Seminar Stair

Vertical circulation in public building
(passage between lower and higher level - stairs, elevator & escalator)
Abstract: - Circulation is passage provided for

ease of user. Usually there are two type of I. Stairs
circulation i.e. horizontal and vertical The stairs are a structure that allows individuals
circulation. Vertical circulation is one of the to pass between lower and higher levels by
important component in commercial building. It dividing a large vertical distance into smaller
helps in vertical flow of user. Vertical vertical distances through a diagonal series of
circulation is categorized in different types. horizontal platforms referred to as steps that
Literature study and case study are done in detail enable the passage of one level into another. As
to study about the vertical flow in commercial evidenced by tower-like structures called pylons,
buildings. ancient Egyptians used them first. In a
commercial building, vertical elevations connect
Keywords- vertical flow, steps, hoisting, the different levels with the help of several
powered stairs elements, such as landings, runs, steps,
handrails, railings, and newel posts-all of which
must be compliant with local standards.
An easy way to identify stairs is to make them

1. Introduction clearly visible. Stairs used for commercial
Having a vertical flow of traffic in a commercial purposes should be at least 90 cm wide, have a
building is crucial to its proper functioning, both maximum flight length of 12 steps, not exceed
in normal use and as a design feature. The 40 degrees in pitch, and avoid being flatter than
placement of elevators and stairs influences the 25 degrees, with at least 2.14 meters of
design of the building, so consideration should headroom. A landing should not be narrower
be given to the type of vertical circulation, the than it is wide; open risers can be confusing and
number of units needed, and their arrangement, disconcerting for some people while avoiding
arrangement, and design. spiral staircases in the event of tripping. A
Typically, commercial office buildings and maximum of 60 people can pass through a
apartment buildings will reduce circulate space, 1525mm wide stairway according to the
so as to maximize the amount of rentable space National Fire Protection Association's ''Life
or apartment interiors. Safety Code. Building height and purpose
Classification of vertical circulation system determine the number of stair cases, so one stair
case for 23m.
I. Stairs
II. Elevator Metal or timber stairs are noisy when in use,
III. Escalator while concrete stairs absorb more sound and the
materials chosen will be based on a number of
factors, including cost, client preferences, According to Hoist Mechanism there is
location, structural requirements, and many Hydraulic Passenger Elevator Hydraulic
more. Concrete stairs can be crafted in situ using elevators where elevators which are powered by
specialized formwork, followed by a screed and a piston that travels inside a cylinder and
polished, painted, or clad with another material. Traction/pulley passenger Elevator which
One can precast concrete stairs and assemble consist of a lift car and a counterweight attached
them on site. In addition to metal stairs, metal to separate ends of a cable which travel over a
balustrades can be made from light weight large pulley wheel called a Sheave at the top of
balusters or even mesh or tension wires that the lift shaft.
give them a more industrial feel.
III. Escalator
II. Elevators
As a hoisting and lowering mechanism, an Escalators, or powered stairs, are used when it is
elevator consists of a car or platform that travels necessary to move large numbers of people from
along guides in a shaft, or hoist way, in an floor to floor. They provide continuous
approximately vertical direction, via a shaft or movement of persons and can thus remedy
hoist way, to transport passengers or goods traffic conditions that are not readily addressed
between two or more floors. A lift was first by elevators. Escalators should be viewed as
described by Roman architect Vitruvius as being preferred transportation systems whenever
made of hemp rope and powered by animals or heavy traffic volumes are expected between
people. An elevator contains hoist way, machine relatively few floors. The earliest working type
room, guide rails, elevator cars and so on. of escalator was patented in 1892 by Jesse W.
Reno, and was actually introduced in 1896 as a
In commercial use, there should be one lift on novelty ride at Coney Island, a theme park in
every four floors with a maximum distance of New York.
45m to the lift lobby, and the floor space and car
capacity can be calculated by dividing each floor Maximum rise 21 ft. 4 in (NCE model)
into 0.2m2. It is easy for two passengers to enter Dimensions for Escalators • Minimum depth of
and leave a car together with a 1075mm tread in direction of travel—153⁄4 in •
opening, as large passenger elevators (4000 lbs. Maximum rise between treads—81⁄2 in •
and above) usually require 1225mm door Minimum width of tread—24 in • Maximum
openings, where 12.5% of the population uses width of tread—40 in • Maximum clearance
them during the 5-minute peak. It is classified as between tread and adjacent skirt panel—3⁄8 in •
"excellent" if the elevator interval is between 26 Maximum distance between handrail centerlines
and 28 seconds; "good" if it is between 28 and —width between balustrades plus 6 in with not
30 seconds; "fair" if it is between 30 and 32 more than 3 in on either side of the escalator
seconds; and "poor" if it is between 32 and 35 Speeds and Capacities Escalators typically
seconds. For greatest efficiency and lowest cost, operate at 90 or 120 ft. /min, as needed for peak
elevator group sizes should not exceed six traffic.
elevators, with four elevators per group as a Standard escalator widths are 32 and 48 in.
more practical approach. Since one cannot Manufacturers rate their 90-ft /min units at
Buildings of up to 15000to 18000 square corresponding capacities of 5000 and 8000
meter frequently have only a single service persons per hour, although observed capacities,
elevator, whereas larger buildings are provided even in heavy traffic, rarely exceed 2000 and
with two or more separate service cabs. 4000 persons per hour, respectively. Although
120-ft /min escalators will move about 30%
more volume, they are rarely specified because
of the potential for adverse litigation. Structural As per the components of the lift it has elevator
Considerations in Escalator Installation Floor-to- car which was enclosed by glass making the
floor height should be taken into account in
determining loads on supporting members.
Generally, for floor-to-floor heights of less than
20 ft., the escalator truss need be supported only
at top and bottom. Increased vertical rise can
create the need for intermediate support points.
A structural frame should be installed around the
escalator well to carry the floor and well way
railing.
REGIONAL CASE STUDY :LABIM

MALL
passengers to view their exterior, machine room
is accommodated in the top of the shaft
b. Escalators, Labim Mall

Escalators are located at 3 different parts of the
building at the center and edges of the building.
The width of the escalators is 1m. The central
escalators reach only upto the first floor only
and are 2 in number, 1 going up and 1 going
down. The escalators at the edges are single
escalators. They start at the first floor and reach
Figure 1 upto the 4th floor. They are in alternate direction
(up and down) to maintain proper circulation
For the primary data, survey through the
questionnaire, semi or unstructured interviews
and observation methods was applied.
a. Elevators, Labim Mall

A transparent glass and metal traction lift is built
in the center of the building facing the atriumat
the Labim Mall which serves for hundreds of
people per day.
Design Considerations
around the complex.
 Number of floors to be served: 7
 Floor to floor distance: 12ft.
 Population of each floor: 100 C. stairs
 Elevator car dimensions: 4’-6” X 5’-0”
 Load: 1000 kg, 13 persons
 Number of Elevators: 2
UNITED WORLD TRADE CENTER
United World Trade Centre (UWTC)

is one of the largest shopping
complex built in Tripureshwor,
Kathmandu. It’s located right
opposite to Dasar
ath Stadium. It has a plinth area of
430000sq.ft .
STAIRCASE
There is one centrally located staircase serving
area of and two emergency staircase It consist of
steel staircase having a tread of 1 feet and riser
of 6 inch.Landing of 5 feet Sigle flight steel
staircase in circular shape serving for 12000 sq
ft area
LIFT
It consist of twin capsule lift serving for area of
14000 sq ft .
REFERENCE
United World Trade Centre Nepal ,UWTC

Nepal (ktm2day.com)

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Seminar Stair

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Vertical circulation in public building

Abstract: - Circulation is passage provided for

An easy way to identify stairs is to make them

REGIONAL CASE STUDY :LABIM

b. Escalators, Labim Mall

a. Elevators, Labim Mall

United World Trade Centre (UWTC)

United World Trade Centre Nepal ,UWTC

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