MEDIA AND

INFORMATION LITERACY
Quarter 4 – LAS 4:
• Audio Information and Media
• Motion, Manipulative/Interactive,
and Multimedia
 Learning Competency

This Learning Activity Sheet was designed and written with you in mind. It is
here to help you master the context of Media and Information Literacy. It contains
varied activities that can help you as a Senior High School student to not just be an
information literate individual, but a creative and critical thinker as well as
responsible user and competent producer of media and information.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Describe the different dimensions of audio information and media.

(MELC)
2. Evaluate the reliability and validity of audio information and media
and its/ their sources using selection criteria.
3. Describe the different dimensions of motion information and media.
(MELC)
4. Analyze how the different dimensions are formally and informally
produced, organized, and disseminated (Motion,
Manipulative/Interactive, and Multimedia)

Audio Information and

MILMedia
Sound, as you may have learned in your science class, is an energy form that is
propagated by vibrating objects. The energy travels through a medium such as air.
Sound is in the same league as other forms of energy such as heat and light. The law
of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed,
and it can only be converted. Sound energy is converted from vibrating object’s
kinetic energy. Imagine throwing a pebble into a pond and you see a ripple spreading
over the water. This is the most classic illustration of the energy conversion.
(Liquigan, 2016).
According to B. Liquigan (2016), when you study the nature of sound or audio in
terms of generation, transmission, and reception, you are engaged in what is called
acoustics.

In this module, your concern is not on the technical aspect of audio, but rather in
its informative capacity. But before you do understand how audio is used for
information relay, you have to be familiar with the basic principles about sound and
waves.
AUDIO INFORMATION AND MEDIA

What is an Audio?

Audio – is a sound within the range of human hearing. This relating to or employed
in the transmission, reception or reproduction of sound.

Reception – is the action or process of receiving something sent, given, or

inflicted.

Transmission – is the action or process of transmitting something or the stat

of being transmitted.

Characteristics of Sound

Source: https://d27jswm5an3efw.cloudfront.net/
app/uploads/2019/11/audio-file-types-33.jpg

The Four Fundamental Attributes of

Sound

1. Amplitude – Refers to how sound

particles are displaced or scattered that
produce a certain level or intensity of
loudness. The unit of measurement for
amplitude is decibels.

2. Frequency – It is measured by
counting the number of vibrations of
sound particles in the path of a wave in a
span of a second. You typically associate
frequency with pitch which is measured
in Hertz (Hz).

3. Wave Form – The actual shape of the sound waves. This is

commonly associated to the timbre or quality of sound. Sound form is the
characteristics that distinguishes one sound coming from a source with that of
another sound form another source.

4. Speed of Propagation – It pertains to how quickly sound travels. This

characteristic is dependent on the medium on which the sound is propagated, as
well as on the medium’s temperature.

Sound is having both technical and aesthetic roles in media production. It has depth
and perspective, which is why it can be a mode of information exchange. The sound,
according to Roberts-Breslin (2008):
1. Is a powerful tool of expression, both alone and in combination with
images;
 2. Encourages you to imagine the experience of visuals in your minds,
creating a unique experience for each listener; and
3. Allows you to hear what people are talking about, and hearing their voices,
which, as opposed to reading their words, can give you information about
the speaker’s attitude, mood, geographical origin, and age.”

You cannot put the world on mute. Sound is everywhere. What you can do it to make
the most productive use of the sound to benefit yourself and other people (Liquigan,
2016).

Recording Format

Sound may be recorded through analog (as in the case of audio tapes) or digital (in
the form of digital audio audiotape or disc-based format such as compact discs,
recordable CDs, rewritable CDs, digital versatile discs, and mini discs), When you
want to record straight to the computer, you may use digital audio recorders
(Roberts-Breslin, 2008).

Sound is vital in film and television production. You see sound manifesting as
dialogue, music, and sound effects; thus, it is not merely an additional element to
the video component but is rather considered the fifth (5 th) dimension of media
aesthetics. As Zettl (1999) puts it, “sound is an indispensable element in television
and film communication.”

Types and Categories of Audio Information

1. Different forms of audio we produce and record
Radio broadcast - live or recorded audio Sound recording - recording of an
sent through radio waves to reach a wide interview, meeting, or any sound from the
audience. environment.
Music - vocal and/or instrumental
sounds combined in such a way as to
Sound clips/effects - any sound, other
produce beauty of form, harmony, and
than music or speech, artificially
expression of emotion. It is composed and
reproduced to create an effect in a
performed for many purposes, ranging
dramatic presentation, as the sound of a
from aesthetic pleasure, religious or
storm or a creaking door.
ceremonial purposes, or as an
entertainment product.
2. Different ways of storing audio media
CD - a plastic-fabricated, circular
Tape - magnetic tape on which sound medium for recording, storing, and
can be recorded. playing back audio, video, and computer
data.
Memory Card - is a small storage
USB drive - an external flash drive, small
medium used to store data such as text,
enough to carry on a key ring, that
pictures, audio, and video, for use on
 can be used with any computer that has small, portable, or remote computing
a USB port. devices.
Computer hard drive - secondary storage devices found in personal computers and
can store audio files.
3. Common audio file format
M4A/AAC (MPEG-4 Audio/Advanced
MP3 (MPEG Audio Layer) - a common Audio Coding) - an audio coding
format for consumer audio, as well as a standard for lossy digital audio
standard of digital audio compression compression. Designed to be the
for the transfer and playback of music successor of the MP3 format, AAC
on most digital audio players. generally achieves better sound quality
than MP3 at similar bit rates.
WAV - is a Microsoft audio file format WMA (Windows Media Audio) - is an
standard for storing an audio bitstream audio data compression technology
on PCs. It has become a standard file developed by Microsoft and used with
format for game sounds, among others. Windows Media Player.

Elements of Sound Design. The objects or things that we have to work with:
• Dialogue - speech, conversation, voice-over.
• Waterfall - As first element fades out, the second element begins at full
volume. Better for voice transitions, than for

• Sound Effects - any sound other than music or dialogue.

• Music - vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) combined in such a way as to

produce beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion.
Silence - absence of audio or sound Principles of Sound Design. The techniques
for combining the different elements or objects.

• Mixing - the combination, balance and control of multiple sound elements.

• Pace - Time control. Editing. Order of events: linear, non-linear, or
multilinear.
• Transitions - How you get from one segment or element to another.
• Stereo Imaging - Using left and right channel for depth

Dimensions of Sound
According to Zettl (1999) sound has the following dimensions:

1. Film sound. Sound has to match the aesthetic impact of an image; thus, most
films these days are aiming at using surround-sound technology.

2. Literal sound. Sound may be referential, which means it conveys a specific

literal meaning and describes the source of the sound. In film language, literal
sound is also called diegetic sound. For instance, when you hear a sound of
 a baby crying, you will know that the sound is really coming from a baby who
is crying. You will still know this even if the sound is mute because you
associate the image of a baby crying with the sound that is produced when
you see such scene.
3. Nonliteral sound. Sound may also be nonreferential and may only evoke a
visual image of the source of the sound. Nonliteral sound is also called
nondiegetic sound. Its purpose is more symbolic and it accompanies a
particular image to intensify the intent of that image. An example would be
the “borings, hisses, and whams in a cartoon that accompany the incredible
feats of the cartoon character, the romantic music during a tender love scene
on the beach, or the rhythmic theme that introduces the evening news.”

7 Popular Audio File Types to Consider (Casey Schmidt, 2020)

Each audio file type has unique benefits and drawbacks. Determine which one is
best for specific tasks or situations to save time and reduce stressful errors. Here are
seven popular audio file types and some unique differences between them.
File Type Description

- The M4A is a mpeg-4 audio file. It is an

audiocompressed file used in the modern setting due
to increased quality demand as a result of cloud
M4A storage and bigger hard drive space in contemporary
computers. Its high quality keeps it relevant, as users
who need to hear distinct sounds on audio files will
need this over more common file types.
- It is an audio file compressed into a smaller size of
the original file. It’s a sophisticated file type that is
lesser-
used among audio formats. This is because, even
though it has its advantages, it often needs special
downloads to function. When you consider that audio
FLAC (Free files are shared often, this can make for quite an
Lossless Audio inconvenience to each new user who receives one.
Codec) What makes the FLAC so important is the lossless
compression can save size and promote sharing of an
audio file while being able to return to the original
quality standard. The near-exact amount of storage
space required of the original audio file is sixty
percent – this saves a lot of hard drive space and time
spent uploading or downloading.
 - The MP3 audio file is an MPEG audio layer 3 file
format. The key feature of MP3 files is the
compression that saves valuable space while
maintaining near-flawless quality of the original
source of sound. This compression makes the MP3
very popular for all mobile audio-playing devices,
particularly the Apple iPod. The MP3 stays relevant
MP3 (Media among newer audio file types due to its high
Player 3) quality and small size.

- MP3 continues to be relevant in today’s digital

landscape because it’s compatible with nearly every
device capable of reading audio files. The MP3 is
probably best used for extensive audio file sharing
due to its manageable size. It also works well for

websites that host audio files. Finally, the MP3

remains popular because of its overall sound quality.
Though not the highest quality, it has enough other
benefits to compensate.
- An MP4 audio file is often mistaken as an improved
version of the MP3 file. However, this couldn’t be
further from the truth. The two are completely
different and the similarities come from their
namesake rather than their functionality. Also note
that the MP4 is sometimes referred to as a video file
MP4 (Media instead of an audio file. This isn’t an error, as in fact
Player 4) it’s both an audio and video file.
- An MP4 audio file type is a comprehensive media
extension, capable of holding audio, video and other
media. The MP4 contains data in the file, rather than
code. This is important to note as MP4 files require
different codecs to implement the code artificially
and allow it to be read.
• A WAV audio file is a Waveform Audio File that
stores waveform data. The waveform data stored
presents an image that demonstrates strength of
volume and sound in specific parts of the WAV file. It
is entirely possible to transform a WAV file using
compression, though it’s not standard. Also, the
WAV (Waveform WAV is typically used on Windows systems. The
Audio File) easiest way to envision this concept is by thinking of
ocean waves. The water is loudest, fullest and
strongest when the wave is high. The same holds
true for the waveform in the WAV. The visuals are
high and large when the sound increases in the file.
WAV files are usually uncompressed audio files,
 though it’s not a requirement of the format. The WAV
offers an uncompressed format.

- It is a Windows-based alternative to the more

common and popular MP3 file type. What makes so
beneficial is its lossless compression, retaining
high audio quality throughout all types of
restructuring processes. Even though it’s such a
quality audio format, it’s not the most popular due
to the fact it’s inaccessible to many users,
especially those who don’t use the Windows
- operating system. The WMA is a great file for
WMA (Windows - Windows users.
Media Audio) If you’re a Windows user, simply double-click any
WMA file to open it. The file will open with Windows
Media Player (unless you’ve changed the default
program). If you’re not using Windows, there are
some alternatives to help you out. The first option is
to download a third-party system that plays the
WMA. If this isn’t something you want to do,
consider converting the WMA to a different audio
format. There are plenty of conversion tools available.
- It is an audio file that delivers decently high-quality
sound and is enhanced using advanced coding. It
has never been one of the most popular audio
AAC (Advanced formats, especially when it comes to music files, but
Audio Coding) the AAC does still serve some purpose for major
systems. This includes popular mobile devices and
video gaming units, where the AAC is a standard
audio component.
 Motion Information and
MILMedia
•Each picture is a frame and that motion is created by rendering or showing
consecutively several frames per second.

• 24 frames (pictures) or more per second makes for a smooth animation.; videos,
film, slides also make use of frames.
• The series of graphics or images follow a sequence to create a story. This
sequence is often called a storyboard which shows a set of components (audio,
visual, videos, etc) changing in time to create a story or a message.
• Motion media can be produced formally and informally. Informally produced
motion media are created by individuals often for personal use. Formally produced
motion media are created by professionals who follow industry standards in
creating, editing and producing motion media.

Formal production of animations steps:

• Writing the story - writers and
directors create the story board
• Script is written and dialogue
is recorded

• Animators sketch major

scenes; inbetweeners fill in the
gaps
• Background music and
background details are added
https://adwallpapers.xyz/uploads/posts/2054-motion-blur-of-train-moving-inside-tunnel-in-tokyo-
japan.jpg • Drawings are rendered

• Videos are produced in the same manner except that instead of drawing the
scenes they are acted out and shot. Once the scenes have been shot, all clips are
edited and put together in a final product.

Motion Media Formats, Types and Sources

• According to format:
o Animations - animated gifs(Graphic Interchange Format), Flash,
Shockwave, Dynamic HTML
 o Video formats/Video Codecs - motion media use large resources.
Codecs compresses and decompresses video files. Examples are H.26N
series, Quicktime, DivX, MPG, MP4

• According to purpose: education, entertainment, advertising

• According to source: personal, social media, media companies
• According to audience: private or public; directed or general
• In some of these, media convergence can be observed with one artefact falling
into several categories.

Design principles of motion media and information revolve around the

following essential elements:
• Speed can be constant or variable. The tone of the movement can be highlighted
by the speed coupled with music. A fast movement gives vigor and vitality,
intensifying emotions. A slow movement connotes lethargy, solemnity or sadness.
• Direction can indicate a movement from one direction to another. It can also
refer to the growing or shrinking of an object. As objects move, the background
must remain in scale with the object.
• Motion Path refers to the route that the object will take. It shows the change in
direction of a movement. It is important to note the triggers to the change in
direction of an object. These triggers are often key objects or events in a story.
• Timing can be objective or subjective. Objective timing can be measured in
minutes, seconds, days, etc. Subjective timing is psychological or felt. Objective
timing is used to produce subjective timing. Timing can be used to clarify or
intensify the message or the event. Using a pause can help time the events.
These elements when used with other forms of media and information such as
audio, visual and people media create movement that convey different emotions,
impact and results.

Design principles in creating movement:

• Speed, direction and timing should depict natural laws of physics. This included

trajectories, impact on objects and reactions of the environment.

• Timing affects recall. Fast movement sends much information Slow movement
provides emphasis and lasting recall.

• Transitions are used to switch between scenes. Having a clear start and finish in
your motion path or scenes Using neutral colors at the start or end of a scene is a
good method for creating the right mindset. It is important to know which type of
transition to use as this sets the tone for the next event and should provide a
smooth connection from one event to another.

• Sound and color adds depth and meaning to movement.

 • Cartooning your graphic and text provides dynamic movement. This can be done
by using the following movements: stretching, rotating and squashing.
• Blurring can be used in different ways. In animation, blurring can provide the
illusion of fast movement. In videos, it is often used to censor information for
security or decency.
• Always review the purpose of the movement. Movement is not added for the sake
of it.
Activity 1: Try to Imagine

While at home, you were having a conversation with your guardian/parent

about your grades, try to communicate with her/him without talking.

Wonder at this: After you imagine trying to communicate without talking, think
about this:

1. Describe how you imagined yourself trying to communicate without talking?

2. Do you think your guardian or parent will understand you without talking?
3. Can you find other ways to communicate using sound without talking?

Activity 2: Favorite Song List

Instruction: List down 10 title of your favorite songs or music that are in your MP3
list or mobile phone. Write your answer in your answer sheet.

Activity 3: Answer the following Crossword Puzzle.

6 ACROSS
7 1 The series of graphics or
images that create a story
8
2 Indicate a movement from one
1 9 direction to another
10
3 Highlights the tone of the
movement
4 Adds depth and meaning to
movement
5 The route that objects will take

2 DOWN
6 Used to switch between scenes
7 Sends much information
3 4
8 Motion is created by showing
this picture consecutively
5 9 Sketch major scenes
10 Can be measured in
minutes, seconds, days, etc.
Activity 4:
Choose one motion media that you are most familiar with and evaluate it using
Media and Information Design Framework.

Component Guide Questions Answers

Target Audience Who are the possible viewers of the
video? What are their age group?
Are there sensitivities that must be
considered? (political, cultural,
social or spiritual)
Sender/ Author Who is the owner/creator of the
video? What is his agenda,
reputation and known advocacy?
Purpose What is the intention of the video?
What emotions are drawn out by the
video?
Key Content What is the main message of the
motion media?
What are the actions/events (key
scenes) that helped develop this
message?
Form/Style How was the information presented?
Did it make use of appropriate
design elements and principles?
What is the tone of the video? How
was this conveyed?
Medium/ Format Is this the best platform to use?
Why? How would you classify this
video?

Assessment

A. Multiple Choice: Select the letter of the best answer from the given choices. Write
your answer in your notebook.

1. It refers to how sound particles are displaced or scattered that produce

a certain level or intensity of loudness.
a. Frequency c. Amplitude
b. Wave Form d. Speed of Propagation
2. The actual shape of the sound waves and this is commonly associated to the
timbre or quality of sound
a. Frequency c. Amplitude
b. Wave Form d. Speed of Propagation
 3. It is a sound within the range of human hearing. This relating to or employed
in the transmission, reception or reproduction of sound.
a. Sound waves c. Audio
b. Transmission d. Attribute
4. It is live or recorded audio sent through radio waves to reach a wide audience.
a. Radio broadcast c. Sound recording
b. Sound effects d. Music
5. A. plastic-fabricated, circular medium for recording, storing, and playing back
audio, video, and computer data.
a. Tape c. USB drive
b. CD d. Memory Card
B. True or False: Write True is the statement is correct otherwise write False.
_____1. A memory Card is a small storage medium used to store data such as
text, pictures, audio, and video, for use on small, portable, or remote
computing devices.

_____2. A computer hard drive is a primary storage device found in personal

computers and can store audio files.

_____3. MP3 is a common format for consumer audio, as well as a standard of

digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on most
digital audio players.

_____4. Dialogue is a vocal or instrumental sound (or both) combined in such

a way as to produce beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion.
_____5. In film language, literal sound is also called diegetic sound.

_____6. The WMA is a great file for Windows users.

_____7. Sound is vital in film and television production

_____8. Sound is not a powerful tool of expression, both alone and in

combination with images.

_____9. Sound may be recorded through analog or digital forms.

_____10. Sound is important when you relay any content or message because
in real life you receive both sound and image at the same time, and thus,
having a more complete understanding of the message.

C. Essay.
In one paragraph, write the importance of knowing the elements and basic
design principles of motion information and media.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
References
Books

Liquigan, Boots C. Media and Information Literacy. Philippine: DIWA Learning

System Inc., 2016
Zarate, Jovita E. Media and Information Literacy. 1st ed. Philippine: Rex Book
Store, Inc. 2016
K12 Learning Modules in Media and Information Literacy Q4 Module 6. DepEd
Negros Oriental Grade 12. 2020.

K12 Learning Modules in Media and Information Literacy Q4 Activity Sheet 4b

. DepEd Western Visayas Grade 12. 2020.