ch06 MultiplexingAndSpreading

Chapter 6
Bandwidth Utilization:
Multiplexing and
Spreading
6.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Note
Bandwidth utilization is the wise use of

available bandwidth to achieve
specific goals.
Efficiency can be achieved by

multiplexing; privacy and anti-jamming
can be achieved by spreading.
6.2
6-1 MULTIPLEXING
Multiplexing: Set of techniques that allows the

simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a
single data link.
Topics discussed in this section:

Frequency-Division Multiplexing
Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
Synchronous Time-Division Multiplexing
6.3
Figure 6.1 Dividing a link into channels
6.4
Figure 6.2 Categories of multiplexing
6.5
Figure 6.3 Frequency-division multiplexing
6.6
Graphical representation of 2.4 GHz band
channels overlapping
6.7
Note
FDM is an analog multiplexing technique

that combines analog signals.
6.8
Figure 6.4 FDM process
6.9
Figure 6.5 FDM demultiplexing example
6.10
Example 6.1
Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4

kHz. We need to combine three voice channels into a link
with a bandwidth of 12 kHz, from 20 to 32 kHz. Show the
configuration, using the frequency domain. Assume there
are no guard bands.
Solution
We shift (modulate) each of the three voice channels to a
different bandwidth, as shown in Figure 6.6. We use the
20- to 24-kHz bandwidth for the first channel, the 24- to
28-kHz bandwidth for the second channel, and the 28- to
32-kHz bandwidth for the third one. Then we combine
them as shown in Figure 6.6.
6.11
Figure 6.6 Example 6.1
6.12
Example 6.2
Five channels, each with a 100-kHz bandwidth, are to be

multiplexed together. What is the minimum bandwidth of
the link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 kHz
between the channels to prevent interference?
Solution
For five channels, we need at least four guard bands.
This means that the required bandwidth is at least
5 × 100 + 4 × 10 = 540 kHz,
as shown in Figure 6.7.
6.13
6.14
Example 6.3
Four data channels (digital), each transmitting at 1

Mbps, use a satellite channel of 1 MHz. Design an
appropriate configuration, using FDM.
Solution
The satellite channel is analog. We divide it into four
channels, each channel having a 250-kHz bandwidth.
Each digital channel of 1 Mbps is modulated such that
each 4 bits is modulated to 1 Hz. One solution is 16-QAM
modulation. Figure 6.8 shows one possible configuration.
6.15
6.16
16 QAM Modulation
Src: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network
6.17
Figure 6.9 Analog hierarchy
6.18
Figure 6.10 Wavelength-division multiplexing
6.19
Note
WDM is an analog multiplexing

technique to combine optical signals.
6.20
Figure 6.11 Prisms in wavelength-division multiplexing and demultiplexing
6.21
Figure 6.12 TDM
6.22
Note
TDM is a digital multiplexing technique

for combining several low-rate
channels into one high-rate one.
6.23
Figure 6.13 Synchronous time-division multiplexing
6.24
Note
In synchronous TDM, the data rate

of the link is n times faster, and the unit
duration is n times shorter.
6.25
Example 6.5
In Figure 6.13, the data rate for each input connection is

1 kbps. If 1 bit at a time is multiplexed (a unit is 1 bit),
what is the duration of (a) each input slot, (b) each output
slot, and (c) each frame?
Solution
We can answer the questions as follows:
a. The data rate of each input connection is 1 kbps. This
means that the bit duration is 1/1000 s or 1 ms. The
duration of the input time slot is 1 ms (same as bit
duration).
6.26
Example 6.5 (continued)
b. The duration of each output time slot is one-third of

the input time slot. This means that the duration of the
output time slot is 1/3 ms.
c. Each frame carries three output time slots. So the

duration of a frame is 3 × 1/3 ms, or 1 ms. The
duration of a frame is the same as the duration of an
input unit.
6.27
Example 6.6
Figure 6.14 shows synchronous TDM with a 1Mbps data

stream for each input and one data stream for the output.
The unit of data is 1 bit. Find (a) the input bit duration,
(b) the output bit duration, (c) the output bit rate, and (d)
the output frame rate.
Solution
We can answer the questions as follows:
a. The input bit duration is the inverse of the bit rate:
1/1 Mbps = 1 μs.
b. The output bit duration is one-fourth of the input bit

duration, or ¼ μs.
6.28
Example 6.6 (continued)
c. The output bit rate is the inverse of the output bit

duration or 1/(4μs) or 4 Mbps. This can also be
deduced from the fact that the output rate is 4 times as
fast as any input rate; so the output rate = 4 × 1 Mbps
= 4 Mbps.
d. The frame rate is always the same as any input rate. So

the frame rate is 1,000,000 frames per second.
Because we are sending 4 bits in each frame, we can

verify the result of the previous question by
multiplying the frame rate by the number of bits per
frame. i.e. 1000000x4=4Mbps
6.29
6.30
6-1 SPREAD SPECTRUM
In spread spectrum (SS), we combine signals from
different sources to fit into a larger bandwidth, but our
goals are to prevent eavesdropping and jamming. To
achieve these goals, spread spectrum techniques add
redundancy.
Topics discussed in this section:

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Synchronous (DSSS)
6.31
Figure 6.27 Spread spectrum
6.32
Figure 6.28 Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
6.33
Figure 6.29 Frequency selection in FHSS
6.34
Figure 6.30 FHSS cycles
6.35
Figure 6.31 Bandwidth sharing
6.36
Figure 6.32 DSSS
6.37
Figure 6.33 DSSS example
6.38

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Chapter 6

Bandwidth utilization is the wise use of

Efficiency can be achieved by

Multiplexing: Set of techniques that allows the

Topics discussed in this section:

FDM is an analog multiplexing technique

Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4

Five channels, each with a 100-kHz bandwidth, are to be

Four data channels (digital), each transmitting at 1

WDM is an analog multiplexing

TDM is a digital multiplexing technique

In synchronous TDM, the data rate

In Figure 6.13, the data rate for each input connection is

b. The duration of each output time slot is one-third of

c. Each frame carries three output time slots. So the

Figure 6.14 shows synchronous TDM with a 1Mbps data

b. The output bit duration is one-fourth of the input bit

c. The output bit rate is the inverse of the output bit

d. The frame rate is always the same as any input rate. So

Because we are sending 4 bits in each frame, we can

Topics discussed in this section:

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