MODERNISM

 Modern art includes artistic work produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the
1970s, and denotes the styles and philosophies of the art produced during that era.
 The term is usually associated with art in which the traditions of the past have been thrown aside in a
spirit of experimentation.
 Modernism is art period based on a belief in progress and idealism. It assumed principles could be used
to explain reality. Modernist artists focus on techniques and processes instead of a limited group of
subjects.
 Modern art was about the people, places and ideas that the artists had direct contact with.
 Many artists in this period made used of concepts, materials or techniques that were never associated
with arts before. As a result, many people associate modern art with what is radical, innovative and
shocking.
 Unlike previous art periods which had mostly unifying characteristics, this art period includes many
diverse art movements such as:
 Impressionism  Fauvism
 Post – Impressionism  Cubism
 Symbolism  Dadaism
 Art Nouveau  Surrealism
 Expressionism  Abstract Expressionism

IMPRESSIONISM
 Impressionism was an art movement which started in France in the 19 th century. The term was derived
from the title of Claude Monet’s painting Impression, soleil levant (Impression, Sunrise)
 The impressionist style of painting is characterized chiefly by concentration on the general impression
produced by a scene or object and the use of unmixed primary colors and small strokes to simulate
actual reflected light.
‫ﻩ‬ Impressionism used small and thin brushstrokes that are visible. It gave more emphasis on color
rather than lines, that quickly capture a subject’s essence rather than details. Colors are often
applied side-by-side with as little mixing as possible.
‫ﻩ‬ Painting surface is typically opaque and the play of natural light is emphasized.
 The most conspicuous characteristic of Impressionism
was an attempt to accurately and objectively record visual
reality in terms of transient effects of light and color.
 Artist observed reality by painting en plein air (open air)
and used their own personal vision to interpret reality.
 The impressionist captured ordinary subjects, engaged in
day to day activities in both rural and urban settings.
‫ﻩ‬ Scenes from the bourgeois care-free lifestyle, as
well as from the world of entertainment, such as
cafes, dance halls and theaters were among their
favorite subjects.
 Thematically, Impressionists works are focused on
capturing the movements of life, or quick moments

Impression, Sunrise by Claude Monet

 captured as if by snapshot. The representation of light and its changing qualities were of the utmost
importance.
KEY POINT: Impressionism is an art movement and style of painting that focuses on capturing the feeling or
experience of an ordinary subject on the spot. The art included bold colors to depict light, visible brush
strokes and when viewed up close, an out-of-focus appearance.

Impressionist Sculpture
 Modernist artists were concerned with the representation of
contemporary issues as opposed to grand historical and allegorical
themes previously favored in art.
 Painters turned towards impressionism and so did sculptors. Instead
of focusing on perfect anatomy, details and storytelling, they paid
more attention to personal expression, stylization and interest in
surface texture.
 One of the most famous sculptors of the early 20 th century is
Auguste Rodin.
 It was the freedom and creativity with which Rodin used these
practices, along with his more open attitude toward bodily pose,
sensual subject matter and non-realistic surface, that marked the re-
Thinker by Auguste Rodin making of traditional 19th century sculptural techniques into the
proto-type for modern sculpture.

POST - IMPRESSIONISM
 Art movement that emerged in France, which is a result of both the influence and rejection of
Impressionism. It is sometimes called Neo-Impressionism. This movement was led by Paul Cezanne
(known as the father of Post-Impressionism), Paul Gauguin, Vincent Van Gogh and George Seurat.
‫ﻩ‬ Post-impressionist extended Impressionism while rejecting its limitations: they continued using vivid
colors, often thick application of paint, and real-life subject matter, but were more inclined to
emphasize geometric forms, distort form for expressive effects and use unnatural or arbitrary color.
 Post-impressionist painters explored different directions and approaches to painting without concern
about the appearance of their subjects.
 It is characterized by a subjective approach to painting, as artist opted to evoke emotion rather than
realism in their work.
 Paintings completed in this period share some similar qualities like symbolic motifs, unnatural color and
painterly brushstrokes.
 Defining characteristics:
‫ﻩ‬ EMOTIONAL SYMBOLISM
 Post-impressionist believed that a work of art should not revolve around style, process or
aesthetic approach, instead, it should place emphasis on symbolism, communicating
messages from the artist’s own subconscious.
 Rather than employ subject matter as a visual tool, Post-impressionist perceived it as a
way to convey feelings.
‫ﻩ‬ EVOCATIVE COLOR
 employed an artificial color palette as a way to portray their emotion-drive perceptions of
the world
 saturated hues, multicolored shadows and rich ranges of color
‫ﻩ‬ DISTINCTIVE BRUSHSTROKES
 Post-impressionist pieces feature discernible, broad brushstrokes
  In addition to adding texture and a sense of depth to a work of art, these marks point to a
painterly quality of the piece, making it clear that it is not intended to be realistic
representation of its subject.
 Post-impressionist artists were not unified by a single aesthetic approach. Rather, what brought them
together was a shared interest in openly exploring the mind of the artist.
 Two groups of Post-impressionists
1. Had a systematic approach to composition, brushwork and color. Artworks focus more on form
and structure. Artists included Georges Seurat and Paul Cezanne
2. Had more texture in their brushwork and coordinated line and color with symbolism and
emotion. Artists included Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin
 Most of the works of the said painters became the framework of the contemporary technique and trends
during the 20th century.
‫ﻩ‬ Georges Seurat started Pointillism (used small, distinct dots to form an image)
‫ﻩ‬ Paul Cezanne started Abstraction, most significant was his collapsing of space
‫ﻩ‬ Vincent van Gogh started Expressionism (personal expression through art with use of rugged
brushstrokes and dark tones)
‫ﻩ‬ Paul Gauguin who is known with his use of intensified color is known for Symbolism

A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Starry Night by Vincent Van Gogh
Jatte by Georges Seurat

Still life with Basket of Apples by Paul Cezanne Vision After the Sermon by Paul Gauguin
SYMBOLISM
 As opposed to Impressionism, in which the emphasis was on reality of the
created paint surface itself, Symbolism was both an artistic and literary
movement that suggested ideas through symbols and emphasized the
meaning behind the forms, lines, shapes and colors.
 The works of some of its proponents exemplify the ending of the tradition
of representational art coming from the Classical times.
 What unites the various artists and styles associated with Symbolism is
the emphasis on emotions, feelings, ideas and subjectivity rather than
realism. Their works are personal and express their own ideologies,
particularly the belief in the artist’s power to reveal the truth.
 In terms of specific subject matter, the
Symbolists combined religious mysticism,
the perverse, the erotic and the decadent.
Symbolist subject matter is typically
characterized by an interest in the occult,
the morbid, the dream world, melancholy,
evil and death. Fantasy by Pierre Puvis
 Most symbolist painted in wide strokes of de Chavannes
unmodulated color creating flat, abstract figures and forms. The
technique was popularized by Puvis de Chavannes, who used highly
simplified forms to express abstract ideas articulately.
 German Philosopher von Schelling and Sigmund Freud raised the
interest in the subconscious that greatly influenced the movement.
Inspired by psychoanalysis, Symbolist often portrayed the subjects’ inner
life. In the artwork Oedipus and the Sphinx, for example, the subjects’
mutual gaze serves as the symbol of introspection, the necessity to look
inside oneself.
KEY POINT: Symbolism was an art movement where artists focused on
subjectively and individualistically representing ideas and emotions (not the
natural world) in their art. The artwork varied widely in how it appeared, but
the content was typically mystical, passionate, erotic, fear-based or morbid.

Oedipus and the Sphinx by

Gustave Moreau

ART NOUVEAU
 It is an art movement influenced by Japanese art and Arts and Craft. It was very ornate and frequently
featured exotic plants. It was called Tiffany style in the US.
 Art Nouveau which translates to “New Art”, attempted to create an entirely authentic art.
 This movement was heavily influenced applied arts, graphics and illustration
 Characteristics:
‫ ﻩ‬moved away from imitations of real subjects and moved towards flowing and twisting lines of nature
‫ ﻩ‬elaborate ornamental style based on asymmetrical lines, frequently depicting flowers, leaves or in
the flowing hair of a female
‫ ﻩ‬use of curved lines, organic motifs (flowers, plants)
‫ ﻩ‬use of female image mainly in a sensual position
‫ ﻩ‬contrast between the decoration and the decorated item

 Art Nouveau was a short-lived movement whose brief incandescence was a precursor of modernism,
which emphasized function over form and the elimination of superfluous ornament.
 Art Nouveau Painting
Art Nouveau Sculpture
 In contrast to both
academicism and  It took the female figure in different attitudes as a
impressionism, central topic
these painters
changed the daily
themes for
symbolic and
conceptual
contents, between
which the woman
stands out, with
an erotic
Princess Hiacinth, Alphonse treatment that
comes up to the
Mucha Exterminating Angel
perversion.
by Josep Llimona
The Goddess by Clara

Art Nouveau Architecture

 Art Nouveau
architecture is a
bourgeois and
very expensive
art which tries to
integrate all the
arts and crafts
in architecture.
It is an
essentially
decorative
current.
 This movement
used iron and
crystal in
architecture, but
also forge and mostly curved elements.
 Features of structures are asymmetrical shapes, extensive use of arches and curved forms, curved glass,
curving plant-like embellishments, mosaics, stained glass and
Japanese motifs.
 The Art Nouveau’s characteristics are organic forms, geometric architecture, nature elements, the use of
exotic elements. It starts with some refinements of baroque,
but it acquired great rich structure of forms and curved lines.
 The most important centers of this style were Brussels, Paris and Barcelona.

Casa Battlo, Barcelona

EXPRESSIONSIM
 Expressionism was an art movement centered in Germany where the artist distorts reality in order to
express emotion. They were inspired by Post-Impressionist and Symbolist painters.
  Expressionist art sought to draw from within the artist, using distortion of form and strong colors to
display anxieties and raw emotions.
 Expressionist art tried to convey emotion and meaning rather than reality. Each artist had their own
unique way of ‘expressing’ their emotions in their art. In order to express emotion, the subjects are often
distorted or exaggerated. At the same time, colors are often vivid and shocking.
 Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective. It is a style of art in which the
intention is not to reproduce a subject accurately but instead to portray it in such a way as to express
the inner state of the artist. Color and line were used to express the artist inner feelings
 Employed swirling, swaying and exaggeratedly executed brushstrokes in the depiction of their subjects.

The Scream by Edvard Munch. This painting shows a man

standing on a bridge. His hands are on his face and he is
screaming. The sky behind him is red and swirling. The picture
expresses the emotion of a person alone in their anguish and
anxiety

Lady in a Green Jacket by August Macke. This painting,

a lady is standing in the foreground wearing a dark green
jacket. She is looking sort of down and to the side. there are
two couples in the background walking away from her. You
get the feeling that maybe she is lonely or has lost someone
recently. One of the ladies in the background has turned to
look back at her, perhaps feeling sorry for her.

Expressionist Architecture
Expression
ist
architecture
is one of the
three
dominant
styles of
modern
architecture.
Characteri
stics:
- distortion of form for an emotional effect
Amsterdam School
- subordination of realism to symbolic or
stylistic expression of inner experience
 - an underlying effort at achieving the new,
original and visionary
- uses creative potential of artisan
craftmanship
- often hybrid solutions, irreducible to a
Einstein Tower in Potsdam
– one of the first single concept
expressionist building. The  Brick expressionism is a special variant of expressionist architecture in
building was built in brick western and northern Germany and in Netherlands.
and covered with concrete

FAUVISM
 Fauvism was an art movement named Les fauves, which in French means “the wild beast”, because of
their extremely distorted figures and unnaturally vivid colors. The fauvists were very interested in
scientific color theory and the context of color. Their art was sometimes abstract.
 They used bright colors, strong lines and patterns which seemed to burst from their canvas and the
unusual color combinations created a kind of joyous feeling to the viewers.
 Fauvism was a joyful style of painting that delighted in using outrageously bold colors. Fauves believed
that color should be used at its highest pitch to express the artist’s feelings about a subject, rather than
simply to describe what it looks like.
 The movement was short-lived but it had a significant impact on the art movements which followed,
particular in relation to the use of abstraction and color.
 Fauvism hardly developed in the area of sculpture and architecture because it was based mainly on
painting.
 Defining characteristics and ideas of fauvism:
‫ﻩ‬ Focus on individual expression. Instead of painting the world how it really is, the Fauves painted
the world as they experienced it.
‫ﻩ‬ Use of color as a form of expression. Fauves used color more so as form of their own personal
expression, rather than as a rendering tool. They rarely painted true colors. Color could project a
mood and establish structure within the work of art without having to be true to the natural world.
‫ﻩ‬ Abstraction and simplified forms. Fauves were among the first artists to place a strong focus on
abstraction and simplified forms. They seemed to have no interest in carefully entering depth and
form on the canvas.
‫ﻩ‬ Vivid colors and energetic brushstrokes. The Fauves often used vivid, unrealistic colors applied
thickly to the canvas, sometimes straight from a tub or tube.
 As seen in many works of fauves, the separation of color from its descriptive, representational purpose
was one of the core elements that shaped this movement.

Woman with a Hat by Henri Matisse Charing Cross Bridge by Andre Derain
CUBISM
 Cubism was invented around 1907 in Paris by Pablo Picasso and George Braque. It was the first
abstract style of modern art. It is called Cubism because the items represented in the artworks look like
they are made out of cubes and other geometrical shapes.
 It is a style of art which ignores the traditions of perspective drawing and aims to show all of the possible
viewpoints of a person or an object all at once.
 In cubism, the subject matter is broken up, analyzed and reassembled in an abstracted form. Cubist
treat nature in terms of the cylinder, sphere and the cone. Subjects in Cubist paintings are often hard to
recognize.
 The Cubist believed that the traditions of Western art had become exhausted and to revitalize their
work, they drew on the expressive energy of art from other cultures, particularly African art.
 One of the things that cubism rejected was the existing and prevailing notion that art should imitate
nature. Cubists emphasized that they are not in any way obliged to copy texture, form, color and space.
they presented a new depiction of reality that may appear fragmented objects for viewers.
 The Cubist introduced collage into painting.
 Types of Cubism:
Analytical Cubism (1908 – 1912). Analytical cubist painted and
drew in monochrome so that the person who was looking at the
painting did not pay attention to color, but only to the shapes and the
forms that were being shown. The fractured forms often overlap with
one another, displaying the subject from multiple perspective at once.

Violin and Candlestick by Braque

Synthetic Cubism (1912 – 1914). Started in 1912 when Picasso
started painting with colors and used collages. Picasso invented
collage because he was tired of the way he was making his art, and
wanted to try out something new. Artist would use colored paper,
newspaper and other materials to represent the different blocks of the
subject. This stage also introduced brighter colors and a lighter mood
Three Musicians by Picasso to the art.

Cubist Sculpture
 Picasso also applied the
principles of analytic cubism
to his sculpting practice,
culminating in a collection of
busts and figures that
emphasize the phase’s
experimental approach to
perspective.
  The first true cubist sculpture was
Picasso’s impressive Woman’s Head
modeled in 1909 with positive features
depicted by negative spaces and vice
versa.
 Picasso also applied the principles of
analytical cubism to his sculpting
Pablo Picasso’s Head of a Woman practice, culminating in a
collection of
busts and figures that emphasize the phase’s experimental approach to
perspective.
 Picasso was really influential in the beginning of the 20 th century because
of his mixed media sculptures. He used cardboard, bike seats, plywood,
tree branches – pretty much anything he could get his hands on – to make Maquette for Guitar by
sculptures unlike anything anyone had ever seen before.

Cubist Sculpture

 Cubism is
all about
straight
lines,
geometric
volumes
and
abstract
shapes.
However, Cubist architects did not use these elements for any practical
purpose rather they used them for decoration.
 Prague is the best place in the world to see cubist structures.
The Legion Bank

DADAISM
 Dada was an art movement where artist focused on making satirical or unpleasant art in an effort to
shock the complacent middle class into asking themselves hard questions about materialism, war and
society. It was largely in reaction to the horrors of WW1 and was associated with anti-capitalism and the
far left.
 The important thing to the Dadaist is not the work itself but the statement they are making (the shock
and the confusion they could produce).
 Its works were characterized by a deliberate irrationality and the rejection
of the prevailing standards of art.
‫ ﻩ‬It attacked established values in art.
‫ ﻩ‬It declared absurdity of all conventions and destroyed the notion of
art itself.
 Characteristics:
 nonsensical drawings
 pastel and faded colors
 used collages and layers to confuse the “unworthy beholder”
 subjects sometimes mundane, called art as irony
  Dadaism paintings run from works of collage, to technical diagrams, to propaganda, to works of pure
abstraction.
The Simpsons’ “The Scream”
 Dadaism got their point across through art without using violence.

LHOOQ is an example of Dada irreverence towards traditional art. He

transformed a cheap postcard of the Monalisa painting, which had only recently been
returned to the Louvre after it was stolen in 1911. While it was already well known, the
publicity from the theft ensured that it became one of the most revered and famous work
of art. on the postcard, Duchamp drew a mustache and a goatee onto Monalisa face and
labeled LHOOQ in French (She has a hot ass). Duchamp managed to offend everyone
while also posing questions that challenged artistic values, artistic creativity and the
overall canon. Taking a painting that had meaning and degrading it with humor.
Portraying how the world has mocked themselves.
L. H. O. O. Q.

Dadaist Sculpture
 Characteristics:
 use of unartistic materials usually “ready-made” and unpainterly
strong colors
 they colored their creation
 aimed at creating a work of art as a harmonious whole,

Duchamp’s Fountain raised

countless important questions
about what makes art and is
considered a major landmark in
the 20th century art.
assemblages and relieves of outstanding beauty were constantly
produced in spite of their intention to shock

Duchamp’s Bicycle Wheel - the first of

SURREALISM
Duchamp’s readymade objects. Readymade were
 Surrealism was an art movement that grew out of the individual objects that Duchamp repositioned or
Dada movement where artist, influenced by Sigmund signed and called art. It portrays something that
Freud and Karl Marx, aimed to channel their once has a use but now it is unusable and no
unconscious mind to reveal pure imagination without longer have a purpose portraying what soldiers
the restraints of reason, morals or aesthetics. must feel like after returning from war with
 Art from this movement is often strange and illogical missing limbs and their outlook on the future
but includes precisely painted everyday objects. tarnished.
 Surrealist placed realistic objects in unrealistic situation in order to confuse the viewer’s sense of reality.
 Characterized by the expression of the activities of the unconscious mind and dream elements.
 The Elephant Celebes by Max Ernest The Persistence of Memory by Salvador Deli

Surrealist Sculpture
 Two major veins of work defined surrealist
sculpture that gives two-sided insight into the way
the imagination works when attempting to
materialize the pure unconscious.
‫ ﻩ‬the biomorph – we find abstracted shapes
and forms created through organic,
emotional association
‫ ﻩ‬the objet trouve – we find compositions of
random items chosen intuitively without
strategy or predetermination

Salvador Deli Sculptures

ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM
 Abstract expressionism is an art movement where artist adopted the Surrealist idea that art should
come from the unconscious mind.
 Abstract expressionism has an image of being rebellious, anarchic, highly idiosyncratic and nihilistic. In
practice, the term is applied to any number of artists working in New York who had quite different styles,
and even to work that is neither especially abstract nor expressionist. Although it is true that spontaneity
or the impression of spontaneity characterized many of the abstract expressionist works, most of these
paintings involved careful planning, especially since their large size demanded it.
 Abstract expressionist paintings share certain characteristics, including the use of large canvases and
an over-all approach, in which the whole canvas is treated with equal importance as opposed to the
center being of more interest than the edges.
 The movement is marked by its use of brushstrokes and texture, canvases conveying powerful
emotions through the act of painting itself.
 The art and artist from this movement fit into two categories
‫ﻩ‬ The Action Painting

Action Painting is created by Jackson Pollock, it is

a style of abstract expressionism in which paint is
spontaneously dribbled, splashed or smeared onto
 the canvas, rather than being carefully applied. It places the emphasis on the act of painting
rather than the final work as an artistic object

Jackson Pollock “Autumn Rhythm”

‫ﻩ‬ The Color Field Painting

 can be recognized by its large fields of flat, solid color
spread across or stained into the canvas to create areas
of unbroken surface and a flat picture plane
 the movement places less emphasis on gesture,
brushstrokes and action in favor of an overall
consistency of form and process, with color itself
becoming the subject matter
 revolutionized the way paint could be effectively applied,
through their use of acrylic paint and techniques
such as staining and spraying. The Liver is the Cock’s Comb by Arshile Gorky
 With the rise of Abstract Expressionism, New York became the art center of the world, where it had
been Paris, France in years past.

Abstract Expressionist Sculpture

 Abstract expressionist sculpture was greatly influenced by

surrealism and its emphasis on spontaneous or
subconscious creation.
 Abstract expressionist sculpture, like painting from the
movement, was more interested in process than product,
which can make it difficult to visually distinguish works by
aesthetics alone, so it is important to take into account what
the artist has to say about their process.
 The sculptures of David Smith, for example, sought to
express two-dimensional subjects that had never before
been shown in three dimensions. His work blurred the
distinctions between sculpture and painting, generally
making use
David Smith’s Ancient Household. Smith was of delicate
an important abstract expressionism sculptor tracery
rather than solid form, with a two-dimensional appearance
that contradicted the traditional idea of sculpture in the
round.

POST – MODERNISM
Post-modernism is an art period or movement that is a reaction to the utopian ideals of progress,
clarity and simplicity from the Modern Period. It is characterized by cynicism and rejection of the idea of
universal truth and objective reality. Embracing contradictory layers of meaning, artists believe an individual’s
experience is truer than an abstract idea. The art from the period usually has anti-authoritarian, rebellious
themes and is full of irony as it aims to break down classes or undermine authenticity. This movement
encompasses several other movements including:
POP ART
 Art movement that emerged in the 1950’s and flourished in the 1960’s
in America and Britain, drawing inspiration from sources in popular
and commercial culture.
 It was the visual art movement that characterized a sense of optimism
during the post war consumer boom. It coincided with the
globalization of Pop Music and youth culture.
 Pop art was brash, young and fun and hostile to the artistic
establishment.

Marilyn Diptych

 Pop art included different styles of painting and sculpture but all had
a common interest in mass media, mass production and mass
culture.
 Pop art was strongly influence by the ideas of the Dada movement.
 In addition to the unique iconography itself, the artist treatment of the
subject matter helps to define the genre. Renowned for its bold
imagery, bright color palette and repetitive approach inspired by
mass production, the movement is celebrated for its unique and
recognizable style.
 Andy Warhol – American artist who was the leading figure of the
Pop Art movement. He thinks that every painting should be the same
size and the same color so they are all interchangeable and nobody
Campbell’s Soup Cans thinks they have a better or worse painting.

Pop Art Sculpture

 Claes Oldenburg is the greatest sculptor of the Pop Art movement, creating many large-scale public
works
 Reproduction of a familiar or mundane object is displayed in such an increased size that the subject
matter becomes abstracted, its original function simultaneously altered and highlighted.
 Giant Three-Way Plug

Spoonbridge and Cherry Shuttlecock

OP ART
 Heightened by advances in science and technology as well as an interest in optical effects and illusions, the
Op art (Optical art) movement launched with Le Mouvement, a
group exhibition at Galerie Denise Rene in 1955.
 Artist active in this style used shapes, colors and patterns to create images that appeared to be moving or
blurring, often produced in black and white for maximum
contrast. These abstract patterns were meant to both confuse
and excite the eye.
 Op art is a method of painting concerning the interaction between illusion and picture plane, between
understanding and seeing. When the viewer looks at them,
the impression is given of movement, hidden images, flashing
and vibration, patterns or alternatively of swelling or warping.

Op Art Sculpture
Sign Sculpture, porcelain sculpture by Victor
Vasarely, outside Pauline Church in Pecs,
Hungary

Op Art Architecture
Junto ao Salvador Shopping by Architect
Fernando Peixoto
CONCEPTUALISM
 In conceptual art, the idea or concept is the most important aspect of
the work. When an artist uses a conceptual form of art, it means that all
of the planning and decisions are made beforehand and the execution
is a perfunctory affair. The idea becomes a machine that makes the art.
 Conceptual artists recognize that all art is essentially conceptual. In
order to emphasize this, many Conceptual artists reduced the material
presence of the work to an absolute minimum – a tendency that some
have referred to as the “dematerialization” of art
 It is an art form that tends to give more importance to the idea or
meaning being expressed by a masterpiece rather than focusing on the
product itself.
One and Three Chairs

PHOTOREALISM
 Photorealism was an American art movement in which artist attempted
to recreate the image in a photo using a different artistic medium such
as drawing, pastels, painting, charcoal, etc.
 It is a genre of art that encompasses painting, drawing and other
graphic media, in which an artist studies a photograph and then
attempts to reproduce the image as realistically as possible in another
medium.
 The primary goal of a photorealist was to capture the essence of the
photo on canvas. To do so, the artist would develop the photo, transfer
it to a canvas, and bring it back to life using a different medium.
 Two of the known photorealist artists are Chuck Close and Gerhard
Richter.
Self portrait of Chuck Close

Photorealistic Sculpture

Jamie Salmon’s Photorealistic Sculptures Ron Muecks’ Mask II

INSTALLATION ART
 It is a kind of an immersive work where the environment or the
space in which the viewer steps into or interacts with is
transformed or altered.
 Usually large-scale, installation art makes use of a host of
objects, materials, conditions and even light and aural
 components. These works may also be considered site-specific and may be temporary or ephemeral in
nature.
 It is a genre that refers

Colorful Canopies of Umbrellas at

Agueda, Portugal
to temporary
constructions or
assemblages made of
varied materials that are
structured within a
space.
 Characteristics:
‫ﻩ‬ Immersive – providing visitors with a multi-sensory experience
‫ﻩ‬ Site-specific – piece of art was built for that particular time and
space
‫ﻩ‬ Imaginative – highly imaginative in that it brings several
different materials together to create something original and
Infinity Mirrored Room unexpected
DIGITAL ART
 The term ‘digital art’ was first used in the 1980’s in connection to an early computer painting program.
Digital art is a sort of merger between art and technology. It is a term applied to contemporary art that
uses the methods of mass production or digital media. It is any piece of an art that becomes digital in its
final version.
 It is a general term for a range of artistic works and practices that use digital technology as an essential
part of the creative or presentation process.
 It has been argued that digital art is not a real art because traditionally speaking, art refers to painting,
carving, drawing, sculpture or anything that has been physically produced by the hands of an artist. But
digital art is now widely accepted as a real art because it involves creativity and the knowledge of art
and principles.

Digital Art Digital Painting Vector Drawing

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References:
 Ariola, Mariano M. (2014). Introduction to Art Appreciation. A Textbook in Humanities. 2 nd Edition.
Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
 Cabasaan, William Jr. J. (2015). Humanities: Philosophy and History of Art. 2 nd Edition. Malabon City:
Jimczyville Publications.
 Caslib, Bernardo Nicolas Jr., et al. (2018). Art Appreciation. Quezon City: Rex Printing Company, Inc.
  Menoy, Jesus Z. (2014). Introduction to Humanities: A Holistic Approach. Mandaluyong City: Books
Atbp. Publishing Corp
 Regadio, Crisanto Q. Jr and Josielyn M. Mendoza. (2013). Art Appreciation: Introductory Reading on
Humanities Focus on Philippine Art Scene. Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp
 https://www.usls.instructure.com
 https://invaluable.com/blog/art-history-timeline/
 https://www.identifythisart.com/timeline-of-art-history/
 https://www.artyfactory.com/art_appreciation/timelines/art_history_timelines
 https://www.britannica.com/art/-history
 https://study.com/academy/topic/history-of-visual-art
 https://www.visual-arts-cork.com
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STUDENT ACTIVITY

Name: ______________________________________ Date: __________________

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ACTIVITY 1. Draw any structure that best represents your architectural preference.

ACTIVITY 2. Create your own art movement and describe its main tenets. Give it a name. Your movement
must answer these questions:
 What does this movement attempt to do?
 What are the concerns or questions will it attempt to answer?
 Imagine what kind of materials/media and techniques will be used to create and realize the
concepts behind artists’ works.

ACTIVITY 3.