TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT MODULE

CHAPTER 1
HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION

Objectives:
• Develop understanding the History of Transportation.
• What is Transportation.

TRANSPORTATION

The history of transportation can be convenient - if over simply divided into a

period during which motive power was most characteristically furnish by human and
animal muscle by such natural force’s wind and gravity and by fuel operated machine

THE MANPOWER - Stone age man's transportation of firewood and animals killed in the
hunt probably led to the invention of the sled. From the sled eat man may have got the
idea for skis-pieces of smooth board resembling sled runners but worn on the feet of the
hunter and later of snowshoes

The first watercraft, the manpower raft, and the canoe, probably evolved from the
floating log. The greatest advance in inland transportation of the sled was the wheel
probably first invented in the Tigris-Euphrates valley sometime before 3500 BC. The
ancient Egyptians took little or no part in this invention. The great blocks of stone that
went to make the pyramids were floated in barges down to the Nile River and then moved
over the land on sleds running in rollers Gangs of slaves dragged the block of stone by
means of large ropes while other slaves at the rear of the sled pick up the rollers over
which the sled has passed and hurried around to place them at the front. To raise the
block of stone to their position in the pyramids. the Egyptians built damps.

THE ANIMAL POWER - But while human muscle power was still in widespread use for
transportation in ancient Egypt, animal muscle power was being widely exploited in the
other river valley civilizations. The ox, and the camel were tamed somewhere in the
middle east by 3000 BC in the arctic snow of reindeer. Which can carry a load of about
130 lbs. (60 kg) without much effort is still widely used.

In the higher altitudes of the Himalayas the yak a species of the ox is used as a
pack animal In India, the beast of burden is often the elephant In Peru. the llama is

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domesticated and used as a pack animal. The horse was Tamed somewhere in its native
habitat on the steppes of Central Asia The invention of the hit and bridle before 3000 BC
gave the steppe folks control of the horse for riding or driving The stirrup was not invented
until Roman times probably somewhere in western Asia The earliest known Stirrup has
been found in South Russia in tombs dating from between 100 BC and 400 AD Until the
invention of the horse collar about 900 AD horse was raised like oxen. A yoke passed
over the wishers, and a strap tightened on the horse's chest when it pulled half strangling
the animal,

The Roman's knowing little of anatomy did not realize that what was a good
harness for the ox was a very poor harness for the horses. This fact explains why the
horse was little used as a draft animal until late in the middle ages. where the ox was
almost universally used as a draft animal from 3000 BC where the horse was used for
transportation during the middle ages. It was mainly a pack animal carrying loads of about
150 lbs. (70 kg) in two panniers at its side

Another invention that played a great part in the history of transportation was the
horseshoe In its wild state the horse can gallop for long-distance on the soft grass of the
Asiatic steppes But if it is driven on a hard, metal road its soft hoofs soon became broken
and it goes lame An iron horseshoe, mailed around the edge of the hard hoof, stops the
hoof from breaking away It appears that the iron horseshoe was invented in Gaul about
the time of Julius Ceasar, and was taken to Britain soon afterward.

THE WIND POWER - Primitive man may have hoisted crude sails of skin on his rafts or
canoes. For there is clear evidence of the migrations of people over wide stretches of the
ocean long before 3000 BC. The ship of Egypt. Phoencia and Greece were driven partly
by a large square sail amidships and partly by cars.

The war galley in which a greater degree of maneuverability was needed. had
narrowed lines and depended more on cars than did the trading vessels. In other parts of
the world, the originals dugout canoe developed into different kinds of watercraft In the
North Sea á ship that was sharp at both ends, like a canoe, developed whereas the
Mediterranean type remained used in some regions a completely different type Olean
going watercraft, the outrigger canoe, develop in Chinese water at junk appeared.

Mediterranean ship was all caravel built that is the planks were place side by side
like the boards on a floor and the cracks between the boards and watertight with tar. The
ship of the North Sea ships had only one steering ear place on the steer boards or
starboards quarter. whereas the Mediterranean ship had two steering ears, one on each
side of the stem. The rudder that is used for steering in modern ships did not make its
appearance until about 1200.

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A great aid to sea transportation reached Europe about 1200 in the form of the
ship's compass, a device first known among Chinese sailors and then transmitted by the
Arab. An important improvement in shipbuilding took place about 1450 with the
development of the three-mast ship. Thereafter the story of sea transportation is largely
the story of the conquest of the whole globe by the three-mast ship.

THE WATER TRANSPORTATION The Boats have been the means of transport for man
since time immemorial. The first boats date back to prehistoric times. These were simply
floating logs or driftwood paddled with the hands. The first real boats appeared later. One
was the dug-out-canoe, which was a log hollowed out by fire or stone tools

Another kind was a raft made of logs or bundles of reeds tied together. In the
places where no logs and reeds were available, boats were made of skins stretched over
a light framework Small round boats, known as coracles, and the kayaks built by Eskimos
were made by using skin.

Later wooden boats were made sturdier by adding a keel at the bottom and sails
were attached to catch the wind.

The steamboat is another water transport. Inventors in several countries trying to

experiment with a newly invented steam engine to drive ships. In 1783, a French
nobleman, Marquis de Jouffroy d' Abbans, built a boat whose paddles were worked by a
steam engine. He named it Pryroscaphe, which means fire, craft, and tested it
successfully on a river. It was the first steamboat.

The development of the steamboat preceded simultaneously with the development

of the steam locomotives here the steam engines were used to impart a rotary motion to
paddle wheels. Robert Fulton's Clermont up the Hudson River made the first successful
steamboat journey in the USA in 1807 By 1811 the first steamboat appeared on the Ohio
River. inaugurating the great steamboat era on the island waterways. The invention and
addition of steam engines to the boats added a new dimension to water transport.

The ship is the modern means of water transport. The largest ship in the world is
an oil tanker and not a passenger ship. It is a supertanker from France weighing more
than half a million tons. The ship, Guillaumar, is 1359 feet long, which is more than a
quarter of a mile and can carry over 20 million barrels of oil each year.

The submarine, water transportation that can go up and down in the water. A
submarine has several huge tanks inside it that are filled with air when the ship is floating
on the surface of the water Air is lighter than water and keeps the submarine afloat. It is
also has known as valves and can be opened to let seawater or air in when the bottom
valve is opened, water fills in the tank gradually replacing the air, which is forced out

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through another valve at the top. The water in the tanks increases the weight of the
submarine and causes it to sink below the surface. To bring the submarine back to the
surface, pumps are used to force out water and it is blown in the tanks from huge metal
containers under great pressure. When be tanks are again full of air, the submarines rise.

THE ROAD AND VEHICLE - The Romans brought road building to its highest point of
perfection in ancient times. The Romans road net-work reach a total of about 50,000 miles
(80.000 km), with "feeder" roads branching out from the main highways. The road was
costly because Roman road engineers assumed that deep foundations, formed by layer
after a heavy stone, were necessary to make roads that would carry heavy traffic for many
years.

This theory was not completely abandoned until John L. McAdam perfected the
macadamized road in England about 1815. Realizing that a dry native soil would support
any weight. McAdam made the surface of his road completely meter tight and curbed so
that rain would run off into a hard surface His road remained the best that could be
devised until the rubber tires of automobiles began to tear them to pieces about the end
of the last century

The greatest invention of mankind was the wheel. Before its invention, heavy loads
were moved on wooded planks pulled by men and oxen. The first known wheels used
between 3500 and 3000 BC in ancient Mesopotamia (Modern Iraq)

There were two kinds of wheels - the cartwheel and the potter's wheel. In a sense
potter's wheel was just like the ancestor of pulleys, water wheels, and gear wheels. The
ancient carts were very simple.

These were sleds mounted on wheels. The first wheeled vehicles were farm carts.
War chariots and the wagon of the gods. Ancient carts and chariots were made with two
wheels or with tour They were pulled by oxen or horses

THE CANAL AND RAILWAYS - The improvement of roads in the horse’s harness and
coaches had solved the problem of fast transportation of passengers and light freight, but
they remain the problem of heavy transportation. This problem was met first by the
development of canals and later by railroads.

In 1761 the Duke of Bridge water arranged with an engineer, James Brindley, to
construct a canal from his coal mines at New Castle to Manchester, 7 miles (11 km) away.
As a result, the prime of dropped by half, while still allowing the Duke plenty of profit on
his investment Brindley's success led to a boom in canal building in England and later
throughout Europe. A network of canals covered England, in particular. The first American

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canal opened in 1825, connected Lake Eric with the Hudson River and Albany English
canals fell into decay with the coming of the railroad.

William Murdlock and Richard Trevithick had made early types of locomotives
before 1800 But it was George Stephenson who pushed through the final’s stages of the
fully developed railway locomotive Stephenson built his first model in 1814 for use in
hauling trucks of coal: the first railroad was the Stockton and Darlington line begun in
1825. The second, the Liverpool and Manchester followed in 1829 At first it was to certain
that the early crude locomotive should be more satisfactory than horses It was assumed
that locomotive would not be able to haul heavy loads up an incline, since the wheels,
was thought, would spin without gripping the rails.

This theory was later found to be false, but only after long sections of English lines,
at great cost had been made as near horizontal as possible. By 1840 the English railways
had put nearly all the main coaching companies out of business, and the road ceased to
be an important factor in inland transportation until the automobile era began about 1900.
In the USA the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company began work on the first American
railroad in 1826, Construction of Canada's first railroad, the Champlain and St Lawrence,
begun in 1832.

This first electric railway. Wernor Von Siemens opened a 274-meter stretch of the
electric trainway in Berlin Germany in 1879. Four years later, his brother Wilhelm opened
an electric railway in Northern Island. By the 1920s, electric lines were operating
throughout the world.

The first underground railway. The underground railway started in London; Railway
tracks were laid under the streets in tunnels. It was a four-mile-long track that ran from
Paddington Station to Farringdon Street Opened in 1863, the locomotive was hauled by
a steam engine that filled the tunnel with smoke, making the journey an unpleasant one.
1890, the underground railway was electrified. But the trains had no windows because
windows were considered unnecessary for trains moving in a dark tunnel. The guard
called out the name of the station every time the train stopped at a station.

THE BICYCLE - The bicycle is important in the history of transportation, not only in its
own right but also because of the part of bicycle industry played as a nursery of
automobile builders. One of an ancestors of the modern bicycle was the hobbyhorse, or
dandy horse, which could be seen on the English macadamized roads after 1818. The
wheels of these machines were made of wood, with tires of iron, and the riders pushed
themselves along with their feet on the ground. There was a steady improvement in the
bicycle throughout the 19th century, until the safety bicycle, with pneumatic tires, at least
appeared. Some of the earliest automobiles ran on four bicycle wheels.

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Bicycles are a cheap and easy means to commute. The earliest bicycles were
called "dandy horses" These were invented in the 1700s and were simply two wheels that
were joined by a rod and had a seat on the top. The rider pushed it along the ground on
foot.

The bicycle with pedals appeared in 1865. There were known as boneshakers
because the seats had no springs. Then in 1883 came the "penny-farthing bicycle. These
cycles had a very big front wheel and a small rear wheel. They had solid tires and a step
of bicycles appeared in 1880 They had chain-driven rear wheels and had air-filled tires.

THE AUTOMOBILE - In England for some time after 1800 seemed that the future of
mechanical road transport lay with the steam carriage. Steam traction engines were a
familiar sight on many roads throughout the world toward the end of the 19th century. The
future of mechanical road transport, however, lay with the vehicle driven by the internal
combustion engine, the invention of which is usually attributed to the Frenchmen Entiene
Lenior.

By 1865, there were 400 Lenoir gas engines in France, doing such light work as
cutting chat and driving of the modern automobile. When he put toward the invention of
the modern automobile one of his engines in a carriage and drove around his factory.
This carriage also made a journey of some mile to Paris

Two German inventors, Nicolaus Otto and Gottlieb Daimler, also pioneered the
manufacture of gas engines, and Daimler later becomes a successful manufacturer of
automobiles. At the same time, a small army of inventors was at work in various countries
on the development of early types of automobiles.

The inventions of the pneumatic bicycle tire by a Scot, John Boyd Dunlop, in 1888
gave a tremendous impetus to this early work

THE HORSELESS CARRIAGE The French invention of motorized carriage in 1898 And
the American introduction of loco-motive a year later, further accelerates the development
of traffic in the same vein. The horse-drawn calesa saw a new competition on the road
when in 1909 the first-ever car arrived in Manila through one George Richard, thus, the
era of horseless carriage began that drew raves around the globe.

Probably the philosophy that traffic is intrinsically born from a peculiar blend of
natural and man-made events from the ancient time to the days of computers, from the
cradle to the grave traffic is an inevitable fact of life.

THE AIR TRANSPORTATION Not until the development of the internal combustion
engine can the era of air transportation be said to have begun. Men were making balloons

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and flight, however, more than a century before Wilbur and Orvilla Wright made their
famous first flight at High Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, the USA in 1903: World War II
hastened the progress of transportation.

An important advance in aircraft propulsion occurred with the invention of the jet
engine. Until this invention practically every great advertisement in transportation
technique had been a result of the application of the principle of rotary motion. The jet
engine made possible speed that could never have been attained by the rotary action of
the aircrew is effective only in the earth's atmosphere and its development has opened
up the era of space exploration and interplanetary travel.

Today the supersonic jet is considered the fastest jetliner in the world, can travel
faster than the Speed of Sound, which is 660 miles per hour Concorde is the best known
supersonic jet in the world and was built by French and English companies together It
carries 128 passengers and can reach a speed of 1 320 miles per hour, which is more
than double the speed of sound.

A Russian passenger jet called TV-144 can reach the speed of 1.585 miles per
hour while the US air force can reach the speed of 4 534 miles per hour.

TOPIC LINK FOR VIDEO

History of transportation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=25IaUQ_oUyM

History of Sea Transportation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HGuF6qj6eBM

Changing Times - Railroads &

Canals I THE INDUSTRIAL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=46foHFxUvC8
REVOLUTION

References:
Traffic management and accident investigation.
Deliso, Darlito Bernard 2014