9

Mathematics
Quarter 4 - Module 1:
The Six Trigonometric Ratios:
Sine, Cosine, Tangent, Secant,
Cosecant, and Cotangent
Mathematics – Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 1: The Six Trigonometric Ratios: Sine, Cosine, Tangent, Secant,
Cosecant, and Cotangent
First Edition, 2021

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Assistant Schools Division Superintendent: Mina Grace L. Acosta, PhD, CESO VI
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Writer: Mona Joreen P. Ladia

Editors: Donato B. Chico
Jerry M. Padigdig
Rolando C. Rullan Jr.
Mark V. Gatbunton
Joialie O. Gonzales
Levy B. Hernal
Reviewer: SDO Nueva Ecija
Layout Artist: Mona Joreen P. Ladia

Management Team: Jessie D. Ferrer, CESO V

Mina Gracia L. Acosta, PhD, CESO VI
Ronilo E. Hilario
Jayne M. Garcia, EdD
Florentino O. Ramos, PhD, EPS, Mathematics
Beverly T. Mangulabnan, PhD, EPS, LRMDS
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 9

Mathematics
Quarter 4 - Module 1:
The Six Trigonometric Ratios:
Sine, Cosine, Tangent, Secant,
Cosecant, and Cotangent
Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear

learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home.
Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are
carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide
you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson
prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons
in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing
this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s
assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each
module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your
learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We
trust that you will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher
are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and
reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based
learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks
on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering
the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before
performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in
answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your
teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written for the learners. After going through
this module, the learner is expected to:

illustrate the six trigonometric ratios: sine, cosine, tangent, secant, cosecant,
and cotangent. (M9GE-IVa-1)

What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter that corresponds to your answer. Write your answers
on a separate sheet/s of paper.

1. It is a branch of Mathematics that deals with the study of triangles and the
relationships between their sides and their included angles.
A. Trigonometry C. Geometry
B. Statistics D. Algebra

2. Which part of the triangle is the longest?

A. Adjacent C. Opposite
B. Hypotenuse D. Right Angle

3. It is a comparison of two quantities.

A. Additive C. Proportion
B. Multiplication D. Ratio

4. With respect to the given angle, what is the ratio of the opposite to the adjacent
side?
A. Cosecant C. Sine
B. Cosine D. Tangent

5. With respect to the given angle, what is the ratio of the hypotenuse to the
opposite side?
A. Cosecant C. Sine
B. Cosine D. Tangent
 Lesson
Illustration of the Six
11 Trigonometric Ratios

Congratulations! You are now in the first lesson for the Fourth Quarter.

What’s In

Directions: Identify the following. Choose your answer from the box and write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. One of the basic shapes in geometry: a polygon with three vertices and three
sides, which are line segments.
2. A triangle in which one angle is a right angle (that is, a 90-degree angle).
3. The longest side of a right triangle. It is always opposite the 90° angle in a
right triangle.
4. The side across the reference angle in a right triangle.
5. The side next to the reference angle in a right triangle.

Right Triangle Oblique Triangle Adjacent Side Triangle

Hypotenuse Angle Opposite Side

What’s New
Bobby wants to find the height of a
tree. He has to measure the height from the
ground, the “vertical distance”, but the tree is
too tall. One way that he can use is to make
an approximate guess, but the better way is
for him to use Trigonometry. Let us see how
Trigonometry can help Bobby to measure the
tree’s height correctly.
 What is It

In a right triangle, we can define actually six trigonometric ratios. Consider the right
triangle ABC below. In this triangle we let 𝜃 represent ∠B. Then the leg denoted by a
is the side adjacent to 𝜃, and the leg denoted by b is the side opposite of 𝜃.

Theta ( 𝜃 ) is used in mathematics as a variable to represent a measured angle.

Angles are symbolized by

capital letters, while the side
hypotenuse opposite each angle will carry
b c the same letter symbol, in
lowercase.
opposite

𝜃
C a B
adjacent

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
sine of 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 = cosecant of 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
cosine of 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 = secant of 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
tangent of 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 = cotangent of 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒

Notice that the ratios at the right are reciprocals of the ratios on the left.

SOH – CAH – TOA is a mnemonic used for remembering the equations.

Example:

Find the six trigonometric ratios of 𝜃 from the given figure below.

A tree is broken 3 m above the level ground. The top stripes the ground
4 m from the foot, while the other end of the broken part remains attached to
the stump.

Triangle Representation

x
3m

𝜃
4m

By using the definitions of the six trigonometric functions, we have

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 3
sine of 𝜃 = = sin 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑥

𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 4
cosine of 𝜃 = = cos 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑥

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 3
tangent of 𝜃 = = tan 𝜃 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 4

ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑥
cosecant of 𝜃 = = csc 𝜃 =
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 3

ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑥
secant of 𝜃 = = sec 𝜃 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 4

𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 4
cotangent of 𝜃 = = cot 𝜃 =
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 3
 What’s More

Directions: Given the reference angle, identify the opposite side, adjacent side and
the hypotenuse of the right triangles below. Write your answers on a separate sheet
of paper.

B
1. opposite side: ______

c a adjacent side: ______

hypotenuse: ______
𝜃
A b C

2. E opposite side: ______

f adjacent side: ______
d
hypotenuse: ______
𝜃
D e F

3. H g I

opposite side: ______

i adjacent side: ______
h
𝜃 hypotenuse: ______
G

What I Have Learned

Let us summarize what you have learned!

In this module, you were able to illustrate the six trigonometric ratios.

Activity

Directions: Enumerate the Six Trigonometric Ratios. Write your answers on a

separate sheet of paper.
 What I Can Do

Directions: Use the figure below to find the six trigonometric ratios of 𝜃. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.

A ladder 13 ft. long leans on top of the wall 12 ft. long, and the foot of the
ladder is 5 ft. from the wall.

sin 𝜃 =

cos 𝜃 =

tan 𝜃 =

csc 𝜃 =

𝜃 sec 𝜃 =

cot 𝜃 =

Assessment

Directions: Read and analyze each question carefully. Choose the letter that
corresponds to your answer and write on a separate sheet/s of paper.

1. What ratio describes a relationship between a side and an angle of a triangle?

A. Trigonometric Ratio C. Golden Ratio
B. Ratio and Proportion D. Common Ratio

2. What is the mnemonic used for remembering the three common trigonometric
ratios?
A. FOIL C. PEMDAS
B. PAWS D. SOH-CAH-TOA

3. In a right-angled triangle, what ratio is being describe if the length of the

hypotenuse is divided by the length of the adjacent side?
A. cosine ratio C. sine ratio
B. secant ratio D. tangent ratio
 4. If two legs of a triangle are part of a problem, what trigonometric ratio are you
going to use?
A. cosine ratio C. sine ratio
B. secant ratio D. tangent ratio

5. In a ∆PQR, PR = 6 cm, PQ = 5 cm, and QR = 4 cm. What is cos R?

5 4
A. C.
6 5
4 5
B. D.
6 4

6 – 10. Use the given figure to answer the following questions.

Points A, B, and C formed a

right triangle. The measure of
AB = 7.81, BC = 6 and AC = 5

6. What is sin B?
6 5
A. C.
7.81 7.81
5 7.81
B. D.
6 6

7. What is cos B?
6 5
A. C.
7.81 7.81
5 6
B. D.
6 5

8. What is tan B?
7.81 5
A. C.
5 7.81
5 6
B. D.
6 5
9. What is csc A?
6 5
A. C.
7.81 7.81
5 7.81
B. D.
6 6

10. What is cot A?

5 7.81
A. C.
6 5
7.81 5
B. D.
6 7.81
What I Know What I Can Do What I Have Learned
1. A 12 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
sin𝜃 = sin𝜃 =
2. B 13 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
3. C 5
cos𝜃 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
4. D 13 cos𝜃 =
12 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
5. A
tan𝜃 =
5 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
Wha’s In 13 tan𝜃 =
csc𝜃 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
12
1. Triangle 13 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
2. Right Triangle sec𝜃 = csc𝜃 =
5 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
3. Hypotenuse 5
4. Opposite Side cot𝜃 = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
12 sec𝜃 =
5. Adjacent Side 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
What’s More 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
cot𝜃 =
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
1. Opposite side: c
Adjacent side: b
Hypotenuse: a Assessment
2. Opposite side: d 1. A
Adjacent side: e 2. D
Hypotenuse: f 3. B
4. D
3. Opposite side: g 5. B
Adjacent side: i 6. C
Hypotenuse: h 7. A
8. B
9. D
10. A
Key
Answer Key
References
A. Books

Bryant, M., Bulalayao, L., Callanta, M., Cruz, J., De Vera, R., Garcia, G., Javier,
S., Lazaro, R., Mesterio, B., & Saladino, R., DepEd (2014). Mathematics
Grade 9 Learner’s Material. First Edition.

Hagos, L., Ymas, S. Jr., and Yanson, E., (2002). Plane and Spherical
Trigonometry. Sta. Monica Printing Corporation, Sampaloc, Manila,
Philippines

Orance, O., Santos, GN., and Ona, M., (First Edition 1996). Mathematics IV,
Concepts, Structures, and Methods or High School. REX Book Store, Inc.
856 Nicanor Reyes, Sr. St.

B. Websites

Bartleby. https://www.bartleby.com/questions-and-answers/a-10-ft-ladder-is-
leaning-against-a-wall.-if-the-top-of-the-ladder-slides-down-the-wall-at-a-
rate-of/21792080-e7cc-4762-8ceb-e926c8eeac62

Osu. https://u.osu.edu/simmerman/steps-to-completing-the-square-and-ending-
up-with-a-perfect-factorable-expression/113-2/

YouTube.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T9lt6MZKLck&feature=share&fbclid=
IwAR3Y_l2zvPa7eJjTCr1bzRknxltMjzZHxN2Pfu5W4vHv9Rcj5jXcEHl5oBo