Makalah 4

SURAT PERNYATAAN CONTRIBUTORSHIP
Yang bertandatangan di bawah ini menyatakan dengan sesungguhnya bahwa
Judul Artikel : Institutional strengthening of rice seed based on the

community in supporting food security
Publikasi / Tahun : IOP Conf. Series Earth and Environmental Science 807
(2021) 022017 / 2021
DOI : 10.1088/1755-1315/807/2/022017
Penerbit : IOP Publishing
disusun dengan kontribusi dari masing-masing penulis sebagai berikut:
Nama Penulis Peran/Kontribusi Tanda tangan

1. Cahyati Setiani Kontributor utama 1.
2. Indrie Ambarsari Kontributor anggota 2.
3. Munir Eti Wulanjari Kontributor anggota 3.
Bergas, 16 Juli 2021

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
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IC-FSSAT 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 807 (2021) 011001 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/807/1/011001
PREFACE
It is a great honour for us to be the host of the 3rd International Conference on Food Security
and Sustainable Agriculture in the Tropics (FSSAT) on January 8th – 9th, 2021 at
Agriculture Faculty of Hasanuddin University, Makassar City of South Sulawesi Province,
Indonesia. This conference is a series of international scientific seminars held by the Faculty
of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia, which has been held annually
since 2017.
This conference was held as a forum for exchanging information on productivist paradigm in
Indonesian food policies to feed 260 million people targets the self-sufficiency of rice, sago,
corn, soybean, and meat production, including the infrastructure development such as dams,
irrigation channels building, and the expansion of paddy and sago fields in the Eastern
Indonesia. The unintended outcomes of these efforts are the marginalization of the local food
system and dispossession of the local communities from their land and food culture. As a
consequence, the human-environmental relationship has changed dramatically posing
calamitous disaster and slowly disappearing foodways through local wisdom in everyday life
of the local community. It also brings health issues due to the excessive use of chemical
agricultural inputs in production, and the increase of degenerative disease and obesity due the
unhealthy practices in the consumption level.
The International Conference on Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture in the Tropics
will be held every two years, the first in 2017, the second in 2019, and the third in 2021. The
covid-19 conditions that have hit the whole world have resulted in restrictions on activities to
reduce the spread of Covid-19 sufferers so that the conference model from the form of a live
conference has turned into a virtual conference.
The condition of the Covid-19 pandemic has raised concerns about food security throughout
the world, including Indonesia, through restrictions on community activities. Several things
have implications for the existence of Covid-19, including the occurrence of a very
significant supply chain disruption caused by a reduction in capacity to produce food, closing
transportation routes so that it will slow down the distribution of food from producers to
consumers. The inability of people to consume enough healthy and nutritious food will
reduce the immune system and increase disease risk. Thus ensuring an affordable food supply
chain is essential during the Covid-19 outbreak. To solve this problem globally, cooperation
is needed that involves scientists, academics, practitioners, professionals, governments,
entrepreneurs, and communities across countries. To build a network between stakeholders,
an international conference held by the Hasanuddin University Faculty of Agriculture in 2021
is important as a forum for building connectivity between researchers and/or research
institutions. At this conference, a multi-disciplinary approach based on the knowledge and
experience of scientists, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers will be brought together.
If the meeting cannot be held virtually, then solutions in dealing with the food crisis during
the Covid-19 pandemic will not find a way out and add to the length of the crisis period
chain.
This conference presents keynote speakers from 5 countries, namely Dr. Ir. Bayu
Krisnamurthi, M.Si.from IPB University, Indonesia, Prof. Dr. Ir. Sumbangan Baja, M.Phil
from Universitas Hasanuddin, Indonesia, Prof. Takuya Sugahara from Ehime Univerity,
Japan, Dr. Ravindra C Joshi from CABI South-East Asia, Dr. Lau Wei Hong form University
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
Putra Malaysia, Mr. Moh, Guo-Jhong from ICDF Taiwan. First plenary session and
discussion with 2 speakers for 1 hour and the second plenary and discussion with 3 speakers
for 2 hours. For participant presentations (oral presentation and video presentation) it was
held in 2 sessions, each session was divided into 10 rooms. The number of participants per
room was 11-14 participants with an allocation of presentations for 7 minutes/participants
conducted in parallel as many as 7 parallel sessions. Discussions session were held in parallel
in each parallel session with an allocation of 3 minutes per participant. Virtual FSSAT 3
implementation using the zoom meeting application by the Faculty of Agriculture,
Universitas Hasanuddin has which is obtained by subscription.
The seminar participants were attended by lecturers and students from various universities as
well as researchers from various research institutions both from the ministry of agriculture
and from Agricultural Technology Research Center. The institution of the participants came
from Agricultural Technology Research Center, some polytechnic, institute and University,
Indonesian Center for Estate Crops Research and Development, International Coconut
Community, Center for Agricultural Technology Research and Development, PT Vale
Indonesia Tbk, Sorowako. Some from overseas universities: University of New England,
Armidale, Australia, and School of Agriculture and Environment of Massey University,
Palmerston North New Zealand. Overall participant numbers around 1.034 participants.
There were no significant technical obstacles, speakers and participants from overseas also
presented their papers fluently. Apart from sharing zoom rooms, we also created a social
media group (WhatsApp) for each class to facilitate communication between participants and
organizers.
All published articles are subject to a rigorous selection process and are peer-reviewed by
international and national reviewers. On this occasion, we would like to thank all the authors
and the team who have actively participated in the 3rd FSSAT conference, expert reviewers
who are very responsive to the technical program committee, experienced senior publication
chair, Publication Management Center (PMC) of Universitas Hasanuddin, authors and
scholars who are enthusiastic in research. Sincerely thank you for your warm support and
look forward to working with you in the next future.
Warm Regards,
Dr. Asmita Ahmad, ST., MSi.
Conference Chairman
Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin
2
EDITORS & REVIEWERS

Ir. Muhammad Arsyad, S.P., M.Si, Ph.D
Prof. Dr. Ir. Didi Rukmana, M.S
Prof. Dr. Ir. Muslim Salam , M.Ec
Dr. A. Nixia Tenriawaru, S.P.,M.Si.
Achmad Amiruddin, S.P., M.Si
Muhammad Khaliqi, S.P., M.Si
Andi Azrarul Amri, S.P., M.Si
Dwi Ahrisa Putri, S.P., M.Si
Andi Tenri Darhyati, SP, M.Si
Ikawati,S.T.P.,M.Si
Ayu Wulandary, S.P., M.Si
Ayu Anisa Amir, S.P., M.Si
Ary Bakhtiar., SP., M.Si
Dian Utami Zainuddin, S.Si., M.Si.
Departemen Ilmu Tanah
Dr. Rismaneswati, S.P., M.P
Dr. Asmita Ahmad, S.T.,M.Si
Sartika Laban, S.P.,M.P.,Ph.D
James Nana Ofori, B.Sc.,M.Sc (Ghana)
Supriadi, S.P.,M.Si (Japan)
Nirmala Juita, S.P.,M.Si
Indryani Bali, S.P.,M.Sc
Prof. Dr. Ir. Yunus Musa, M.S
Ir. Rinaldi Sjahril, M.Agr.,Ph.D
Ir. Hari Iswoyo, S.P.,M.A.,Ph.D
Dr. Ir. Muh. Riadi, M.P
Dr. Ir. Rusnadi Padjung, M.Sc
Ifayanti Ridwan Saleh, S.P.,M.P.,Ph.D
Dr. Ir. Asmiaty Sahur, M.P
Rahmansyah Dermawan, S.P.,M.Si
Nuniek Widiayani, S.P.,M.Si
Prof. Dr. Ir. Ade Rosmana, M.Sc
Prof. Dr. Ir. Andi Nasruddin, M.Sc
5
Prof. Dr. Ir. Tutik Kuswinanti, M.Sc

Muhammad Junaid. S.P.,M.P.,Ph.D
Dr. Sulaeha Thamrin, S.P.,M.Si
Hamdayanty S.P.,M.Si
Prof. Dr. Ir. Meta Mahendradatta
Andi Dirpan, S.TP.,M.Si.,Ph.D
Dr. Andi Nur Faidah Rahman., STP., MSi
JamyangTashi Wangdi, M.Sc (Bhutan)
Nur Alim Bahmid, S.TP.,M.Si (Netherland)
Muspirah Djalal, S.TP.,M.Sc
Dr. Iqbal, S.TP.,M.Si
Dr. Haerani, S.TP.,M.Eng.Sc
Dr.rer.nat. Olly S. Hutabarat, S.TP.,M.Si
Samsuar, S.TP.,M.Si
Husnul Mubarak, S.TP.,M.Si
Dr. Kasmiyati Kasim, SPt, MP
6
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- Peer review declaration
Peer review declaration - Peer Review Declaration
To cite this article: 2021 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 807 011002 - Peer review declaration
View the article online for updates and enhancements.

Peer review declaration

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental
Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews
were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of
a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.
• Type of peer review:
Single-blind
• Conference submission management system:
We conduct paper submission through submission management system
(http://konfrenzi.com/). The manuscript from author has submitted before the
conference through the conference website (https://fssat3.unhas.ac.id/).
• Number of submissions received:
Total received abstract = 364 papers
• Number of submissions sent for review:
355 full papers (19 papers rejected)
• Number of submissions accepted:
291 full papers
• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions
Received X 100):
79.9 %
• Average number of reviews per paper:
6 papers per reviewer
• Total number of reviewers involved:
47 reviewers
• Any additional info on review process:
There are some steps on review process
1. Abstract review and acceptance
At the first stage, abstracts submitted to the committee through the online
system available in the website were reviewed by a Scientific Advisory
Board/Reviewers for the suitability of the paper's topic to the theme of the
conference. Abstracts that suit the theme were accepted and author were
notified of the acceptance through the system. Abstract submission and review
were conducted simultaneously until abstract submission deadline on October
31, 2020. As many as 364 abstracts submitted through system were reviewed. 1
abstract was rejected as not comply with the theme of the conference. Accepted
abstracts were allowed to be presented in an oral or live presentation.
2. Submission of Full Paper
At the second stage, authors with abstracts declared accepted by the Scientific
Advisory Board/Reviewer and will be presented in the conference were
requested to submit a complete manuscript according to the IOP Publishing
format. The deadline for receipt of a complete manuscript (full paper) was on
December 15, 2020.
3. Revision of Full Paper
At the third stage, following the conference that took place on January 8-9,
2021, Authors were requested to revise the full paper according to the input and
suggestions from the conference audiences and re-submit the manuscript

through the system until January 31, 2021.
4. Peer review of Full Paper
At the Fourth stage, full paper previously submitted through system were
reviewed following a single blind peer review process. The papers were sent to
the Scientific Advisory Boards that consisted of 47 reviewers according to topic
of the papers and reviewer’s competency. The reviewers are from international
scientists and from the Faculty of Agriculture, and Faculty of Animal Husbandry,
Hasanuddin University. Review was conducted on content and format of the
paper based on IOP Conference Series. The review process was carried out
starting from February to March 7, 2021. At this stage, Reviewer submit a
decision for the acceptance of the papers for publication in IOP Conference
Series.
5. Revision of Reviewed Full Paper
At the Fifth Stage, Review results were returned to the authors for revision and
re-submission online for those accepted for publication (deadline on April 15,
2021). Following the submission of revised manuscript. The submitted papers
were then subjected to proofread stage and check for similarity using Turnitin.
Papers with similarity check more than 25% were returned to the authors for
further revision. Subsequently, papers were prepared for submission to IOP
Conference Series.
• Contact person for queries:

The chief of the conference: Dr. Asmita Ahmad, ST., M.Si.
Mobile phone: +6281342542792
E-mail: asmita.ahmad@agri.unhas.ac.id
2
PAPER • OPEN ACCESS
Institutional strengthening of rice seed based on the community in

supporting food security
To cite this article: C Setiani et al 2021 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 807 022017
View the article online for updates and enhancements.

Institutional strengthening of rice seed based on the community

in supporting food security
C Setiani, I Ambarsari and M E Wulanjari

Assessment Institute of Agricultural Technology Central Java, Indonesian Agency for
Agricultural Research and Development, Jl. Soekarno-Hatta Km.26 No.10, Bergas,
Kabupaten Semarang 50552, Central Java, Indonesia
E-mail: cahyatisetiani@gmail.com
Abstract. Seedling-system transformation has been gradually shifted the seed authority
management from farmer and breeder to multinational companies. This circumstance should be
balanced with farmer capability in producing seeds independently to prevent capitalization.
Thus, the Ministry of Agriculture has declared the seed self-reliance villages as a community-
based program to face those challenges. This study aimed to evaluate the importance of
institutional strengthening through the seed self-reliance villages program to improve food
security and increase farmer welfare. This research was conducted based on the survey method
and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) at five districts (Kendal, Boyolali, Tegal, Klaten, and
Sragen) in Central Java. A survey through informal interview involved 30 representative
participants from farmer groups of each district, while the FGD was performed through in-depth
discussion with 22 participants, including farmers, extension or agricultural officers, and other
related stakeholders. The result showed that global agreement obstructs the community-based
seedling system, particularly in breeding and certification. A community-based rice seedling
institution threatened to quit due to asymmetric interaction between the actors. Moreover, this
seedling institution should be strengthened in the technological aspect and property right
management. In the end, the government's role as a facilitator is critical in this community-based
seedling institution, especially in capital aspects.
1. Introduction
The seed has a vital position and substantial control in the food system. However, the seedling system
had transformed gradually in the first half of the 20th century. The major transformation was about
authority management, which initially handled by farmers and breeders become shifted to multinational
companies [1,2]. This condition should be balanced with farmer capability in producing seed
independently to avoid company capitalism.
Through the Ministry of Agriculture, the Indonesian government has declared a seedling policy
designed in several programs to protect farmers. The seed self-reliance villages program is one of the
community-based seedling programs implemented since 2015 in 31 provinces of Indonesia, one of these
provinces is Central Java. This program is an informal seedling management system that collectively
produces and sells qualified seeds to ensure seed availability in agricultural communities or farmer
groups.
Unfortunately, the implementation program of seed self-reliance villages has not yet been worked as
expected. The problems are incredibly complex, not only in technical but also in economic and socio-
culture aspects [3]. This program is associated with rural development as a whole. Therefore, the
institutional aspect is one of the critical aspects that must be handled properly to sustain the program.
This study was determined to evaluate the seed self-reliance villages program's performance in
Central Java and the importance of institutional strengthening in supporting food security and farmer
welfare. The study's focus was rice seeds considering that rice is the primary staple food in Indonesia,
and the provision of rice seeds would support food security.
2. Methods
The community-based seedling concept implemented in this study refers to the Consortium for
Unfavorable Rice Environment (CURE) program. However, there was a little modification in the crop
selection and certification process. This program arranges the informal seedling system in an agricultural
community or farmer group that collectively produced and sold good quality seeds to ensure seed
availability at the right time and in the right place. On the other hand, the institutional strengthening
method was carried out through the Field School Farmer (FFS) approach, a non-formal learning process
to develop farmer skill and knowledge in recognizing the potency, arranging the business plans,
identifying and solving problems, making a decision, applying appropriate technology synergistically
and environmentally friendly to achieve high productivity and sustainable farming [4].
This study was conducted in 2015-2019 at five Central Java districts, namely Kendal, Tegal,
Boyolali, Sragen, and Klaten. Evaluation of the program performance and its institutional strengthening
efficiency was determined based on periodic survey method and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The
survey involved about 30 participants, which were farmer groups representative from each district.
Detailed information on seed production and distribution, technology application, seedling management,
and socio-economics conditions were collected through an informal interview during the survey.
Meanwhile, there were 22 participants representatives from each district, including farmers, agricultural
service officers, extension agents, village officials, and relevant stakeholders, involved in the FGD. The
data observed including institutional performance and institutional role in supporting food security.
Secondary information was collected from the concerned agricultural office. Data were analyzed
qualitatively.
3. Results and discussion

An attempt of the community-based seedling system in supporting food security could be noticed from
three aspects, i.e.: (1) seed production and distribution, (2) institutional strengthening, and (3) the role
of seeds in food security. Each aspect is described as follows:
3.1. Seed production and distribution

Seed production and distribution are the main factors in the seedling system concept [5]. In this study,
the rice seeds produced were new superior varieties (NSV) from a specific location and had certified.
This kind of seed was expected to be contributed to the increasing in yield and profit. Previous research
showed that the utilization of certified and specific-location NSV rice seeds increased the yield and the
profit [6, 7, 8, 9].
Table 1 represents the production of certified rice seed in the study location from 2015 to 2019. The
seeds were produced on the field laboratory (FL) and field school (FS) land. Intensive assistance was
provided on the FL land with some stimulus like seeds and other agricultural inputs. Meanwhile, on the
FS land, intensive assistance was provided without stimulus.
The number of seeds produced was adjusted to market demand and working capital. Overall, the seed
self-reliance village program's performance has not been fully achieved due to the seed demand in its
region was not fulfilled adequately (on time, good quality, exact quantity, well price, seed type, and
right place). There were some obstacles in seed production: land, capital, seed source, technology
understanding, and farmer behavior. The farmer land for the seedling business is quite extensive, but
some farmers were not interested in the seedling business and even refused it. In this business, farmers
should be waiting for the payment about a month after the seeds are sold. The fact that farmers mostly
2
need a direct cash payment to fulfill their daily outcome became the main reason for seedling business
rejection. Limited capital of nursery caused the seed payment to the farmers were often delayed.
Another constrain of seed production in the study location is seed availability. The seed required is
Foundation Seed (FS) because farmers prefer to use certified Stock Seed (SS) than Extension Seed (ES).
Based on the regulation of Indonesian Agricultural Ministry No.355/HK.130/C/05/2015, the production
system of rice seed is started from Breeder Seed (BS) and then sequentially derivate into Foundation
Seed (FS), Stock Seed (SS), and Extension Seed (ES). The BS class is produced by a breeder in the
research institution, while the other seeds class is produced by Seed Center, private producer, or
individuals.
There is a misconception at the farmer level, who believed that SS class paddy has better quality,
higher yield, and high resistance toward pest and disease attack. The whole seed classes have an equal
potential genetic due to the same variety. The seed class was distinguished by the number of impurities
(dirt and other varieties mixture) and physical characteristics [10,11]. These factors do not affect
productivity, agronomic character, and yield components [10]. Agronomic characteristics and yield
components are mainly determined by the genetic nature of the varieties themselves.
Table 1. The production of certified seeds in five districts of Central Java 2015-2019.
Production in each location (Kg) Total
Year
Kendal Boyolali Tegal Sragen Klaten
2,600 2,400 5,000
2015 - - (36,530*)
(29,850*) (82,400*) (148,780*)
6,500 5,900 8,225 20,625
2016 - -
(20,050)* (14.100)* (66,940)* (101,090)*
16,900 12,900 54,100
2017 15,500 8,800 (11,900)*
(9,000)* (3,500)* (24,400)*
6,000 20,000 48,500
2018 6,500 16,000 (9,720)*
(7,000)* (32,000)* (48,20)*
2,000 32,350 10,625 44,350
2019 1,.000 -
(43,000)* (106,165)* (170,960)* (149,165)*
Total amount 34,000 29,400 67,050 10,625 172,575
31,500
(tons) (108,900)* (3,500)* (188,795)* (170,960)* (472,155)*
Note: *Field School location
Moreover, poor understanding of farmers in seedling technology is another obstacle in the study
location that required intensive assistance, especially in the crop selection stage. Crop selection could
reduce the yield so that farmers as a breeder were often neglecting an appropriate crop selection
procedure. This negligence led to a failure in field inspection, and as a consequence, the produced seeds
become improper seeds.
Farmer behavior toward certified seeds should also be considered in the seed production process.
There are three typical farmers based on their utilizing certified seeds [12]. First, the farmers who
always use certified seeds realize that the certified seeds have excellent benefits such as higher
production, plant growth, and higher yield price. Second, farmers who use certified seeds in a particular
season, especially in the second or third planting season. This second type utilize certified seeds in the
riskiest planting season to minimize crop failure. Third, farmers who use certified seeds after 3-4 times
of planting due to limited assets (narrow land and nether income).
The seeds were mainly distributed to the farmer group members, and the remaining seeds were sold
to other areas through farm stalls or collaborated with partners (state-owned enterprises or private
3
sectors). The seeds were sold to other areas since their varieties were inappropriate with farmer
preference. The rice cultivated in the study location varies from 7 to 10 rice varieties. On the other hand,
partners' involvement in seed distribution would help accelerate the cash circulation, primarily if the
seeds are sold in large capacity.
3.2. The institutional strengthening

The organization's establishment was an initial step of institutional strengthening in the seed self-
reliance village program. The organization was established in the form of a farmer group. However, the
implementation of farmer groups as a business unit certainly should deal with some obstacles. Seedling
business is a commercial organization managed professionally, requires capital, and has a profit target.
Meanwhile, most farmer groups just functioned as facilitators in sharing information or experiences
related to agricultural programs or issues [13]. This circumstance rendered a difficulty in farmer group
existence as a business unit.
The periodic survey in 2015-2019 showed that the conflict of interest between members of farmer
group and business unit administrator was mainly triggered by the obscurity of property rights in
seedling business management. There was an inconsistency between investment and working capital.
The investment in farmer groups is mostly assisted by local government, which means the groups would
handle the property and the profit gained belong to all group members (table 2). Meanwhile, the seedling
business's working capital in five study locations is the head manager's private capital.
Table 2. Financial support to the village of rice seed self-reliance at Central Java in 2015.
Unit Unit Cost Total Cost
Cost items (IDR) (IDR)
Infrastructure facilities of production, 10 ha 2,500,000 25,000,000
processing, and certification
The seed processing and packaging 1 unit 45,000,000 45,000,000
equipment or machines
Warehouse (min. 40 m2) 1 unit 60,000,000 60,000,000
Drying floor (min 80 m2) 1 unit 40,000,000 40,000,000
Total amount (IDR) 170,000,000
Several issues of seedling business management were also identified in the Focus Group Discussion
(FGD): (i) the transparency of property right, (ii) the group has no contribution in working capital share,
(iii) complexity in profit calculation due to the free-rider, (iv) mostly members just interested in short-
term profit not a long-term investment, and (v) a lack of control in the business management neither
from farmer group itself nor from the government.
Institutional strengthening was gradually directed to the seedling management improvement,
particularly on the seedling business revitalization. There were several agreements on the revitalization
project: (i) the seedling business unit is not a part of the farmer group, and (ii) the seedling business
should pay money to the farmer group for using the grant facilities. The local government gives a social
grant of seedling facilities through the group to be used by farmers in those areas. This grant could not
be transferred to the commercial or individual seedling business juristically. However, the management
believed that leasing payment in using the seedling facilities burdensome business.
Interestingly, this conflict did not come to the surface since the seedling business's head manager had
a higher socioeconomic status than other farmers in those locations. The group members realized that
the seedling business would not operate if no one initiatively managed the business and provided the
working capital concurrently. Revitalization implementation is extremely challenging, but the seed self-
reliance program threatened unsustainable if the revitalization were unexecuted. This circumstance
4
proved in 2019, which the seed self-reliance villages only remained 22 active units (34.49%) from 63
units.
3.3. The role of seeds in supporting food security

National production of certified rice seeds in 2019 in the amount of 220,738 tons only meet 20.71% of
national demand that reached 276,515 tons [14], and the shortage was obtained from the informal sector.
Meanwhile, the certified seed shortage in Central Java is about 20.57% annually [15]. The number of
seed producers in Central Java for the last five years (2014-2018) is about 234-313 units (table 3). There
are three types of rice seed producers in Central Java: (1) state-owned enterprises (Pertani Ltd., Sang
Hyang Seri Ltd.), (2) private sector, and (3) government. Their contribution to rice seed production was
dominated by state-owned enterprises (51%) and private sectors (46%) [16]. Farmer, as a breeder in the
seed self-reliance program, is categorized as a private producer.
Table 3. The rice seed producer in Central Java.
Year
Description
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Total producer (unit) 277 313 259 257 234
Dealer (unit) 97 52 31 28 27
Seed production field (ha) 13,508 11,006 15,528 13,214 11,959
Seed production (tons) 38,250 39,586 41,402 39,753 38,667
[17]
Source: Supervisory and Certification Office of Central Java (2019)
In the rice seed production system, there is four interacted subsystem: (1) research, breeding, and
releasing of varieties; (2) seed production and distribution; (3) quality control and certification; and (4)
supporting subsystems, such as government regulation, human resources, and infrastructure facilities
[18,19]. Indonesia still not ratification from The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties
of Plants (UPOV), but the seed production regulations similar to countries that ratified UPOV. The
presence of UPOV in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) would strengthening
corporation monopoly in the seed authority and obstruct the farmer right in seed development [20].
Another global agreement associated with seed certification also affected the seed self-reliance villages
program [21]. These global agreements emphasized that farmers could only use certified seeds and
could not sell uncertified seeds.
In Indonesia, particularly Central Java, rice seed industry development is still limited, and farmer
dependency on informal seeds is very high. The combination of utilizing formal and informal seeds in
the rural area resulted in complementary and synergic effects. The rice productivity of certified seed
had proven high, but the genotype remains unvaried. Meanwhile, the agrobiodiversity of informal seeds
could complement that shortcoming. The informal seeds own natural resiliency toward farming
environmental change so that this informal seed utilization could become a food security defense
strategy for small-scale farmers.
The above overview accentuates that it is crucial to develop a stable community-based seedling
system. This system was modified from the system developed by Consortium for Unfavorable Rice
Environment (CURE). The seed self-reliance villages program's final purpose is to utilize qualified
seeds, both certified and uncertified. This concept is analogous with the previous observation, which
reported that the operational policy of the food crop seed production should be directed to (i) juxtapose
the location of the seedling industry with the user or production center and avoid the long-distance seed
transportation; (ii) develop seedling industries in the rural area (decentralizing seedling industry); (iii)
strengthening the seedling industry based on quality management; (iv) revitalization and coordination
intensify of inter producers and between the producers with the users; (v) intensifying the role of private
sectors and own-state enterprises in the national seedling industries [11]. With the growth of superior
5
local varieties, the development of seedling industries based on the community would be more effective
and efficient if implemented in a specific location.
4. Conclusion
The global agreement could hinder the community-based seedling system, particularly in breeding and
certification. The implementation of the community-based seedling system developed by the
Consortium for Unfavorable Rice Environment (CURE) should be modified with the ultimate goal of
producing qualified seeds, both certified and uncertified. A community-based rice seedling institution
threatened to quit due to asymmetric interaction among actors. Therefore, the seedling institution should
be strengthening from the technological aspect and the property right management. The government's
role as a facilitator is critical in this community-based seedling institution, especially in capital aspects.
The program of seed self-reliance villages would support food security through seed provides.
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SURAT PERNYATAAN CONTRIBUTORSHIP

Yang bertandatangan di bawah ini menyatakan dengan sesungguhnya bahwa

Judul Artikel : Institutional strengthening of rice seed based on the

Nama Penulis Peran/Kontribusi Tanda tangan

2. Indrie Ambarsari Kontributor anggota 2.

3. Munir Eti Wulanjari Kontributor anggota 3.

Bergas, 16 Juli 2021

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Institutional strengthening of rice seed based on the community in

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Institutional strengthening of rice seed based on the community

C Setiani, I Ambarsari and M E Wulanjari

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Seed production and distribution

3.2. The institutional strengthening

3.3. The role of seeds in supporting food security

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