This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: A956/A956M −  17a

Standard Test Method for

Leeb Hardness Testing of Steel Products 1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A956/A956M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
revision.
ion. A number in parentheses
parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Sco
Scope*
pe* E177  Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
E177 Practice
1.1 This test method covers the determination
determination of the Leeb ASTM Test Methods
hardness of steel, cast steel, and cast iron (Part A), including E691 Practic
Practicee for Condu
Conducting
cting an Interl
Interlabora
aboratory
tory Study to
thee met
th metho
hods
ds foforr th
thee ve
veri
rific
ficati
ation
on of Lee
Leeb
b ha
hard
rdne
ness
ss te
testi
sting
ng Determine the Precision of a Test Method
instruments (Part B), and the calibration of standardized test
3. Terminology
blocks (Part C).
3.1   Definitions:
NOTE 1—The original title of this standard was “Standard Test Method
3.1.1   calibration— determination
determination of the values of the sig-
for Equotip Hardness Testing of Steel Products.”1
nificantt opera
nifican operating
ting parameters of the instrument by compar
comparison
ison
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound
inch-pound units with values indicated by a reference instrument or by a set of 
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in reference standards.
each system may not be exa exact
ct equ
equiva
ivalen
lents;
ts; the
theref
refore
ore,, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining 3.1.2  Leeb hardness number— a number equal to the ratio of 
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance thee re
th rebo
boun
und
d ve
velo
locit
city
y to th
thee im
impa
pact
ct ve
velo
locit
city
y of a 0.
0.1
118 in
in..
with the standard. [3 mm
mm]] or 0.
0.19
197
7 in
in.. [5 mm
mm]] (b
(base
ased
d on th
thee ty
type
pe of im
impa
pact
ct
device) diameter spherically shaped tungsten carbide, silicon
1.3   This standar
standard d doe
doess not purport
purport to add
addre
ress
ss all of the nitride, or diamond tipped impact body, multiplied by 1000.
safet
safetyy co
conc
ncer
erns
ns,, if an
anyy, as
asso
socia
ciate
ted
d wit
with
h its us
use.
e. It is th
thee
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Rebound Velocity
 L 5 3 1000
 priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- Impact Velocity
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. The Leeb hardness number is followed by the symbol  HL
1.4   This int
intern
ernati
ationa
onall sta
standa
ndard
rd was dev
develo
eloped
ped in acc
accor
or-- with one or more suffix characters representing the type of 
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- impact device.
izatio
izationn es
esta
tabl
blis
ishe
hedd in ththee De
Decis
cisio
ion
n on PrPrin
incip
ciple
less fo
forr th
thee
3.1.3  Leeb hardness test— a dynamic hardness test method
 Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
using a calibrated instrument that impacts a spherically shaped
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
tungsten carbide, silicon nitride, or diamond tipped body with
 Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
a fixed velocity (generated by a spring force) onto a surface of 
the material under test. The ratio of the rebound velocity to the
2. Referenc
Referenced
ed Documents
Documents
impact velocity of the impact body is a measure of the hardness
2.1   ASTM Standards: 2 of the material under test.
E140 Hardness
E140  Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship
3.1.4  surface finish— all
all references to surface finish in this
Among Brinell Hardn
Hardness,
ess, Vickers Hardness, Rockw
Rockwell
ell
test method
method are defined as sursurfac
facee rou
roughn
ghness
ess (th
(that
at is, Ra =
Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Sclero-
average roughness value,  A
 AAA  = arithmetic average).
scope Hardness, and Leeb Hardness
3.1.5   verification— checki
checking
ng or test
testing
ing the ins
instru
trumen
mentt to
ensure conformance with this test method.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01
Committee  A01  on Steel,
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
4. Summa
Summary
ry of Test Method
A01.06   on Steel Forgings and Billets.
A01.06 4.1 Dur
During
ing a har
hardne
dness
ss test, an impact body with a sphspheri
eri--
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2017. Published December 2017. Originally
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as A956/A956M – 17.
cally shaped tungsten carbide, silicon nitride, or diamond tip
Leeb and Equotip are registered trademarks used with permission of Proceq SA. impacts,, after being propelled to the specifie
impacts specified
d velocity,
velocity, the test
DOI: 10.1520/A0956_A0956M-17A. surfac
surfacee fro
fromm whi
which
ch it reb
reboun
ounds.
ds. The imp
impact
act and rebound
rebound
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
velocities are measured when the impact body is approximately
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For  Annual Book of ASTM 
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary pageon 0.039 in. [1 mm] from the test surface. This is accomplished by
the ASTM website. means of a permanent magnet mounted in the impact body

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
 A956/A956M − 17a

which, during the test, moves through a coil in the impact 6.3 See 8.1.1 when using replacement machine components.
device and induces an electric voltage on both the impact and
7. Test Piece
rebound movements. These induced voltages are proportional
to the respective impact and rebound velocities. The quotient 7.1   Form— The Leeb hardness test is acceptable for steel,
of these measured voltage values derived from the impact and cast steel, and cast iron with varying shapes and sizes.
rebound velocities, multiplied by the factor 1000 produces a 7.2  Thickness and Weight— The thickness and weight of the
number which constitutes the Leeb hardness value. test piece shall be considered when selecting the impact device
to be employed. The following guidelines are offered as
5. Significance and Use
minimum weights and sizes of test pieces for selecting the
5.1 Hardness of a material is a poorly defined term that may proper test equipment. Test pieces of weights less than the
have many meanings depending on the type of test performed minimum or pieces of any weight with sections less than the
and the expectations of the person involved. The Leeb hardness minimum thickness require rigid support and coupling to a
test is of the dynamic or rebound type, which primarily thick, heavier non-yielding surface to resist the impact of the
depends both on the plastic and on the elastic properties of the device. Failure to provide adequate support and coupling will
material being tested. The results obtained are indicative of the produce test results lower than the true hardness value.
strength and dependent on the heat treatment of the material Minimum Mass Minimum Mass Minimum Minimum
Impact
tested. without with Thickness Thickness
Device
Rigid Support Rigid Support (Uncoupled) (Coupled)
5.2 The Leeb hardness test is a superficial determination
only measuring the condition of the surface contacted. The D, DC, D +15,
11.0 lb [5 kg] 4.4 lb [2 kg]
0.984 in. 0.118 in.
DL, S ,  E  [25 mm] [3 mm]
results generated at that location do not represent the part at
2.756 in. 0.394 in.
any other surface location and yield no information about the G  33.1 lb [15 kg] 11.0 lb [5 kg]
[70 mm] [10 mm]
material at subsurface locations. C  3.3 lb [1.5 kg] 0.3 lb [0.5 kg]
0.394 in. 0.039 in.
[10 mm] [1 mm]
A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS 7.3   Curvature— Test pieces with curved surfaces may be
AND TEST PROCEDURE FOR LEEB HARDNESS tested on either the convex or concave surfaces providing that
TEST this radius of curvature of the specimens is matched to the size
of the support ring and is not less than 1.969 in. [50 mm] for
6. Apparatus the G   impact device or 1.181 in. [30 mm] for other impact
6.1 The instrument used for Leeb hardness testing consists devices.
of (1) an impact device that is equipped with a spherically 7.4   Surface Finish/Preparation— The test surface shall be
shaped tungsten carbide, silicon nitride, or synthetic diamond carefully prepared to avoid any alterations in hardness caused
tipped impact body, an induction coil velocity measuring by heating during grinding or by work hardening during
assembly, and a support ring, and ( 2) an electronic digital machining. Any paint, scale, pits, or other surface coatings
display hardness indicating device. shall be completely removed. The surfaces to be tested shall be
6.2   Impact Devices— There are eight types of impact de- smooth. Failure to provide adequate surface finish will produce
vices used in Leeb hardness testing. These are the   D, DC, questionable test results. Coarse finishes will tend to lower the
 D+15,  DL ,  G, C, S , and the  E  impact units. Brief descriptions measured value. It is recommended that the test surface be
of the types of devices and their common applications are machined or ground and polished to the following finishes.
given in Appendix X1. Table 1 provides the specifications for (The grinding wheel grit size shown for each finish is offered
the Leeb scales according to impact device type. for guidance in achieving the finish noted.)

TABLE 1 Specifications of Standard Leeb Hardness Testing Devices

Property Symbol Unit D/DC S E D+15  DL C G  
Impact velocityA VA ft/s [m/s] 6.73 [2.05] 6.73 [2.05] 6.73 [2.05] 5.58 [1.7] 5.97 [1.82] 4.56 [1.39] 9.78 [2.98]
± 5% ± 5% ± 5% ± 5% ± 5% ± 5% ± 5%
Impact body, mass M oz [g] 0.192 ± 0.002 0.190 ± 0.002 0.192 ± 0.002 0.273 ± 0.002 0.256 ± 0.002 0.109 ± 0.002 0.705 ± 0.002
[5.45 ± 0.05] [5.40 ± 0.05] [5.45 ± 0.05] [7.75 ± 0.05] [7.25 ± 0.05] [3.1 ± 0.05] [20.00 ± 0.05]
Indenter, radius R in. [mm] 0.059 [1.5] 0.059 [1.5] 0.059 [1.5] 0.059 [1.5] 0.055 [1.39] 0.059 [1.5] 0.098 [2.5]
material TCB  Si3N4 PCDC  TC TC TC TC
D 
hardness h HV2 1600 ± 100 1600 ± 100 $4500 1600 ± 100 1600 ± 100 1600 ± 100 1600 ± 100
Maximum distance of H in. [mm] 0.079 [2.0] 0.079 [2.0] 0.079 [2.0] 0.079 [2.0] 0.079 [2.0] 0.079 [2.0] 0.118 [3.0]
ball indenter from the
test piece surface when
measuring velocity
A
Impact direction: vertical down, in the direction of gravity.
B 
TC = tungsten carbide.
C 
PCD = polycrystaline diamond.
D 
The hardness of the impact body E indenter is informational, not required to be verified.
 A956/A956M − 17a

Surface Finish—Ra Grit Size 9.1.2 After placing the readied (loaded) impact device on
Impact Device
(max) (Approx.) the test surface, trigger the impact by actuating the release
D, DC, D +15, DL, S ,  E  78.7 µin. [2 µm] 200
mechanism according to manufacturer’s instructions.
G  275.6 µin. [7 µm] 65 9.1.3 The Leeb hardness value is displayed or otherwise
C  15.7 µin. [0.4 µm] 500
used by a user interface device after the impact.
7.5   Magnetic Fields— Performance of the Leeb hardness
NOTE 2—The user interface device may take the form of a computer or
test on parts with a residual magnetic field may affect the
PLC that does not display the hardness value directly to the user. Such a
results. It is recommended that any residual magnetic field be user interface device may use the hardness value to operate an automatic
less than 4 G. sorting machine or simply log the value in a database.
7.6   Vibration— Vibration of the test specimen may affect the 9.2   Alignment— To prevent errors resulting from
results of the Leeb hardness test. It is recommended that this misalignment, the base support ring of the impact device shall
test be performed with the test piece at rest. be held snugly and perpendicular to the surface of the test
7.7   Temperature— The temperature of the test piece may piece.
affect the results of the test. In addition, this effect may be 9.3   Impact Direction— The impact device is calibrated for
different for different materials. Testing to this procedure shall the down vertical impact direction (perpendicular to a horizon-
be performed with the temperature of the test piece between tal surface). For other impact directions such as 45° from the
39 °F [4 °C] and 100 °F [38 °C]. At temperatures outside this horizontal plane or from underneath, the measured hardness
range, the user shall develop a temperature correction for the values will require adjustment (see 10.2). Some newer models
specific material being tested. automatically compensate for test direction.
8. Verification of Apparatus 9.4   Spacing Indentations— The distance between any two
8.1  Verification Method— Prior to each shift, work period, or impact points shall not be less than two diameters edge-to-
use, and following a period of extended continuous use (1000 edge. The distance between the impact point and a specimen
impacts), the instrument shall be verified as specified in Part B. edge shall not be less than three diameters edge-to-edge. No
Any instrument not meeting the requirements of Part B shall point shall be impacted more than once.
not be employed for the acceptance testing of product. 9.5   Reading the Leeb Instrument— Hardness values in Leeb
8.1.1 Cautionary note: When replacement parts are used in units are read directly on the electronic display of the indicator
a Leeb hardness tester it is important that they be fully device. The indicated value is automatically replaced with the
compatible with the original equipment, otherwise incorrect next test impact result.
hardness readings may be obtained. Calibration using a single
9.6  Number of Impacts— Five impacts in an area of approxi-
standard test block may indicate acceptable results, but addi-
mately 1 in.2 [645 mm2] shall constitute a test. If the material
tional calibration tests using blocks of differing hardness may
being tested is considered to be nonhomogeneous (for
yield unacceptable results. If replacement, non-original equip-
example, cast iron) ten impacts in an area shall be made to
ment parts are used, multiple block calibration verification is
constitute a test.
strongly advised. Specifically, one calibration block of a
hardness equal to or lower than the minimum expected
hardness of the material being tested, one calibration block of  10. Calculation of Hardness Result
a hardness equal to or greater than the maximum expected 10.1 The hardness test result shall be the arithmetic average
hardness of the material being tested, and one calibration block  of the five individual impact readings in the measuring area.
near the middle of the range should be used.
10.2   Compensation for Test Direction— When using a Leeb
9. Procedure instrument without automatic compensation for test direction,
the compensation value for direction of test impact is to be
9.1 To perform a hardness test, the impact device is con-
subtracted from the average value determined for the measur-
nected to the user interface device and powered on.
ing area. This compensation value can be determined in
9.1.1 The impact device is readied for impact.
accordance with Tables 2-9.
9.1.1.1   Mechanically Charged Device— Some impact de-
vices are charged mechanically by pulling the impact body
11. Conversion to Other Hardness Scales or Tensile
against a spring or other mechanism that propels the impact
Strength Values
body at the prescribed velocity. The impact device, while not in
contact with the test piece, is held firmly with one hand while 11.1 There is no direct correlation between the Leeb hard-
the charging mechanism is activated with the other hand. Once ness test principle and other hardness methods or a tensile
the impact body is in the charged position the charging strength test. All such conversions are, at best, approximations
mechanism is allowed to slowly return to its resting position. and therefore conversions should be avoided except for special
9.1.1.2   Otherwise Charged Device— Devices that are not cases where a reliable basis for the approximate conversion and
charged mechanically may use gravity or other force applica- the accuracy of the conversion has been obtained by compari-
tion method to propel the impact body at the prescribed son testing. No conversions shall be employed without specific
velocity. Charging of these devices should be conducted agreement between the party specifying this test method and
according to manufacturer’s instructions. the party performing the hardness test.
 A956/A956M − 17a
TABLE 2 Compensation Values for Other Impact Directions: TABLE 4 Compensation Values for Other Impact Directions:
Device D Device E
LD LE

300 300
-6 -12 -20 -29 -5 -9 -18 -26
350 350
-6 -12 -19 -27 -4 -9 -17 -24
400 400
-5 -11 -18 -25 -4 -9 -16 -22
450 450
-5 -10 -17 -24 -4 -8 -15 -21
500 500
-5 -10 -16 -22 -4 -8 -14 -20
550 550
-4 -9 -15 -20 -4 -8 -13 -18
600 600
-4 -8 -14 -19 -3 -7 -12 -17
650 650
-4 -8 -13 -18 -3 -7 -12 -16
700 700
-3 -7 -12 -17 -3 -6 -11 -15
750 750
-3 -6 -11 -16 -3 -6 -10 -14
800 800
-3 -6 -10 -15 -3 -5 -9 -13
850 850
-2 -5 -9 -14 -2 -5 -8 -12
900 900

TABLE 3 Compensation Values for Other Impact Directions: TABLE 5 Compensation Values for Other Impact Directions:
Device D + 15 Device C
LD + 15 LC

300 350
A A
-7 -14 -26 -38 -7 -15
350 400
-7 -13 -25 -36 -7 -14
400 450
-6 -12 -23 -34 -7 -13
450 500
-6 -12 -22 -32 -6 -13
500 550
-6 -11 -21 -30 -6 -12
550 600
-6 -11 -20 -28 -6 -11
600 650
-5 -10 -19 -27 -5 -10
650 700
-5 -10 -18 -25 -5 -10
700 750
-5 -9 -17 -24 -4 -9
750 800
-4 -9 -16 -22 -4 -8
800 850
-4 -8 -15 -21 -4 -7
850 900
-4 -8 -14 -20 -3 -6
900 950
A
Not permitted.

12. Report
12.1 Report the following information: 13. Precision and Bias 3
12.1.1 The average Leeb hardness number for each test area 13.1 The precision of this test method is based on an
with the impact device indicated (for example, xxx  HLD  or xxx interlaboratory study of  E140,  Standard Hardness Conversion
 HLD+15).
12.1.2 When hardness values converted from the Leeb 3
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
number are reported, the instrument used shall be reported in be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:E28-1044. Contact ASTM Customer
parentheses, for example, HB ( HLG). Service at service@astm.org.
 A956/A956M − 17a
TABLE 6 Compensation Values for Other Impact Directions: TABLE 9 Compensation Values for Other Impact Directions:
Device G (Steel) Device S
LG LS

300 400
... ... -12 -18 -4 -9 -16 -23
350 450
... ... -11 -17 -4 -8 -15 -22
400 500
... ... -11 -16 -4 -8 -14 -21
450 550
-2 -5 -10 -15 -4 -7 -13 -19
500 600
... ... -9 -14 -3 -7 -12 -18
550 650
... ... -9 -13 -3 -7 -12 -16
600 700
... ... -8 -12 -3 -6 -11 -15
650 750
... ... -8 -11 -3 -6 -10 -14
700 800
... ... -7 -10 -3 -5 -9 -12
750 850
-2 -5 -8 -11
900
-2 -5 -7 -10
TABLE 7 Compensation Values for Other Impact Directions: 950
Device G (Grey Cast Iron)
LG

conducted in 2006. Six laboratories tested five unique blocks at

350 varying hardness levels. Every “test result” represents an
... ... -11 -17
400
individual determination and nine replicate test results were
... ... -11 -16 reported by each lab for each level. Practice   E691 was
450 followed for the design and analysis of the data; the details are
-2 -5 -10 -15
500
given in ASTM Research Report RR:E28-1044.
... ... -9 -14 13.1.1   Repeatability (r)— The difference between repetitive
550 results obtained by the same operator in a given laboratory
... ... -9 -13
600
applying the same test method with the same apparatus under
constant operating conditions on identical test material within
short intervals of time would, in the long run, in the normal and
TABLE 8 Compensation Values for Other Impact Directions: correct operation of the test method, exceed the following
Device DL values only in 1 case in 20.
LDL 13.1.1.1 Repeatability can be interpreted as maximum dif-
ference between two results, obtained under repeatability
conditions, that is accepted as plausible due to random causes
550 under normal and correct operation of the test method.
-3 -6 -11 -16
600
13.1.1.2 Repeatability limits are listed in Table 10.
-3 -5 -9 -14 13.1.2   Reproducibility (R)— The difference between two
650 single and independent results obtained by different operators
-2 -5 -8 -13
700
applying the same test method in different laboratories using
-2 -4 -7 -11 different apparatus on identical test material would, in the long
750 run, in the normal and correct operation of the test method,
-2 -3 -6 -10
800
exceed the following values only in 1 case in 20.
-1 -3 -5 -9 13.1.2.1 Reproducibility can be interpreted as maximum
850 difference between two results, obtained under reproducibility
-1 -2 -4 -7
900
conditions, that is accepted as plausible due to random causes
-1 -2 -3 -6 under normal and correct operation of the test method.
950 13.1.2.2 Reproducibility limits are listed in Table 10.
13.1.3 The above terms (repeatability limit and reproduc-
ibility limit) are used as specified in Practice E177.
Tables for Metals Relationship Among Brinell Hardenss, 13.1.4 Any judgment in accordance with statements 13.1.1
Vickers Hardenss, Rockwell Hardness, Superficial Hardness, and   13.1.2  would have an approximate 95 % probability of 
Knoop Hardness, Scleroscope Hardness, and Leeb Hardness, being correct.
 A956/A956M − 17a

X2.2.2  Correction of the Impact Energy at Different Impact  both the resulting relationships are corrected by straight lines.
 Directions and Production Tolerances of the Impact Devices The gradients of the correction lines are stored in the serial
X2.2.2.1 The impact devices are calibrated in order to EPROM in the impact device together with the reference block 
compensate the dependence of the velocity ratio on the impact hardness and the position (∆t 0, ∆h0) of the intersection points
energy as well as the differences in the mechanical design of  of both lines.
the impact device. To do this, the rebound values are measured, X2.2.2.3 If the measurement produces an uncalibrated hard-
as described above, on two hardness reference blocks having ness in Leeb according to see  Appendix X1,   then the corre-
different, known hardness values. Three measurements are
sponding gradient of the correction lines are determined by
made for each of the five impact directions, +90° (vertically
linear interpolation of the gradient established during the
downwards), +60°, 0° (horizontal), −60° and −90° (vertically
calibration process.
upwards). In addition to the hardness, the time interval ∆t 
between the zero transitions t 03 and t 01   is recorded in units X2.2.2.4 The dependence of the measurement reading on
having 1 ⁄ 64   scanning steps (approximately 0.7 µs). This is a the changed friction is, within certain limits, also taken into
measure for the velocity of the impact body: high velocities consideration (in addition to the dependence on impact direc-
correspond to small ∆t , lower velocities to large ∆t . Owing to tion). Both effects lead to a change in impact energy.
the different orientations during the measurement sequence, Furthermore, small differences, caused by production, in po-
one obtains complete coverage of the impact energy range tential energy of the impact body in the tensioned state are
occurring when in operation. compensated. Whereas the information about the required
X2.2.2.2 The difference ∆h  between the uncalibrated, mea- velocity correction is essentially contained in the line gradient,
sured Leeb hardness and the prespecified reference block  deviations of the probe’s mechanical characteristics are essen-
hardness against ∆t   is plotted for all measurement points and tially reflected in a vertical shift of the curve.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(A956/A956M-17) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Nov. 1, 2017.)

(1)  Replaced Section 13 with content that conforms to the form

and style rules and with data from a documented source.

Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (A956-12)
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Sept. 1, 2017.)

(1)  Designation change to A956/A956M to reflect the rational- (8)  In  X1.4.1 and X1.4.6, corrected spelling of “aluminum.”
ized combined units. (9) In   Table X1.1,  added imperial units as per the Form and
(2)  Revised 1.2 as per the Form and Style for ASTM Standards Style for ASTM Standards manual; corrected error where
manual. values for induction signal and half width were transposed.
(3)  In 3.1.2, added imperial units as per the Form and Style for (10)  In 7.2,   added columns to define limits for free-standing
ASTM Standards manual and added a note to explain that items and small/thin items that are “coupled” to larger items.
specification of impact devices and most manufacturing is done (11)  In   18.5 – 18.7, added “(s)” to the word “surface” to
in metric units. indicate more than one surface may be a calibrated surface.
(4)  In 4.1 and  X1.4.2 – X1.4.8, added imperial units as per the (12)  18.6 and 18.7   were reformatted to match ballot for dual
Form and Style for ASTM Standards manual. units as per the Form and Style for ASTM Standards manual.
(5)  In 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.7, 9.6, 18.1, 18.4, 18.6, 18.7, and X1.4.1,
(13)  In 19.2, changed “randomly” to “uniformly” since it is not
corrected formatting as per the Form and Style for ASTM
possible to guarantee random distribution.
Standards manual.
(14)  In   19.3,  added the words “calibrated” and “surface” to
(6)  Replaced 9.1   with two subsections that cover alternate
specify that only the tested surface or surfaces are considered
impact device designs. Added 9.1.2 and 9.1.3 to include matter
calibrated parts of the test block.
from the old 9.1 that is not covered by the new subsections.
Note 2 may need to be renumbered based on other active ballot (15)  Added  19.4  to specifically state that it is permissible to
items for this standard. calibrate two sides of the test block.
(7)  In  X1.1.6, corrected spelling of “be.” (16)  Added new Table 1 and renumbered old Tables 1-8.
 A956/A956M − 17a
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