Transformation of stresses at a point

The formulas for stress developed so far in this text gives only
stresses on certain cutting planes through points in a body.

16
 Transformation of stresses (Cont . . . )
However, these stresses at a point in a body are different on
different cutting planes, and significantly larger stresses may act
on some cutting planes than on others.

In this section it will be discussed that by changing the

orientation of an element, as defined by the angle θ for the
element, in the figure above, it is possible to describe the state
of a stress in infinitesimal ways, which are all equivalent.

17
 Transformation of stresses (Cont . . . )
Equations relating the stress components in different coordinates or,
equivalently, on different cutting plane through a point are called
stress-transformation equations.

The stress-transformation equations can be obtained from the

condition of equilibrium of an infinitesimal sized element shown in
the figure below.

In writing the equilibrium equations, we obtain the forces on the

element from the product of each stresses with the area of the face
on which it acts.
18
Transformation of stresses (Cont . . . )

If the element is isolated

from a body that is in
equilibrium, the element
itself also is in equilibrium.
The element is assumed to
have unit thickness, and
the area of the inclined
face is denoted by dA.

Stresses at a point are not vector quantities. Even if they have magnitude
and sense, they are also associated with the unit area over which they act.
19
Transformation of stresses (Cont . . . )
In the process of relating stress components, we make use of
trigonometric identities:

2
1
sin θ = ∗ 1 + cos 2θ
2

2
1
cos θ = ∗ 1 − cos 2 θ
2
1
sin θ ∗ cos θ = ∗ sin 2 θ
2

20
Transformation of stresses (Cont . . . )

[∑ 𝐹𝑥 ′ = 0]
0 = σ 𝑥 ′ 𝑑𝑑 − σ𝑥 ∗ 𝑑𝑑 cos θ cos θ − τ 𝑥𝑥 ∗ 𝑑𝑑 cos θ sin θ − σ𝑦
∗ 𝑑𝑑 sin θ sin θ − τ 𝑥𝑥 ∗ 𝑑𝑑 sin θ cos θ
=> σ𝑥′ = σ𝑥 ∗ cos 2 θ + σ 𝑦 ∗ sin2 θ + 2τ 𝑥𝑥 ∗ sin θ cos θ

1
=> σ𝑥′ = σ𝑥 ∗ ∗ 1 − c os2 θ
2

1
+ σ𝑦 ∗ ∗ 1 + cos 2θ + τ 𝑥𝑥 ∗ sin 2θ
2

21
 Transformation of stresses (Cont . . . )

σ𝑥 + σ𝑦 σ𝑥 − σ𝑦
=> σ𝑥 ′ = + ∗ cos 2θ + τ 𝑥𝑥 ∗ sin 2θ
2 2

σ𝑦 ′ = σ𝑥 ′ �
θ = θ + 90𝑜

=> σ𝑦′
σ𝑥 + σ𝑦 σ𝑥 − σ𝑦
= − ∗ cos 2θ − τ 𝑥𝑥 ∗ sin 2θ
2 2

22
Transformation of stresses (Cont . . . )
[∑ 𝐹𝑦 ′ = 0]
0=τ 𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ 𝑑𝑑 + σ𝑥 ∗ 𝑑𝑑 cos θ sin θ − τ 𝑥𝑥

∗ 𝑑𝑑 cos θ cos θ − σ 𝑦 ∗ 𝑑𝑑 sin θ cos θ + τ 𝑥𝑥

∗ 𝑑𝑑 sin θ cos θ
⇒ τ 𝑥 ′ 𝑦′ =

− σ 𝑥 ∗ sin θ cos θ + σ 𝑦 ∗ sin θ cos θ

+τ ∗ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
𝑥𝑥

σ𝑥−σ 𝑦
=> τ 𝑥′𝑦′ =− ∗ s in2 θ + τ 𝑥𝑥 ∗ c os2 θ
2
23
 Principal stresses
Critical section of a beam (maximum M & V) can be located from SFD
& BMD of the beam. Methods for finding the internal stress on a cut
section due to any one of the internal forces are discussed.

Compounding of like stress and transformation of stress at a point is

also discussed in the previous sections.

However, the discussion of stresses in beams is incomplete without

careful consideration of principal stresses and maximum shearing
stresses on a section of maximum shear and bending moment.

24
 Principal stresses (Cont . . . )
In order to determine the principal stresses and maximum
shearing stresses at a particular point in a beam, it is necessary
to determine the normal & shearing stresses at the point.

To determine the plane for maximum or a minimum normal

stress the stress transformation equation is differentiated with
respect to θ and the derivative set equal to zero.

σ𝑥 + σ𝑦 σ𝑥 − σ𝑦
σ𝑥 ′ = + ∗ cos 2θ + τ 𝑥𝑥 ∗ sin 2θ
2 2

25
 Principal stresses (Cont . . . )
𝑑 σ𝑥 ′ σ𝑥 − σ𝑦
= 0+ ∗ 2 ∗ − sin 2θ + τ 𝑥𝑥 ∗ 2 ∗ cos 2θ
𝑑𝑑 2
𝑑 σ𝑥 ′ 2∗τ 𝑥𝑥
= 0 => tan 2θ 𝑝 =
𝑑𝑑 σ 𝑥 − σ𝑦
The subscript p indicates that the angle θ 𝑝 defines the orientation of the
principal planes, the plane the principal stress acts.
Two values of 2θ , denoted by 2θ 1, & 2θ 2 exists which satisfy the
above equation, the values of θ 1, & θ 2 differ by 900, representing
two mutually perpendicular cutting planes on which the extreme
values of σx’ act, and are called principal planes.
The extreme values of are called principal stresses.
26
 Principal stresses (Cont . . . )
Before evaluating the principal stresses using the above equation
the plane on which no shearing stress act can be determined.
σ𝑥 − σ𝑦
τ 𝑥′𝑦′ = − ∗ s in2 θ + τ 𝑥𝑥 ∗ c os2 θ
2
2∗τ 𝑥𝑥
τ 𝑥′𝑦′ = 0 => tan 2θ 𝑝 =
σ𝑥 − σ𝑦
This yields the same relation with, the equation for principal angles.
Hence, an important conclusion can be reached:
“On the principal planes, in which maximum and minimum normal
stresses act, the value of shearing stress is zero.”
27
 Principal stresses (Cont . . . )
From the equation of the principal angles, a right angle triangle
can be constructed. This can be helpful to easily obtain the
general formulas for principal stresses
From Pythagorean theorem the
hypotenuse of the triangle can
be obtained to be:

σ𝑥 − σ𝑦 2
𝑅= +τ 𝑥𝑥
2
2

28
 Principal stresses (Cont . . . )
The principal stresses are obtained by substituting the
trigonometric functions of 2θ 1 & 2θ 2 as shown in the figure
above into the stress transformation equation,

σ 𝑥 − σ𝑦 τ 𝑥𝑥
cos 2θ 𝑝 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎 sin 2θ 𝑝 =
2𝑅 𝑅
The simplified result is:

σ𝑥 + σ𝑦 σ𝑥− σ𝑦 2 2
σ 1 𝑜𝑜 2 = ± + τ 𝑥𝑥
2 2

29
 Maximum Shearing stresses
A study similar to the one made for the normal stresses may be
used to locate the plane on which the maximum or the
minimum shearing stresses act.

− σ𝑥 − σ𝑦 1
tan 2θ 𝑆 = = − = − cot 2θ 𝑝
2τ 𝑥𝑥 tan 2θ 𝑝

The corresponding maximum shear stress is obtained by the

expression:
σ 𝑥 − σ𝑦 2
τ 𝑚𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚𝑚 =± +τ 𝑥𝑥
2
2

30
 Principal and Maximum Shear stresses
i. Shear stresses acting on principal planes are always zero.
ii. Non-zero normal stress σ ′ act on the maximum shear stress
plane. σ𝑥 + σ𝑦
σ′ =
2
iii. τ max can be expressed in terms of the principal stresses as:
σ1 − σ2
τ 𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
2
iv. The plane of maximum shear stress occur at 45𝑜 to the
principal planes.

31