D, as shown in Figure 2.

39
 Figure 2.

3. Switch on the 10 V voltage source.

4. Use the ammeter to measure the currents, I1(SI) and I2(SI). Record the values in Table 2.

5. Use the voltmeter to measure the voltage VS(SI). Record the value in Table 2.

6. Switch off the power supply.

7. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 3. The 15 V voltage source is made ACTIVE by replacing the 10 V
voltage source with a jumper between the points labeled A and B.

Figure 3.

8. Switch on the 15 V, voltage source.

9. Use the ammeter to measure the currents, I1(S2) and I2(S2) Record the values in Table 3.

10. Use the voltmeter to measure the voltage V3(S2). Record the value in Table 3.

40
11. Calculate the algebraic sum of currents I1, I2 and voltage V3 in Table 2.

Note:

Pay attention the direction of the currents. Current in the same directions are added and currents in the
opposite directions arc subtracted.

OBSERVATION TABLE 1:

Value Measured value

I 1 (mA )
I 2 (mA )
V 3 (V )

OBSERVATION TABLE 2:

REMARK:

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

41