Steel Structures 2/10/2023

Spring 2023

Steel Structures
Lecture 1 [Spring 2023]

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer
Department of Civil Engineering
KFUEIT, RYK

Course Introduction
Credit Hours Per Week = 2 hrs.
Lectures Per Week = 1
Assessment Methods: Assignments, Quizzes, Complex Engineering
Problem, Mid Exam, Final Exam.

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 1
Steel Structures 2/10/2023
Spring 2023

Course Introduction
Course Learning Outcomes:
CLO Learning Taxonomy Related
CLO Statement
No. Domain Level PLO

Describe specifications and design

1 philosophy for the design of structural Cognitive 2 1
steel members.

Design various structural steel members

2 Cognitive 6 3
and their connections

Course Introduction
Relevant Program Outcomes:
PLO-1 Engineering Knowledge:

An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals and

engineering specialization for the solution of complex engineering problems.

PLO-3 Design/Development of Solutions:

An ability to design solutions for complex engineering problems and design systems,
components or processes that meet specified needs with appropriate consideration for
public health and safety, cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 2
Steel Structures 2/10/2023
Spring 2023

Course Introduction
Course Contents:
Introduction
Use of steel as a structural material
Mechanical properties
Types and shapes of structural steel members
Specifications and design codes
Design philosophies, load and safety factors.
Fundamentals of Working Stress Method
Overview of Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
Service load and allowable stresses

Course Introduction
Course Contents:
LRFD Method of Design
Factor of safety, loads and load combination.
Concept of load and resistance factors
Plastic design and limits on design
Analysis and design of tension members
Analysis and design of Compression Members.
Local and overall stability
Euler's buckling load in columns
Analysis and design of beams.
Compact, non-compact and slender sections
6

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 3
Steel Structures 2/10/2023
Spring 2023

Course Introduction
Course Contents:
LRFD Method of Design
Bending strength
Shear Strength
Lateral torsional buckling.
Biaxial Bending
Purlins, sag rods
Beam-column and axial-flexure interaction
Second order effects
Moment magnification.
Plate girder proportioning and design.
Simple welded and bolted connections
Overview of moment and shear connections
7

STRUCTURAL DESIGN
• The structural design of buildings, whether of structural steel or
reinforced concrete, requires the determination of the overall
proportions and dimensions of the supporting framework and
the selection of the cross sections of individual members.
• In most cases the functional design, including the establishment
of the number of stories and the floor plan, will have been done
by an architect, and the structural engineer must work within
the constraints imposed by this design.

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 4
Steel Structures 2/10/2023
Spring 2023

STRUCTURAL DESIGN
• Ideally, the engineer and architect will collaborate throughout the
design process to complete the project in an efficient manner. In
effect, however, the design can be summed up as follows:
• The architect decides how the building should look; the engineer
must make sure that it doesn’t fall down.
• First priority of the structural engineer: safety. Other important
considerations include serviceability (how well the structure
performs in terms of appearance and deflection) and economy.

BUILDING CODES
• Buildings must be designed and constructed according to the
provisions of a building code, which is a legal document containing
requirements related to such things as structural safety, fire safety,
plumbing, ventilation, and accessibility to the physically disabled.
• A building code has the force of law and is administered by a
governmental entity such as a city, a county, or, for some large
metropolitan areas, a consolidated government.
• Building codes do not give design procedures, but they do specify
the design requirements and constraints that must be satisfied.

10

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 5
Steel Structures 2/10/2023
Spring 2023

BUILDING CODES
• Three national code organizations have developed model
building codes:
• The Uniform Building Code (International Conference of Building
Officials, 1999)
• The Standard Building Code (Southern Building Code Congress
International, 1999)
• The BOCA National Building Code (BOCA, 1999) (BOCA is an
acronym for Building Officials and Code Administrators.)
• These codes have generally been used in different regions of the
United States.
11

BUILDING CODES
• A unified building code, the International Building Code
(International Code Council, 2003), has been developed to
eliminate some of the inconsistencies among the three national
building codes.
• Although it is not a building code, ASCE 7, Minimum Design
Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (American Society of
Civil Engineers, 2002) is similar in form to a building code. This
standard provides load requirements in a format suitable for
adoption as part of a code.
• The International Building Code incorporates much of ASCE 7 in
its load provisions.
12

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 6
Steel Structures 2/10/2023
Spring 2023

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
• In contrast to building codes, design specifications give more
specific guidance for the design of structural members and their
connections.
• They present the guidelines and criteria that enable a structural
engineer to achieve the objectives mandated by a building code.
• Design specifications represent what is considered to be good
engineering practice based on the latest research.
• They are periodically revised and updated by the issuance of
supplements or completely new editions.

13

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
• The specifications of most interest to the structural steel designer
are those published by the following organizations.
• American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC): This specification
provides for the design of structural steel buildings and their
connections. It is the one of primary concern in this course, and we
discuss it in detail (AISC, )
• American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials (AASHTO): This specification covers the design of highway
bridges and related structures. It provides for all structural materials
normally used in bridges, including steel, reinforced concrete, and
timber (AASHTO, 2002,2004).
14

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 7
Steel Structures 2/10/2023
Spring 2023

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
• American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way
Association (AREMA): The AREMA Manual of Railway
Engineering covers the design of railway bridges and
related structures (AREMA, 2005). This organization was
formerly known as the American Railway Engineering
Association (AREA).
• American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI): This specification
deals with cold-formed steel, which we will discuss in this
course (AISI, 2001).
15

STRUCTURAL STEEL
• The earliest use of iron, the chief component of steel, was for small
tools, in approximately 4000 B.C.
• This material was in the form of wrought iron,
produced by heating ore in a charcoal fire.
• In the latter part of the eighteenth century and in the early
nineteenth century, cast iron and wrought iron were used in various
types of bridges.
• The characteristics of steel that are of the most interest to
structural engineers can be examined by plotting the results of a
tensile test.
16

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 8
Steel Structures 2/10/2023
Spring 2023

STRUCTURAL STEEL
• If a test specimen is subjected to an axial load P, as shown in Figure,
the stress and strain can be computed as follows:

where
f = axial tensile stress
A = cross-sectional area
e = axial strain
L = length of specimen
ΔL = change in length
17

STRUCTURAL STEEL
• If the load is increased in increments from zero to the point of fracture,
and stress and strain are computed at each step, a stress–strain curve
such as the one shown in Figure 2.1 can be plotted.
• This curve is typical of a class of steel known as ductile, or mild, steel.
• The relationship between stress and strain is linear up to the
proportional limit; the material is said to follow Hooke’s law.
• A peak value, the upper yield point, is quickly reached after that,
followed by a leveling off at the lower yield point.

18

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 9
Steel Structures 2/10/2023
Spring 2023

Figure 2.1: Typical stress strain curve for mild steel

19

STRUCTURAL STEEL
• The stress then remains constant, even though the strain continues to
increase.
• At this stage of loading, the test specimen continues to elongate as
long as the load is not removed, even though the load cannot be
increased.
• This constant stress region is called the yield plateau, or plastic range.
• At a strain of approximately 12 times the strain at yield, strain
hardening begins, and additional load (and stress) is required to cause
additional elongation (and strain).

20

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 10
Steel Structures 2/10/2023
Spring 2023

STRUCTURAL STEEL
• A maximum value of stress is reached, after which the specimen
begins to “neck down” as the stress decreases with increasing
strain, and fracture occurs.

Figure 2.2: 21

STRUCTURAL STEEL
• Steel exhibiting the behavior shown in Figure 1.2 is called ductile
because of its ability to undergo large deformations before
fracturing. Ductility can be measured by the elongation, defined as

22

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 11
Steel Structures 2/10/2023
Spring 2023

STRUCTURAL STEEL
• The elastic limit of the material is a stress that lies between the
proportional limit and the upper yield point.
• Up to this stress, the specimen can be unloaded without permanent
deformation; the unloading will be along the linear portion of the
diagram, the same path followed during loading.
• This part of the stress–strain diagram is called the elastic range.
• Beyond the elastic limit, unloading will be along a straight line
parallel to the initial linear part of the loading path, and there will
be a permanent strain.

23

STRUCTURAL STEEL
• For example, if the load is removed at point A, the unloading will be
along line AB, resulting in the permanent strain OB.
• Figure 2.3 on next slide shows an idealized version of this stress–
strain curve.
• The proportional limit, elastic limit, and the upper and lower yield
points are all very close to one another and are treated as a single
point called the yield point, defined by the stress Fy.
• The other point of interest to the structural engineer is the
maximum value of stress that can be attained, called the ultimate
tensile strength, Fu.
24

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 12
Steel Structures 2/10/2023
Spring 2023

STRUCTURAL STEEL

Figure: 2.3: Idealized stress strain curve for mild steel

25

STRUCTURAL STEEL
• The shape of this curve is typical of mild structural steels, which are
different from one another primarily in the values of Fy and Fu.
• The ratio of stress to strain within the elastic range, denoted E and
called Young’s modulus, or modulus of elasticity, is the same for all
structural steels and has a value of 29,000,000 psi (pounds per
square inch) or 29,000 ksi (kips per square inch).

26

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 13
Steel Structures 2/10/2023
Spring 2023

STRUCTURAL STEEL TYPES

• Structural steels can be grouped according to their composition as
follows.
• Plain carbon steels: mostly iron and carbon, with less than 1%
carbon.
• Low-alloy steels: iron and carbon plus other components (usually
less than 5%). The additional components are primarily for
increasing strength, which is accomplished at the expense of a
reduction in ductility.

27

STRUCTURAL STEEL
• High-alloy or specialty steels: similar in composition to the low-
alloy steels but with a higher percentage of the components added
to iron and carbon.
• These steels are higher in strength than the plain carbon steels and
also have some special quality, such as resistance to corrosion.

28

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 14
Steel Structures 2/10/2023
Spring 2023

GRADES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL

• Different grades of structural steel are identified by the designation
assigned them by the American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM).
• This organization develops standards for defining materials in terms
of their composition, properties, and performance, and it
prescribes specific tests for measuring these attributes (ASTM,
2005a).
• One of the most commonly used structural steels is a mild steel
designated as ASTM A36, or A36 for short.

29

GRADES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL

• ASTM A 36 steel has the following tensile properties.
Yield stress: Fy = 36,000 psi (36 ksi)
• Tensile strength (Ultimate): Fu = 58,000 psi to 80,000 psi (58 ksi to
80 ksi)
A36 steel is classified as a plain carbon steel, and it has the following
components (other than iron).
• Carbon: 0.26% (maximum)
• Phosphorous: 0.04% (maximum)
• Sulfur: 0.05% (maximum)
30

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 15
Steel Structures 2/10/2023
Spring 2023

GRADES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL

• Other commonly used structural steels are ASTM A572 Grade 50
and ASTM A992.
• These two steels are very similar in both tensile properties and
chemical composition, with a maximum carbon content of 0.23%.
• A comparison of the tensile properties of A36, A572 Grade 50, and
A992 is given in Table 2.1

31

GRADES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL

Table 2.1: Properties of commonly used grades of structural steel

32

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 16
Steel Structures 2/10/2023
Spring 2023

Reference Books
Book Title (Edition) Author Chapter/Topic Number

Steel Design (14th) William T. Segui Chapter 1

Topics 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4& 1.5

Structural Abi Aghayere, Chapter 1

Steel Design - A PRACTICE- Jason Vigil Topics 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4& 1.5
ORIENTED APPROACH

Engr. Danish Saeed

Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of
Engineering & IT, RYK 17