2 CDP-Arrah

Urban Development and Housing Department
Government of Bihar
City Development Plan (2010-30)

ARRAH
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
CDP Prepared By:
and
Support Programme for Urban Reforms in Bihar

(A Government of Bihar Initiative)
Supported by DFID, United Kingdom
City Development Plan for Arrah: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Overview
Arrah is the administrative headquarter of Bhojpur district as well as the only Class –I town in the
district. It is the seventh most populated town in Bihar and ranks sixth in the state in terms of area.
The Arrah Nagar Panchayat was established in 1929 and was upgraded to a Municipal Council in
2002 and to a Municipal Corporation in 2007.
Location of Bhojpur District
The Arrah Municipal Corporation (AMC) covers an area of 30.97 sq. km. The town had 32 Wards as
per the Census 2001 but following the realignment of ward boundaries in 2007; the town has 45
wards as on date. Arrah is well connected with other parts of the country by rail and road – it is
located at a distance of 60 km by road from Patna. The town has no airport with the nearest being in
Patna. The city serves as a regional hub for trading of vegetable and food-grains for the district.
Arrah has a large base of educated population. There has been an increase in the literacy rate of the
city in the past 3 decades as compared to the district. It has a high female literacy compared to the
state average.
The competitive advantage of Arrah is in

its good road connectivity with the state
capital and its being a district
headquarters. The presence of perennial
sources of water like the Ganga and Son
Rivers are major factors for the agri
dependent economy.
The large unemployed workforce can be
trained in various activities to support the
industrial activities in the region and
overall development of the city. Arrah is
covered under the UIDSSMT and
therefore has access to funds.
EXE
CDP Prepared By: Ernst & Young Pvt. Ltd. and Administrative Staff College of India (ASCI) Page 1 of 13
CITY VISION
The Vision for Arrah has been derived through a participatory process taking into
consideration the current assessment of the city, stakeholder consultations and focused group
discussions. The identified Vision is as follows: “To transform Arrah into a vibrant regional
economic hub with good quality services and infrastructure that enhances the quality of life
of local citizens”. The City Vision is an important step in the development of the CDP since it
captures the aspirations of a city in the years to come. The Vision is the guide to deciding
sector-specific approach, action planning and phasing of interventions.
Demography
The population of Arrah city was 2,03,380 as
per the 2001 census – this accounts for
about 9.07% of the total population of the
district. The population density of the city is
about 6,567 persons per sq km. The town
has seen a fluctuation in growth rate
attributable to migration from surrounding
villages largely because of increase in trade
and commerce.
The decadal growth rate of population was
34.64% in 1971-81. There has been a
decline in population growth during 1981-1991 and again increase during 1991-2001. This growth in
1991-2001 may be due to the formation of a separate Bhojpur district in 1992 and selection of Arrah
as the district headquarters and the centre of trade and commerce.
For the purposes of the CDP, population projections have been made based on available figures
from Census 1961 to 2001. Three different methods have been used - geometric increase method,
incremental increase method and arithmetic increase method. The results of the geometric method
seem to be on the higher side whereas results using the other two methods are on the low side.
Therefore the average of the three projection results has been considered as current population –
this virtually matches with the preliminary data of the ongoing Census 2011. As per the projections,
it is estimated that Arrah will have a population of 490,828 by 2035.
EXE
Sector Assessments & Growth Strategies

A) Water Supply
Water supply in the town is entirely ground water based. Ground water is extracted through 15 high
yielding bore-wells that supply around 9 MLD of water or 35.43 lpcd as per 2010 projected
population. The existing storage capacity of 2.95 ML is not adequate to support the present
population of the town. Arrah has eight over head tanks (OHT) into which water is directly pumped.
From here, the water gets distributed to parts of the town through a network that was laid in 1954.
The pipeline network covers only 8,410 households or 24% of the town. The Municipal Corporation
and PHED have provided around 185 public stand posts and 922 hand-pumps. As is the practice in
the state, there are no user charges and water tax is collected as part of the Holding Tax.
Vision: To ensure access to safe water supply including drinking water to all.
Strategies: To achieve the sector vision and in line with the current assessment of the sector,
demand and supply projections have been done. Thereafter, the detailed project requirements for
both refurbishments of the existing system and augmentation of the system have been proposed.
The short term interventions include moderate augmentation of treatment components and
distribution service levels to ensure equitable supply. The medium and long term recommendations
include a detailed consumer level survey, source augmentation to meet the future requirements of
45 MLD, reducing NRW to 20 percent, setting up chlorination units, construction of new storage
reservoirs, expanding and strengthening the distribution network and replacing old pipelines,
protection of water bodies including rain water harvesting and regulatory measures for ground
water extraction and use. The CDP also suggests exploring the possibility of a regional water supply
scheme. Additionally, the municipal capacity should be strengthened to take over responsibility for
the water supply function from the PHED as mandated under the 74th CAA.
Projects Unit Phase I (2011-16) Phase II (2016-21) Phase III (2021-30)

Quantity Cost (Rs. Quantity Cost (Rs. Quantity Cost (Rs.
Crore) Crore) Lakh)
Rising mains KM 2.8 1.52 6.5 7.40 6.7 17.73
Distribution Network KM 15.9 3.94 37.1 19.19 34.7 46.00
Chlorination Unit MLD 20.0 5.25 40.0 21.80 20.0 22.44
Strengthening of Km 30.7 2.04 - - - -
Existing Network
Metering and Control No. 12,613 1.50 28,493 4.89 37,813 10.21
Mechanism
Storage Capacity ML 4.0 6.63 10.0 32.19 9.0 69.17
Augmentation
Source Augmentation 2.76 - -
Planning Studies 0. 44 0.10 0.10
Sub Total 24.08 85.57 165.65
Grant Total Rs. 275.30 crores
EXE
B) Sewerage and Sanitation

Arrah does not have an organised sewerage system leading to improper discharge of effluents from
septic tanks and sullage into storm water drains and ultimately into the river. The town has nine
major drainage outfalls that serve as a conduit for discharge of the domestic wastewater, sewerage
and surface runoff into the Ganga River. The infiltration of rainwater into the sewerage lines and
absence of segregated sewerage and storm water drains causes problems that are aggravated in the
monsoons. The municipal corporation has no reliable updated database on number of properties
having toilets and information on their connectivity to the disposal system. Estimates available from
surveys conducted under the Integrated Low Cost Sanitation (ILCS) project show a very high rate of
open defecation – estimated at 66%.
Vision: To increase coverage of the city with an underground sewerage system and promote
environmentally safe sanitation practices.
Strategies: Keeping the above-mentioned vision in consideration and based on the assessment of
the existing and future demand, the detailed project requirements for augmentation of sewerage
and sanitation system have been proposed. The CDP recommends that a City Sanitation Plan be
prepared. A Sewerage treatment plant (STP) and sewage collection system is to be developed for
improvement of the environment. The short term requirements include the construction of an STP
and safe disposal of the waste water into the river. The long term assessment shows a huge gap and
large scale improvement that will be required to ensure proper sewage collection and disposal. The
CDP articulates achieving 100 percent sanitation and making the city open defecation free. For
successful implementation of any change management process, effective communication strategy
among key stakeholders is important hence CDP also emphasizes on effective communication and
public awareness.

Crore) Crore) Crore)
Primary and KM 18.8 2.63 40.6 11.62 36.9 23.93
Secondary Network
Sewerage Treatment - - 50.0 74.17 20.0 73.70
Plant MLD
Toilet Blocks Nos 41 2.12 17 1.88 24 6.65
Planning Studies 0.15 0.10 0.10
Sub Total 4.90 87.77 104.38
Grand Total Rs. 197.05 crores
C) Storm Water Drainage
Arrah town has a flat topography with a slope towards the Ganga River. The City has a drainage
network of 20 kms, which is far from satisfactory. There are no separate systems to carry the
sewage, sullage and storm water. There are nine major drains in the town which are mostly open
and heavily silted. Water logging is a problem in the rainy season.
Vision: To establish an effective rain water collection system thereby reducing mixing of rain and
sullage water and reducing the incidence of water logging during monsoons.
EXE
Strategies: Keeping the above-mentioned vision in mind and based on the assessment of the existing
and future demand, the detailed project requirements for augmentation of storm water drainage
system have been proposed. The CDP suggests for comprehensive survey of existing infrastructure,
upgradation and renovation of existing drains, construction of new drains, enhanced coordination
between other agencies implementing similar projects and effective communication strategy to
create awareness among the people to avoid the practice of dumping garbage in the drains.

Storm Water 10.0 1.45 1.1 0.37 3.4 3.34
Collection Network KM
De-silting of Nala 40.0 1.80 - - - -
Planning Studies 0.07 0.10 0.10
Sub Total 3.32 0.47 3.44
D) Solid Waste Management
Arrah town generates an average of 102 tonnes of solid waste daily at the rate of 400 grams per
capita per day. Currently there is no door to door collection of primary waste. The predominant
mode of primary collection is by way of street sweeping. In absence of the systems of storage of
waste at source and on account of indiscriminate disposal of waste on the streets, drains, etc. the
streets remain dirty all the time and drains get clogged necessitating multiple handling of waste.
Transportation is not scientifically designed. AMC is not in a position to transport the entire quantity
of waste generated in the city on a day to day basis on account of inadequacy of fleet of vehicles and
inappropriate management for transportation of waste. The collection efficiency of solid waste is
only 59% and there is no scientific disposal of solid waste.
Vision: To achieve environmentally sustainable waste management practices in the city.
and future demand, the detailed project requirements for solid waste management system have
been proposed. The CDP suggests need for 100% door-to-door collection and source segregation,
that can be outsourced to groups like resident welfare associations and rag pickers cooperatives. A
scientific treatment and disposal facility according to the solid waste management rules is also
recommended. Other strategies are on employment of conservancy staff, capacity building and
training programmes to the staff and governance aspects to identify suitable and potential private
partners.
EXE

Treatment & Disposal TPD 80.0 3.09 130.0 9.69 50.0 10.83
Site
Container Bins No. 60 0.63 20 0.48 40 2.47
required
New Vehicles No. 30 5.07 19 7.09 26 24.53
Awareness Campaigns No. 9 0.09 10 0.10 10 0.10
Sub Total 8.88 17.36 37.93
E) Roads, Traffic and Transportation
River Ganga in the North and Arrah Canal in the East of the town majorly regulates the form of road
network in the Arrah municipal area. The railway line (Delhi-Howrah Railway line) that passes
through the town in an east-west direction has also influenced the circulation pattern of the town.
These have led to linear developments. Arrah town lacks organised parking spaces and the road
width is further decreased with unorganised parking on the roadside. Lack of public transport system
forces the citizens to depend on private vehicles that thus increase traffic.
Vision: To improve the condition of the roads, decongest the city core and provide adequate, safe
and user friendly public transportation system in the city.
and future demand, the detailed project requirements for roads, traffic and transportation have
been proposed. The CDP recommends upgrading the existing road network, creation of parking lots
at all major points of vehicle congregation and junction improvement. Development of cheap and
efficient public transport system, construction of railways over bridges, regulating the movement of
cattle, proper street lighting and proper space kept on road side to incorporate tree plantation.

Road Network KM 25.0 17.92 6.2 15.56 25.6 142.01
Footpaths to be KM 22.3 2.68 2.8 0.92 11.4 8.42
constructed
Flyovers Nos 1 3.54 - - - -
Parking Nos 5 0.13 - - - -
Bus Stand 0.70 - -
Redevelopment
Truck Terminal 3.00 - -
Junction Improvement Nos 7 0.02 1 0 - -
Rickshaw Stands Nos 14 0.25 11 0.28 - -
Tempo Stands Nos 9 0.16 1 0.02 - -
Planning Studies 0.40 - -
Sub Total 28.80 16.78 150.43
F) Street Lighting and Fire Fighting
EXE
As per Census 2001, there are about 3,160 streetlight poles in Arrah. But it is to be noted that most
of the streetlight poles have no lighting fixtures. In the absence of records, it is difficult to comment
accurately on the number of functioning light fixtures however, as per discussion with officials
concerned in AMC, it is being reported that most of the light fixtures are non functional. Recently,
100 Sodium Vapour Lamps and two number High Mast Lamps have been installed in the corporation
area with MLA fund.
The fire fighting systems in Arrah are far below the standards with lack of manpower and also non
maintenance of the existing equipments.
G) Housing and Urban Poverty
The recent survey undertaken under the ongoing SPUR project in 2008 has identified a total of 26
slum areas in AMC. The estimated population in these slum areas is around 22,736 which is
approximately 9% projected population for the year 2010.
Service levels in the slum area are very poor. Most of the slum population depends on hand pumps
in the absence of water supply connections. Of the total 185 public stand posts (PSPs) in the
municipal area, only 5 PSPs are in slum areas. Of the total 922 hand-pumps provided by AMC and
PHED in the whole city, only 45 are in the slum areas. Slum areas lack sanitation leading to high
levels of open defecation. Solid waste management is also virtually absent. Due to the slum dwellers’
lack of awareness about waste management and unavailability of municipal services, the practice of
open dumping of waste in open drains is common. This is a contributory factor to choking of drains
leading to flooding during the monsoons. The dilapidated condition of culverts worsens the situation
in the rains.
Vision: Provision of universal access to all basic urban services on an affordable cost.
and future demand, the detailed project requirements for urban poverty alleviation. The CDP
suggests comprehensive survey and developing a slum upgrading strategy in a phased manner. The
CDP also suggests the need for a policy on land tenure, increasing access to institutional funds and
establishment of support mechanisms for enterprise development. The document also highlights the
need for strengthening community-based institutions and increasing community participation
through involvement of NGO’s, CBO’s, SHG’s, etc.
Low Cost Housing Nos 379 6.02 42 0.94 - -
Planning Studies 0.10 - -
Sub Total 6.12 0.94 -
H) Social Infrastructure
EXE
As the district headquarters of Bhojpur, Arrah caters to the education and health needs of the whole
district. The AMC does not run any school or education institution. The Education Department of the
State Government runs schools and other similar institutions with control over administrative and
financial aspects. The town has around ten colleges (for Science, Commerce & Arts disciplines) of
which five are government run. The town has one government hospital - Sadar Hospital - with a total
bed-capacity of 150. This hospital caters to the requirement of the entire district.
The town has three cinema halls, one stadium, one auditorium and 2 public libraries. The town has
no designated public park or open space in the core area of the town.
Strategies: The CDP suggests the need to bring in quality for education, provision of more marketing
facilities, dharamshalas and creation of cultural and recreational facilities like community centers,
sports complex, etc. Undertaking public health awareness drives are also recommended.

Street Lights Nos 170 0.17 9 0.03 39 0.26
Fire Stations Nos - - 1 0.67 - -
Fire Engines Nos 1 0.12 2 0.58 1 0.67
Improvement of - 5 0.50 2 0.20
tourism spots Nos -
Improvement of - 9 0.45 1 0.05
tourism infrastructure Nos -
Parks Nos 2 0.30 3 0.79 - -
Preservation of water - 5 1.04 - -
bodies Nos -
Education Nos - 0.10 - 0.25 - 0.25
Health Nos - 0.15 - 0.25 - 0.25
Institutional 0.75 - 1.10 - 1.00
Development Nos -
Grievance redressal 0.10 - - - -
cell Nos -
Community Room 0.40 0.46 0.45
Hawkers market 0.40 0.60 0.60
Recreational Club 0.10 0.20 -
Night Shelters 0.30 0.36 0.45
Planning Studies - - - - - -
Sub Total 2.89 7.28 4.18
Grand Total Rs. 14.35 croroes
EXE
I) Environment
Arrah is experiencing environmental challenges due to lack of infrastructure and services. The town
is developing in an uncontrolled manner that is adversely impacting the environment. There are no
specific initiatives to check various environmental aspects. It should be noted that there is no district
level office of the state Pollution Control Board in Bhojpur District. There are 72 water bodies
(ponds/tanks) and very few small gardens at various locations in the AMC area. Some of the ponds
are encroached by slum dwellers like John Dean Pond and the pond near Jawahar Tola.
Strategies: A strategy is adopted, which covers policy-level planning, reforms and institutional
strengthening. The CDP recommends for preservation and protection of water bodies and
developing them as recreational areas. Making rainwater-harvesting mandatory for building
permission is also suggested in the CDP. Other suggestions include setting up of sewage treatment
plant, treatment of sewerage, industrial waste, electronic waste, scientific management of bio-
medical waste and ban in use of plastics bags. For successful implementation of the projects, active
people’s participation is important hence, the CDP also emphasizes on effective public awareness.
J) Urban Heritage and Tourism
The city has a few places of significance namely the Arrah House, Jain Museum, Jagdishpur Fort,
Aranyadevi Temple, Chandwa and Jain Temples.
and future demand, the detailed project requirements for maintenance and development of these
sites.
Financial Position of the Local Body

The finances of AMC are shown in the table below.
S No. Items 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 CAGR

I Revenue Account
1 Income 224.34 329.53 260.79 107.81
2 Expenditure 319.21 433.86 346.32 159.86
3 Surplus/Deficit -94.87 -104.34 -85.53 -52.05
II Capital Account
1 Income 2.93 1325.91 283.80 0.00
2 Expenditure 3.04 15.29 5.70 2.04
3 Surplus/Deficit -0.11 1310.62 278.10 -2.04
EXE
S No. Items 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 CAGR
III Overall
1 Income 227.27 1655.43 544.60 107.81

2 Expenditure 322.24 449.15 352.02 161.90
3 Surplus/Deficit -94.98 1206.28 192.58 -54.09
All figures in Rs. Lakh
Strategies: The CDP recommends transition from single entry cash based accounting system to
double entry accrual based accounting system at the earliest and computerization of all municipal
operations. Preparation of a financial management manual for the municipality and financial
management tools like cash management, inventory management, receivable management, and
expenditure management for smooth operation are also recommended in the CDP. Other
suggestions include assessment of staff training needs and capacity building.
Capital Investment Plan (CIP)

The total funding over the life of the CDP period, i.e. up to year 2030, is estimated at Rs. 761.17
crore. Sector-wise details of the investments are worked out for the entire period; the following
section represents the investments over the three phases i.e. Short Term, Mid Term and End Term,
as illustrated in the table below. The scheduling or phasing of the CIP is based on the analysis of
fiscal resources for new investments and O&M, technical capacity for construction and the choice of
specific improvements to be taken up over a period of 5 years (2011-2012 to 2015-16). About 30.5%
of the capital investment estimate is envisaged for water supply. Solid waste management and road,
traffic and transportation are the other major sectors with an envisaged utilisation of 11.2% and
36.5%, respectively.
Capital Investment for Arrah (All Phase I Phase II Phase III TOTAL
Investments in INR Crores) (2011-16) (2016-21) (2021-30)
Investment Investment Investment
Water Supply 24.08 85.57 165.65 275.30
Sewerage & Sanitation 4.90 87.77 104.38 197.05
Strom Water Drainage 3.32 0.47 3.44 7.23
Solid Waste Management 8.88 17.36 37.93 64.16
Roads Traffic & Transportation 28.80 16.78 150.43 196.01
Social Infrastructure 2.89 7.28 4.18 14.35
Urban Poverty 6.12 0.94 - 7.06
Grand Total 78.99 216.17 466.01 761.17
EXE
Financial Operating Plan (FOP)

The investment capacity of Arrah Municipal Corporation is assessed through a Financial Operating
Plan (FOP) which gives a multi-year forecast of finances of the local body for the short-term. In line
with the phasing of identified investment from FY 2011-12 to FY2015-16, the FOP has been
generated for the same period. A salient feature of the FOP is that all outstanding dues, including
debt and non-debt liabilities, have been taken into account.
An important aspect that needs to be considered in raising financial resources is beneficiary
contribution. This practice has to be promoted and PPP also needs to be introduced to make the
services sustainable. Thus a total investment of Rs. 795 lakh can be pooled through PPP – this further
decreases the financial burden on the Municipal Corporation in the next five years.
Head 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Scenario 1: Base Case Scenario
Grants 212 225 239 253 268
Loans/Borrowings 1,725 2,475 2,100 1,675 2,100
Scenario 2: Moderate Scenario
13th Finance Commission - 14 16 17 19
State Government 330 476 492 224 333
Central Government 579 629 175 144 302
RAY 253 95 97 103 88
CBULB 15 15 15 15 15
Viability Gap Funding (VGF) 1 93 3 1 2
Others 23 18 5 5 5
EXE
Head 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Grants 1,202 1,340 802 510 763
Loans/Borrowings 725 1,200 1,200 975 1,025
Scenario 3: Best Case Scenario
13th Finance Commission - 14 16 17 19
State Government 330 476 492 224 333
Central Government 579 629 175 144 302
RAY 253 95 97 103 88
CBULB 15 15 15 15 15
Viability Gap Funding (VGF) 1 93 3 1 2
Others 23 18 5 5 5
Grants 1,202 1,340 802 510 763
Beneficiary Contribution 36 46 45 49 57
Other sources/PPP 31 117 459 173 25
Loans/Borrowings - - - - -
Source: All figures in Rs. lakh
Overall Assessment
An overall assessment of the existing service delivery levels across various indicators was done. The
analysis shows that most of the service levels in Arrah are ‘Average’ and ‘Below Average’ and
therefore a need to improve the overall service levels in the town.
S no Indicator Coding
1 Status of Infrastructure and Service Delivery Levels
a. Coverage of Water Supply
b. Per Capita Availability of Water
c. Continuity of Water Supply
d. Coverage of Individual Toilets
e. Door to Door Collection
f. Collection Efficiency of Solid Waste
2 Financial Management
a. Operating Ratio
b. Growth in Revenue Income
3 Poverty Level
Population Below Poverty Line (BPL)
4 Organization Structure
Staffing pattern, availability of sufficient staff, competency level of existing
staff for implementing proposed projects
5 Leadership
EXE
S no Indicator Coding
Leadership quality, awareness and understanding regarding urban sector,
proactive approach for implementing reform measures
6 Economic Development Potential
Potential for Development, linkages to the state capital and other cities,
status of existing infrastructure
7 Environment Sustainability
Status of Environment, quality of water, air,
8 Participation
Level of Participation from Citizen/Citizen Forums/Welfare Association in
municipal affairs
9 Compliance with Reforms
Status of reform implementation and preparedness for implementation
Legend
Alarming Average Below Average Good
EXE
Base Map: Arrah Municipal Corporation
Source: Support Programme for Urban Reforms in Bihar
1
Existing Land Use: Arrah Municipal Corporation
Source: Arrah Master Plan - 2027
2
Proposed Land Use: Arrah Municipal Corporation
3
Ward Wise Density as Proposed in Master Plan 2027: Arrah Municipal Corporation
4
Notified Slums: Arrah Municipal Corporation
Source: SPUR Survey; December 2010

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Urban Development and Housing Department

City Development Plan (2010-30)

CDP Prepared By:

Support Programme for Urban Reforms in Bihar

Location of Bhojpur District

The competitive advantage of Arrah is in

Sector Assessments & Growth Strategies

Projects Unit Phase I (2011-16) Phase II (2016-21) Phase III (2021-30)

Grant Total Rs. 275.30 crores

B) Sewerage and Sanitation

Projects Unit Phase I (2011-16) Phase II (2016-21) Phase III (2021-30)

Projects Unit Phase I (2011-16) Phase II (2016-21) Phase III (2021-30)

Projects Unit Phase I (2011-16) Phase II (2016-21) Phase III (2021-30)

Projects Unit Phase I (2011-16) Phase II (2016-21) Phase III (2021-30)

Projects Unit Phase I (2011-16) Phase II (2016-21) Phase III (2021-30)

Financial Position of the Local Body

S No. Items 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 CAGR

1 Income 224.34 329.53 260.79 107.81

2 Expenditure 319.21 433.86 346.32 159.86

3 Surplus/Deficit -94.87 -104.34 -85.53 -52.05

1 Income 2.93 1325.91 283.80 0.00

2 Expenditure 3.04 15.29 5.70 2.04

3 Surplus/Deficit -0.11 1310.62 278.10 -2.04

S No. Items 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 CAGR

1 Income 227.27 1655.43 544.60 107.81

3 Surplus/Deficit -94.98 1206.28 192.58 -54.09

All figures in Rs. Lakh

Capital Investment Plan (CIP)

Financial Operating Plan (FOP)

Head 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Head 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Alarming Average Below Average Good

Source: Support Programme for Urban Reforms in Bihar

Source: Arrah Master Plan - 2027

Source: Arrah Master Plan - 2027

Source: Arrah Master Plan - 2027

Source: SPUR Survey; December 2010

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