Ch7 Heat

CHAPTER 7
HEAT & THERMAL EXPANSION

Learning objective
The objective of this chapter is to impart students with:

 Definition of heat and temperature.
 Formula for temperature scale.
 The concept of thermal equilibrium, heat capacity, specific heat capacity,
latent heat.
 Able to understand calorimetry principle: conduction and convention.
TEMPERATURE SCALE
Temperature is generally measured using either the

Fahrenheit (°F) or the Celsius (°C) scale.
Kelvin (K) begins at absolute zero, meaning it has
no negative numbers or no temperature below 0 K.
Temperature Symbol Ice Point Steam Difference
scale Point
Celsius °C 0 100 100 °C
Fahrenheit °F 32 212 180 °F
Kelvin K 273.15 373.15 100 K
Ice point and steam point of temperature scales

Conversion formulae: Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin
◦ Celsius to Kelvin: 𝑇𝐾 = 𝑇𝐶 + 273.15
◦ Celsius to Fahrenheit: 𝑇𝐹 = 1.8𝑇𝐶 + 32
𝑇𝐹 + 32
◦ Fahrenheit to Celsius: 𝑇𝐶 =
1.8
Example 1:
A friend suffering from flu has a slight fever. His body temperature is
37.20°C. What is
his temperature in
i) Kelvin
ii) degree Fahrenheit, °F.
HEAT AND INTERNAL ENERGY
- Heat, Q is energy transferred from one object to another due to

differences in a temperature.
- Heat flows from high temperature to lower temperature until thermal
equilibrium is achieved.
- SI unit: Joule (J) or Calorie (Cal).
- Internal energy (thermal energy): the sum of the molecular kinetic energy,
molecular potential energy and other kinds of molecular energy in
substance.
- Molecular kinetic energy: originates from the random motion (or vibration) of
the molecules.
- Molecular potential energy: due to forces that acts between the atom of
a molecule and between molecules.
Heat Capacity, C
 Amount of heat/energy needed to raise the temperature of substance
by 1°C or 1K.
𝑄
C= 𝑆𝐼 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 = 𝐽𝐾 −1
∆𝑇
Specific Heat Capacity, c

 The heat capacity per unit mass
𝑄
C= 𝑆𝐼 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 = 𝐽𝑘𝑔−1 𝐾 −1
𝑚∆𝑇
Example:
A piece of copper of mass 500 g at temperature 20 K is heated until its

temperature becomes 120 K. Determine the amount of heat absorbed by
the piece of copper. Given specific heat capacity of copper is 0.385
kJ/kg/K.
Example:
Heat energy is released or absorbed according to
Conservation of Heat Energy.
“for a closed and isolated system, the heat energy is

conserved.”
Σ𝑄𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = Σ𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡
: total heat energy is always the same.
Example:
Example:
A 350 g unknown cube at 100⁰C is dropped into a 100 g aluminium cup

containing 750 g of water at 25 ⁰C. By assuming there is no heat lost to the
surroundings, calculate the final temperature of the system.
Given; specific heat of water, aluminium, and unknown cube are 4186
J/kg/K, 900 J/kg/K, and 1757.55 J/kg/K resppectively.
EXERCISE
Convert the following term;

1. -30 °F to °C
2. 150 °C to °F
3. -273 °C to °F
4. 57 °C to K
5. 90 K to °C
A 50 g of Aluminum block at 400 °C is dropped into a 500 g copper calorimeter containing

200 g of water at 30 °C. What will be the temperature of the system when equilibrium is
established? Given specific heat of copper = 388.83 J/kg/ K , specific heat capacity of water =
4181 J/kg/ K and specific heat capacity of aluminum = 880 J/kg/ K
THERMAL EXPANSION
- Tendency of matter to change in shape, area, and volume in response
to a change in temperature, through heat transfer.
Definition: the change in ________________ in response to a change in temperature.
Thermal expansion Formula
Linear expansion ∆𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜 𝛼∆𝑇
𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜 (1 + 𝛼∆𝑇)
Area expansion ∆𝐴 = 𝐴𝑜 𝛽∆𝑇

𝐴 = 𝐴𝑜 (1 + 𝛽∆𝑇)
Volume expansion ∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 𝛾∆𝑇

𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 (1 + 𝛾∆𝑇)
EXAMPLE:
A copper rod has a length of 9.00 cm at 25 °C (αcopper = 17x10- 6 /°C).
a) What is the length of the rod at the freezing point of water?
b)What is the temperature if the new length of the rod is 9.027 cm?
Solution:
EXAMPLE:
A metal rod of length 7 m is being heated to 35° C. If the length of rod
expands to 7.12 m
after some time, calculate the linear expansion coefficient (Room temperature
is 27°C).
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
ALL THE BEST!
EXAMPLE:
A zinc disc has a hole 40 mm in radius punched in center. Later, the disc at
27°C is placed in boiling water for few minutes. Calculate the new area of
the hole. (Given αZn = 2.6x10-5/ °C )

Ch7 Heat

Uploaded by

Document Informationclick to expand document information

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ch7 Heat

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ch7 Heat

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER 7

HEAT & THERMAL EXPANSION

The objective of this chapter is to impart students with:

Temperature is generally measured using either the

Fahrenheit °F 32 212 180 °F

Kelvin K 273.15 373.15 100 K

Ice point and steam point of temperature scales

◦ Celsius to Kelvin: 𝑇𝐾 = 𝑇𝐶 + 273.15

◦ Celsius to Fahrenheit: 𝑇𝐹 = 1.8𝑇𝐶 + 32

- Heat, Q is energy transferred from one object to another due to

Specific Heat Capacity, c

A piece of copper of mass 500 g at temperature 20 K is heated until its

“for a closed and isolated system, the heat energy is

A 350 g unknown cube at 100⁰C is dropped into a 100 g aluminium cup

Convert the following term;

A 50 g of Aluminum block at 400 °C is dropped into a 500 g copper calorimeter containing

Area expansion ∆𝐴 = 𝐴𝑜 𝛽∆𝑇

Volume expansion ∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 𝛾∆𝑇

You might also like