Materi Multiplexing

Kuliah 30mei2023 BS
Multiplexing
Maximum bandwidth utilization/Efficiency can be
achieved by multiplexing; privacy and anti-jamming
can be achieved by spreading.
6.1
MULTIPLEXING
Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows the
simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across
a single data link. As data and telecommunications
use increases, so does traffic.
Whenever the bandwidth of a medium linking two
devices is greater than the bandwidth needs of the
devices, the link can be shared.
Topics discussed in this section:
Frequency-Division Multiplexing
Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
Synchronous Time-Division Multiplexing
Statistical Time-Division Multiplexing
6.2
Figure 1 Dividing a link into channels
6.3
Categories of multiplexing
6.4
Frequency-division multiplexing
FDM is an analog multiplexing technique that combines analog signals.
6.5
Figure 2 FDM process
6.6
Figure 3 FDM de-multiplexing example
6.7
Example
Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of

4 kHz. We need to combine three voice channels into
a link with a bandwidth of 12 kHz, from 20 to 32 kHz.
Show the configuration, using the frequency domain.
Assume there are no guard bands.
Solution:
We shift (modulate) each of the three voice channels
to a different bandwidth, as shown in following Figure.
We use the 20- to 24-kHz bandwidth for the first
channel, the 24- to 28-kHz bandwidth for the second
channel, and the 28- to 32-kHz bandwidth for the third
one. Then we combine them as shown in Figure 4.
6.8
Figure 4: Multiplexing Example
6.9
Example 2
Five channels, each with a 100-kHz bandwidth, are to be

multiplexed together. What is the minimum bandwidth of
the link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 kHz
between the channels to prevent interference?
Solution
For five channels, we need at least four guard bands. This
means that the required bandwidth is at least
5 × 100 + 4 × 10 = 540 kHz,
as shown in following Figure 5.
6.10
Figure 5
6.11
Example 3
Four data channels (digital), each transmitting at 1

Mbps, use a satellite channel of 1 MHz. Design an
appropriate configuration, using FDM.
Solution
The satellite channel is analog. We divide it into four
channels, each channel having a 250-kHz bandwidth.
Each digital channel of 1 Mbps is modulated such that
each 4 bits is modulated to 1 Hz. One solution is 16-
QAM modulation. Figure 6 shows one possible
configuration.
6.12
Figure 6:
6.13
Wavelength-division Multiplexing
WDM is an analog multiplexing technique to combine

optical signals.
6.14
Figure 7 Prisms in wavelength-division multiplexing and demultiplexing
6.15
Time Division Multiplexing
TDM is a digital multiplexing technique for combining

several low-rate channels into one high-rate one.
6.16
Figure 7 Synchronous time-division multiplexing
6.17
Example 1
6.18
Example 5
Following figure shows synchronous TDM with a data

stream for each input and one data stream for the output.
The unit of data is 1 bit. Find (a) the input bit duration, (b)
the output bit duration, (c) the output bit rate, and (d) the
output frame rate.
6.19
Example 5 (continued)
Solution:
a. The input bit duration is the inverse of the bit rate: 1/1 Mbps = 1 μs.
b. The output bit duration is one-fourth of the input bit duration, or ¼ μs.
c. The output bit rate is the inverse of the output bit duration or 1/(4μs) or 4
Mbps.
This can also be deduced from the fact that the output rate is 4 times as
fast as any input rate; so the output rate = 4 × 1 Mbps = 4 Mbps.
d. The frame rate is always the same as any input rate. So the frame rate is
1,000,000 frames per second. Because we are sending 4 bits in each
frame, we can verify the result of the previous question by multiplying
the frame rate by the number of bits per frame.
6.20
Interleaving
6.21
SPREAD SPECTRUM
In spread spectrum, we combine signals from

different sources to fit into a larger bandwidth, but
our goals are to prevent eavesdropping and
jamming. To achieve these goals, spread spectrum
techniques add redundancy.
Topics discussed in this section:

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Synchronous (DSSS)
6.22
Spread spectrum
6.23
Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
6.24
Figure 8 Frequency selection in FHSS
6.25
Figure 9 FHSS cycles
6.26
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Synchronous
(DSSS)
6.27
Figure 10 DSSS example
6.28
Semoga
Bermanfaat
6.29

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Kuliah 30mei2023 BS

Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of

Five channels, each with a 100-kHz bandwidth, are to be

Four data channels (digital), each transmitting at 1

WDM is an analog multiplexing technique to combine

TDM is a digital multiplexing technique for combining

Following figure shows synchronous TDM with a data

In spread spectrum, we combine signals from

Topics discussed in this section:

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