Slide Chương 12 Ptit

Chapter 12
How to use JDBC to

work with a database
Murach's Java Servlets/JSP (3rd Ed.), C12 © 2014, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 1
Objectives
Applied
1. Develop data access classes that use JDBC to provide all of the
methods that your servlets need to work with a database. 2. Develop
a utility class that allows you to get a connection from a connection
pool.
3. Develop servlets that use the methods of your data classes.
Objectives (continued)
Knowledge
1. Describe how a web application can use the DriverManager,
Connection, Statement, PreparedStatement, and ResultSet classes to
get data from a database.
2. Explain how prepared statements can improve the performance and
security of database operations.
3. Describe the use of a ResultSetMetaData object.
4. Explain how connection pooling can improve the performance of a
web application.
5. Describe O/R (object-relational) mapping.
The four types of JDBC database drivers

Type 1 A JDBC-ODBC bridge driver converts JDBC calls into
ODBC calls that access the DBMS protocol.
Type 2 A native protocol partly Java driver converts JDBC calls into
calls in the native DBMS protocol.
Type 3 A net protocol all Java driver converts JDBC calls into a
net protocol that’s independent of any native
DBMS protocol.
Type 4 A native protocol all Java driver converts JDBC calls into
a native DBMS protocol.
How to make a database driver

available to an application
• Before you can use a database driver, you must make it available
to your application. To do this, use your IDE to add the JAR file
for the driver to your application.
• To add the MySQL JDBC driver to a NetBeans project, right-click
on the Libraries folder, select Add Library, and use the resulting
dialog box to select the MySQL JDBC Driver library.
• To add any JDBC driver to a NetBeans project, right-click on the
Libraries folder, select Add JAR/Folder, and select the JAR file
for the driver.
Database URL syntax

jdbc:subprotocolName:databaseURL
How to connect to a MySQL database

with automatic driver loading
try {
String dbURL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/murach";
String username = "root";
String password = "sesame";
Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection(
dbURL, username, password);
} catch(SQLException e) {
for (Throwable t : e)
t.printStackTrace();
}
How to connect to an Oracle database

with automatic driver loading
Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection(
"jdbc:oracle:thin@localhost/murach", "scott", "tiger");
How to explicitly load a database driver

try {
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"); }
catch(ClassNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
How to connect to a database

• Before you can get or modify the data in a database, you need to
connect to it. To do that, use the getConnection method of the
DriverManager class to return a Connection object.
• When you use the getConnection method of the DriverManager
class, you must supply a URL for the database, a username, and
a password. This method throws an SQLException.
• With JDBC 4.0, the SQLException class implements the Iterable
interface. As a result, use an enhanced for statement to loop
through any nested exceptions.
• With JDBC 4.0, the database driver is loaded automatically. This
is known as automatic driver loading.
• Typically, you only need to connect to one database for an
application. However, it’s possible to load multiple database
drivers and establish connections to multiple types of
databases.
How to create a result set

with 1 row and 1 column
Statement statement =
connection.createStatement(); ResultSet
userIDResult = statement.executeQuery( "SELECT
UserID FROM User " +
"WHERE Email = 'jsmith@gmail.com'");
How to create a result set

with multiple columns and rows
Statement statement =
connection.createStatement(); ResultSet products =
statement.executeQuery( "SELECT * FROM Product
");
How to move the cursor to the first

row boolean userIDExists = userIDResult.next();
How to loop through a result set
while (products.next()) {
// statements that process each row
}
ResultSet methods
for forward-only, read-only result sets
Method Description
next() Moves the cursor to the next row in the result set. last()
Moves the cursor to the last row in the result set. close()
Releases the result set’s resources. getRow() Returns an int value
that identifies the current row of the result set.
How to return a result set

and move the cursor through it
• To return a result set, use the createStatement method of a
Connection object to create a Statement object. Use the
executeQuery method of the Statement object to execute a
SELECT statement that returns a ResultSet object.
• By default, the createStatement method creates a forward-only,
read-only result set. You can only move the cursor through it
from the first row to the last and you can’t update it. This is
appropriate for most web applications.
• When a result set is created, the cursor is positioned before the
first row.
• Use the methods of the ResultSet object to move the cursor.
• To move the cursor to the next row, call the next method. If the
row is valid, this method moves the cursor to the next row and
returns a true value.
Methods of a ResultSet object that return

data Method Description
getXXX(int columnIndex) Returns data from the
specified column
number.
getXXX(String columnName) Returns data from the
specified column
name.
Code that uses indexes to return columns

String code = products.getString(1);
String description = products.getString(2);
double price = products.getDouble(3);
Code that uses names to return columns
String code = products.getString("ProductCode"); String
description = products.getString("ProductDescription");
double price = products.getDouble("ProductPrice");
Code that creates a Product object

from the products result set
Product product = new Product(products.getString(1),
products.getString(2), products.getDouble(3));
The getXXX methods

• The getXXX methods can be used to return all eight primitive
types. For example, the getInt method returns the int type and
the getLong method returns the long type.
• The getXXX methods can also be used to return strings, dates,
and times. For example, the getString method returns any object
of the String class, and the getDate, getTime, and getTimestamp
methods return objects of the Date, Time, and Timestamp
classes of the java.sql package.
How to use the executeUpdate method to…

Add a row
String query =
"INSERT INTO Product (ProductCode, ProductDescription, ProductPrice) " +
"VALUES ('" + product.getCode() + "', " +
"'" + product.getDescription() + "', " +
"'" + product.getPrice() + "')";
Statement statement = connection.createStatement();
int rowCount = statement.executeUpdate(query);
Update a row
String query = "UPDATE Product SET " +
"ProductCode = '" + product.getCode() + "', " +
"ProductDescription = '" + product.getDescription() + "', " +
"ProductPrice = '" + product.getPrice() + "' " +
"WHERE ProductCode = '" + product.getCode() + "'";
How to use the executeUpdate method to…(cont.)
Delete a row
String query = "DELETE FROM Product " +
"WHERE ProductCode = '" + productCode + "'"; Statement
statement = connection.createStatement();
How to insert, update, and delete data • The

executeUpdate method is an older method that works with most
JDBC drivers. Some newer methods require less SQL code, but
they may not work properly with all JDBC drivers.
• The executeUpdate method returns an int value that identifies the
number of rows affected by the SQL statement.
Warning
• If you build an SQL statement from user input and use a method
of the Statement object to execute that SQL statement, you may
be susceptible to an SQL injection attack.
• An SQL injection attack allows a hacker to bypass authentication
or execute SQL statements against your database that can read
data, modify data, or delete data.
• To prevent most types of SQL injection attacks, use prepared
statements.
How to use a prepared statement

To return a result set
String preparedSQL = "SELECT ProductCode, ProductDescription, "
+ " ProductPrice "
+ "FROM Product WHERE ProductCode = ?"; PreparedStatement ps =
connection.prepareStatement(preparedSQL); ps.setString(1,
productCode);
ResultSet product = ps.executeQuery();
To modify a row
String preparedSQL = "UPDATE Product SET "
+ " ProductCode = ?, "
+ " ProductDescription = ?, " + " ProductPrice
= ?"
+ "WHERE ProductCode = ?";
PreparedStatement ps =
connection.prepareStatement(preparedSQL); ps.setString(1,
product.getCode());
ps.setString(2, product.getDescription());
ps.setDouble(3, product.getPrice());
ps.setString(4, product.getCode());
ps.executeUpdate();
How to use a prepared statement (continued)

To insert a row
String preparedQuery =
"INSERT INTO Product "
+ "(ProductCode, ProductDescription, ProductPrice) "
+ "VALUES "
+ "(?, ?, ?)";
connection.prepareStatement(preparedQuery); ps.setString(1,
product.getCode());
ps.setString(2, product.getDescription());
ps.setDouble(3, product.getPrice());
ps.executeUpdate();
To delete a row
String preparedQuery = "DELETE FROM Product "
+ "WHERE ProductCode = ?";
connection.prepareStatement(preparedQuery); ps.setString(1,
productCode);
ps.executeUpdate();
How to work with prepared statements • When

you use prepared statements in your Java programs, the database
server only has to check the syntax and prepare an execution plan
once for each SQL statement. This improves the efficiency of the
database operations and prevents most types of SQL injection
attacks.
• To specify a parameter for a prepared statement, type a question
mark (?) in the SQL statement.
• To supply values for the parameters in a prepared statement, use
the set methods of the PreparedStatement interface.
• To execute a SELECT statement, use the executeQuery method.
To execute an INSERT , UPDATE, or DELETE statement, use
the executeUpdate method.
The SQL Gateway application

after executing an INSERT statement
Murach's
Java Servlets/JSP (3rd Ed.), C12 © 2014, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 21
The SQL Gateway application

after executing a SELECT statement
Murach's Java Servlets/JSP
(3rd Ed.), C12 © 2014, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 22
The code for the JSP

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Murach's Java Servlets and JSP</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles/main.css" type="text/css"/>
</head>
<body>
<%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core"

%> <c:if test="${sqlStatement == null}">
<c:set var="sqlStatement" value="select * from User" />
</c:if>
<h1>The SQL Gateway</h1>

<p>Enter an SQL statement and click the Execute button.</p>
The code for the JSP (continued)

<p><b>SQL statement:</b></p>
<form action="sqlGateway" method="post">
<textarea name="sqlStatement" cols="60"
rows="8">${sqlStatement}</textarea>
<input type="submit" value="Execute">
</form>
<p><b>SQL result:</b></p>
${sqlResult}
</body>
</html>
The SQLGatewayServlet class

package murach.sql;
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.sql.*;
public class SqlGatewayServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
String sqlStatement = request.getParameter("sqlStatement");

String sqlResult = "";
try {
// load the driver
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
The SQLGatewayServlet class (continued)
// get a connection
String dbURL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/murach"; String
username = "murach_user";
String password = "sesame";
Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection( dbURL,
username, password);
// create a statement
// parse the SQL string

sqlStatement = sqlStatement.trim();
if (sqlStatement.length() >= 6) {
String sqlType = sqlStatement.substring(0, 6);
if (sqlType.equalsIgnoreCase("select")) { // create
the HTML for the result set ResultSet resultSet
= statement.executeQuery(sqlStatement); sqlResult =
SQLUtil.getHtmlTable(resultSet); resultSet.close();
} else {
int i = statement.executeUpdate(sqlStatement); if (i == 0) { //
a DDL statement
sqlResult =
"<p>The statement executed successfully.</p>"; } else { // an INSERT,
UPDATE, or DELETE statement sqlResult =
"<p>The statement executed successfully.<br>" + i + " row(s)
affected.</p>"; }
}
}
statement.close();
connection.close();
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
sqlResult = "<p>Error loading the database driver: <br>" +
e.getMessage() + "</p>";
} catch (SQLException e) {
sqlResult = "<p>Error executing the SQL statement: <br>" +
e.getMessage() + "</p>";
}
HttpSession session = request.getSession();
session.setAttribute("sqlResult", sqlResult);
session.setAttribute("sqlStatement", sqlStatement);
String url = "/index.jsp";

getServletContext()
.getRequestDispatcher(url)
.forward(request, response);
}
}
Note
• The web.xml file for this application maps the
SQLGatewayServlet class to the /sqlGateway
URL.
The SQLUtil class

package murach.sql;
import java.sql.*;
public class SQLUtil {
public static String getHtmlTable(ResultSet results)

throws SQLException {
StringBuilder htmlTable = new StringBuilder();

ResultSetMetaData metaData = results.getMetaData(); int
columnCount = metaData.getColumnCount();
htmlTable.append("<table>");
The SQLUtil class (continued)

// add header row
htmlTable.append("<tr>");
for (int i = 1; i <= columnCount; i++) {
htmlTable.append("<th>");
htmlTable.append(metaData.getColumnName(i));
htmlTable.append("</th>");
}
htmlTable.append("</tr>");
// add all other rows

while (results.next()) {
htmlTable.append("<tr>");
for (int i = 1; i <= columnCount; i++) {
htmlTable.append("<td>");
htmlTable.append(results.getString(i));
htmlTable.append("</td>"); }
htmlTable.append("</tr>");
}
htmlTable.append("</table>");
return htmlTable.toString();
}
}
The SQLUtil class (continued)

• The getHtmlTable method in this class accepts a ResultSet object
and returns a String object that contains the HTML code for the
result set so it can be displayed by a browser.
• The getMetaData method of a ResultSet object returns a
ResultSetMetaData object.
• The getColumnCount method of a ResultSetMetaData object
returns the number of columns in the result set.
• The getColumnName method of a ResultSetMetaData object
returns the name of a column in the result set.
How connection pooling works

How connection pooling works (continued) •

When database connection pooling (DBCP) is used, a limited
number of connections are opened for a database and are shared
by the users who connect to the database. This improves the
performance of the database operations.
• When one of the threads of a servlet needs to perform a database
operation, the thread gets a Connection object from the
ConnectionPool object and uses that Connection object to do
the operation.
• When a thread finishes using a Connection object, it returns the
object to the pool.
• Before you can use the connection pool, you must make it
available to your application. Use your IDE to add the JAR file
for the connection pool to your application.
A context.xml file
that configures a connection pool
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Context path="/ch12email">
<Resource name="jdbc/murach" auth="Container"

driverClassName="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"
url="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/murach?autoReconnect=true"
username="murach_user" password="sesame"
maxActive="100" maxIdle="30" maxWait="10000"
logAbandoned="true" removeAbandoned="true"
removeAbandonedTimeout="60" type="javax.sql.DataSource" />
</Context>
A class that defines a connection
pool package murach.data;
import java.sql.*;
import javax.sql.DataSource;
import javax.naming.InitialContext;
import javax.naming.NamingException;
public class ConnectionPool {
private static ConnectionPool pool = null;

private static DataSource dataSource = null;
private ConnectionPool() {
try {
InitialContext ic = new InitialContext();
dataSource = (DataSource)
ic.lookup("java:/comp/env/jdbc/murach"); } catch
(NamingException e) {
System.out.println(e);
}
}
A class that defines a connection pool

(continued) public static synchronized ConnectionPool
getInstance() { if (pool == null) {
pool = new ConnectionPool();
}
return pool;
}
public Connection getConnection() {

try {
return dataSource.getConnection();
return null;
}
}
public void freeConnection(Connection c) {

try {
c.close();
}
}
}
Code that uses the connection pool

ConnectionPool pool =
ConnectionPool.getInstance(); Connection
connection = pool.getConnection();
// code that uses the connection to work with the
database pool.freeConnection(connection);
How to implement and use a connection

pool • With Tomcat 6 and later, you can use the context.xml
file to configure connection pooling for an application.
• The ConnectionPool class provides the getConnection and
freeConnection methods that make it easy for programmers to
get connections and to return connections to the connection
pool.
An Email List application

that displays an error message
The code for the JSP

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Murach's Java Servlets and JSP</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles/main.css" type="text/css"/>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Join our email list</h1>
<p>To join our email list, enter your name and
email address below.</p>
<p><i>${message}</i></p>
<form action="emailList" method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="action" value="add">
<label class="pad_top">Email:</label>
<input type="email" name="email" value="${user.email}"
required><br>
The code for the JSP (continued)

<label class="pad_top">First Name:</label>
<input type="text" name="firstName" value="${user.firstName}"
required><br>
<label class="pad_top">Last Name:</label>
<input type="text" name="lastName" value="${user.lastName}"
required><br>
<label> </label>
<input type="submit" value="Join Now" class="margin_left">
</form>
</body>
</html>
The code for the servlet

package murach.email;
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import murach.business.User;
import murach.data.UserDB;
public class EmailListServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException { String
url = "/index.html";
// get current action

String action = request.getParameter("action"); if
(action == null) {
action = "join"; // default action }
The code for the servlet (continued)

// perform action and set URL to appropriate page if
(action.equals("join")) {
url = "/index.jsp"; // the "join" page }
else if (action.equals("add")) {
// get parameters from the request
String firstName = request.getParameter("firstName"); String
lastName = request.getParameter("lastName"); String email =
request.getParameter("email");
// store data in User object

User user = new User(firstName, lastName, email);
The code for the servlet (continued)
// validate the parameters
if (UserDB.emailExists(user.getEmail())) { message = "This email
address already exists.<br>" + "Please enter another email
address."; url = "/index.jsp";
}
else {
message = "";
url = "/thanks.jsp";
UserDB.insert(user);
}
request.setAttribute("user", user);
request.setAttribute("message", message); }
getServletContext()
.getRequestDispatcher(url)
.forward(request, response);
}
}
The UserDB class
package murach.data;
import java.sql.*;
import murach.business.User;
public class UserDB {
public static int insert(User user) {

ConnectionPool pool = ConnectionPool.getInstance();
Connection connection = pool.getConnection();
PreparedStatement ps = null;
String query
= "INSERT INTO User (Email, FirstName, LastName) " + "VALUES
(?, ?, ?)";
The UserDB class (continued)

try {
ps = connection.prepareStatement(query);
ps.setString(1, user.getEmail()); ps.setString(2,
user.getFirstName()); ps.setString(3,
user.getLastName()); return ps.executeUpdate();
return 0;
} finally {
DBUtil.closePreparedStatement(ps);
pool.freeConnection(connection); }
}

public static int update(User user) {
String query = "UPDATE User SET "

+ "FirstName = ?, "
+ "LastName = ? "
+ "WHERE Email = ?";
try {
ps.setString(1, user.getFirstName());
ps.setString(2, user.getLastName());
ps.setString(3, user.getEmail());
return ps.executeUpdate();
return 0;
} finally {
pool.freeConnection(connection);
}
}

public static int delete(User user) {
String query = "DELETE FROM User "

try {
ps.setString(1, user.getEmail());
return ps.executeUpdate();
return 0;
} finally {
}
}

public static boolean emailExists(String email) {
ResultSet rs = null;
String query = "SELECT Email FROM User " +

"WHERE Email = ?";
try {
ps.setString(1, email);
rs = ps.executeQuery();
return rs.next();
return false;
} finally {
DBUtil.closeResultSet(rs);
}
}

public static User selectUser(String email) {
ResultSet rs = null;
String query = "SELECT * FROM User "
try {
ps.setString(1, email);
rs = ps.executeQuery();
User user = null;
if (rs.next()) {
user = new User();
user.setFirstName(rs.getString("FirstName"));
user.setLastName(rs.getString("LastName"));
user.setEmail(rs.getString("Email")); }
return user;

return null;
} finally {
DBUtil.closeResultSet(rs);
pool.freeConnection(connection); }
}
}
The DBUtil class

package murach.data;
import java.sql.*;
public class DBUtil {
public static void closeStatement(Statement s) {

try {
if (s != null) {
s.close();
}
}
}
The DBUtil class (continued)

public static void closePreparedStatement(Statement ps) {
try {
if (ps != null) {
ps.close();
}
}
}
public static void closeResultSet(ResultSet rs) {

try {
if (rs != null) {
rs.close();
}
}
}
}

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Chapter 12

How to use JDBC to

The four types of JDBC database drivers

How to make a database driver

Database URL syntax

How to connect to a MySQL database

How to connect to an Oracle database

How to explicitly load a database driver

How to connect to a database

How to create a result set

How to create a result set

How to move the cursor to the first

How to return a result set

Methods of a ResultSet object that return

Code that uses indexes to return columns

Code that creates a Product object

The getXXX methods

How to use the executeUpdate method to…

How to insert, update, and delete data • The

How to use a prepared statement

How to use a prepared statement (continued)

How to work with prepared statements • When

The SQL Gateway application

The SQL Gateway application

The code for the JSP

<%@ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core"

<h1>The SQL Gateway</h1>

The code for the JSP (continued)

The SQLGatewayServlet class

public class SqlGatewayServlet extends HttpServlet {

String sqlStatement = request.getParameter("sqlStatement");

// parse the SQL string

String url = "/index.jsp";

The SQLUtil class

public class SQLUtil {

public static String getHtmlTable(ResultSet results)

StringBuilder htmlTable = new StringBuilder();

The SQLUtil class (continued)

// add all other rows

The SQLUtil class (continued)

How connection pooling works

How connection pooling works (continued) •

<Resource name="jdbc/murach" auth="Container"

public class ConnectionPool {

private static ConnectionPool pool = null;

A class that defines a connection pool

public Connection getConnection() {

public void freeConnection(Connection c) {

Code that uses the connection pool

// code that uses the connection to work with the

How to implement and use a connection

An Email List application

The code for the JSP

The code for the JSP (continued)

The code for the servlet

public class EmailListServlet extends HttpServlet {

// get current action

The code for the servlet (continued)

// store data in User object