EE 186 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY MANUAL

BY
R.RAMYA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
BS ABDUR RAHMAN UNIVERSITY
VANDALUR, CHENNAI

Cycle - I
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Verification of Kirchoffs laws

Study of RLC series circuits
Load test on DC motors
Speed control of D.C. shunt motor
Load test on three phase induction motor
Transfer function of separately excited D.C. generator
Cycle II

7. Transfer function of armature and field controlled D.C. motor

8. OCC of DC generator
9. Load test on DC generator
10. Load characteristics of single phase transformer
11. Transfer function of AC servomotor
12. OC and SC test on single phase transformer

FORMAL LABORATORY DISCIPLINE:

Listed below are the (operating) procedures that you are expected to follow in the
laboratory.
1. Every student is required to wear their respective lab uniforms, and ssoes. Girls are
expected to tuck in their hairs inside their coats.
2. Please be regular with your lab reports submission, failure of which will be viewed very
seriously.
3. Please treat the instruments with care, as they are very expensive.
4. Read the laboratory documentation prior to each lab meeting.
5. Read the viva question section before coming to the lab so that you attend the viva
questions at each lab session.
6. Return the components to the Lab-attender when you are finished with them.
7. Before leaving the lab, place the stools under the lab bench.
8. Before leaving the lab, turn off the power to all instruments including the printer.
9. Before leaving the lab, turn off the main power switch to the lab bench.

FORMAL LABORATORY REPORTS

1. Laboratory observation reports will be due at each lab meeting. Work that was performed
the previous lab meeting is to be documented and it has to be attested by the respective
staff within 2 days of the completion of the experiment and the lab record has to be
turned in the following week at the beginning of the lab period.
2. Late reports will have points deducted.
3. All labs must be performed and all lab reports (both observations and records) must be
turned in to pass the course. Reports which are so late will be counted as an automatic
zero.
4. While laboratory exercises are performed in groups, lab reports are to be written on an
individual basis.

RECORD:
It is required of the students to write a formal report describing the procedure and results.
In this laboratory problems will be posed and each student team will be required to plan and solve
it. Then each individual student will write a formal report describing the laboratory measurements and
conclusions. The reports should contain the following sections:
I. Aim of the experiment
This section will contain a description of theobjective. It will clearly define the questions to be
answered by the laboratory experiment.
II. Description and theory of the experimentThis section will contain a description of the theory upon which the experiment is based.
III. Procedure:

A detailed experimental procedure and a clear description of the data taken.

III. Description of data reductionThis section will present sample calculations showing how the theory is applied to the observed
data (as tabulation) to answer the questions posed by the laboratory problem.
IV. Presentation and discussion of the resultGenerally, the result will be a statement along with based on the observations made, with
supporting graph.
OSERVATION:
1. There will be sections of the pre-lab calculations, these will have to be done before coming to the
lab session.
2. There will be steps to follow in carrying out the pre-lab calculations, these theoretical values will
have to be cross checked with the observed values in the lab.
3. If a graph is required, it should be associated with the section/step/sub-step in which it is required.
Each graph should have a figure number and caption in addition to a title on the graph: Enter and
place the scale ion the graph. So does a circuit diagram.
NOTE:
Attendance will be checked in each laboratory. If absence is unavoidable, students should contact
the lab-in-charge to another time to perform the experiment.

GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:

1. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in the laboratory.
2. Follow all written and verbal instructions carefully. If you do not understand a direction or part of a
procedure, ASK YOUR TEACHER BEFORE PROCEEDING WITH THE ACTIVITY.
3. Avoid bulky, loose or trailing clothes. Avoid long loose hair. Remove metal bracelets, rings or
watchstraps when working in the laboratories
4. Discard damaged cords, cords that become hot, or cords with exposed wiring.
5. Before equipment is energized ensure, (1) circuit connections and layout have been checked by a
Teaching Assistant (TA) and (2) all colleagues in your group give their assent.
6. Never make any changes to circuits or mechanical layout without first isolating the circuit by switching
off and removing connections to power supplies.
7. Even low voltage DC supplies can be dangerous. This is especially true if your skin is wet or if probes
or wires penetrate your skin. Your body is protected by the high resistance of dry skin. But if the
protection is bypassed then lethal currents may flow through your body on contact with a low voltage
supply. Make sure your skin is dry and avoid skin punctures with probes or component leads

1. VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFFS LAWS

INTRODUCTION:
Network equations are formulated from two simple laws that were first expressed
by Kirchoff in 1845. These laws concern the algebraic sum of voltages around a loop
and currents leaving or entering a node. It is interesting to note that Kirchoff was a 23
year old student at the time of the first publication of these laws.
STATEMENTS:
Kirchoffs Voltage Law:
Kirchoffs voltage law states that the algebraic sum of all branch voltages
around any closed loop of a network is zero at all instants of time.
Kirchoffs current law:
Kirchoffs current law states that the algebraic sum of all branch currents
leaving a node is zero at all instants of time. (The law is a consequence of conservation
of charge. Charge which enters a node should leave the node because it cant be stored
there.)
OBJECTIVE:
To verify Kirchoffs current and voltage Laws for a given circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.N
o
1.
2.

Name of the
component
Regulated power supply
Resistors

3.
4.

Ammeter
Digital Multimeter

Range

Quantity

(0-30)
220
330
47
68
(0-10)mA

2
2
1
1
1
1
1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

(0-30) V
(0-100) mA

(0-30) V

(0-100) mA

220 [ohm]

330[ohm]
10 V
(0-100) mA
A

(0-100) mA A
15 v

47[ohm]
220 [ohm]
68 [ohm]

(0-30) V
(0-30) V

Fig. 1.1
TABULATION:

BRANCH

THEORETICAL
CALCULATION
CURRENT
(mA)

AB
BE
BD
1

BC
ED
CD

OBSERVED VALUES

VOLTAGE(V)

CURRENT
(mA)

VOLTAGE(V)

PROCEDURE FOR VERIFICATION OF KVL:

1. Give connections as per circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the supply voltage.
3. Note the voltage across the voltage source, and the voltage (drops) across the
resistors (using a multi-meter) in the closed loop.
4. Check whether the sum of voltage rises in the closed loop is equal to the sum of
voltage drops.
5. Check these observed values with the theoretical values calculated using the
algebraic equations formulated based on the KVL law.

PROCEDURE FOR VERIFICATION OF KCL:

1. Give connections as per circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the supply voltage.
3. Check whether the sum of the incoming currents to a node is equal to the sum of the
out going currents from that node.
4. Check these observed values with the theoretical values calculated using the
algebraic equations formulated based on the KCL law.
RESULT:
Kirchoffs current and voltage laws have been verified for the given circuit.
VIVA QUESTIONS(No need to write these questions in record):
1. State Ohms law.
2. State Kirchoffs current law.
3. State Kirchoffs voltage law.
4. What do you mean by a node?
5. What do you mean by a junction?
6. What do you mean by a branch?

2. STUDY OF RLC SERIES CIRCUITS

(FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF SERIES RESONANCE CIRCUITS)
AIM:
To study the phenomenon of resonance in electrical circuits.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the
component
1.
Signal generator
2.
Inductor
3.
5.
4.

Resistor
Capacitor
Ammeter

Range

Quantity

400 mH,
300 mH
100
0.5 F
(0-10)mA

1
1
1
1
1
1

FORMULA:
1. RLC Series circuit,

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
RLC SERIES CIRCUIT

100

0.5 F

300 mH

VS

(0 -10) mA

MODEL GRAPH:
RLC SERIES CIRCUIT

I (mA)

f (Hz)

PROCEDURE:
1. The required circuit is constructed by using circuit components.
2. The frequency of the input sinusoidal signal is varied step by step and the
corresponding readings in ammeter are noted.
3. Graph is plotted between current and frequency.
4. From the graph, resonant frequency is determined and compared with that of
theoretical value.
OBSERVATION:
TABLE: RLC SERIES CIRCUIT

S.No.

Frequency (Hz)

Current(mA)

RESULT:
Thus the frequency response of RL, RC, and RLC circuits are studied.

3. (i) LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM
To conduct the load test and determine the performance (load) characteristics of DC
shunt motor
NAME PLATE DETAILS
Name plate Details
S.No

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.No
1.
2.
3.

Apparatus
Rheostat
Ammeter
Voltmeter

Type and Range

400 ohm/1.5A
(0-10)A, MC
(0-250)V,MC

Quantity
1
1
1

FUSE RATING CALCULATION

Fuse rating=120% of the rated current
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

THEORY
In a DC Shunt motor, the field winding is connected across the supply and hence is
almost constant. Hence the shunt motor has almost constant speed characteristics. Also Ta is
directly proportional to armature current. Hence, the torque Vs armature current ) Output)

characteristic will be a straight line. From the expression Eb= V-IaRa, It is evident that as load
increases, armature current increases, IaRa Drop increases thus reducing Eb.
Speed N = V-IaRa/K = Eb/K.
Where K is a constant. From the relation it is clear that as load increases, speed decreases.
Hence the speed characteristics will be drooping in nature.
The efficiency of a DC Shunt motor is given by the ratio of output to input . Output can
be calculated as 2 NT/60. Input is calculated as the product of input voltage and input current.
As load increases, efficiency increases and at a particular load, maximum efficiency is reached.
DC shunt motors are used is situation where the speed has to be maintained
approximately constant between no load and full load. It is also used in situation where a
variable load is to be driven at different speed but at each load, the speed is to be kept constant.
Since the power is wasted to do this test, it is suitable only for small capacity motors.
MODEL GRAPH

PRECAUTIONS

Keep the Field rheostat in the minimum resistance position before starting.
Keep the starter in OFF position.
Do not start the motor under loaded condition and release the load before stopping.
Pour water in brake drum to prevent it from overheating.
Make sure that all the meters connected are moving coil type.

PROCEDURE

Make the connection as shown in the circuit diagram.

Observing all the precautions, start the motor with the help of the three point starter.
With the help of field rheostat, adjust the speed of the motor circuit.
Apply the load gradually, in steps, till the motor draws 120% of the rated current from the
supply and at each step note the meter readings, speed and the spring balance
readings.
Release the load and bring back the motor filed rheostat to minimum position and
switch off the motor

OBSERVATION TABLE
Voltage Current Speed
in Volts in
in rpm
amps

Spring
balance
readings
S1

Torque
in Nm

Input

Output

Speed
regulation

S2

FORMULAE USED
Input= Input voltage X Input Current = VI Watts
Output = 2 NT/60 Watts
Torque = ( S1~ S2) X 9.81 X R N-m
Where S1 and S2 are spring balance readings in Kg
R is the radius of the brake drum in meter
% Efficiency= Output/ Input *100
% Speed Regulation = N no load - N full load / N no load
RESULT
The load test is conducted on DC shunt motor and its characteristic curves are drawn

3 (ii) LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTOR

AIM
To conduct the load test on the given dc series motor and draw the performance curves
NAME PLATE DETAILS
Name plate Details
S.No

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.No

Apparatus

1.
2.

Voltmeter
Ammeter

Type and
Range
(0-250)V
(0-10)A

Quantity
1
1

FUSE RATING CALCULATION

Fuse rating=120% of the rated current
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM(Note:Leave space for this circuit diagram on the left side of your
record)

THEORY
For a series motor the flux is proportional to armature current. The expression for speed
of a dc series motor is given as N = V-IaRa/k where k is a constant. If the input voltage is
constant, then speed is inversely proportional to armature current. Hence speed of the series
motor will be decreasing as load is increasing. If the series motor is allowed to run at light load
or at no load, its speed will become much higher than the normal speed, which may cause
damage to the motor. For this reason, series motors are never started on no load and not used
in applications where there Is a chance of the load being completely removed when the motor
remains connected to the supply.
The relation for torque is given as Ta = kIa or Ta = kIa2, since flux is directly
proportional to armature current. Hence,the torque Vs armature current (output) characteristics
will be in the form of a parabola with increase in armature current the flux also increases linearly
upto the saturation of the magnetic core. Beyond saturation, increase in flux with armature
current is negligible. Thus, beyond saturation, point torque also varies linearly with change in
armature current. Series motor has got very high starting torque and hence it is used in electric
trains, hoists, trolleys, etc.
As the load increases efficiency increases and at a particular load, maximum efficiency
is reached.
MODEL GRAPH

T,,N
%

T (Nm)
N (rpm)

Output(watts)
PROCEDURE

Make the connection as shown in the circuit diagram.

Observing all the precautions, start the motor with the help of the two point starter.
Note the initial readings of motor including the spring blance readings
Load the motor in steps till the motor draws rated current from the supply and in each
step note the meter readings, speed and spring balance readings.
Switch off the motor with load

Voltage Current Speed

(Volts) (amps) (rpm)

Spring balance
readings
S1
S2

Torque
Nm

Input
watts

Output
watts

Formula used:
Input = input voltage x Input current = VI (watts)
Output = 2NT/60 (watts)
Torque = (S1~S2)x9.81xR (Nm)
Where S1 and S2 ar spring balance readings in kg
R is the radius of the brake drum in meter
%Efficiency =( output/input ) x 100

Result:
Therefore, the load test was conducted and performance was determined

Speed
Regulation
%

4.

SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM
To control the speed of DC shunt motor by(1)armature control method(2)flux control
method.
NAME PLATE DETAILS
Name plate Details
S.No

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.No
1.

Apparatus
Rheostat

2.
3.

Ammeter
Voltmeter

Type and range

800 ohm/0.8A
500 ohm/4.5A
(0-2)A,MC
(0-250)V, MC

Quantity
1
1
1
1

FUSE RATING CALCULATION

120 % of the rated current
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PRECAUTIONS
Before closing the field rheostat is to be kept in minimum resistance position and
armature circuit series rheostat has to be kept in maximum resistance position.
All meters are to be checked before giving connections.
THEORY

The speed of DC shunt motor is given by relation N=Eb/, where N is the speed of
motor, Eb is the back emf and is the flux per pole. So speed can be controlled by including
series resistance in the armature circuit and also by including resistance in the field circuit. The
different types of speed control of shunt motors are
1.Variation of flux or flux control method
It is seen above that N` 1/.By decreasing the flux, the speed can be increased and
vice versa. Hence, the name flux or field control method. The flux of a dc motor can be changed
by changing Ish with the help of a shunt field rheostat. Since Ish is relatively small, shunt field
rheostat has to carry a small current, which means IR loss is small, so that rheostat is small in
size. This method is very efficient in interpolar machines, the speed can be increased by this
method in the ration of 2:1.Any further weakening of flux, adversely affects the commutation and
hence puts a limit to the maximum speed obtainable from this method.
2. Armature or Rhoestatic control method:
This method is used when speeds below the no load speeds are required. As the supply
voltage is normally constant, the voltage across the armature is varied by inserting a variable
rheostat or resistance in series with the armature circuit. As the controller resistance is
increased, p.d across the armature is decreased thereby decreasing the armature speed. For a
load of constant torque, speed is approximately proportional to the p.d across the armature
PROCEDURE
Armature conrol method:
Connections are given as per the circuit diagram
After connections are checked keeping the R 1 in minimum position R2 in maximum
position supply switch is closed.
Motor is started with the help of three point starter
Adjust R1 such that the ammeter reads some value
Now vary R2 and note down the reading of V, N and tabulate it.
Flux control method:
Bring back R1, R2 to their original position.
Adjust R2 such that the voltmeter reads some value
Vary R1 and note the values of IF, N at each step, the voltmeter reading must be
maintained constant.
A graph of N VS IF is drawn by taking N on y axis and IF on x axis.
TABULATION
Armature control method:
s.no
If
V(volts)

N(rpm)

Flux control method:

s.no
V
If (amps)

If

N(rpm)

V(volts)

V
If (amps)

N(rpm)

N(rpm)

MODEL GRAPH

RESULT
Thus the speed control of DC shunt motor is controlled by(1)armature control method(2)flux
control method.

5. LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:
To conduct the load test on the given three phase induction motor and to draw the
performance curves
NAME PLATE DETAILS
Name plate Details
S.No

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.No
4.
5.
6.
7.

Apparatus
Three phase
autotransformer
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter

Type and range

Quantity
1

(0-5)A, MI
(0-500)V, MI
500V, 5A

1
1
2

FUSE RATING CALCULATION

Fuse Rating = 120% of rated current
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

THEORY
Three phase induction motor is the most popular type of AC motor which runs essentially at
constant speed from no load to full load. It is very commonly used for industrial drives since
it is cheap, robust, efficient and reliable. It has good speed regulation, high starting torque
and requires maintenance. It has a reasonable overload capacity.
The main parts of induction motor are stator and rotor. The stator carries three phase
winding and it is placed in the slots for defnite number of poles. When the stator is supplied
with three phase supply, a revolving flux of constant magnitude but rotating with
synchronous epdd given by Ns = 120f/P is obtained. This flux sweeps through the air gap
between the stator and the rotor and induces an emf in the rotor by mutual induction. This
emf induces a current in the rotor circuit which opposes the main field and thus the rotor
rotates. The rotor may be of squirrel cage or wound type.
The difference between synchronous speed of stator flux and the actual rotor speed is
called slip.
The characteristics of induction motor can be studied by conducting load test on the given
motor. From the figure, it is evident that torque increases linearly and power factor also
increases with load. The speed slightly decreases and slip correspondingly increases with
the load.
FORMULAE USED
Input power to the motor = W 1+W 2(watts)
Where W 1, W 2 are wattmeter readings
Power factor cos = input power/ 3 (V 1*I1)
Where V1 = Line voltage in volts
I1 = Line current in amps
Torque T = (S1~S2)*r*9.81 Nm
Where S1,S2 = spring balance readings (Kg)
R = Radius of the loading drum (m)
Output power = 2NT/60 watts
Where N = Speed of the motor (rpm)
T = Torque (Nm)
Efficiency , = Output power/Input Power *100
% slip = (Ns N)/Ns * 100%
Where Ns = Synchronous speed (rpm)
PRECAUTIONS
1. Ensure that TPST switch is kept in OFF position
2. Before starting, the motor should be on no load
3. Make sure that all the meters connected are moving iron type

PROCEDURE
1.
Make the connection as shown in figure
2.
Observing all the precautions, switch ON the supply and start the motor
using a star delta starter
3.
Note down the no load readings
4.
at no load, one of the wattmeter will show negative deflection
5.
Stop the motor and interchange the connections of the terminals M and L.
Again start the motor following the above procedure
6.
Take the wattmeter reading as negative for which the connections are
reversed
7.
Gradually increase the load in steps and observe the meter readings,
speed and spring balance reading, till the current reaches 120% of its rated value
8.
Release all load from the motor and switch off the power supply
9.
Tabulate the reading and determine the performance in both the cases

MODEL GRAPH

QUESTIONS (Note: No need to write these questions in record)

1. Why one of the wattmeter shows negative reading at no load?
2. What are the various losses occurring in the induction motor?
3. What is the nature of power factor curve with load current?
4. what are the different types of starting methods of three phase
induction motor?
5. Which types of speed control has the advantage of improving the
starting torque?
6. What happens to motor if one of the phases goes off suddenly?
7. What is meant by slip in an induction motor? Why just slip be
present for motor action?
8. Why does the rotor of an induction motor turn slower than the
revolving field?
9. What is the difference between cage and wound rotor?
10. If we double the number of poles on the stator of induction motor,
will its synchronous speed also double?
11. What is the normal value of slip of induction motor at full load?
12. How will you change the direction of rotation of induction motor?

RESULT
Thus the load test on three phase induction motor was conducted and the
characteristics curves were drawn.

6. TRANSFER FUNCTION OF SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR

Aim:
To obtain the transfer function of separately excited DC generator
Name plate Details
S.No

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Apparatus Required:
S.No
1.
2.

Apparatus
Rheostat
Ammeter

3.

Voltmeter

Type & Range

300/1.2A
(0-2A)MC
(0-2A)MI
(0-300V)MC
(0-30V)MI

Quantity
1
1
1
1
1

TO FIND LF AND RF

PRECAUTIONS
1. Motor field rheostat, should be in minimum position.
2. Generator field rheostat should be kept in maximum position
PROCEDURE
To find Kg
1. Give the connection as per the circuit diagram
2. To perform the OC test bring motor to rated speed
3. Vary the potential using the potential divider and note the field current and generated
emf
4. Using the formula obtain the value of Kg

To find Rf
1. Give the connection as per the circuit diagram
2. The dc supply is given
3. Using potential divider assembly vary voltage across the coil and note down the
corresponding values of current
4. Using ohms law find the value of resistance of the coil
To find Lf
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram
2. Vary the potential divider and note down the corresponding values of current
3. The ratio of voltage to current gives the impedance of circuit
4. From the value of Zs and Rf, Xf is calculated
5. From the value of Lf, Xf is calculated
TABULATION
To find Kg
S.No

If(A)

Eg(V)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
To find Rf
S.No

Vf(Volts)

If(Amps)

Rf = Vf/If

To find Zf
S.No

V(Volts)

I(mA)

Zf = (V/I)

FORMULAE
Transfer function of a separately excited DC generator
Kg/Rf
Ls
1+s
Rf

Where Kg = Eg
(from OCC)
If
Rf = field resistance in
Lf = field inductance in H
Vf
Rf =
If
Zf = V

I
Xf = Zf2 Rf2
Lf =

Xf

2f

RESULT
Thus the transfer function of a separately excited DC generator is determined