KBP Ic 5
KBP Ic 5
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Abstract— The basic requirement for studying starting analysis By industry standards, ac control devices are not required to
of Induction motor are the starting current of Induction motor and the pick-up at voltages below 85 percent of rated nameplate
voltage flicker during start up. This paper will summarize several voltage 2. A 35 percent reduction in starting voltage results in
common methods and provide application guidelines for proper a 57 percent reduction in starting torque 1. During start motor
selection of starting devices. Starting method reviewed will include accelerates for a short interval. If the load torque requirements
different types of starters, comparative study of results obtained in
laboratory & results obtained by simulation in ETAP (Electrical
exceed the torque produced by the motor for any speed less
Transient Analyzer Program) for DOL starter & autotransformer than rated speed, the motor will "lock-in" at that speed and fail
starter, simulation results are also obtained for different cable length, to accelerate further. The motor will continue to draw a large
with & without capacitor connected across motor itself. Finally it is magnitude of current, overheat, and either trips a protective
concluded that starting current is less in case of autotransformer devices or burn up 1. The acceleration time can be calculated
starter. Starting current & starting time can be further reduced and using a torque representing the difference (positive) between
voltage profile can be improved with the use of capacitor at the motor motor torque and load torque. This time must not exceed the
terminal as a compensating device. time allowed for the current drawn on the motor thermal limit
curve 3.
Keywords— autotransformer start, DOL start, ETAP, Induction During starting period Use of Capacitor at motor terminal
motor, Starting methods, voltage dip. not only improves the power factor of the system but it also
reduces the starting current of the motor. Induction motors are
I. INTRODUCTION also used in mines for different applications. As motors are
located in the interior of mines power is to be transferred with
I nduction motors are widely used as an electric drives in
various Industrial applications like industrial motion control
systems & to drive various machines, such as pumps, fans,
the help of power cables. As the impedance of cable is
proportional to its length and voltage drop is proportional to
compressors, conveyors, spindles, to name just a few, as well the product of current & impedance. During start, induction
as in main powered home appliances. Electric drives can be motor draws a large current; this large current can cause a
classified basically as DC drives & AC drives. The rectifier large voltage drop, resulting in low voltage appearing across
unit increases the cost of the unit used for DC drives. Simple the motor. This low voltage may avoid the induction motor to
and rugged design, low-cost, low maintenance and direct start, resulting in locking of rotor and heating of machine
connection to an AC power source are the main advantages of winding. In this paper focus is made on the need of starting
using AC induction motors. For variable speed the industries analysis of induction motor along with different types of
use the asynchronous motor i.e. Induction motor. Induction starters that can be used for starting of Induction motor. Here
motors are the most common motors used in industrial motion starting analysis of induction motor is made with the help of
control systems & to drive various machines, such as pumps, DOL & autotransformer starter. During the start of Induction
fans, compressors, conveyors, spindles, to name just a few, as motor study is made for the recorded values results and results
well as in main powered home appliances. Induction motors obtained by simulation of induction motor in ETAP
are widely used in industry. environment. In ETAP environment a special case study is
An induction motor at rest can be modeled as a transformer done in which cable length is changed with and without
with the secondary terminals short circuited. Thus when capacitor connected across the motor terminals, a comparative
voltage is applied, a heavy surge of current is drawn from the study of results obtained for above case study is also done.
power system that in turn causes a dip in system voltage. The
magnitude of this dip is proportional to the magnitude of the
surge and the impedance of the system. Full voltage starting of II. STARTING ANALYSIS OF INDUCTION MOTOR
large induction motors draws large current & can cause During the motor starting period, Induction motors, is at rest,
serious voltage flicker problems on a power system 1. Flicker & it appear just like a short circuited transformer and if
can poses a problem to both the utility and the customer. connected to the full supply voltage, draw a very high current
During motor starting, the voltage level at the motor terminals known as the “Locked Rotor Current.” the Locked Rotor
should be maintained at approximately 80 percent of rated Current (LRC) is a function of the terminal voltage of the
voltage 2. motor and the motor design. In other words the starting motor
appears to the system as small impedance connected to a bus.
Piyush S. Patil, is final year M. Tech (IPS) student, at G. H. Raisoni
It draws a large current from the system, about six times the
College of Engineering .& is Lecturer at Yeshwantrao Chavan College of
Engineering, Nagpur. b4upiyush@yahoo.com. motor rated current, which therefore results in voltage dip in
Prof. K. B. Porate, is working as Assistant Professor, Department of the system and poses disturbances to the normal operation of
Electrical Engineering, G. H. Raisoni College of Engineering, other system loads. The magnitude of this dip is proportional
kporate@yahoo.com
to the magnitude of the surge and the impedance of the
system. Because of the highly inductive nature of the motor
circuit at rest, the power factor of the surge is quite low,
usually on the order of 10 to 20 percent. As the motor
accelerates to rated speed, the surge decays and the system
voltage recovers. This dip is detrimental to a power system in
two ways. First, if the magnitude of the dip is large enough, it
can cause erratic operation of voltage sensitive devices such as
computers and relays. Even the contactor serving the motor
being started could drop back out due to low voltage. Second,
it creates an annoying flicker in the lighting facilities being
served by the power system. Both magnitude and frequency of
flicker affect the customers on the system, and too much of
either can cause complaints. In order to control such problems,
most utilities have limitations regarding the magnitude and
frequency of dips produced by the starting of large motors.
During motor starting, the voltage level at the motor Fig. 1. Typical induction motor torque–speed–current curve.
terminals should be maintained at approximately 80 percent of
rated voltage or above for a standard National Electrical The starting torque of an induction motor starting with a
Manufacturers Association (NEMA) Type B motor. This fixed voltage will drop a little to the minimum torque, known
value results from examination of the speed-torque as the pull-up torque, as the motor accelerates and then rises to
characteristics of this type motor (150 percent starting torque a maximum torque, known as the breakdown or pull-out
at full voltage), and the desire to be able to successfully torque, at almost full speed and then drop to zero at the
accelerate a fully loaded motor at the reduced voltage synchronous speed. The curve of the start torque against the
(i.e., since torque varies with the square of the voltage, rotor speed is dependant on the terminal voltage and the rotor
T= 0.82 X 1 50 percent 100 percent). design.
By industry standards , ac control devices are not required to Finding the proper motor base speed and torque to meet the
pick-up at voltages below 85 percent of rated nameplate running load requirements is the first necessity. A process-
voltage, whereas dc control devices must operate dependably defined torque and speed should be used to determine the best
(i.e., pick-up) at voltages above 80 percent of their rating. fitting motor base speed and torque (hp torque speed). In
Critical control operations may therefore encounter difficulty addition, the breakaway torque and accelerating torque will
during motor starting periods where voltage dips are provide the total torque requirement from the motor. The
excessive. The actual dropout voltages for all contactors used motor torque output at zero speed must be capable of breaking
in industrial applications commonly range between 60-85 away from a standstill and must then exceed the running load
percent of rated voltage depending on the manufacturer. torque at every speed up to full speed to avoid stalling the
Voltages in the range of 65-70 percent of rated voltage, motor. A stall condition will cause the motor to reach thermal
therefore, may be appropriate and are sometimes used as the limits very quickly. Additionally, the motor torque must
criteria for the lower limit that contactors can tolerate exceed the load torque by a magnitude that allows acceleration
Since the motor acceleration torque is dependent on motor to full speed while staying within the thermal limits of the
terminal voltage, in some cases the starting motor may not be motor and starting device.
able to reach its rated speed due to extremely low terminal Motor torque will further depend on the voltage applied and
voltage. The starting current of a motor with a fixed voltage the type of starting device. The motor speed–torque and
will drop very slowly as the motor accelerates and will only speed–current profiles will determine the level of current
begin to fall significantly when the motor has reached at least drawn (affecting voltage drop on the system feeding the
80% of the full speed. The actual curves for the induction motor) and the amount of torque produced. The amount of
motors can vary considerably between designs but the general voltage drop will, in turn, affect flux and motor torque levels.
trend is for a high current until the motor has almost reached To avoid oversizing motors for high starting torque or large
full speed. The LRC of a motor can range from 500% of Full- load inertias, motors with higher torque profiles may be
Load Current (FLC) to as high as 1400% of FLC. Typically, capable of the required torque in a lower motor horsepower
good motors fall in the range of 550% to 750% of FLC. This package.. The motor speed–torque profile and the motor
makes it necessary to perform a motor starting analysis. Since thermal limit curve (usually provided in an inverse time–
the voltage & current profile are improper the power quality is current curve) is important information provided by the motor
not good & also the harmonics are introduced in the system. manufacturer. Motor torque produced at reduced voltage
The main purpose of performing a motor starting study is levels is approximately proportional to the square of the
twofold: voltage applied to the motor multiplied by the torque produced
(i) to investigate whether the starting motor can be at full voltage. The acceleration time can be calculated using a
successfully started under the operating conditions (i.e. motor torque representing the difference (positive) between motor
torque & thermal limits of motor etc.) torque and load torque. This time must not exceed the time
(ii) to see if starting the motor will seriously affect the allowed for the current drawn on the motor thermal limit curve
normal operation of other loads in the system. Many software packages exist that will calculate acceleration
A sample torque, current, voltage vs speed characteristic is time considering the total load torque, motor torque, and load
as shown in the fig. 1. inertia, as well as applied voltage.
A. Starting methods of Induction motor in fig. 2
Since the Induction motor draws a large starting current.
The Induction motor has to be started by using certain starting
devices called as starters. On the basis of technology used
starters are basically classified as
B. CASE II
This case is applicable to induction motor used in mines Fig. 6. Voltage in case of DOL starter for different loading conditions
where cable length is considerable. The cable length is
increased to 1 km with standard parameters and the load is
kept constant to full load. Motor is started with the help of
DOL & auto transformer starter. Starting current is 6.5 times
& 2.74 times the rated current for DOL starter &auto-
transformer starter respectively .while the starting time is 4.32
sec 16.7sec for DOL & auto-transformer starter respectively.
C. CASE III
Compensation is provided with the help of capacitor
connected across the motor terminal used in case II, for the
same cable length. Again Motor is started with the help of
DOL & auto transformer. . Starting current is 6.49 times & Fig. 7. Voltage in case of Auto-transformer starter for different loading
conditions
2.75 times the rated current for DOL starter &auto-transformer
starter respectively .while the starting time is 4.3 sec 16.5sec
for DOL & auto-transformer starter respectively. Comparison of the results obtained by simulation for
different case studies (case I, case II & case III) for 100%
RESULTS & CONCLUSSION loading
Fig. 4. Current in case of DOL starter for different loading conditions Fig. 8. Current in case of DOL starter for different case studies
DISCUSSION & FUTURE SCOPE
REFERENCES