Ansi Awwa c218-16

ANSI/AWWA C218-16
(Revi si on of AN SI /AW WA C21 8 - 0 8)
®
AWWA Standard
Liquid Coatings for

Aboveground Steel Water
Pipe and Fittings
Efecti ve date: Jan. 1 , 201 7.

First edition approved by AWWA Board o f Directors N ov. 1 , 1 991 .
This edition approved J une 1 9, 201 6.
Approved by American N ational Standards Institute J ul y 26, 201 6.
SM
Copyright © 201 7 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

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describe minimum requirements and do not contain all o f the engineering and administrative in formation normally
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vice. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an o f cial notice o f action will be placed on the f rst page o f the
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ISBN-1 3, print: 978-1 -62576-1 98-9 eISBN-1 3, electronic: 978-1 -61 300-400-5
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/1 0.1 2999/AWWA.C21 8.1 6
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ii
Committee Personnel
Te Steel Water Pipe Manufacturer’s Technical Advisory Committee (SWPMTAC) Task Group
on updating ANSI/AWWA C218 had the following personnel at the time:
Bob Murphy, Chair
A. Cain, Chemline, St. Louis, Mo. (AWWA)
L. McKinney, Womble Company Inc., Houston, Texas (AWWA)
R. Mielke, Northwest Pipe, Raleigh, N.C. (AWWA)
B. Murphy, Sherwin-Williams Company, Ventura, Calif. (AWWA)
V. O’Dea, Tnemec Company Inc., North Kansas City, Mo. (AWWA)
F. Rampton, Trenton Corporation, Ann Arbor, Mich. (AWWA)
Te AWWA Standards Committee on Steel Pipe, which reviewed and approved this standard, had
the following personnel at the time of approval:
John H. Bambei Jr., Chair
Dennis Dechant, Vice-Chair
John L. Luka, Secretary
General Interest Members
W.R. Brunzell, Brunzell Associates Ltd., Skokie, Ill. (AWWA)
R.J. Card, Lockwood, Andrews & Newnam Inc., Houston, Texas (AWWA)
R.L. Cofey, HDR Engineering Inc., Omaha, Neb. (AWWA)
H.E. Dunham, MWH Inc., Snohomish, Wash. (AWWA)
S.N. Foellmi, Black & Veatch Corporation, Irvine, Calif. (AWWA)
R.L. Gibson, Freese and Nichols Inc., Fort Worth, Texas (AWWA)
M.D. Gossett,* HDR, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
M.B. Horsley,* Horsley Engineering LLC, Overland Park, Kan. (AWWA)
R.A. Kufaas, Norske Corrosion & Inspection Services Ltd., Surrey, B.C., Canada (AWWA)
J.L. Mattson, Corrosion Control Technologies, Sandy, Utah (AWWA)
A. Murdock, CH2M, Salt Lake City, Utah (AWWA)
R. Ortega,* Lockwood, Andrews & Newnam, Houston, Texas (AWWA)
E.S. Ralph,† Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
* Alternate
† Liaison, nonvoting
iii

A.E. Romer, AECOM, Orange, Calif. (AWWA)
J.R. Snow, MWH Americas, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
W.R. Whidden, Woolpert, Winter Park, Fla. (AWWA)
Producer Members
D.W. Angell,* Standards Council Liaison, American Flow Control,

Birmingham, Ala. (AWWA)
S. A. Arnaout, Hanson Pressure Pipe Inc., Dallas, Texas (AWWA)
H.H. Bardakjian, Consultant, Glendale, Calif. (AWWA)
D. Dechant, Dechant Infrastructure Service, Aurora, Colo. (AWWA)
V. DeGrande,† Alt Ameron Water Transmission Group, Rancho Cucamonga, Calif. (AWWA)
W.B. Geyer, Steel Plate Fabricators Assoc., Lake Zurich, Ill. (AWWA)
B.D. Keil, Northwest Pipe Company, Draper, Utah (SPFA)
J.L. Luka, American SpiralWeld Pipe Company, Columbia, S.C. (AWWA)
R. Mielke,† Northwest Pipe, Raleigh, N.C. (AWWA)
J. Olmos, Ameron Water Transmission Group, Rancho Cucamonga, Calif. (AWWA)
G.F. Ruchti,† Consultant, Punta Gorda, Fla. (AWWA)
B.P. Simpson,† American Cast Iron Pipe Company, Birmingham, Ala. (AWWA)
C.C. Sundberg, Victaulic, Issaquah, Wash. (AWWA)
T T
D. Walker, Avid Protective Products L D/ nemec Company, Oakville, Ont., Canada (AWWA)
J. A. Wise, Canus International Sales Inc., Surrey, B.C., Canada (AWWA)
User Members
G. A. Andersen, New York City Bureau of Water Supply, Little Neck, N.Y. (AWWA)
J.H. Bambei Jr., Denver Water, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
B. Cheng, Metro Vancouver, Burnaby, B.C., Canada (AWWA)
M.E. Conner, San Diego County Water Authority, San Diego, Calif. (AWWA)
R.V. Frisz, US Bureau of Reclamation, Denver Federal Center, Colo. (USBR)
S. Hattan, Tarrant Regional Water District, Fort Worth, Texas (AWWA)
T.J. Jordan, †
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, LaVerne, Calif. (AWWA)
P.K. Karna, Tacoma Water, Tacoma, Wash. (AWWA)
M. McReynolds, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California,
Oak Park, Calif. (AWWA)
M. Turney, †
Denver Water, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
N. A. Wigner, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, Los Angeles, Calif. (AWWA)
* Liaison, nonvoting
† Alternate
iv

Contents
All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this
format may be found in a particular standard.
SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE
Foreword 4.4 Surface Preparation ......................... 10

I Introduction .................................... vii 4.5 Coating Application ........................ 12
I.A Background..................................... vii 4.6 Safety Precautions ........................... 14
I.B History............................................ vii 4.7 Field Procedures .............................. 15
I.C Acceptance ...................................... vii 5
II Special Issues ................................... vii 5.1 Veri fcation
Coating Materials Prequalifcation .. 15
II.A Advisory Information on
Product Use............................... vii 5.2 Requirements of Coating System ..... 15
III Use of Tis Standard ........................ ix 5.3 5.4
Quality Assurance and Records ....... 16
Inspection and Testing by the
III.A Purchaser Options and Purchaser .................................. 16
Alternatives ................................ ix 5.5 Quality Control Requirements of
III.B Modifcation to Standard .................. x Applied Coating System ............ 16
IV Major Revisions................................. x 5.6 Rejection ......................................... 17
V Comments ........................................ x
6 Delivery
Standard 6.1 Marking .......................................... 17
1 General 6.2 Packaging and Shipping .................. 17
1.1 Scope ................................................ 1 6.3 Afdavit of Compliance .................. 18
1.2 Purpose ............................................. 1 Appendix
1.3 Application........................................ 1
References ........................................ 2
A Selection and Use of Coating
2
Systems
3 Def nitions ....................................... 3 A.1 General ........................................... 19
4 Requirements
A.2 Coating Systems .............................. 20
4.1 Materials ........................................... 4 Table
4.2 Coating Systems ................................ 4 1 Coating Systems Summary................ 4
4.3 Coating Material Information
Requirements .............................. 9
v
Tis page intentionally blank.

Foreword
Tis foreword is for information only and is not a part ofANSI*/AWWA C218.
I. Introduction.
I.A. Background. Preventing the corrosion of aboveground steel water pipe
subjected to atmospheric weathering has become an increasing concern over the years.
Te increasing incidence of atmospheric corrosive conditions, such as acid rain, has
prompted water suppliers to evaluate the paint and coating systems used to protect
aboveground steel water pipe.
Although not all aboveground steel water pipe is subjected to the same atmospheric
corrosive conditions, a review of the paint and coating systems currently available to
the industry has become necessary. Te purchasers must have the option of selecting a
system that best suits their needs. Tese needs may be based on current surface prepa-
ration; the types of volatile organic compound (VOC) allowances permitted by regula-
tory agencies; and regulatory requirements for lead abatement. Te paint and coating
systems in this standard are designed to assist the user in producing specifcations to
meet these needs.
I.B. History. In November 1986, the AWWA Standards Council authorized
AWWA’s Steel Pipe Committee to develop a new standard for coatings to be used
on aboveground steel water pipe exposed to the atmosphere. Te frst edition of this
standard was published as ANSI/AWWA C218-91, Standard for Coating the Exterior
of Aboveground Steel Water Pipelines and Fittings, with an efective date of Nov. 1,
1991. Subsequent editions of this standard were approved by the AWWA Board of
Directors on June 17, 1995, Jan. 24, 1999, June 16, 2002, and Jan. 27, 2008. Tis
edition of C218 was approved on June 19, 2016.
I.C. Acceptance. Tis standard has no applicable information for this section.
II. Special Issues.
II.A. Advisory Information on Product Use. Tis standard defnes the
performance and quality of external pipe coatings and coating systems designed to
protect and prevent atmospheric corrosion. Tis standard applies to the exterior coating
of aboveground steel water pipelines and the associated fttings installed aboveground,
outdoors, or inside an associated pump station, a valve chamber, or other water facilities.
Te coating systems cited in this standard are not all-inclusive but are those most
* American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036.
vi i

commonly used with an accepted performance record. Before selecting and specifying
any of these coating systems, the purchaser should determine their suitability for the
intended service.
II.A.1 General. Tis standard presents several alternative coating systems
currently in use in the water industry, often serving dual functions of corrosion
protection and aesthetics. Another function of coating systems may be to color code
the pipe to identify the type of service.
Most coating manufacturers are reformulating their coatings to comply with cur-
rent federal, state or provincial, and local environmental regulations. Some of the coat-
ings discussed in this standard have been used successfully as solvent-based coatings
for the last 20 to 30 years but are now available as water-based coatings. Others have
been reformulated to reduce the amount of solvents, resulting in coatings with much
lower VOCs. In some cases, high-solids coatings have been developed in which the
solids content exceeds 80 percent and may reach 100 percent. Primers have been refor-
mulated to remove heavy metals and toxic inhibitors.
In many instances, these changes have altered the application, curing, adhesion,
and inhibiting characteristics of coating systems. Te manufacturer should be con-
sulted for the technical data and material safety data sheets, which provide the prospec-
tive user with the information necessary to select the coating system that best satisfes
the purchaser’s requirements.
II.A.2 Materials. Code ofFederal Regulations 29,* Labor-Part 1910, Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations establish restrictive limits on
the constructor regarding inhaling or absorbing lead- and chromate-bearing pigments
and solvents through the skin. Tis regulation refers to shop applications, and it can
signifcantly increase the cost of shop-coating applications.
Whenever coating materials are referenced to federal, military, or other standards,
the reference identifes a generic type of coating material or system.
II.A.3 Selecting coating systems. Several generic coating systems (see Table 1 in
Section 4) are included in this standard, because no single coating or coating system
is appropriate for all service applications. Often it is impractical for an occasional
coatings user to make sufcient laboratory tests to verify and compare the relative
performance characteristics of various coating systems to a given set of performance
criteria. Consequently, it is necessary for the purchaser to consider the atmospheric
* Available from the US Government Printing Ofce, Superintendent of Documents, Washington,

DC 20402.
vi i i

and environmental conditions of service to which the coating or coating system will
be exposed. Refer to Section 6 and Table 3 in SSPC,* Painting Manual, Volume 2,
Systems and Specifcations, chapter 1, for def nitions of atmospheric and environmental
conditions of service.
Te coatings listed in this standard have been used extensively and have pro-
vided excellent corrosion protection and weathering endurance. In recent years, the
development of new polymers, pigments, and solvents has contributed to the rapid
advancement of materials technology for painting and coating of steel structures. Tese
advancements, coupled with regulatory agency concerns about air pollution by VOCs,
have led to the development of many new paint formulations. Although not listed in
this standard, many of these new products provide performance equal to or better than
the systems presented in this standard.
III. Use of Tis Standard. It is the responsibility of the user of an AWWA
standard to determine that the products described in that standard are suitable for use
in the particular application being considered.
III.A. Purchaser Options and Alternatives. Te following information should be
provided by the purchaser.
1. Standard used, that is, ANSI/AWWA C218, Liquid Coatings for Above-
ground Steel Water Pipe and Fittings, of latest revision.
2. Any exceptions to the standard that may be required.
3. Diameter, length, and location of the pipeline.
4. Coating system to be supplied (Sec. 4.2).
5. Color, if special color is specifed (Sec. 4.2.2, 4.2.3, 4.2.4, 4.2.6, and 4.2.7).
6. Optional four-coat system (Sec. 4.2.2).
7. Optional two-coat system (Sec. 4.2.5 and 4.2.6).
8. Verifcation of flm thickness of the coating or coating system (Sec. 4.3.2.4).
9. Surface preparation for overcoating (Sec. 4.4.1 .2).
10. Previously coated pipe (Sec. 4.4.1 .2).
11. Requirements for visual comparative standards for blast cleaning (Sec. 4.4.2.1).
12. Coating of special pipe fttings and appurtenances (Sec. 4.5.1 2).
13. Coating requirements for threaded connections (Sec. 4.5.1 2.3).
14. Inspection (Sec. 5.4).
15. Adhesion test procedure (Sec. 5.5.4.1).
16. Afdavit of compliance, if required (Sec. 6.3).
* SSPC: Te Society for Protective Coatings, 40 24th Street, 6th Floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15222.
ix

III.B. Modifcation to Standard. Any modifcation of the provisions, defnitions,
or terminology in this standard must be provided by the purchaser.
IV. Major Revisions. Major revisions made to the standard in this edition
include the following:
1. Te title of the standard was changed to be consistent with other AWWA
steel pipe coating standards.
2. Section 2, References, was updated.
3. Some of the information in Sec. 4.7, Field Procedures, of the previous edi-
tion of C218 was removed since it is included in ANSI/AWWA C604. Te reader is
now referred to ANSI/AWWA 604 for this information.
4. Section 5, Verifcation, was revised and the heading titles and format were
updated to be consistent with the new language and format being used in all AWWA
steel pipe coating and linings standards.
5. A new Sec. 5.3, Quality Assurance and Records, was added.
6. Old Sec. 5.3, Notice ofNonconformance, was renamed to Sec. 5.6, Rejection,
and revised to be consistent with other coating and lining standards.
7. Section 6, Delivery, was modifed to be consistent with other AWWA steel
pipe coating standards.
8. Sec. 6.3, Afdavit of Compliance, was modifed to include an afdavit for
workmanship for the applicator as well as an afdavit for the manufacturer.
V. Comments. If you have any comments or questions about this standard,
please call AWWA Engineering and Technical Services at 303.794.7711, FAX
303.795.7603; write to the department at 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO
80235-3098; or email at standards@awwa.org.
x
ANSI/AWWA C218-16
(Revi si on of AN SI /AW WA C21 8 - 0 8)
® AWWA Standard
Liquid Coatings for Aboveground

Steel Water Pipe and Fittings
SEC TI ON 1 : G EN ER AL
Sec. 1.1 Scope

Tis standard describes six coating systems designed to protect the exterior
surfaces of steel pipelines and the associated fttings used by the water supply indus-
try in aboveground locations. Te coating systems described may not perform or
cost the same, but they are presented so that the appropriate coating system can be
selected for the site-specifc project requirements.
1.1.1 Maximum temperatures. Te maximum service temperature of the
coating systems listed in this standard is based on the maximum service temperature
of potable water. Consult the coating manufacturer for conditions and limitations.
Sec. 1.2 Purpose
Te purpose of this standard is to defne the minimum requirements for
coating aboveground steel water pipe and fttings, including coating systems, sur-
face preparation, coating material information requirements, coating application,
inspection, and testing.
Sec. 1.3 Application
Tis standard can be referenced in the purchaser’s documents for coating
or recoating aboveground steel water pipe and fttings. Te stipulations of this
1
2 AWWA C21 8 -1 6
standard apply when this standard has been referenced and then only to coating
aboveground steel water pipe and fttings where exterior surfaces are not in contact
with potable water.
SECTION 2: REFERENCES
Tis standard references the following documents. In their latest editions,
these documents form a part of this standard to the extent specifed within the
standard. In any case of confict, the requirements of this standard shall prevail.
ANSI/AWWA C604—Installation of Buried Steel Water Pipe—4 In.
(100 mm) and Larger.
AS TM* D2794—Standard Test Method for Resistance of Organic Coatings
to the Efects of Rapid Deformation (Impact).
AS TM D4541—Standard Test Method for Pull-Of Strength of Coatings
Using Portable Adhesion Testers.
AS TM D6677—Standard Test Method for Evaluating Adhesion by Knife.
Code of Federal Regulations 29, Labor-Part 1910, Occupational Safety and
Health Administration Standards.†
Fed. Spec. A-A-2962A—Enamel, Alkyd, Exterior, Solvent Based, Low VOC,
With Notices 1-2.
Fed. Spec. TT-P-664—Primer Coating, Alkyd, Corrosion-Inhibiting, Lead
and Chromate Free, VOC-Compliant.
MIL-P-24441—Paint, Epoxy-Polyamide, General Specifcation for Metal
Surfaces.
MIL-P-28577—Primer, Water-Borne, Acrylic or Modifed Acrylic, for Metal
Surfaces.
MIL-P-28578—Paint, Water-Borne, Acrylic or Modifed Acrylic, Semigloss,
for Metal Surfaces.
NACE‡ Publication TPC-12—Coal Tar Epoxy Coatings: A State-of-the-Art
Review.
NACE SP0188—Discontinuity (Holiday) Testing of New Protective Coat-
ings on Conductive Substrates.
* AS TM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.
† Available from US Government Printing Ofce, Superintendent of Documents, Washington, DC 20402.
‡ NACE International, 1440 South Creek Drive, Houston, TX 77084.
LI QUI D COATI N GS FOR ABOVEGROUN D STEEL WATER PIPE AN D FI TTI N GS 3
SSPC*—Painting Manual, Volume. 2, Systems and Specifcations.

SSPC-PA 1—Shop, Field, and Maintenance Painting of Steel.
SSPC-PA 2—Procedure for Determining Conformance to Dry Coating
Tickness Requirements.
SSPC-Paint 20—Zinc-Rich Coating (Type I—Inorganic and Type II—
Organic).
SSPC-Paint 21—White or Colored Silicone-Alkyd Paint.
SSPC-PS 17.00—Guide for Selecting Urethane Systems.
SSPC-SPCOM—Surface Preparation Commentary for Steel and Concrete
Substrates.
SSPC-SP 1—Solvent Cleaning.
SSPC-SP 2—Hand Tool Cleaning.
SSPC-SP 3—Power Tool Cleaning.
SSPC-SP 6/NACE No. 3—Commercial Blast Cleaning.
SSPC-SP 7/NACE No. 4—Brush-Of Blast Cleaning.
SSPC-SP 10/NACE No. 2—Near White Metal Blast Cleaning.
SSPC-SP 11—Power Tool Cleaning to Bare Metal.
SSPC-SP 15—Commercial Grade Power Tool Cleaning.
SSPC-TU 3—Overcoating.
SSPC-VIS 1—Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared
by Dry Abrasive Blast Cleaning.
SECTION 3: DEFINITIONS
Te following defnitions shall apply in this standard:
1. Applicator: Te party that provides the work for applying the coating
and/or lining.
2. Constructor: Te party that provides the work and materials for place-
ment or installation.
3. Manufacturer: Te party that manufactures, fabricates, or produces
materials or products.
4. Purchaser: Te person, company, or organization that purchases any
materials or work to be performed.
* SSPC: Te Society for Protective Coatings, 40 24th Street, 6th Floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15222.
4 AWWA C21 8 -1 6
5. Supplier: Te party that supplies material or services. A supplier may or

may not be the manufacturer.
SECTION 4: REQUIREMENTS
Sec. 4.1 Materials

Coating materials shall be manufactured in accordance with the appropriate
referenced standards.
Sec. 4.2 Coating Systems
4.2.1 General. Te six coating systems described in this standard are
summarized in Table 1. Te primer, intermediate coat (where used), and the fn-
ish coat shall be obtained from the same manufacturer. Te name, address, and
telephone number of the company that manufactures the coating shall be supplied.
When a coating or coating system described in this standard is referenced to
federal, military, or other referenced standards, the reference phrase “comparable
in performance to” shall mean that a proprietary coating or coating system will
provide equal service when it is subjected to the equivalent service conditions for
the same length of time as the referenced coating or coating system. Te manu-
facturer shall provide documentation consisting of laboratory test data or feld ser-
vice data demonstrating that the proposed proprietary coating or coating system is
equivalent to the referenced standard.
4.2.2 Coating System No. 1. Tis is a three-coat or optional four-coat
system consisting of one coat or optional two coats of rust-inhibitive, pigmented
alkyd primer, followed by an intermediate coat of alkyd coating and a fnish coat of
alkyd or silicone-alkyd enamel. Te following coating systems are included:
Table 1 Coating systems summary
Designation System Description
1 Tree- or four-coat alkyd
2 Tree-coat epoxy/urethane
3 Tree-coat inorganic or organic zinc/epoxy/urethane
4 Two- or three-coat epoxy/coal-tar epoxy
5 Two- or three-coat water-reducible epoxy-polyamide/polyamine
6 Tree-coat water-reducible acrylic or alkyd-modifed acrylic emulsion

System Designation Intermediate Coat Finish Coat

1-A Aluminum Aluminum
1-B Metallic Metallic
1-C Alkyd Alkyd
1-D Alkyd Silicone Alkyd
4.2.2.1 Materials. Te prime coat shall be red iron oxide, zinc oxide, oil,
and alkyd primer without lead or chromate pigments, in accordance with perfor-
mance requirements of Fed. Spec. TT-P-664.
For System 1-A, the aluminum fnish coats shall be aluminum alkyd in accor-
dance with performance requirements of Fed. Spec. A-A-2962A.
For System 1-B, the intermediate and fnish coats shall be a nonleafng alumi-
num pigmented alkyd coating tinted with phthalocyanine blue or green.
For System 1-C, the intermediate and fnish coats shall be gloss alkyd enamel
in accordance with the performance requirements of Fed. Spec. A-A-2962A.
For System 1-D, the intermediate coat shall be alkyd coating in accordance
with the performance requirements of Fed. Spec. A-A-2962A. Te fnish coat shall
be silicone-alkyd coating in accordance with Type I performance requirements of
SSPC-Paint 21.
4.2.2.2 Tickness. Minimum dry flm thickness (DF T) of the coating
system shall be as follows:
Primer 2 Intermediate
Primer 1 (Optional) Coat Finish Coat Total System
System mil (µm) mil (µm) mil (µm) mil (µm) mil (µm)
1-A 2.0 (51) 1.5 (38) 1.0 (25) 1.0 (25) 4.0 to 5.5 (101 to 139)
1-B 2.0 (51) 1.5 (38) 1.0 (25) 1.0 (25) 4.0 to 5.5 (101 to 139)
1-C 2.0 (51) 1.5 (38) 1.5 (38) 1.5 (38) 5.0 to 6.5 (126 to 165)
1-D 2.0 (51) 1.5 (38) 1.5 (38) 1.0 (25) 4.5 to 6.0 (114 to 152)
Note: Troughout this standard, direct metric conversions (rounded) are set in parentheses
next to US Customary units and are not necessarily the same as those listed in International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards.
4.2.3 Coating System No. 2. Tis is a three-coat system consisting of a
prime coat of two-component, rust-inhibitive, pigmented, catalyzed epoxy primer
followed by an intermediate coat of catalyzed epoxy with a fnish coat of a two-
component aliphatic polyurethane.

6 AWWA C21 8 -1 6
System Designation Intermediate and Finish Coats

2-W White
2-S Special color specifed
4.2.3.1 Materials. Te prime and intermediate coats shall be a two-
component catalyzed epoxy comparable in performance to MIL-P-24441 applied
at a DF T described in Sec. 4.2.3.2. Te intermediate coat shall be tinted one
shade diferent from the fnish color.
For System 2-W or System 2-S, the fnish coat shall be two-component ali-
phatic polyurethane comparable in performance to SSPC-PS 17.00.
4.2.3.2 Tickness. Minimum DF T of the coating system shall be as
follows:
Primer 1 Intermediate Coat Finish Coat Total System
System mil (µm) mil (µm) mil (µm) mil (µm)
2-W 2.0 (51) 4.0 (102) 1.5 (38) 7.5 (191)
2-S 2.0 (51) 4.0 (102) 1.5 (38) 7.5 (191)
Note: Brush or roller applications may require an additional coat to attain the specifed
thickness.
4.2.4 Coating System No. 3. Tis is a combination of an inorganic or
organic zinc/epoxy/urethane system. It consists of a shop-applied inorganic or
organic zinc-rich primer and a touch-up coat of organic zinc-rich primer or epoxy
primer applied in the feld to repair coating damage. Te epoxy intermediate and
aliphatic urethane fnish coatings are then feld-applied.
3-W White
4.2.4.1 Materials. Te prime coat shall be an inorganic or organic zinc-
rich primer comparable in performance to SSPC-Paint 20 (Type I—Inorganic,
or Type II —Organic). Te feld-applied touch-up coat shall be applied as neces-
sary and shall be organic zinc-rich primer comparable in performance to SSPC-
Paint 20 (Type II—Organic) or an epoxy primer comparable in performance to
MIL-P-24441 that is applied at a DF T as described in Sec. 4.2.4.2.

Te intermediate coat shall be a two-component epoxy coating comparable in

performance to MIL-P-24441 that is applied to a DF T as described in Sec. 4.2.4.2
and tinted one shade diferent from the fnish color.
For System 3-W or System 3-S, the fnish coat shall be a two-component ali-
phatic polyurethane comparable in performance to SSPC-PS 17.00.
follows:
3-W 2.5 (64) 3.0 (76) 1.5 (38) 7.0 (178)
3-S 2.5 (64) 3.0 (76) 1.5 (38) 7.0 (178)
4.2.5 Coating System No. 4. Tis is a two- or three-coat system consisting
of a prime coat of a two-component, rust-inhibitive, pigmented, catalyzed epoxy
primer followed by one or two coats of a catalyzed coal-tar epoxy coating. Te fol-
lowing coating system is included:
4-B Black
4.2.5.1 Materials. Te prime coat shall be a two-component, catalyzed,
rust-inhibitive, pigmented epoxy comparable in performance to MIL-P-24441 that
is applied at a DF T as described in Sec. 4.2.5.2. Te intermediate or fnish coat
shall be a catalyzed coal-tar epoxy comparable to those described in NACE Publi-
cation TPC-12.
A colored epoxy topcoat or a colored topcoat that develops intercoat adhesion
to the coal-tar epoxy may be applied for safety, aesthetics, or longevity to an aged
and weathered coal-tar epoxy flm. Some discoloration may occur because of color
bleed-through, especially for white or light-colored paints. Tis discoloration of the
topcoat does not indicate a failure of the coating system.
4.2.5.2 Tickness. Minimum DFT of the coating system shall be as follows:
One-Coat High-Build Two-Coat Coal-Tar
Primer Coal-Tar Epoxy or Epoxy (Per Coat) T otal System
4-B 2.0 (51) 12.0 (304) 6.0 (152) 14.0 (355)

8 AWWA C21 8 -1 6
4.2.6 Coating System No. 5. Tis is a two- or three-coat system consisting

of a water-reducible prime coat of a two-component, rust-inhibitive, pigmented,
catalyzed epoxy primer followed by one or two coats of a two-component, water-
reducible epoxy-polyamide coating. Te following coating systems are included:
5-W White
4.2.6.1 Materials. Te prime coat shall be a water-reducible, rust-
inhibitive, pigmented, catalyzed epoxy primer comparable in performance to
MIL-PRF-8558 that is applied at a DF T as described in Sec. 4.2.6.2.
For System 5-W or System 5-S, the intermediate and fnish coats shall be a
water-reducible epoxy coating comparable in performance to MIL-PRF-8558 that
is applied at a DFT described in Sec. 4.2.6.2. Te frst of two topcoats shall be
tinted one shade diferent from the fnish color.
follows:
One-Coat T wo-Coat Epoxy
Primer High-Build Epoxy or (Per Coat) T otal System
5-W 2.0 (51) 6.0 (152) 3.0 (76) 8.0 (203)
5-S 2.0 (51) 6.0 (152) 3.0 (76) 8.0 (203)
4.2.7 Coating System No. 6. Tis is a three-coat, water-reducible, industrial-
type acrylic or alkyd-modifed acrylic emulsion coating system consisting of a
rust-inhibitive, pigmented, single-component, water-reducible primer followed by
two coats of a single-component, water-reducible, industrial-type acrylic or alkyd-
modifed acrylic emulsion fnish coat. On weathered and slightly chalked flms,
the alkyd-modifed acrylic emulsion coating should be specifed to obtain better
adhesion between the weathered, chalked coat and the fnish coat. Te following
coating systems are included:
6-W White

4.2.7.1 Materials. Te prime coat shall be an industrial-type acrylic emul-

sion coating containing rust-inhibitive pigments to provide performance compa-
rable to MIL-P-28577. Te prime coat shall be compatible with the topcoat.
For System 6-W or System 6-S, the fnish coat shall be a single-component,
water-reducible, industrial-type acrylic or alkyd-modifed acrylic emulsion coating
comparable in performance to MIL-P-28578. Te frst of the two topcoats shall be
tinted one shade diferent from the fnish color.
follows:
6-W 2.0 (51) 3.0 (76) 3.0 (76) 8.0 (203)

6-S 2.0 (51) 3.0 (76) 3.0 (76) 8.0 (203)
Sec. 4.3 Coating Material Information Requirements
4.3.1 Labels. Te containers in which the painting materials are delivered
shall be marked with the manufacturer’s name, distinctive product name or num-
ber, lot number, safety precautions, and other information required by applicable
codes and regulations.
4.3.2 Product information. Product information shall be provided by the
manufacturer for each product. Te product information shall be printed on the
label or provided in a technical data sheet and shall include the following:
4.3.2.1 Mixing instructions. Complete mixing instructions, including
acceptable thinning materials, acceptable tinting pigments (when applicable), and
the identifcation of components shipped in separate containers.
4.3.2.2 Tinning. Te quantity limits, quality, and type of thinner rec-
ommended for each method of application shall be provided by the manufacturer.
Tinning recommendations shall cover the extreme limits of the allowable tem-
perature range for application, as well as intermediate temperatures. Te viscosity
of liquid materials shall be indicated in units appropriate for feld determination.
Instruments, such as the Zahn cup, should be used to take viscosity measurements
in the feld.
4.3.2.3 Percent solids. Te percent solids by volume for liquid materials
shall be provided by the manufacturer.

1 0 AWWA C21 8 -1 6
4.3.2.4 Spreading rate. Te theoretical spreading rate in square feet per

gallon (square meters per liter) at 1-mil (25-µm) DF T, or at the specifed applied
DFT, shall be provided by the manufacturer. Te thickness of the coating system
shall be verifed in accordance with SSPC-PA 2.
4.3.2.5 Weight. Te net weight in lb/gal (kg/L) of liquid materials and
the net weight of the total contents of a container for other materials shall be pro-
vided by the manufacturer. Tese weights, if not found on labels or technical data
sheets, shall be provided when requested by the purchaser.
4.3.2.6 Drying time. Te time for drying and curing shall be stated as
the number of hours at 70°F (21°C) and 50 percent relative humidity. Te upper
and lower limits of the recommended application temperature, dew point, and
relative humidity shall also be indicated.
4.3.2.7 Pot life. Te pot life, after mixing, of the components of multi-
component coatings shall be stated together with a description of variations caused
by changes in temperature, humidity, or other ambient conditions.
4.3.2.8 Shelf life. A shelf-life time period for the product use shall be
given.
4.3.2.9 Safety precautions. Flammability, toxicity, allergenic properties,
and any other characteristics requiring feld precautions by personnel shall be iden-
tifed, and specifc safety practices shall be stipulated, as required by applicable
codes and regulations.
Sec. 4.4 Surface Preparation
4.4.1 Surface condition.
4.4.1 .1 Coating new pipe, fttings, and specials. Te surfaces to be coated
shall be free from mud, mill lacquer, wax, coal tar, asphalt, oil, grease, or any
other foreign material. Before blast cleaning, the surfaces shall be inspected and,
if required, precleaned according to SSPC-SP 1 to remove oil, grease, and loosely
adhering deposits. Visible oil and grease spots shall be removed using a solvent.
Only safety solvents that do not leave a residue shall be used. Heating may be used
to remove oil, grease, mill scale, water, and ice, provided that the pipe section, ft-
ting, or special is preheated in a uniform manner to avoid distortion. Heated pipe
sections, fttings, or specials shall be allowed to cool within a temperature range
acceptable to the manufacturer for the application of the coating.
4.4.1 .2 Overcoating may be an option depending on the condition of the
existing coating system. Determine the condition of the existing coating system
and, if applicable, conduct a test patch with the candidate overcoat system(s) in
LI QUI D COATI N GS FOR ABOVEGROUN D STEEL WATER PI PE AN D FI TTI N GS 11
accordance with SSPC-TU3. When the new coating system will adhere to and is
compatible with the existing coating, corrosion products and deteriorated coatings
shall be removed by spot cleaning in accordance with SSPC-SP 11, SSPC-SP 15, or
SSPC-SP 6/NACE No. 3, and the remainder of the coated surfaces shall be cleaned
in accordance with SSPC-SP 7/NACE No. 4, or by washing with an alkaline cleaner
as described in SSPC-SP COM, to remove all dirt, dust, chalk, and other foreign
matter. If the existing coating system is determined not to be a candidate for over-
coating when evaluated in accordance with SSPC-TU 3, or the candidate overcoat
system(s) is (are) not comparable with the existing coating system, existing coatings
shall be removed by blast cleaning in accordance with SSPC-SP 6/ NACE No. 3 or,
if specifed, with SSPC-SP 10/NACE No. 2.
4.4.2 Blast cleaning. Te surfaces to be coated shall be blast cleaned
to achieve a surface conforming to the manufacturer’s recommendations. How-
ever, many two-component coatings require a near-white surface conforming to
SSPC-SP 10/NACE No. 2 after preheating the pipe to a sufcient temperature
to remove all moisture.
4.4.2.1 Visual comparative standards. Before full-scale blast cleaning is
started, a representative area of the work surface and the surface of 6-in. × 6-in. ×
¼-in. (152-mm × 152-mm × 6.4-mm) steel panels shall be blast cleaned for use as
visual comparative standards. When the visual standard meets the requirements of
Sec. 4.4.2, the panels shall be wrapped in heavy-gauge plastic and sealed with tape
or otherwise protected from surface contamination or corrosion. Te panels shall
be maintained as visual reference standards throughout the coating operations.
Extreme care shall be used in sealing the reference panels, as they will rust when
exposed to moisture. Alternatively, other industry-accepted visual comparative
standards, such as SSPC-VIS-1, and as agreed on by the purchaser and constructor
may be used.
4.4.2.2 Abrasive working mix. For consistent surface cleanliness and
profle, an abrasive working mix shall be maintained in the abrasive recycling blast-
ing machines by frequent small additions of new grit or shot commensurate with
abrasive consumption; infrequent large additions shall be avoided. Te abrasive
working mix in abrasive recycling blasting machines shall be maintained free from
contaminants by continuous, efective operation of the blasting machines’ scalping
and air-wash separators.
4.4.2.3 Surface profle. Te cleaning abrasive shall be selected accord-
ing to SSPC-SP COM to achieve an angular surface anchor pattern or profle
1 2 AWWA C21 8 -1 6
determined by the system specifed and shall comply with the manufacturer’s
recommendations.
4.4.3 Surface inspection. Te cleaned surfaces shall be inspected for sur-
face preparation. Surface imperfections, such as slivers, scabs, burrs, weld spatter,
and gouges, shall be removed by hand fling or grinding.
4.4.4 Protection from moisture. Blast-cleaned surfaces shall be protected
from high humidity, rainfall, or surface moisture. No surface shall be allowed to
fash rust before coating.
Sec. 4.5 Coating Application
4.5.1 General. Te storage of coating and thinner; mixing; thinning;
coating contact surfaces; application of shop and feld coats; and drying of coated
steel piping shall follow the requirements of SSPC-PA 1.
4.5.2 Materials preparation. Each component of the coating system shall
be thoroughly stirred before mixing. If the components are packaged proportion-
ately to their mixing ratio, the entire contents of the smaller container should be
added to the larger container. For components not packaged proportionately, the
ratio recommended by the manufacturer shall be used. Only the material used
within its pot life shall be mixed. Te components should be mixed vigorously
for at least 2 minutes using a power agitator and longer if recommended by the
manufacturer. Other recommendations of the manufacturer regarding “sweat-in”
or “digestion” time after mixing shall be followed.
4.5.3 Pipe ends. Pipe sections with beveled ends or lap-joint ends to be
joined by feld welding shall not be coated within 2 to 6 in. (51 to 152 mm) of the
area to be welded. Coating material on the cutback, bevel, or band is not acceptable.
When rubber-gasketed bell-and-spigot joints or mechanical couplings are used, the
coating may extend to the ends of the pipe; but the coating thickness on the pipe
surfaces that receive the rubber sealing gaskets shall not exceed the recommended
thickness by the manufacturer of the coupling for mechanical coupled joints or the
pipe manufacturer for rubber-gasketed bell-and-spigot joints. However, the maxi-
mum DF T shall not be less than that listed for the coating system selected.
4.5.4 Application temperature. Te temperature of the mixed coatings and
of the pipe at the time of application shall not be lower than 50°F (10°C) unless
otherwise permitted by the manufacturer. In-line heaters to heat the coating, pipe,
fttings, or specials may be used to facilitate the application and curing of the coat-
ing. Te manufacturer should be consulted for specifc heating information.

LI QUI D COATIN GS FOR ABOVEGROUN D STEEL WATER PI PE AN D FI TTI N GS 13
4.5.5 Prime coat. Coating materials shall be applied immediately after

surface preparation and before any surface rusting occurs or any dust or soil has
accumulated. Shop-applied prime coats may be applied by any method that pro-
vides an acceptable coating. Field priming shall be performed by brushing, rolling,
or spraying.
When piping has been shop-primed, weld areas and areas on which shop
primer has been damaged shall be cleaned in the feld and primed with the same
primer. Te primer shall be applied to the same DF T as the shop coat. When
an inorganic zinc-rich primer has been used as the shop primer, another system-
compatible primer may be applied in the feld to the damaged areas.
4.5.6 Intermediate and fnish coats. Surfaces shall be spray coated using a
method recommended by the coating manufacturer, such as conventional or airless
spray. Brushing may be used if recommended by the manufacturer.
4.5.7 Application ofcoating system. Te coating system shall be applied as
recommended by the manufacturer. If more than one coat is applied, the second coat
shall be applied within time limits recommended by the manufacturer to prevent
delamination between coats. If the recommended period between coats is exceeded,
a recommended repair procedure shall be obtained from the manufacturer.
4.5.8 Cure. After the coating system is applied, it shall be cured in accor-
dance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
4.5.9 Imperfections. Te coating system shall not have blisters, cracks, bub-
bles, under-flm voids, mechanical damage, holidays, pinholes, or discontinuities.
4.5.1 0 Coating repair.
4.5.10.1 Defects. Coating requiring repair because of scabs, slivers, coating
imperfections, and other defects shall be repaired in accordance with the following
subsections.
4.5.10.1 .1 Surfaces requiring coating repairs shall be cleaned to remove dirt,
scale, and damaged coating using surface grinders or other means approved by the
purchaser. Te adjacent coating shall be feathered by sanding or tool-cleaned in
accordance with SSPC-SP 2 or SSPC-SP 3. Accumulated dust shall be removed by
wiping with clean rags.
4.5.10.1.2 Te coating system shall be applied to the prepared repair areas in
accordance with the procedures described in Sec. 4.5.2 and Sec. 4.5.4 through 4.5.8.
4.5.11 Welded feld joints.
4.5.11.1 Preparation. On exterior pipe surfaces, the welded joint shall be
cleaned of mud, oil, grease, welding fux, weld spatter, and other contaminants. Te
1 4 AW WA C21 8 -1 6
cleaned metal surfaces of the weld joint shall be abrasive blasted in accordance with
SSPC-SP 10/NACE No. 2 or power-tool cleaned in accordance with SSPC-SP 11.
Te adjacent coating shall be feathered by sanding to clean and roughen the coating
surface for a minimum distance of 1 in. (25 mm).
4.5.11.2 Coating application. Te coating system shall be applied to the
weld joint in accordance with Sec. 4.5.2 and Sec. 4.5.4 through 4.5.8.
4.5.1 2 Coating special pipe fttings and appurtenances. Tis section
describes the application of coatings to mechanical couplings, fanges, and similar
appurtenances for steel pipe fttings and specials, as well as to nuts, bolts, and other
items used with fttings and attachments.
4.5.1 2.1 Surface preparation. Surfaces of pipe fttings and appurtenances
to be coated shall be prepared in accordance with Sec. 4.4.
4.5.1 2.2 Coating application. Coatings shall be applied in accordance
with Sec. 4.5.
4.5.1 2.3 Treaded connections and fange faces. Te threads of mechani-
cally threaded connections that must be assembled in the feld shall be left uncoated.
If specifed, the threads on threaded connections may be coated with rust-preventing
oil applied to the threads only. Before fnal feld assembly, the oil shall be removed
with a cleaning solvent. After joining, the remaining exposed threads shall be coated
as described in Sec. 4.5. Flange faces and similar mating surfaces of other mechanical
connections shall also be coated with rust-preventing oil.
4.5.1 2.4 Cure. After the coating is applied, it shall be cured in accor-
dance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
4.5.1 2.5 Imperfections. Once the coating application is completed, the
coating system shall be visually inspected as specifed in Sec. 4.5.9.
4.5.1 2.6 Coating repair. Imperfections detected by visual inspection
shall be repaired in accordance with Sec. 4.5.1 0.
Sec. 4.6 Safety Precautions
4.6.1 General. Ventilation, electrical grounding, and care in handling
paint, solvents, and equipment are important safety precautions when painting
steel piping. Work associated with surface preparation and coating the pipe shall
be in accordance with applicable codes and regulations.
4.6.2 Ventilation in confned areas. Where exposed steel piping is located in
a confned area, it is essential that solvent vapors released during and after the appli-
cation of coatings be removed from the area. During the coating application, the
capacity of ventilating fans used in removing the solvent vapors shall be a minimum
of 300 ft3/min per gal (37.4 L/sec per L) of coating applied per hour, or as required
by applicable codes and regulations.
4.6.3 Grounding. Precautions must be taken during blast cleaning and
painting operations to prevent the accumulation of static electricity.
Sec. 4.7 Field Procedures
4.7.1 General. Te methods and practices found in AWWA C604 shall
be followed for the handling, shipping, storage, and installation of pipe coated
with these materials. Special requirements associated with the feld procedures of
pipe coated with these materials can be found in Sec. 4.7.2.
4.7.2 Special requirements. During construction, every precaution shall be
used to prevent damage to the protective coating on the pipe. No metal tools or heavy
objects shall be permitted to come into contact with the fnished coating. Workers
shall not be permitted to walk on the coating except when absolutely necessary, in
which case they shall wear shoes with rubber or composition soles and heels or other
suitable footwear that will not damage the coating. Damage to the pipe or the pro-
tective coating during installation and before fnal acceptance shall be repaired or
replaced. Coating damage shall be repaired in accordance with Sec. 4.5.10.
SECTION 5: VERIFICATION
Sec. 5.1 Coating Materials Prequali fcation

Prequalifcation of the coating materials shall be the manufacturer’s certi-
fed test reports or one of the following as speci fed by the purchaser: (1) the test-
ing of samples of the coating materials submitted by the constructor with testing
conducted at an independent, accredited laboratory or (2) acceptance on another
specifed basis.
Sec. 5.2 Requirements of Coating System
5.2.1 Preparation oftest panels. Hot- or cold-rolled 4-in. × 6-in. × 1-in.
(100-mm × 150-mm × 3.2-mm) steel panels shall be prepared by blast cleaning one
side in accordance with Sec. 4.4.2. Te coating shall be applied with or without
primer, depending on the coating system, and at the thickness and by the method
recommended by the manufacturer. Te coating shall be cured according to the
manufacturer’s recommendations before conducting the materials tests.
5.2.2 Impact resistance. Tree steel panels shall be prepared, coated, and
cured as described in Sec. 5.2.1 . Intrusion (direct impact) or extrusion (reverse
1 6 AW WA C21 8 -1 6
impact) tests shall be performed in accordance with AS TM D2794. Test results

shall not be less than the minimum value established by the manufacturer.
Sec. 5.3 Quality Assurance and Records
Te constructor shall use a quality assurance program or system to ensure
that the quality controls in this section are followed. Completed records of inspec-
tion work shall be made available at the purchaser’s request.
Sec. 5.4 Inspection and Testing by the Purchaser
5.4.1 Overall inspection. Te entire procedure of applying the coating
materials as described in this standard may be inspected by the purchaser from
surface preparation to completion of coating. Such inspection shall not relieve the
constructor of responsibility to provide materials and perform work in accordance
with this standard.
5.4.2 Access for purchaser. Te purchaser shall have access to all areas used
to perform the work according to the provisions of this standard.
5.4.3 Facilities for purchaser. In accordance with conditions agreed to by
the purchaser and the constructor, the purchaser shall be provided with facilities
and space for inspection, testing, and information-gathering purposes.
Sec. 5.5 Quality Control Requirements of Applied Coating System
5.5.1 Coating appearance. All coated pipe shall be visually inspected. Te
coating system shall not have blisters, cracks, bubbles, under-flm voids, mechani-
cal damage, holidays, pinholes, or discontinuities.
5.5.2 Dry flm thickness. When measured according to SSPC-PA 2, the
total DFT of the coating system shall not be less than the minimum specifed in
Sec. 4.2. Te maximum DF T shall not exceed the manufacturer’s recommenda-
tions according to SSPC-PA 2, Level 2.
5.5.3 Electrical continuity testing. If holiday testing is specifed, then
inspection shall be performed in accordance with NACE SP0188.
5.5.4 Adhesion. Adhesion tests shall be performed only after the coating
system has cured in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. Te
manufacturer should be consulted for a curing schedule.
5.5.4.1 Adhesion test procedure. Te adhesion or bond of the coating to
the steel and the intercoat adhesion of the several coats after curing shall be deter-
mined in accordance with ASTM D6677. Consult the coating manufacturer when
testing in accordance with ASTM D6677 for the appropriate adhesion rating. Alter-
natively, the testing for adhesion of the coating to the test panel can be performed in
LI QUI D COATIN GS FOR ABOVEGROUN D STEEL WATER PI PE AN D FI TTI N GS 17
the laboratory in accordance with ASTM D4541. Tis test may also be performed
in the feld under the conditions specifed in the ASTM D4541 test procedure.
Minimum adhesion requirements may vary depending on the type of coating sys-
tem being tested. Consult the coating manufacturer when testing in accordance
with ASTM D4541 for minimum adhesion requirements. ASTM D4541 may not
be suitable for testing to determine the adhesion of alkyds or their systems because
the adhesive used in the test could damage the coating.
Sec. 5.6 Rejection
5.6.1 Surface preparation. Te purchaser may reject any pipe or ftting if
the surface condition does not comply with the requirements of Sec. 4.4. Pipe or
fttings rejected due to inadequate cleaning shall be recleaned.
5.6.2 Coating materials. If any sample of coating material does not com-
ply with this standard, then the coating materials represented by the sample shall
be rejected.
5.6.3 Coating work. Te coating work shall be performed by applicators
trained in the application of the coating process. If, at any time, it is determined
that the procedure of applying the coating material is not according to this stan-
dard, the coating shall be rejected on the afected pipe and fttings.
5.6.4 Coated pipe and fttings. Coated pipe or fttings not meeting the
minimum requirements of this standard shall be repaired or rejected.
SECTION 6: DELIVERY
Sec. 6.1 Marking

Containers shall be plainly marked with the name of the manufacturer, type
of material, batch or lot number, date of manufacture, storage conditions, and
information as required by federal, state, or provincial laws.
Sec. 6.2 Packaging and Shipping
6.2.1 Packaging. Te coating purchased or used in this standard shall be
packaged in appropriate containers defned by manufacturers.
6.2.2 Shipping, handling, and storage. Materials shall be stored and pro-
tected from the elements as required by current applicable federal, state or pro-
vincial, and local regulations. Temperature ranges in the storage area shall be
maintained within the limits recommended by the manufacturer.

1 8 AW WA C21 8 -1 6
Sec. 6.3 A fdavit of Compliance

6.3.1 Materials afdavit. Te purchaser may require an afdavit from
the coating manufacturer or supplier that the materials furnished comply with all
applicable requirements of this standard.
6.3.2 Workmanship afdavit. Te purchaser may require an afdavit
from the applicator that the work furnished complies with all applicable require-
ments of this standard.

APPENDIX A
Selection and Use of Coating Systems
Tis appendix is for information only and is not a part ofANSI/AWWA C218.
SECTION A.1 : GENERAL

Several generic types of coating systems are included in this appendix because
it has been determined that no single type is best for all conditions of exposure.
Tus, the coating systems covered are not necessarily equivalent in terms of
expected service life, which depends on site-specifc conditions of external atmo-
spheric exposure, internal water chemistry, and temperature variations. Neither are
they equivalent in terms of initial cost. As an aid in selecting coating systems for a
particular site, it is recommended that the purchaser establish the site-specifc con-
ditions of exposure and then conduct an economic evaluation of the several coating
systems using life-cycle cost analysis techniques.
Because it is impractical for an occasional purchaser of coatings to make suf-
fcient laboratory tests to determine whether all of the coating constituents are
in accordance with the standard, it is recommended that the coatings be pur-
chased from a manufacturer whose products have the proven performance for the
intended service through in-place use or satisfactory evidence of laboratory tested
equivalency.
Some primers, notably those containing certain epoxy vehicles, dry hard and
glossy. When these primers are shop-applied, surface preparation of the prime coat
in order to accept the frst feld-applied coat should be in accordance with the
coating manufacturer’s recommendations, which may include scarifcation of the
surface (brush-of blast). Tese primers are suitable for feld application, provided
that the second coat is applied as soon as the primer is sufciently dry or cured in
accordance with the coating manufacturer’s recommendation. Te coating manu-
facturer’s recommendations for surface preparation of the prime coat should be
followed.
For a defnition of atmospheric/environmental conditions of service, refer to
Section 5, Table 1 and Table 3 of chapter 1 of SSPC, Steel Structures Painting
Manual, Volume 2, Systems and Specifcations.
19
20 AWWA C21 8 -1 6
SECTION A.2: COATING SYSTEMS

Coating System No. 1 may blister or fail prematurely when applied to water
pipe exteriors that are subject to frequent condensation (“sweating”) as a result of
cold substrate temperatures (i.e., pipe containing cold water) and located in areas
of high humidity. Other coating systems provide superior performance when this
condition is encountered.
Sec. A.2.1 Coating System No. 1
Tis system is a relatively low-cost three-coat or optional four-coat alkyd system
that provides reasonable and durable protection in mild environments. Te four-coat
system includes a second coat of primer and upgrades corrosion protection and ser-
vice life. System 1-D uses a silicone alkyd fnish coat that provides improved color
and gloss retention when compared to nonsilicone alkyd enamels. For optimal color
and gloss retention, it should be specifed that the silicone content be a minimum of
30 percent by weight of the total resin solids.
Tis system consists of two-component epoxy primer and intermediate coats
of a two-component aliphatic polyurethane fnish coat. Tis system provides very
good corrosion resistance and very good color and gloss retention. It is also highly
abrasion resistant to windblown debris. Te polyurethane fnish is generally graf-
fti resistant in that selected solvents or commercial cleaners can usually be used to
remove grafti from the surface without damaging the completely cured urethane
f nish coat.
Tis system is a three-coat system comprised ofan organic or inorganic zinc-rich
primer, a two-component epoxy intermediate coat, and an aliphatic polyurethane
fnish coat. Tis system is comparable to Coating System No. 2, but longer-term
corrosion protection can be expected because of the galvanic (sacrifcial) protection
provided by the zinc-rich primer.
Tis system is a two- or three-coat system consisting of a two-component
epoxy primer followed by one or two coats of a catalyzed coal-tar epoxy. At a
minimum, total dry flm thickness is 14.0 mil (355 µm). Tis system provides very

good “barrier” type corrosion protection of the steel substrate. Tis system is not
aesthetically pleasing, however, and will readily chalk when exposed to sunlight.
Tis system is a two- or three-coat system consisting of a water-reducible,
two-component, rust-inhibitive epoxy primer followed by one or two coats of two-
component, water-reducible epoxy-polyamide coating. Tis system will provide
reasonable protection in mild environments. When the exterior is exposed, color
and gloss retention properties of this system are poor because epoxies chalk readily
when exposed to sunlight.
Tis system is a three-coat, water-reducible, industrial-type acrylic or alkyd-
modifed acrylic emulsion coating system of a rust-inhibitive–type, pigmented,
single-component, water-reducible primer followed by two coats of a single-
component, water-reducible, industrial-type acrylic or alkyd-modifed acrylic
emulsion fnish coat. Tis system will provide reasonable protection in mild envi-
ronments and exhibit good color and gloss retention properties if the acrylic emul-
sion is the specifed fnish coat.

6666 West Quincy Avenue
Denver, CO 80235-3098
T 800.926.7337
www.awwa.org
Dedicated to the world ’s most important resource, AWWA sets the

standard for water knowledge, management, and informed public policy.
AWWA members provide solutions to improve public health, protect the
environment, strengthen the economy, and enhance our quality of life.
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Ansi Awwa c218-16

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ANSI/AWWA C218-16

(Revi si on of AN SI /AW WA C21 8 - 0 8)

Liquid Coatings for

Efecti ve date: Jan. 1 , 201 7.

Copyright © 201 7 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

American National Standard

This AWWA content is the product of thousands of

Copyright © 201 7 by American Water Works Association

Copyright © 201 7 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

D.W. Angell,* Standards Council Liaison, American Flow Control,

Copyright © 201 7 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE

Foreword 4.4 Surface Preparation ......................... 10

Copyright © 201 7 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 201 7 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

* Available from the US Government Printing Ofce, Superintendent of Documents, Washington,

Copyright © 201 7 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 201 7 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

Liquid Coatings for Aboveground

Sec. 1.1 Scope

SSPC*—Painting Manual, Volume. 2, Systems and Specifcations.

5. Supplier: Te party that supplies material or services. A supplier may or

Sec. 4.1 Materials

Copyright © 201 7 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

System Designation Intermediate Coat Finish Coat

Copyright © 201 7 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

System Designation Intermediate and Finish Coats

Copyright © 201 7 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

Te intermediate coat shall be a two-component epoxy coating comparable in

Copyright © 201 7 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

4.2.6 Coating System No. 5. Tis is a two- or three-coat system consisting

Copyright © 201 7 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

4.2.7.1 Materials. Te prime coat shall be an industrial-type acrylic emul-

6-W 2.0 (51) 3.0 (76) 3.0 (76) 8.0 (203)

Copyright © 201 7 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

4.3.2.4 Spreading rate. Te theoretical spreading rate in square feet per

Copyright © 201 7 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

4.5.5 Prime coat. Coating materials shall be applied immediately after

Sec. 5.1 Coating Materials Prequali fcation

impact) tests shall be performed in accordance with AS TM D2794. Test results

Sec. 6.1 Marking

Copyright © 201 7 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

Sec. 6.3 A fdavit of Compliance

Copyright © 201 7 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

SECTION A.1 : GENERAL

SECTION A.2: COATING SYSTEMS

Copyright © 201 7 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright © 201 7 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

Dedicated to the world ’s most important resource, AWWA sets the

1 P –2M 43 21 8 -201 6 (1 /1 7 ) I W P ri n te d o n Re c ycl e d Pa p e r

Copyright © 201 7 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

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