GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES

1. Nouns CLASSES OF NOUNS

 Classes Jasper Ian
Saavedra  A Noun is defined as a word referring to the names of
persons, places, things, states, or qualities. The noun is a
part of speech that can be classified into both singular &
plural forms. In English Grammar, noun has been
described in various types and to understand each type of
noun in detail you must read the article further.

Noun Definition: A noun is a word that names a person, place,

thing state, or quality.

Types of Noun::

1. Proper Noun- The particular name of the place or a person

is known as the proper noun.
2. Collective Noun - A name or noun used for a group of
people, things or a group of animals is called a collective
noun. Collective nouns are also called a group of nouns.
3. Common Noun- The common name given to every
person, place, thing or activity belonging to the same kind
is known as the common noun. A common noun is not a
name of a particular person, place, activity or idea.
4. Material Noun- The names used to mention materials or
substances which are made up of an alloy are known as
Material nouns.
5. Concrete Noun- The names used for the materials or the
things which have physical existence or that materials are
tangible in nature are known as Concrete nouns.
6. Abstract Noun- The names which are used for an idea,
 quality, concept or condition are known as Abstract nouns.
Abstract nouns are not physical substances, they don't
have physical existence
7. Countable Noun- Countable nouns are an idea that can
form a plural and occur in a noun phrase with a numeral or
an indefinite article. Common nouns and concrete nouns
can be countable nouns.
8. Uncountable Noun- The noun that cannot be counted is
known as uncountable nouns. These nouns are also called
Mass nouns. All abstract nouns are uncountable nouns but
not all uncountable nouns are abstract.

A noun is a person, place or thing.

 Inflection and Samantha
Declension Saligumba Inflection Nouns -Inflection is the change of form
a noun, adjective, verb, etc., undergoes to distinguish its case,
gender, mood, number, voice, etc. Inflection occurs when the
word is used to express various meanings.

Type of Inflection Noun

 Inflection for Number (Nouns)- Nouns are one part of speech

that change with inflection. A singular noun includes just one
noun. A plural noun includes more than one of that noun.

1. Sometimes, adding “-s” creates the inflection to make a

plural noun.

2. Sometimes, adding “-es” creates the inflection to make a

plural noun.
 3. Sometimes, the ending is dropped to add “-ies” to make a
plural noun. This occurs when the last letter of the base
singular form is a “y.”

4. Sometimes, the inflection is irregular to make a plural

noun.

Example:

Car-cars ; Wish-wishes ; City-Cities ; Wife-wives

Declension Nouns- The inflection of nouns is called declension.

The individual declensions are called cases, and together they
form the case system. Nouns, pronouns, adjectives and participles
are declined in six cases:

 Nominative Indicates the subject of a sentence.

 Genitive Indicates possession.

 Dative Indicates indirect object.

 Accusative Indicates direct object.

 Ablative Answers the questions from where? by what

means? how? from what cause? in what manner? when? or
where? The ablative is used to show separation (from),
instrumentality or means (by, with), accompaniment (with),
 or locality (at). It is often used with a preposition.

 Vocative Used for direct address.

 Locative also answers the question where? in what place?

In classical Latin the locative was nearly obsolete, replaced
by the ablative of location, and was confined to cities, small
islands, and a few others words (Romae, at Rome; domi, at
home; ruri, in the country; humi, on the ground).

Because the possible relationships between words far exceed

six or seven cases, Latin uses other devices to vary meaning:

Prepositions are common with the accusative and ablative

cases, with special meanings.

The cases themselves serve different functions, the genitive,

dative, and ablative being particularly rich in meaning.

 Properties Jasper Ian Properties of Nouns

Saavedra
A Noun can be defined as a word used to identify a class of
people, places, or things. They can be used to name a particular
one of these and is called a proper noun in this case. See this
post for a explanation of a noun. However a noun can have three
different properties; Number, Gender and Case.

 Number

1. Most nouns change their form to indicate number by adding

 “-s” or “-es”:
2. F is deleted and –ves added

3. Y is deleted and –ies added

4. Whole noun form is changed

Note: Other nouns form the plural irregularly, when in doubt,

consult a good dictionary.

1. SINGULAR number refers to single noun.

2. PLURAL number refers to more than one noun.

 Gender

Nouns can be male, female, neutral or common gender. Some

nouns (common to both men and women) in English used to take
different forms depending on the sex of the person represented,
for example Headmaster and Headmistress, however this use of
Gender-specific nouns is becoming less common in English in
recent times.

1. Masculine gender- A noun is said to be in the Masculine

gender if it refers to a male character or member of a
species.

Man, lion, hero, boy, king, horse and actor are nouns of masculine
gender.

2. Feminine gender- A noun is said to be in the feminine gender

if it refers to a female member of a species.

Woman, lioness, heroine, girl, mare, niece, empress, cow and

actress are few of the feminine-gender nouns that we use.

3. Neutral gender- A noun is said to be in the Neutral gender if

it refers to a member of a species which is neither a male
nor a female.

Normally nouns referring to lifeless objects are in neuter nouns,

for example, chair, table and cup.

4. Common gender- A noun is said to be in Common gender if it

refers to a member of species which can be a male or a
female.

Child, student, and friend are examples of common gender

nouns.

Noun Cases:

The case of a noun tells us about the position of that noun in a

sentence. In English there are five cases:

1. Nominative case- A noun is said to be in the Nominative case

if it is the subject of a verb.

2. Objective case (or Accusative case)- Nouns (or pronouns)

are said to be in Objective cases if they are the direct objects of
verbs or if they are the objects of preposition.

3. Dative Case- A noun is said to be in dative case if it is the

Indirect object of the verb. There should not be a preposition
before the indirect object because in that case it will be the
object of that preposition.
 4. Possessive case (Genitive case)- A noun is said to be in
possessive case, if it denotes ownership. A noun or pronoun in
the possessive case is governed by the noun that follows it.

5. Vocative case- A noun or a pronoun is said to be in Vocative

case if it is used to call (or to get the attention of) a person or
persons.

Person
— Person refers primarily to pronouns, but also applies to nouns
used with pronouns. A noun or pronoun can be in the first person
(the one doing the speaking), second person (the one being
spoken to), or third person (the one being spoken about).
2. Pronouns Isabella Robe Pronouns are substitute for nouns and are used to avoid needless
 Properties Salila repetition of nouns within a sentence.

Properties
Number:
 Singular (one person, place, or thing) if what it stands for is
singular.
 Plural (more than one) if what it stands for is plural.

Person:
 First Person: the one who is speaking or writing or the group
that includes the speaker or writer. The first person is
seldom used in academic writing.

singular: I me my/mine
plural: we us our/ours

 Second Person: the listener or reader or group of listeners or

readers. The second person is almost never used in
academic writing.
singular: you your/yours
plural: you your/yours

 Third Person: the person(s) or thing(s) being talked or written

about that do not include the speaker's listeners. The third
person is preferred for most academic writing.

singular: he/she/it his/her/it his/her(s)/its

plural: they them their/theirs/its

Case:
 Using the subjective case: the subjective pronoun is used as
subject or predicate nominative (following a form of the verb
"to be" and renames the subject.)
 Using the objective case: the objective pronouns are used to
replace nouns that are either the direct object, the indirect
object, or the object of the preposition.
 Using the possessive case: possessive pronouns may be
used as subjects, objects, predicate nominatives, or
modifiers.

Gender:

Masculine: he, him, his, himself

Feminine: she, her, hers, herself
Neuter: it, its, itself
 Classifications
 Classes Isabella Robe  Relative Pronouns
Salila -A relative pronoun introduces a subordinate clause.
Unlike subordinating conjunctions, which also can introduce
subordinate clauses, relative pronouns can also be the subject of
the verb in the clause. Some of the most common relative
pronouns are:
which, who, whose, that and whom.
 Indefinite Pronouns
-Indefinite pronouns do not refer to a specific person or
thing. They may take the place of a noun in a sentence but often
do not have antecedents.

1. Some indefinite pronouns are always singular

One, everyone, no one, nobody, other, each, anyone,

everybody, someone, somebody, anything, either, neither,
many, a

2. Some indefinite pronouns are always plural

Both, few, many, several

3. Some indefinite pronouns may be either singular or plural

All, some, none, any, most, more

4. The indefinite pronoun is singular if it refers to a quantity.

5. The indefinite pronoun is plural if it refers to a number.
6. Make sure that pronouns coming later in the sentence
agree with their pronoun antecedent.

 Interrogative Pronouns
 -Interrogative pronouns introduce questions.

Who, what, that, which, whom, whose, whoever, whichever,

whatever

 Reflexive/Intensive Pronouns
-Reflexive/intensive pronouns end in "self" or "selves."

Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, I itself, oneself

Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves

1. Reflexive pronouns reflect back on the subject.

2. Sometimes reflexive pronouns add emphasis (intensity) to
the sentence.

 Demonstrative pronouns
-Demonstrative pronouns are used to point out specific
persons, places, things, or ideas.

Singular: This, that

Plural: These, those

This and these generally refer to things close at hand.

That and those generally refer to things further away.

3. .Adjectives Kian Roxette Adjective are words that add descriptive language to your writing.
 Classes Rodrigo
1. Descriptive Adjectives
-Express a noun's quality or characteristic and describe
something are common.

2. Predicate Adjectives
-Changes the subject of the sentence and appear after
the linking verb. They are also known as topic complements or
object complements.

3. Compound Adjectives
-Composed of several words and typically joined together
by hyphens.

4. Possessive Adjectives
-Adjectives that indicate possession or ownership are
frequently used. The possessive adjectives my, your, its, her, his,
our, their, and whose are the most often used.

5. Demonstrative Adjectives
-Indicate the word or pronoun you are referring to. This,
that, these, and those are the are most frequently used.

6. Proper Adjectives
-A proper adjective describes a particular noun. They
need to be capitalized just like proper nouns.

7. Coordinate Adjectives
-They’re separated by the word and or separated with
commas. Using a phrase with multiple adjectives to modify the
same noun can create an adjective phrase.

8. Limiting Adjectives
-Adjectives that limit a noun or pronoun restrict it rather
than describing any of its traits or attributes.
.
9. Interrogative Adjectives
-Adjectives that express questions are known as
interrogative adjectives.
 10. Distributive Adjectives
-Distributive adjectives are used to describe each
individual member of a group. Each, every, either, and neither are
a few examples of distributive adjectives.

 Position Honeysa ADJECTIVE POSITIONING - In this topic, we will learn the place
Tanjing of adjectives in a sentence and where they appear. We will also
learn about the order of different types of adjectives

 Adjective Placement- Based on where the adjective appears

in a noun phrase, i.e. before or after the noun or pronoun
they are modifying, we can categorize them into two main
groups:

1. Attributive Adjectives- Attributive adjectives provide

descriptive information about a certain characteristic of the
person, place, or object, such as its appearance, color,
shape, size, age, origin, and more.

Based on whether they appear before or after the noun they are
modifying, attributive adjectives can have two types:

 Pre-positive Adjectives- 'Pre' means before, so as the name

suggests, pre-positive adjectives can only appear before the
noun it modifies.
 Post-positive Adjectives- It is possible for attributive adjectives
to come after the noun or (especially) the indefinite pronoun
they modify. Because of this postposition, we call them
postpositive adjectives or postnominal adjectives.
 All adjectives can be used also post-positively after this/that/so.

(a) + noun + this/that/so + adjective

2 .Predicative Adjectives- A predicative adjective (also called

predicate adjective) follows a linking verb. They can take an
adjective complement after them or appear alone.

Adjective Order

When you want to assign a specific quality or description to a

noun, you use an adjective. So what if you want to assign more
than one quality to a noun?

Why The Order Is Important? The order of adjectives is important

when there is no comma or 'and' between them. If we put commas
or 'and' between adjectives, the order is no longer necessary.
However, when we want to describe something or someone with
more than one adjective, we have to pay attention to the order.

The general rule of adjectives before a noun is as follows:

Opinion → Size → Age → Shape → Color →Origin→

Material→ Purpose → Noun

 Properties Hairin Properties of Adjectives

Sabiwang
Like the nouns they modify, adjectives have also certain
properties;

 Gender - Gender is a property that indicates the sex of the

referent (masculine or feminine). In Hebrew, a masculine
 noun requires a masculine adjective, and a feminine noun
requires a feminine adjective (i.e., an adjective must agree
with its noun in gender). Note that the gender of an adjective
does not change its meaning, only its form.

 Number- Number is the property that indicates whether one

or more than one object is referenced when using the word.
Hebrew has singular (one object), plural nouns (more than
one object), and dual nouns (a pair of object). An adjective
must agree with its noun in number. Plural nouns require
plural adjectives, and singular adjectives require singular
adjectives. Note that adjectives that are plural in form are
singular in translation (for example tall boys; the world tall in
Hebrew would appear in the plural form but would be
translated as singular term).

 Definiteness - Nouns can either be definite (either by taking

the definite article or by being a proper noun) or indefinite.
Attributive adjective must agree with their nouns in
definiteness, and therefore may appear with the article.

 Comparison Keanna The three different forms of comparison are the positive, the
Shane Tan comparative and the superlative.

1. The Positive is the form of the adjective that describes one

noun.
2. The Comparative form of the adjective compares two nouns.

Comparative Form of Adjectives:

 Adjectives with One Syllable
1. Usually add “er“
2. Ending in –e: add “r”
3. Ending in a vowel + a consonant: double the consonant, add
 “er”

 Adjectives with Two Syllables

1. Two syllables not ending in -y, -ow, -le, -er: more + adjective
2. Some two-syllable adjectives, especially ending in –y: y => i,
add “er”
3. Some two syllable adjectives ending in –ow: add “er”
4. Some two syllable adjectives ending in –o: add “r”
5. Some two syllable adjectives ending in –er: add “er”

 Adjectives with Three Syllables or More (more + adjective)

3. The Superlative form of the adjective compares more than

two nouns.

Superlative Form of Adjectives:

 Adjectives with One Syllable
1. Usually add “est“
2. Ending in –e: add “st”
3. Ending in a vowel + a consonant: double the consonant, add
“est”

 Adjectives with Two Syllables

1. Two syllables not ending in -y, -ow, -le, -er: most + adjective
2. Some two-syllable adjectives, especially ending in –y: y => i,
add “est”
3. Some two syllable adjectives ending in –ow: add “est”
4. Some two syllable adjectives ending in –o: add “st”
5. Some two syllable adjectives ending in –er: add “est”

 Adjectives with Three Syllables or More (most + adjective)

Irregular adjectives are adjectives that do not change form by

 adding -er/-est or more/most.

Adjectives : Numerals
 Numerals Ayessa Jade  Numeral adjectives represents the exact number of a noun.
Tortor  Numeral adjectives are also known as adjectives of
numbers.

There are three types of numeral adjectives. They are as follows :

1. Definite Numeral Adjective

- adjective that tells us the exact number of a noun as one,
two, three, four etc.

2. Indefinite Numeral Adjective

- adjective that tells us any exact number of a noun as
few, some, much, many etc.

3. Distributive Numeral Adjective

- adjective which refers to each one of a number group.
Some of the distributive numeral adjectives are every, each,
neither, either etc.

Adjectives: Articles
 The Articles Hamda Yunos
 Articles are words used before noun and modifies noun.
 Article defines whether a noun is used in specific context or
general context.
 The big three (a, an, the)

Types of Articles:

1.Definite Article- it shows uniqueness or specific thing.

*the
 2.Indifinite Article - it shows that the thing being said is in
general.
*a, an

When to use "a" and "an"?

"A" goes before words that begin with consonants. "An" goes
before words that begin with vowels: an apricot. The sound of the
vowel and consonant before the article must be considered.

REFERENCES:

(2023). Noun Definition, Types of Noun with Examples and Rules. Career Power. https://www.careerpower.in/noun.html
(2023). What is Inflection? Definition, Examples of English Inflection. Writing Explained. https://writingexplained.org/grammar-dictionary/inflection
Simon, I. (2014). Properties of Nouns | English. Basic English Grammar. https://ianeslonline.wordpress.com/2014/01/02/properties-of-nouns/
Smith, J. (2004). English: Writing and Skills. Texas State University. https://gato-docs.its.txst.edu
What is an Adjective | Types of Adjectives, (2023). What Is an Adjective | Types of Adjectives - Ginger.
https://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/adjectives/
(2021). 13 Types Of Adjectives And How To Use Them. Thesaurus.com. https://www.thesaurus.com/e/grammar/what-are-the-types-of-adjectives/
Gunner, J. (2018). Types of Adjectives: 12 Different Forms To Know. 12 Types of Adjectives | Grammar Explained | YourDictionary.
https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/grammar/adjectives/types-
Adjective Placement and Order. (2020). Langeek Inc. Retrieved March 8, 2023, from https://“Adjective Placement and Order” in the English Grammar
| LanGeek. (n.d.). Langeek.
Hebrew, C. (n.d.). Properties of Hebrew Adjectives.
https://www.hebrew4christians.com/Grammar/Unit_Five/Adjective_Properties/adjective_properties.html
Brenda, B. (2018). Comparison of Adjectives | Grammar Rules. Fluent Land. https://www.fluentland.com/comparison-of-adjectives-grammar-rules/
Learn English With Us (2021, May 26). Numeral Adjective | Adjectives of numbers | Types of Numeral adjectives. Youtube.
https://youtube.com/watch?v=K5YweUG8iO4&feature=share
Shah, N. (2018, October 7). What are Articles. YouTube. https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=2gTah9w3sFg
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES
ELE123- STRUCTURES OF ENGLISH
(TF 10:30 AM- 12:00 PM)

GROUP 1
Kian Roxette Rodrigo
Jasper Ian Saavedra
Hairin Sabiwang
Samantha Saligumba
Isabella Robe Salila
Keanna Shane Tan
Ayessa Jade Tortor
Hamda Yunos
 Republic of the Philippines
MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
General Santos City

GROUP 2 - WRITTEN REPORT

Group 2 Subtopic Content Reporter’s Reference/s Annotations

Topic Name

4. Verbs I. Classes Ruelyn Utah Valley University.

● Action Verbs express action or Types of
possession. Verbs.https://w
○ Transitive verbs ww.uvu.edu/writ
Ex. Laurissa raises her hand. ingcenter/docs/
(direct) handouts/gram
Ex. Abdus gave Becky the mar-usage/type
pencil (indirect) sofverbs.pdf
○ Intransitive verbs
Ex. Laurissa rises slowly from
her seat.
● Linking Verb connects the subject of
a sentence to a noun or adjective
that renames or describes the subject.
 This noun or adjective is called the
subject complement.
Ex. Lisa is in love with Jean..
*Other verbs may be linking verbs in
some cases and action verbs in
others.
● Helping verbs are used before action
or linking verbs to convey additional
information regarding aspects of
possibility (can, could, etc.) or time
(was, did, has, etc.).
Ex. Teju is (helping verb)
going (main verb) to Florida.

II. Properties Ameya Cherlot Carlson-Kirigin, C.

(2022, March
Verbs in the English language have 13). The 5
five properties. These are person, Properties of
number, tense, mood, and voice. Verbs (A
Simple
● Person Breakdown with
Examples).
-is a verb property that indicates Prometheus
whether the subject names the person Editorial.
speaking, known as the first person, https://prometh
or the person spoken to, known as the euseditorial.co
second person, or the person or thing m/verb-properti
es/#:~:text=In%
 spoken of, which is called the third 20the%20Engli
person. sh%20languag
e%2C%20verb
The nominative case pronouns for the s,tense%2C%2
first person are I and we. 0mood%2C%2
0and%20voice.
The nominative case pronouns for the
second person is you.

The nominative case pronouns for the

third person are he, she, it, and they.

Examples:

First person: I/we read.

Second person: “You read.
Third person: He/she/it reads.
: They read.

● Number

-is a property of verb that indicates

whether the subject is singular or
plural.

Just like with the person property of

verb, an easy way to identify the
 number is by looking at the pronoun
that accompanies the verb.

Singular pronouns: I, you, he, she, it

Plural pronouns: You, they

Example:

Singular: There is a table in my

kitchen.
Plural: There are tables in my
kitchen.

● Tense

-is a verb property that shows the time

of the action or state of being
expressed by the verb. Generally,
tenses tell the actual time of actions
or states of being, relative to the
present moment.

The tense of a verb indicates when

the action occurred and whether or
not it is a continuous or completed
action.
 There are twelve tenses in the English
language, which are divided into three
categories: past, present, and
future.The tenses in each of these
categories can be further subdivided
into simple, perfect, progressive, and
perfect progressive.

● Mood

-is a property of verb that indicates

how the action is expressed.

Verbs have three moods: indicative,

imperative, and subjunctive

Indicative Mood

-A verb is in the indicative mood when

it makes a statement of fact or
when it asks a question.

Ex:

She is here on time.

Do your know the way to San Jose?
 Imperative Mood

-expresses a command or request, ot

strong emotions.

Ex:

Take the kids to school.

I beg you to help me!

Subjunctive Mood

-It brings about expressions of

imaginary things, it tells a proposed,
supposed, wished or uncertain
actions or state of being.

Ex:

She advises that we take the subway.

If I were you, I would ask for a raise.

She wishes she were taller.

● Voice
 -is a form of verb indicating the
relation between the participants
(subject and object) in a narrated
event and the event itself.

The two types of voice are the active

voice and passive voice.

Active voice - is used when the

subject of the verb is doing the action.

Ex:

1. The monkey eats the banana.

2. The IT expert programmed the

computer.

The author is the subject of these

sentences. Since they are doing the action,
the verb is active.

Passive voice- is used when the

subject of the verb is having the
action done to it.

Ex:
 1. The banana is eaten by the
monkey.
2. The computer was
programmed by the IT expert.

III. Gerund Cyrus A. Oliverio Gerund Phrase

Overview and
● Definition Examples.
Study.com |
-A gerund is a verb that is acting as a
Take Online
noun. It takes the present participle
Courses. Earn
form; that means it is built from adding
College Credit.
-ing to the root word.
Research
-It is also often referred to as verbals. Schools,
Degrees &
-Examples: playing, eating, Careers. (2022,
January 31).
singing Retrieved
March 10,
-Sentence Examples:
2023, from
> Ranny turned off her phone so https://study.co
she could focus on eating. m/learn/lesson/
gerund-phrases
> As a visual artist, painting is an -overview-exam
involved production for Mariah. ples.html
 > Carol turned off her laptop so What is a gerund?
she can focus on reading. gerund
definition and
● Gerund Phrases examples.
Grammarly.
-A phrase that begins with a gerund is
(2022, April 7).
known as a gerund phrase. A gerund
Retrieved
phrase's gerund can take both an
March 10,
object and modifiers. The gerund
2023, from
(verb + -ing), its objects, and all the
https://www.gra
modifiers make up a gerund phrase.
mmarly.com/blo
-Example: g/gerund/

Eating too much cake (gerund

phrase) can harm Sam.

My favorite hobby is listening to sad

songs (gerund phrase).

● Types of Gerund

-Subject Gerunds

Ex: Hiking (subject gerund) is my

newest hobby.

-Subject Complement Gerunds

 Ex: My preferred leisure activity is
hiking (subject complement gerund).

-Direct Object Gerunds

Ex: I like hiking (direct object

gerund).

-Indirect Object Gerunds

Ex: My nephew gave hiking (indirect

object gerund) a try.

-Object Complement Gerunds

Ex: I see myself hiking (object

complement gerund) every
Wednesday.

-Object of a Preposition

Ex: I blocked out a few days this

month for hiking (object of a
preposition gerund).

IV. Conjugation JB Cymver Verb Conjugation -

Legaspi Definition, How
● Conjugation is the transformation of a It Works and
verb to express tense, mood, person,
 and so on. Conjugating verbs Examples.
essentially means changing their (2022,
forms to provide context. If we December 14).
consider verbs to be the action part of BYJUS.
speech, conjugation changes verbs to Retrieved
tell us who is doing the action and March 09,
when it occurs. 2023, from
https://byjus.co
Verb Conjugation According to Person m/english/verb-
Pronoun Person Example conjugation/
I First person I teach English.
singular

We First person We teach

plural English.

You Second person You teach

English.

He/She Third person He/She

singular teaches
English.

It Third person It looks

singular amazing.

They Third person They teach

plural English.

Verb Conjugation According to Number

Number of Nouns Verb Examples

Singular Singular Remya likes

trying out new
sports.
 Plural Plural The children
play soccer in
the afternoon.

Compound Plural Frank and

Joanne always
watch marvel
movies
together.

Verb Conjugation According to Mood

Mood Verb Example

Indicative Simple present Angelo speaks

tense Korean.

Imperative Simple present Turn off the

tense computer after you
finish your work.

Interrogative The subject is Did you finish your

placed between homework?
the helping verb
and the main verb

Infinitive Infinitive form of The new employees

the verb were here to meet
you.

Conditional Contains a If you want to leave

helping verb and early, you should
a main verb finish your work
soon.

Verb Conjugation According to Tense

 Tense Verb Example

Simple Present Main verb in its I am an Indian.

singular/plural
form

Present Am/is/are + They are reading

Continuous present the ‘Adventures of
participle (verb Huckleberry Finn’.
+ ing)

Present Perfect Have/Has + I/You/We/They

past participle have read ‘The
Great Gatsby’.

Present Perfect Have/Has + I/You/We/They

Continuous been + present have been reading
participle ‘The Lord of the
Rings’.

Simple Past Verb + ed/d I/He/She was at

(regular verbs) the railway station.
Change in
spelling for
irregular verbs

Past Continuous Was/Were + I/He/She was

present waiting at the
participle coffee shop.

Past Perfect Had + past I/He/She had been

participle at the railway
station around 2
p.m.

Past Perfect Had + been + I/He/She had been

Continuous present waiting at the
participle railway station
since 3 p.m.
Simple Future Will + main I/You/He/She/We/
verb They will
participate in the
essay writing
competition.

Future Will + be + I/You/He/She/We/

Continuous present They will be
participle participating in the
singing
competition.

Future Perfect Will + have + I/You/He/She/We/

past participle They will have
participated in the
Mobile Legends
competition.

Future Perfect Will + have + I/You/He/She/We/

Continuous been + present They will have
participle been participating
in the essay
writing
competition.

V. Principal parts Bai Alliah V. Principal parts of

Kamsa Verb. My
● Present tense- The basic form of a English
verb or also called infinitive. It is used Grammar.
to describe an action that is (2023).
Retrieved
 continuing or happening at present or March 9, 2023,
an event that is still in progress. from
● e.g http://www.mye
1. I answer the questions in nglishgrammar.
class every day. com/lesson-2-v
2. You always carry your books to erbs/1-principal
school. -parts-of-a-verb
3. The boys travel to Texas every .html
year.
Nash, K. (2023).
Principal parts
of verbs.
● Present participle- It expresses English
present action in relation to the time Grammar 101.
expressed by the finite verb in its Retrieved
clause. Which is used in forming March 10,
continuous tenses by adding -ing to 2023, from
the base form. https://www.eng
● e.g. lishgrammar10
1. She went shopping. 1.com/module-
2. He lay looking up at the 3/verbs-types-t
clouds. enses-and-moo
3. I watched the birds flying ds/lesson-5/prin
away. cipal-parts-of-v
erbs
 ● Past tense- It expresses a completed
action, an activity, or a state of being
in the past.
● e.g.
1. Jay borrowed ₱1000 from me
last week.
2. Ayesha covered her hair this
morning.
3. My father died ten years ago.

● Past participle- It is used to show a

past action or an action that started in
the past and continues to the present.
● e.g.
1. Dr, Fil has treated my cat
multiple times.
2. Dawn called me when I was
eating my brunch.
3. I have listened to this song
five times.

VI. The Stem and Inflected forms Keren Happuch Overview of Verbs.
B. Pacheco (n.d.).
● Stem - The stem of a word includes Retrieved
only those elements of the word that March 10,
 are unchanged regardless of the 2023, from
word's grammatical function. It is the https://people.u
part of the verb onto which endings mass.edu/sharri
are attached. s/in/gram/Gram
marBook/Verbs
Ex. The stem of the verb catches is Overview.html
catch.
Nordquist, R. (2019).
Ex. The stem of the verb fallen is fall. Inflection
Definition and
Ex. The stem of the verb visited is
Examples in
visit.
English
Grammar.
ThoughtCo.
● Inflected forms - Inflection refers to a Retrieved
process of word formation in which March 10,
items are added to the base form of a 2023, from
word to express grammatical https://www.tho
meanings. The word "inflection" ughtco.com/infl
comes from the Latin word inflectere, ection-grammar
meaning "to bend." -term-1691168

-Inflections in English grammar

include: the genitive 's; the plural -s;
the third-person singular -s; the past
tense -d, -ed, or -t; the negative
particle 'nt; -ing forms of verbs; the
comparative -er; and the superlative
-est. While inflections take a variety of
 forms, they are most often prefixes or
suffixes. They are used to express
different grammatical categories.

Ex. The inflection -s at the end of

dogs shows that the noun is plural.

Ex. The prefix en- transforms the

noun gulf into the verb engulf.

Ex. The suffix -er transforms the

verb read into the noun reader.

VII. Irregular verbs Yrreg Criz Torres "Irregular Verbs."

Cambridge
● Are verbs in which the past tense and Dictionary,
past participle are formed differently Cambridge
from the regular pattern of adding University
"-ed" to the base form. These verbs Press,
have their own unique forms for the https://dictionar
past tense and past participle, which y.cambridge.org
must be memorized separately. /grammar/britis
h-grammar/irre
Irregular Verbs are divided into four
gular-verbs.
groups:
"Irregular Verbs in
1. Verbs which have the same base
English."
form, past simple, and past participle.
ThoughtCo,
Dotdash,
- The base form of these verbs almost https://www.tho
always end in -t. ughtco.com/irre
gular-verbs-in-e
Example: nglish-1692646.

Base Past Past "Irregular Verbs."

Form Simple Participle Oxford
Learner's
let let let
Dictionaries,
cut cut cut Oxford
University
hurt hurt hurt Press,
https://www.oxf
● He let me look at the photos. ordlearnersdicti
onaries.com/def
2. Verbs which have the same past
inition/english/ir
simple and past participle.
regular-verb.
- Common irregular past tense endings
is -t, -ch to ght and adding -d as the
last letter in a word such as sell - sold.

Example:

Base Past Past

Form Simple Participle

build built built

catch caught caught

 think thought thought

● I thought it was a good idea.

3. Verbs which have the same base form

and past participle.

Example:

Base Past Past

Form Simple Participle

come came come

run ran run

become became become

● The problem became worse.

4. Verbs which have a different base

form, past simple, and past participle.
- Changing its vowel and adding - en

Example:

Base Past Past

Form Simple Participle

take took taken

 choose chose chosen

write wrote written

● I have written a letter for him.

VIII. Linking Verbs Airene C. Ellis M. (2022). Linking

Pagharion Verbs:
● Definition Definition and
Examples.https:
Linking verbs do not show an
//www.grammar
action—or more accurately, the only
ly.com/blog/linki
action they show is merely existing.
ng-verbs/
Linking verbs simply describe or
identify the state of the subject, such
as what it is or how it looks. A Linking
verb is like an (=) equal sign.

● The most common one is the verb to

be; am, is, are, was, were, will be,
was being, has been.

ex. This lesson is interesting.

This lesson will be short.

● Verbs relating to the five senses;

feel, see, hear, smell, or taste. 
 ex. This place looks like

a mess!  

The cookies smelled delicious.

● More common linking verbs; seem,

grow, remain, appear, become. 

ex. She appears upset about the

announcement. 

IX. Modals Jaye P. Manan Ellis M. (2021). What

Jr. Are Modal
● Definition Verbs.
a) In linguistics and philosophy, modality Grammarly
refers to the ways language can Blog. Retrieved
express various relationships to reality on March 9,
or truth. For instance, a modal 2023. Available
expression may convey that from:
something is likely, desirable, or https://www.gra
permissibility. mmarly.com/blo
g/modal-verbs/

● Modal Verbs
a) Modal verbs are used to
express certain hypothetical
conditions, such as advice,
 capability, or requests They’re
used alongside a main verb to
change its meaning slightly.
Because they’re auxiliary
verbs, they can’t necessarily be
used on their own.

● Types

i. Ability

a) The modal verb can shows whether or

not the subject is able to do
something, such as perform an action
or demonstrate an ability.
b) Example: She can speak three
languages, but none of them well.

ii. Permission

a) If you want to ask permission to do

something, start your question with
can, may, or could. However, in
modern usage may and can are both
perfectly acceptable options when
describing possibility or permission.
b) Example: May I leave early today?
 iii. Advice

a) What if you want to recommend

something, but not command it? If
you’re giving suggestions or advice
without ordering someone around,
you can use the modal verb should.
b) Example: That guy should wear less
cologne.

iv. Obligation

a) Modal verbs can express a necessary

action, such as an obligation, duty, or
requirement. Likewise, the negative
form expresses that an action is not
necessary. Use the same modal verbs
as with commands: must, have to, or
need to.
b) Example: We have to wait for our
boss to arrive before we open.

v. Possibility

a) In situations when something is

possible but not certain, use the
modal verbs could, may, or might.
b) Example: Judging by the clouds, it
might rain today.
 6 Types Of Adverbs
5. Adverbs I. Classes Ruelyn, Airene, Used In The
JB English
● Conjunctive adverbs act like a Language.
conjunction, connecting two clauses (2021, August
or sentences together. 24).
Thesaurus.com
Ex. I went to the store to buy new . Retrieved
shoes. However, the store was March 9, 2023,
from
already closed when I got there
https://www.the
saurus.com/e/g
● Adverb of frequency describe the
rammar/types-o
frequency of an event. f-adverbs/
Ex. She never drives on icy roads.

● Adverbs of time include words that

refer to specific times and more
general time periods.

Ex. We are going to see a movie

tomorrow.

● Adverbs of manner tells us how

something happens.

Ex. She bravely rescued a kitten from

a tree
● Adverbs of degree in general,
describe the intensity of an action or
quality. These adverbs are frequently
used to describe adjectives and other
adverbs as intensifiers.

Examples: very, really, extremely,

incredibly, too, quite, barely

Example in a sentence:
● He barely knew how to cook at
all.

● Adverbs of place tell us where

something happens.

Examples: here, there, everywhere,

nowhere, somewhere, left, right,
north, south, east, west

Example in a sentence: The lost

travelers continued north until they
came across a small town.
II. Comparison Ameya, Bai Mishra, K. (2020,
Alliah Kamsa February 23).
● In the Adverbs of Comparison, there and Cyrus Adverbs of
are three identified degrees of comparison -
comparison; mainly: positive, definition, list,
comparative, and superlative. examples and
exercises.
I. Positive
TeachingBanya
Positive comparison adverbs are n.com - A Place
employed to draw general for Students to
conclusions without directly learn online.
comparing two or more objects. They Retrieved
don't compare or don't show a March 10,
difference. It is also regarded as the 2023, from
adverb's simplest form. https://www.tea
chingbanyan.co
-Ex: long, deep, strong, cool m/grammar/adv
erbs-of-compari
-Sentence Examples: son/

>This mansion is affordable. Comparative and

Superlative
>Ken’s response to his message
Adverbs.
was slow.
Twinkl.com.ph.
(2023).
 Retrieved
>Atisah drove fastly by the March 10,
riverbank. 2023, from
https://www.twi
II. Comparative
nkl.com.ph/teac
It is used to compare two verb actions hing-wiki/comp
with one another. They usually show arative-and-sup
an increase or decrease in the action, erlative-adverbs
or show that one thing is 'better' or #:~:text=We%2
'worse' than the other at the verb 0use%20comp
action. There are three basic ways to arative%20adv
make or "form" a comparative adverb: erbs%20to,fast
%2C%20but%2
1. One-syllable adverbs: add -er 0cheetahs%20r
un%20faster.
e.g. fast-faster, long-longer,
happy-happier

2. Two or more syllable adverbs

(to -ly adverbs): use more

e.g. more efficiently, more

sadly, more thoughtfully

We can also use less in place of more to

suggest a reduction in the action.

3. Irregular Adverbs
 e.g. badly-worse, well, better,
far-further

III. Superlative

-Superlative adverbs mostly function

to compare a person, place, or thing
to three or more other people, places,
or things.

III. Special Uses, Suggestions, and Yrreg Torres, MasterClass (2021).

Cautions Keren Happuch, How To Use
& Jaye Manan Adverbs
● Special Uses Jr. Correctly: 5
a) In English grammar, adverbs serve types of
as modifiers for verbs, adjectives, Adverbs.
and other adverbs. Functionally, Articles.
adverbs and adverbial phrases often Retrieved on
explain how, when, or where March 9, 2023.
something occurred. Available from:
b) Adverbs function in the English https://www.ma
language by modifying three parts sterclass.com/a
of speech: verbs, adjectives, and rticles/adverb-g
other adverbs. They can also modify uide
prepositions and prepositional
phrases.
● Suggestions
a) An adverb is a part of speech
that modifies a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb.
Many, but not all, adverbs end
in the suffix “-ly.” Common
adverbs often explain how or to
what degree an action was
performed.
b) Use adverbs sparingly: While
adverbs can add color and
detail to your writing, using
them too frequently can make
your writing seem cluttered and
overly complicated. It's
important to use adverbs
strategically and only when
they add value to the sentence.
c) Choose the right adverb:
Make sure the adverb you
choose accurately reflects the
action or adjective you are
modifying. For example,
"quickly" would be appropriate
to describe a fast action, but
 "happily" would not make
sense in that context.
d) Use adverbs to show
perspective: Adverbs can be
used to show a character's
perspective or attitude towards
something. For example,
"surprisingly" could indicate
that a character was caught off
guard by something, while
"predictably" could indicate that
they expected it.

● Cautions

The following examples demonstrate

the proper use of adverbs in English
grammar. Note the various adverb
positions and sentence structures that
are possible.

a) Adverb at the beginning of a

sentence, modifying the
whole sentence: "Clearly, my
teacher needed spring break
more than I did."
b) Adverb at the end of a
sentence, modifying a verb:
"She asked me to help, and I
did so gladly."
c) Adverb in the middle of a
sentence, modifying an
adjective: "Gabe was
mesmerized by the shiny red
sports car."
d) Adverb in the comparative
form, comparing two things:
"I think green curry tastes
better than red curry."
e) Adverbs in the superlative
form, comparing three or
more things: "I think she sings
the most clearly of everyone on
the record."
f) Be aware of adverb
placement: In general,
adverbs come before the verb
they modify, but there are
exceptions. For example, some
adverbs can come at the
beginning or end of a sentence
for emphasis, and others can
be placed after the verb they
modify. It's important to pay
 attention to the position of
adverbs in a sentence to
ensure clarity and accuracy.
g) Be careful with intensifiers:
Intensifiers like "very,"
"extremely," and "really" can
add emphasis to a sentence,
but overusing them can make
your writing seem exaggerated
or insincere. It's important to
use intensifiers judiciously and
only when necessary.
Group 3 Sub-topic Content (Bulleted format) Reporter's Reference/s
Topic Name (APA citation) Notation

Preposition ● Definition (Definition, Karn (2021)

- A preposition is a word or group of words used before a noun, pronoun, Types - i. Types of
or noun phrase to show direction, time, place, location, spatial Time ii. Preposition.
relationships, or to introduce an object, and these phrases modify some Place and
https://www.ak
element in a sentence. Direction) -
LABANZA notions.com/20
● Types RAIN 20/11/types-of-
RAVEN preposition.htm
i. Time l?m=1
Prepositions of time deal with point of time and period of time to show a (iii. Agents Online
temporal relationship between noun phrases with other parts in a or things) - dictionary entry·
sentence. They indicate the time shown by the clock, calendar, and LACASA, (2023) At, on
specific days of the week. Some of the prepositions, like at, on, and in, MARY
and in (place)
before, after, till, until during, since, by, etc. ROSE
https://dictiona
Example : (iv. Phrasal ry.cambridge.org
a. John's class starts at 10:30 a.m. Preposition /grammar/britis
(Explanation: The preposition ‘at’ is used to refer to a specific time.) ) - INDO, h-grammar/at-o
b. My birthday is on June 30th. LYKA n-and-in-place
(Explanation: The preposition ‘on’ is used to refer to a particular ROSE Moore (2000)
day or date, such as on Sunday, or on June 30th.)
Structure of
c. They moved to the U.S. in 2019.
● Explanation: The preposition ‘in’ refers to a broader time English.
frame, such as a month or a year, a decade, etc. http://www.uni
versalteacher.org
ii. Place and Direction .uk/lang/engstr
uct.htm#prep
● Prepositions of place which show the location of a noun phrase, e.g
  at, on, in, among, and the prepositions of direction/motion to show
whether an object is moving in any direction, e.g into, onto, from,
to, from...to, towards, past, through, across, etc.
By
e.g. in VS at EXPERT(Novemb
a. The FIFA president is currently in the country. (here the president is er 2022)
enclosed within the boundaries of the country thus his position Preposition of
is in the country.) Agent.
b. The baby was eating at the dining room. (From this phrase we can https://studentsexp
see that the baby’s position is the dining room or the location of lore.com/prepositio
where the baby's eating is at the dining room.) n-of-agent/

● Explanation: ‘in’ is used to describe a location enclosed by something BEFORE (adverb,

conjunction,
and ‘at’ is used to describe the exact position of an object at a particular
preposition)
time. definition and
synonyms |
iii. Agents or things Macmillan
Dictionary. (n.d.).
https://www.macm
● Definition
illandictionary.co
m/dictionary/britis
-Prepositions of agents or things indicate a causal relationship between h/before
nouns and other parts of the sentence.
Nordquist, R.
(2019, August 27).
The following are the most used prepositions of agent or things.
In vs. Into: How to
-Of Choose the Right
-For Word. ThoughtCo.
-By https://www.thoug
-With htco.com/in-and-in
to-1692749#:~:tex
-About.
t=Using%20both
%20%22in%22%2
1. Of -Used to indicate a connection or belonging of someone or something. 0and%20%22into
Examples: %22%20in%20the
I have invited most of my friends. (Indicates relationship) %20same,the%20
 This is the book of his son. (Indicates belonging) hallway%2C%20t
She is a girl of 13. (Indicates age) hus%20%22in%2
2%20is%20the%2
He is the friend of my brother. (Indicates connection) 0correct%20prepo
sition.
2. For -Is used to talk about purpose or a reason for something or specify
the use of something.
Examples:
He is waiting for you. (Whom)
I am going for lunch. (What)

3. By -Is used to indicate action done by someone or something.

Example:
Odyssey was written by Homer.

4. With - Used to indicate an action done by a thing or an agent. It is also

used to indicate a thing accompanied by something or someone.
Examples:
- You can open the lock with that key. (Action by a thing)
-That boy is playing with his friends. (Along with)
-He came with his family. (Accompanied)

5. About -Used to indicate in connection with.

Examples:
-She was talking about you .
-It's about six now.

iv. Phrasal Preposition

A Preposition is always found in a phrase.

For example, the word ‘before' would be considered as an adverb or a

conjunction. So for it to be a preposition, there must be an object of the
preposition (noun, pronoun and etc.) after ‘before’.

Examples:

● As a preposition (followed by a noun): We moved to London before the

war.
● As an adverb (without a following noun): I’d met him once before.
● As a conjunction (connecting two clauses): Think carefully before you
choose.

How to use IN:

Use "in" when you mean that a person, place, thing, or animal is located inside a
location, as in:

a. They were already "in" (inside) the stadium

b. He was "in" (inside) the house when the murder was committed.

How to use INTO:

Use "into" in the sense of coming toward something, as in:

a. In defiance of the Roman Senate, Julius Caesar crossed the

Rubican and marched "into" Rome with his army.
​
● Using of IN and INTO in one sentence:
​
a. Captain Kirk stepped "into" the transporter, and "in" a moment, he
 was gone.

• Definition Definition Kelly, J. (2021,

Conjunction Types November 1).
Conjunctions are parts of speech that connect words, phrases, clauses, or i.Coordinati What Is A
sentences. There are three kinds of conjunctions: coordinating, ng-
Coordinating
correlative, and subordinating. LANDERO
, APREAL Conjunction?
Coordinating conjunction LOVE P. Definition &
Examples.
Coordinating conjunctions connect words or phrases that serve the sameii. https://www.th
grammatical purpose in a sentence. There are seven main coordinating Correlative esaurus.com/e/g
conjunctions in English, which form the acronym FANBOYS Conjunctio rammar/coordin
n- ating-conjunctio
Grammar Rule: KUSAIN,
ns/
1.Use commas between independent clauses joined by FANBOYS HAIRONE
2.If FANBOYS connect items in a series, use commas between each item. SA P.
3.If FANBOYS connect two words or phrases don't use a comma.
iii. Team, A. (2022,
FANBOYS Subordinati March 1).
ng Coordinating
•for-shows reason or purpose(because) Conjunctio Conjunctions:
Ex.I go to the library, for I love to read. n- Definition,
KUSAIN, Examples, &
•and- Connects two or more ideas, shows addition. HAIRONE
Exercises |
(positive+positive)(negative+negative) SA P.
Ex. Anya is good in her Mathematics, Filipino, and Science class. Albert.io. Albert
Anya is not good in Math, and he also struggles in her Science class. Resources.
https://www.alb
•nor- Shows a non-contrasting, negative idea. Adds more ert.io/blog/coor
 negativity.(-IC+IC) dinating-conjun
Ex.I refuse to hug people I don’t know, nor will I kiss them. ctions/

•but-Shows contrast or exception(positive+negative)(negative+positive)

Ex.He's a math teacher, but he's bad at division.
Kramer, L.
•or-Shows choice or option.
(2022, June 2)
Do you like chocolate or vanilla better?
What is a
•yet- Shows contrast or exception. correlative
He is a math teacher, yet he's bad at division. conjunction?
https://www.gra
•so-Shows a consequence or result) mmarly.com/bl
Ex. og/correlative-co
He is a math teacher, so he teaches division to his students. njunctions/
• You can also start a sentence with a coordinating conjunction
Traffis, C.
ii. Correlative Conjunction (2020,
● Correlative conjunctions are conjunctions used to illustrate how two words December 16).
or phrases within a sentence relate to each other. What Is a
● Correlative conjunctions always come in pairs. Subordinating
● Examples are neither-nor, either-or, both-and, such-that, and not only- but Conjunction?
also. https://www.gra
mmarly.com/bl
"I will eat EITHER carrots OR apples for dinner."
"Natalie, likes NEITHER milk NOR cream cake." og/subordinatin
"My mother is NOT-ONLY loving BUT ALSO fair." g-conjunctions/

iii. Subordinating Conjuction

● A subordinating conjunction is a word or phrase that links a dependent
clause to an independent clause.
● Examples are because, after, when, since, and as soon as.
 "I watch the news BECAUSE it provides information."
"The house looks so messy AFTER the celebration."
"The whole class became quiet AS SOON AS the professor arrived."

Punctuation ● Definition - (Definition, Kapori, B.

- Punctuation skills are very important in writing. It can make a huge Punctuatio (n.d.). Closed
difference in this meaning with what one is writing. Punctuation are marks n Marks and open
commonly used in English grammar such as period, question mark, i-vi) -
punctuation in
exclamation point, comma, semi colon, dash, hypen, parentheses, HIJARA,
bracket, braces, apostrophe, quotation mars and ellipsis. These marks are JESSEL English texts.
special symbol that are added to writing to separate phrases and Bernd Kapori.
sentences to show something is a question, a command, etc. Punctuation https://www.usi
put senses, clarity and stress in sentences. nggrammar.com
/english-gramm
Closed Punctuation - the use of commas or periods (full stops) after the (Punctuatio ar/closed-and-o
salutation, the complimentary close, in abbreviations, etc. n Marks pen-punctuatio
vii-xvi) -
n.php#open-pu
Ex. LAGUD,
•‘Dear Sally,’ CHARLON nctuation
•‘Mr.Jason/Richardson’

Open Punctuation - the omission of characters and marks such as full stops
(periods), colons, or commas in the address, after the salutation, in
abbreviations, etc. in English correspondence.

Ex.
• ‘Dear Mr Abraham’
The full stop for the abbreviation after ‘Mr’ is not written. Education, J. G.
•‘12 March 2010’ M. (n.d.). What
In this date, there are neither full stops nor characters or abbreviations Are the 16
 like ‘th’ for the day. Punctuation
Marks in
● Punctuation Marks English
Grammar? In
i. Period - The period actually serves two purposes in grammar.
YourDictionary.
When it appears at the end of a declarative sentence, it ends the https://gramma
sentence. The period can also indicate that a word is an abbreviation. r.yourdictionary.
com/punctuatio
Ex. n/what/fourtee
As a sentence ender - Jane and Jack went to the market. n-punctuation-
marks.html
After an abbreviation - John Jones Jr. was born on Dec. 6, 2008.

ii.Question Mark - . Question marks ask direct questions, which are also
known as interrogative sentences. They can also express confusion.

Ex.

Interrogative sentence - When did Jane leave for the market?

Expressing confusion - Why do we have so much homework?

iii. Exclamation Point - Exclamation points are punctuation marks that show
a sudden outcry in writing.

They also emphasize a point more strongly than a period.

Ex.

Sudden outcry - "Holy cow!" screamed Jane.

To emphasize a point - My mother-in-law's rants make me furious!

iv. Comma - . Commas separate ideas or elements within the structure of a
sentence. They also appear in numbers, dates, and letter writing after the
salutation and closing.

Ex.

Direct address - Thanks for all your help, John.

Separating two complete sentences - We went to the movies, and then

we went out to lunch.

Separating elements in a list - Suzi wanted the black, green, and blue
dress.

v. Colon - Colons introduce a quotation, an explanation, an example, or a

series. They can also clarify information or emphasize an important word
or phrase.

Ex.

Introducing a series - He was planning to study four subjects: politics,

philosophy, sociology, and economics.

Clarifying information - I didn't have time to get changed: I was already

late.

Emphasizing an important phrase - There was one thing she loved

more than any other: her dog.

vi. Semi-Colon - Semicolons are punctuation marks that connect

independent clauses to show a closer relationship between the clauses
than a period would. They can also separate items in a list that already
 include commas.

Ex.

Connecting independent clauses - John was hurt; he knew she only

said it to upset him.

Items in a list - I’ve visited Cleveland, Ohio; Los Angeles, California; and
St. Louis, Missouri.

vii. Em dash - Em dashes set off information from the rest of the sentence.
They can also show emphasis to a word or phrase.

You can add spaces to either side of an em dash, depending on your style
guide.

Ex.

Setting off information - My best friend — whom I’ve known since I was
a kid — is moving away.

Showing emphasis - The house was beautiful — but haunted.

viii. En dash - En dashes are shorter than em dashes, and they indicate a
range or connection between numbers or words.

You don’t need to use spaces on either side of an en dash.

Ex.

Indicating range - The Civil War (1861–1865) made a lasting impact in

the United States.
 Indicating connection - When does the Denver–Dallas flight arrive?

ix. Hyphen - Hyphens are even shorter than en dashes. They join two or
more words together to make compound nouns, compound adjectives,
and compound numbers.

Ex.

Compound noun - My sister-in-law works as a pastry chef.

Compound adjective - The well-known author signed autographs for his

fans.

Compound number - Cory can count all the way to ninety-nine.

x. Parenthesis - Parentheses add further thoughts or qualifying remarks to a

sentence. They separate these phrases from the rest of the sentence.

Ex.

Further thought - John and Jane (who are brother and sister) both have
red hair.

Qualifying remarks - Add any special skills (typing, organization, training,

and so on) to your resume.

xi. Bracket - Brackets clarify meaning in a quote by adding words or

the phrase sic. They also form parenthetical statements inside larger
parenthetical statements (called nesting parentheses).

Ex.

Adding words to a quote - “He [Mr. Jones] was the last person seen at
 the house,” reported the detective.

Adding sic to a quote - “Our team issues no further statements [sic] at

this time.”

Nesting parentheses - We decided to go to the Grand Canyon (my

[childhood] dream) this summer.

xii. Braces - Braces contain sets of numerical or specialized information to

show that they are considered as a unit.

You won’t often see braces in writing, but you’ll see them around groups
of numbers and mathematical expressions.

Ex.

Grouping numbers - The teacher wrote a set of numbers {6, 9, 12} on

the board.

Mathematical expression - (2{1+[23-3]}=x)

xiii. Apostrophe - Apostrophes are punctuation marks that indicate the

omission of a letter or letters from a word.

They form contractions, show the possessive case, or create plurals of

lowercase letters.

Ex.

Contractions - I've seen that movie several times.

Possessive case - Sara’s dog bit the neighbor.

 Plural for lowercase letters - Mind your p's and q's

xiv. Quotation Marks - Quotation marks indicate the beginning and end of a
quoted passage. They can also show dialogue in fiction.
Ex.

Quoted passage - Nathan Hale’s last words were, “I regret that I have but
one life to live for my country.”

Dialogue - "Don't go outside," Katie said.

xv. Single Quotation Mark - Single quotation marks show quotes within a
quotation, and they set off quotes in headlines.

Ex.

Quotes within quotations - Marie told the teacher, "Marc said to me 'Bill
started the fight,' and I believed him."

Quotes in headlines - President Declares, ‘War Is Over’

xvi. Ellipsis - . An ellipsis indicates an omission of words or sentences.

Students writing research papers or newspapers quoting parts of

speeches will often employ ellipsis to avoid copying lengthy text that is not
needed.

Ex.

Omission of words - She began to count, "One, two, three, four…" until
she got to 10, then went to find him.

Within a quotation - When Newton stated, "An object at rest stays at rest
 and an object in motion stays in motion..." he developed the law of motion.

Interjection ● Definition - An interjection is a word or phrase used to express a feeling (Definition Ryan, E. (2022,
or to request or demand something. While interjections are a part of Rules Part November
speech, they are not grammatically connected to other parts of a I) - 16). What Is an
sentence. Interjections are common in everyday speech and informal ANGELIC
Interjection? |
writing. A
JUMANGI Examples,
● Rules T Definition &
Rule 1 - Interjections are used to emphasize a sudden emotion, mood, or Types. Scribbr.
feeling. There are also a number of taboo words that are commonly used Retrieved
in everyday conversation but are not appropriate for formal situations. March 7, 2023,
Interjections are the words that fall into this category. from
Examples: https://www.scr
● Damn! She borrowed my camera without telling me.
ibbr.com/parts-
● Shit! I forgot to do my assignment.
● Why the hell is he driving so fast? of
Kantam, A.
(2023, February
Rule 2 - Interjections are used to break up a conversation or a thought, or 17). Interjection
to hold someone’s attention for a brief period of time. These are only in English
sounds, not words, because the sounds are meaningless. Grammar: Let’s
Examples:
Discuss Some
● On the back of your shirt, um there’s a stain.
● Psst, What’s the answer to number four? Rules and Usage
● Mm-hmm, I think that could work. in Daily Life -
(Rules Part The Fluent Life.
Rule 3 - Some interjections are limited to expressing yes or no. II) - The Fluent
Examples: CHRISTEL Life. https://the
● Yes! I’m sure I’ll be able to pull it off. LE
● No way are we going. fluentlife.com/c
NICOLE ontent/interjecti
JOMENTO
● Yes! I’m going to the library. on-english-gram
mar-examples-us
Rule 4 - Some are employed in order to attract someone’s attention.
Examples: age-definition-m
● Hello, Alex! Get in your vehicle! eaning/
● Hey! Will you hand over the ball to me?
● Yoo-hoo! Is there anyone else here?
Group 4 Sub-topic Content (Bullet form) Reporter’s Reference/ Notation
Topic Name s (APA
Citation)

SENTENCE Definition and types according to: SENTENCE: The 4

● Structure definition and Types of
- Four Types of Sentence Structure types Sentence
Simple Sentence Structure - A simple sentence composes one according to: Structure |
independent clause. When we say an independent clause, it has a subject • structure Grammar |
SYNTAX and a verb that expresses a complete thought. It can stand alone. Mae Estopia EnglishClu
1. Independent Clause- (Subject) + (Verb) • function b. (n.d.).
PHRASES Ex. She hates mixed signals. Hazel https://ww
He loves to play violin. Estorninos w.englishcl
ub.com/gr
Compound Sentence Structure A compound sentence composes two (or ammar/se
more) independent clauses connected by a conjunction or semicolon. Note ntence/sen
that every of those clauses could form a sentence alone. tence-stru
cture.php?
(Independent Clause) + (Coordinating Conjunction) + (Independent Clause) hl=en_US
Ex. Exclamato
She dances so well but she cannot join the competition. ry
She couldn’t see the red flags so she got traumatized. Sentences
- What Are
Complex Sentence Structure They?
A complex sentence is composed of an independent clause and a Explore
dependent clause. Note that a dependent clause contains a subject and Meaning,
verb but does not express a complete thought. Definition,
(Independent Clause) + (Subordinating Conjunction) + (Dependent Clause) Uses and
Examples.
Ex. (n.d.).
He didn’t listen to their friend’s advice because he was manipulated. Byju's.
She settled for less while claiming that she knows her worth. Retrieved
 March 9,
Compound-Complex Sentence Structure 2023, from
A compound complex sentence is composed of at least two independent https://byju
clauses and one or more dependent clauses. s.com/engl
(Independent Clause) + (Subordinating Conjunction) + (Dependent Clause) ish/exclam
+ (Coordinating Conjunction) + (Independent Clause) atory-sent
ences/
Ex. Imperative
She didn’t come back to their home because she felt neglected yet, none of Sentences
her family reached out for her. - What Are
They?
Explore
Meaning,
● Function Definition,
Uses and
● Definition Examples.
(n.d.).
a) A sentence function refers to a speaker's purpose in uttering a specific Byju's.
sentence, phrase, or clause. It answers the question: "Why has this certain Retrieved
sentence been said?" March 9,
2023, from
● The four basic sentence forms (or "structures") in English are the https://byju
s.com/engl
a) Declarative - a declarative sentence is generally a simple statement that ish/imperat
is used to provide information about something or state a fact. It ends with ive-senten
a full stop or a period. It is the most common type of sentence in the ces/
English language. Declarativ
e
Types of Declarative Sentences with Examples: Sentences
Simple Declarative Sentences - What Are
A simple declarative sentence is in the form of a simple sentence and has They?
just a subject and predicate. It mostly follows sentence patterns like SV, Explore
SVO, SVC, SVA, ASVO, etc. Take a look at the following examples for a Meaning,
much better understanding of how they work. Definition,
Uses and
Examples of Simple Declarative Sentences: Examples.
Subject + Verb (n.d.).
The dogs / are barking. Byju's.
It / is raining. Retrieved
Subject + Verb + Object March 9,
I / like / mangoes. 2023, from
My brother / had / his breakfast. (https://byj
Subject + Verb + Complement us.com/en
The sky / is / blue. glish/decla
This dish / tastes / delicious. rative-sent
Subject + Verb + Adjunct ences/)
She / reached / yesterday. Interrogati
I /am moving / to France. ve
Adjunct + Subject + Verb + Object Sentences
Last week, / I / met / my friend. - What Are
Yesterday, / Deenu / bought / a bike. They?
Compound Declarative Sentences Explore
A compound declarative sentence, as the name suggests, is a compound Meaning,
sentence that has two independent clauses linked by a coordinating Definition,
conjunction. Given below are a few examples for your reference. Uses and
Examples.
Examples of Compound Declarative Sentences: (n.d.).
I like watching feel-good movies, but my brother likes watching horror Byju's.
movies. Retrieved
Sherly is not keeping well, so she decided to take a day off work. March 9,
The results have been announced and I have scored the highest grades. 2023, from
I should somehow complete my homework or I will have to face the https://byju
consequences. s.com/engl
Kenny had completely no idea about what was going to happen at the ish/interro
event, yet he made it a point to come for the sake of his friends. gative-sent
Uses of Declarative Sentences ences/
A declarative sentence can be used,

To provide general information about something casual or day-to-day

routine,
To inform your audience about something specific,
To state general or scientific facts,
To explain something.

Examples of Declarative Sentences

Have a look at the following examples of declarative sentences in order to
understand how they can be used to perform the different functions as
discussed.

Providing information about something casual

I like dancing.
Cathy is at the park.
He lost his cat.
Providing information about your day-to-day activities
I go to school by bus.
They start work at 9:30 a.m.
Everyday, Lisa reads the newspaper in the morning. Informing your
audience about something specific Jancy watched KGF 2 on the first day
of its release. The reception starts at 5 p.m.
My brother is twenty years old.
Stating general or scientific facts
The Sun sets in the West.
Barack Obama was the 44th president of the United States.
COVID cases are rising day by day.
Explaining something
The process of photosynthesis helps plants to create oxygen and energy
for its survival.
Fiction is a genre of literature and it is liked by all.
There are eight parts of speech in the English language.
b) Interrogative - an interrogative sentence is one which is generally used
to ask a question in order to gather information about something. It can be
questions about anything at all – casual or specific.

Types of Interrogative Sentences with Examples

Interrogative sentences, normally used to ask someone about something,
can be categorised into three different types namely,

Choice Questions
Yes/No Questions
Questions with ‘Wh’ Words
Now, let us look at each type of interrogative sentence in detail.

Choice Questions
This type of interrogative sentences can be used to find out about
someone’s choice about their likes, dislikes and preferences.

For example:

Do you prefer coffee or tea along with breakfast?

What would you choose?
Do you like reading books or watching movies?
Yes/No Questions
This type of interrogative sentence, as the name suggests, only gets a yes
or a no for an answer.

For example:

Will you come to the library with me?

Do you like ice cream?
Do you know the answer to this question?
Questions with ‘Wh’ Words
These types of interrogative sentences are used when you want to gather
more information rather than just a yes or a no. These sentences begin
with ‘Wh’ words like what, where, when, why, whom, which, whose and
how.

For example:

What is your name?

Why are you late?
Where are you from?
When can you come?
Whose book is this?
Whom did you meet?
Which book is it?
How will you do it?
Points to Remember When Using Interrogative Sentences
Now that you know that there are different types of interrogative
sentences, let us look at a few points to remember when forming
interrogative sentences.

Start the interrogative sentence with an auxiliary verb, a modal verb or a

‘Wh’ question word starting with a capital letter.
End the interrogative sentence with a question mark. This is also the first
thing that lets one identify an interrogative sentence.
The structure of an interrogative sentence is a slightly reversed structure
of a declarative sentence. So the structure of an interrogative sentence
can be said to be Auxiliary Verb/Main Verb/Modal Verb + Subject + Main
Verb (in case there is more than one verb in the sentence) + the rest of the
sentence.
Uses of Interrogative Sentences
Though the basic purpose of an interrogative sentence is to ask a
question, there is a lot more that interrogative sentences can do. Given
below are the uses or rather functions of interrogative sentences.
To ask a direct question
To request clarification
To confirm something
To gather information

Examples of Interrogative Sentences

Take a look at the following examples of interrogative sentences so that
you can have a better idea of how to use them accurately.

Asking a direct question

What are your plans for the holidays?
Requesting clarification
When you say ‘advancements in technology’, what did you exactly mean?
Are you sure you want to go ahead with this?
Confirming something
Aren’t you the one who has been elected as the president of the Literary
Club?

c) Exclamatory - an exclamatory sentence is defined as “a sentence

containing an exclamation or strong emphasis”, according to the
Cambridge Dictionary. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines the term
‘exclamation’ as “ a sharp or sudden utterance” or a “vehement expression
of protest or complaint.” This is what an exclamatory sentence is meant to
do as well.

Examples of Exclamatory Sentences

Here are a few examples of exclamatory sentences. Take a look at them.

Oh, That is excellent!

I have no idea what they think of us!
You were amazing!
d) Imperative - imperative sentences are used to express
commands/orders or requests and also to give instructions or some
advice. Imperative sentences do not require a subject. Furthermore,
remember that the verb used in an imperative sentence should always be
in the simple present tense. Imperative sentences end with a full stop or
an exclamation mark.
•Imperative sentences can be divided into two main categories
according to their nature namely,

Positive imperative sentence

Negative imperative sentence

1) Positive Imperative Sentence

A positive imperative sentence asks one to do something.

For example: Close the door.

2) Negative Imperative Sentence

A negative imperative sentence is meant to do just the opposite. A
negative imperative sentence instructs one not to do something.

For example: Do not close the door.

.
Examples of Imperative Sentences
Given below are examples of imperative sentences that will definitely help
you understand the topic better.

Making a request:
Please help me with this.
Please pass the salt and pepper.
Giving a command:
Don’t leave the door open.
Come home before sunset.
 These correspond to the discourse functions statement, question,
exclamation, and command respectively. The different forms involve
different combinations in word order, the addition of certain auxiliaries or
particles, or other times by providing a special form.

SYNTAX SYNTAX SYNTAX Ellis, M.

1. Phrases 1. PHRASES (2022,
● Definition • definition April 29).
- Syntax in linguistics refers to the arrangement of words and phrases. • types: Parallelism
Syntax covers topics like word order and grammar rules, such as i. noun phrase In Writing.
subject-verb agreement or the correct placement of direct and indirect ii. adjective Grammarl
objects. phase y.
● Types: Irene Retrieved
Egagamao March 9,
I. Noun phrase iii. adverbial 2023, from
- Noun phrase – A noun phrase is a group of words that functions as a noun phrase https://ww
in a sentence. It can be either simple or complex. Here are some examples: Grace Chua w.gramma
The big dog iv. rly.com/blo
The red car prepositional g/syntax/
In my house phrase 5
Shyna Examples
II. Adjective phase Agustin of
- Adjective phrase – An adjective phrase is a syntac- tic unit consisting of an Comaling Phrases.
adjective as the head of the phrase and all the cluster of words around it v. (n.d.).
that modifies a noun or pronoun. In an adjective phrase, the adjective can conjunctional EngDic.
(a) initiate the sentence, (b) appear at the middle, or (c) conclude the phase Retrieved
sentence. Kieth Bryan March 9,
Daligdig 2023, from
Examples: vi. https://eng
The highly suspicious man is convicted for the crime. interjectional dic.org/5-e
The dish you cook smells very sumptuous. phrase xamples-of
Your eyes are absolutely enticing to me. Al-haina -phrases/
 Gumenggen grace:
Adjective phrases function in two basic ways: predicatively or attributively. What Is An
Adverbial
An attributive adjective phrase precedes- the noun of a noun phrase. Phrase?
(n.d.).
Predicative adjective phrase follows a linking verb and defines the Oxford
preceding subject Internation
al English
Schools.
- Adverbial Phrase Retrieved
Adverbial phrases are a specific kind of sentence or collection of words that March 9,
have the same fundamental meaning as an adverb. Adverbial phrases are 2023, from
so frequently employed in place of actual adverbs. https://ww
w.oxfordint
Example: Jack will sit in silence. ernational
(The adverbial phrase "in silence" is functioning as an adverb of manner. It english.co
tells us how Jack sat.) m/what-is-
More examples: an-adverbi
Adverbial Phrase of Time al-phrase/
-I'll do it in a minute. Shrives, C.
Adverbial Phrase of Place (n.d.).
-Opera is when a guy gets stabbed in the back and, instead of bleeding, he Adverbial
sings. Phrase:
Adverbial Phrase of Manner Explanatio
-He sings in a low register. n and
Adverbial Phrase of Reason Examples.
-He went to the island to find gold. Grammar
III. Prepositional phrase Monster.
A prepositional phrase is a collection of words that includes the preposition, Retrieved
the object, and any words that alter the object. Prepositions like "to," "of," March 10,
"about," "at," "before," "after," "by," "during," "for," "from," "in," "over," and 2023, from
"with" are some of the most often used prepositions that start prepositional https://ww
phrases. w.gramma
 r-monster.
Here are examples of the most basic prepositional phrase: com/gloss
ary/adverb
● I left the package at home ial_phrase
At = preposition; home = noun. s.htm
● Come with me. Simmons,
With = preposition; me = pronoun. R.(2023).
● We progress By acting The
By = preposition; singing = gerund. Prepositio
nal
Phrase.
Prepositional phrases that modify nouns Retrieved
When a prepositional phrase acts upon a noun, we say it is behaving from
adjectivally because adjectives modify nouns. A prepositional phrase that https://cho
behaves adjectivally is called, quite logically, an adjectival phrase. mpchomp.
com/terms
● The cat in the middle is the cutest. /prepositio
● I always buy my milk from the convenience store on Main Street. nalphrase.
● My mother has always wanted to live in a cabin by the lake. htm
Traffis, C.
In the first of these sentences, in the middle answers the question of which (2020).
cat the writer thinks is the cutest. Similarly, on Main Street gives us What Is a
information about which store the writer is describing, and by the lake tells Prepositio
us what kind of cabin the writer’s mother is dreaming about. All of these nal
adjectival phrases provide specificity to a noun in order to enhance our Phrase?.
understanding. Retrieved
from
https://ww
w.gramarly
.com/blog/
preposition
Prepositional phrases that modify verbs al-phrase/
#:~:text=A
 When a prepositional phrase acts upon a verb, we say it is behaving %20prepo
adverbially because adverbs modify verbs. A prepositional phrase that sitional%2
behaves adverbially is called an adverbial phrase. 0phrase%
20is%20a,
● To find the person who stole the last cookie, look behind you. phrases%
● Harry drank his Butterbeer with fervor. 20and%20
adjectival
In the first sentence, behind you answers the question “Look where?” %20phras
In the second, with fervor answers the question “Drank how?” es%2C%2
0respectiv
ely
Prepositional Phrases can be used as nouns, as adverbs, and as Jagadees
adjectives. waran, S.
(n.d.).
An adverb is a word that can modify or describe a verb, adjective, another Conjunctio
adverb, or entire sentence. Adverbs can be used to show manner (how n Phrase
something happens), degree (to what extent), place (where), and time Examples:
(when Sentences
, Uses And
● Danielle blew the horn with a strength of a giant Facts
● To steal the Queen’s diamonds) would be a terrible crime. . Retrieved
● I would enjoy exploring the Cathedral of glass. on March
10, 2023.
IV. Conjunctional phase Retrieved
Conjunctional Phrase from
When two or more words together form a phrase and when they perform the https://lam
job of connecting or joining words, clauses or sentences, then they are bdageeks.
called as conjunction phrases. com/conju
Example: nction-phr
• (As soon as) you got in, he went out. (where, as soon as is the ase-exam
conjunctional phrase) ples/
• We have to work hard (so that) we can win the next match. (so that is the LearnGra
conjunctional phrase) mmar
 • I will attend the ceremony (provided that) you come. (provided that is the (n.d.).
conjunctional phrase) Conjunctio
• John started working early (in order that) he could finish early. (in order n.
that is the conjunctional phrase) Retrieved
on March
V.Interjectional phrase 10, 2023.
An interjection is a kind of exclamation inserted into regular speech. Retrieved
Actually, it is a brief and abrupt pause in speech for expressing emotions. from
https://ww
They are unique and have some interesting features: w.learngra
Interjections don’t have a grammatical function in sentence mmar.net/
construction. english-gr
They usually cannot be modified or inflected. ammar/co
They do not have to have a relation to the other parts of the njunction
sentence. Examples
They are highly context-sensitive. of
Interjection
Types of Interjections: al Phrase |
Primary Interjection Learn
Secondary Interjection English.
Mild Interjection (n.d.).
Strong Interjection Learngram
Volitive Interjection mar.net.
Emotive Interjection Retrieved
Cognitive Interjection March 10,
2023, from
There are basically two types of it and they are - https://ww
w.learngra
1. Primary Interjection mmar.net/
The words that are exclusively interjections and cannot be a/example
classified as any other Parts of Speech are called Primary s-of-interje
Interjections. ctional-phr
Examples: ase
List of Primary Interjections
● Phew
● Wow
● Oh
● Blah
● Huh
● Aw
● God
● Oops
● Hurray
● Yuck
● Gee
● Ugh
● Ouch
● Alas
● Geez
● Meh
● Oops, My bad.

2. Secondary Interjection
The Nouns, Adjectives, and other Parts of Speech that act as
interjections on occasions are called Secondary Interjections.
Examples:
Indeed, I was waiting for your premonitions.
Goodness! How did you go through all these books in a day?
Holy cow! You're the last person I expected.
Based on the severity of the expressions, Interjections are
categorized into two types -
1. Mild Interjection
The relatively mild expression of feelings and emotions is
usually called Mild Interjections. These types are typically
separated from the rest of the sentence by commas.
Examples:
Oh, I was looking for you.
Well, it wasn't very easy.
Hmm, I'm doing well.
2. Strong Interjection
The strong outbursts of expression are determined as Strong
Interjections. These types are typically separated from the
rest of the sentence by exclamation marks.
Examples:
Yay! I finally passed.
Bingo! Found it.
Ouch! That hurt.
Interjections are divided into three categories -
1. Volitive Interjection
Commands, requests, and wishes are usually expressed with Volitive
Interjections. In the speech, "I want" expressions are replaced with Volitive
Interjections.

"Enough" expresses the wish to stop listening to someone and maybe put
forward a contesting statement. "Shoo" tends to express the speaker's wish
to drive someone away.

Examples:
Shh (I want you to be quiet) - Shh! We have to keep it quiet.
Ahem (I request your attention) - Ahem! I was looking at another problem.
Psst (I want to attract attention in secrecy) - Psst! I've started working out.

2. Emotive Interjection
The words to express sudden spur of emotions like surprise, delight, sorrow,
disgust and fear
are Emotive Interjections. These types usually replace the "I feel"
expressions in speech.
"Eww" means to convey - "I feel disgusted" and
"Phew" means to express - "I feel relieved".

Examples:
Ugh (I feel disgusted) - Ugh! What is that filthy smell?
Ouch (I feel hurt) - Ouch! These ants sting.
Yippee (I feel elated) - Yippee! We ended the year victorious.

3. Cognitive Interjection
Words that are born off cognition and used as exclamations are called
Cognitive Interjections. These types are used to convey the feelings and
emotions that people come across and understand through experience.
Examples:
Well, I'll try harder.
Bravo! What a performance!
Gosh, you’re so fast.
Four roles of Interjection:
Rule 1: Interjections express a sudden mood, emotions, and feeling with
emphasis. There are also many taboo words that are usually used in
everyday conversation but not in formal aspects. These words fall into the
category of interjections.
Example:
Wow! That’s an amazing scene.
Aw, I did not want him to come.
What? You never told me that!
Rule 2: Some interjections interrupt a conversation or a thought or hold
someone’s attention for a moment. These are just sounds, not words
because these sounds do not make any sense.
Example:
Your, um, shirt has a stain on the back.
I want to, uh, ask you out on a date.
Rule 3: Some interjections express only yes or no.
Example:
 Yes! I will most definitely do it.
Nah, we are not going.
Rule 4: Some are used to get someone’s attention.
Example:
Yo, Alex! Get in the car!
Hey! Will you give me that ball?
Yoo-hoo! Is there anyone?

2. 2. CLAUSES 2. CLAUSES Kramer, L.

CLAUSES • definition • definition (2021,
• types • types June 21).
i. Independent i. independent Punctuatio
A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb that have a Larah n: The
relationship. This relationship is crucial; a clause conveys information about Degamo Best
what that subject is or is doing, rather than simply being a random grouping ii. dependent Guide to
of words. Sichayra Using
Gamotia Punctuatio
An independent clause is a clause that can stand on its own as a distinct n Marks.
sentence. Grammarl
y.
Independent clauses must have at least one subject and one predicate Retrieved
March 10,
For example: 2023, from
https://ww
- The waves crashed onto the sandy shore. w.gramma
- I wrote my first novel last year. rly.com/blo
g/clauses/
Independent clauses can connect to other independent clauses or to The Albert
dependent clauses to create more complex and more interesting sentences. Team
(2022,
1. Through the use of a semicolon: March 1).
Independe
If writers would normally divide two independent clauses into two separate nt
sentences, but they decide that they want to show a closer relationship Clauses:
between the two clauses, writers would use a semicolon to connect the two. Definition,
Examples,
For example: &
Exercises.
- The popsicle stand had an overwhelming variety of flavors; I couldn’t Retrieved
decide which one to get. from
- Owls sleep during the day; foxes sleep at night. https://ww
w.albert.io/
2. With a comma+coordinating conjunction: blog/indep
If writers want to specify the relationship between two independent clauses endent-cla
further than simply placing them side by side with a semicolon in between, uses/#:~:te
they can use a comma and one of the coordinating conjunctions: for, and, xt=Just%2
not, but, or, yet, so. 0as%20th
ey%20sou
For example: nd%2C%2
The new IPhone was more expensive than I expected, so I had to save for a 0independ
few more months before purchasing one. ent,to%20
create%20
3. With a semicolon+subordinating conjunction+a comma: a%20com
Writers can also specify a relationship between two independent clauses by plete%20s
using a semicolon, a subordinating conjunction, and a comma. entence.
Shrives, C.
For example: (n.d.).
We had planned to go to the beach today; however, it was raining. Dependent
Clause:
Just as they sound, independent clauses are independent, which means Explanatio
that they do not have to rely on any other clause to create a complete n and
thought. On the other hand, dependent clauses cannot exist by themselves Examples.
and must be connected to an independent clause in order to create a Grammar
 complete sentence. Monster.
Retrieved
ii. Dependent March 10,
Dependent Clause- A dependent clause is a clause that cannot stand alone 2023, from
as a complete sentence because it does not express a complete thought. For https://ww
example: w.gramma
r-monster.
● The villagers lived happily until the wolves appeared.
com/gloss
("Until the wolves appeared" is an example of a dependent clause. It cannot ary/depen
stand alone as a sentence. "The villagers lived happily" is the main clause dent_claus
in this sentence. It is an example of an independent clause because it could e.htm
stand alone as a sentence.) (n.d.).
A dependent clause supports the main clause of a Dependent
sentence by adding to its meaning. Like any clause, a Clauses:
Adverbial,
dependent clause has a subject and a verb. In "until the
Adjectival,
wolves appeared," the subject is "the wolves" and the verb Nominal.
is "appeared." Retrieved
March 10,
Examples 2023, from
1. The crew could see the whale, which had surfaced only 50m https://web
behind them. apps.tows
on.edu/ow
2. Do you know the butcher who went to court on Saturday?
s/advadjno
3. I am not tidying the dishes unless Peter helps. mclause.ht
4. The excellence of a gift lies in how appropriate it is rather than how m
valuable it is.

TYPES OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES

A dependent clause supports the main clause in a sentence by functioning
as an adverb, an adjective, or a noun.
Adverbial Clause
- Like a single-word adverb, an adverbial clause describes a verb (in
the sentence's main clause) and answers one of these questions: where?
why? how? when? To what degree?
-
- An adverbial clause begins with a subordinating conjunction, which
makes the clause subordinate (dependent).
Ex.
When spring arrives, the flowers bloom.

Adjectival Clause
- Like a single-word adjective, an adjectival clause describes a noun
(in the sentence's main clause) and answers one of these questions: which
one? What kind?

- An adjectival clause usually begins with a relative pronoun, which

makes the clause subordinate (dependent).
Ex.
Joe read the book that I gave him.

Nominal Clause
- Like a noun, a nominal clause names a person, place, thing, or idea.
A nominal clause may function in a sentence as any of the following:

subject subjective complement appositive

object of preposition direct object indirect object
retained object
Ex.
At Halloween, you can be whoever you want.
Group 5 Topic Sub-topic Content Reporter’s Name Reference/s Notation
(Bulletin Form) (APA Citation)

STRUCTURE OF NEGATION Princess Jehan J. Negation - Definition,

● NEGATION Bacarat meaning & synonyms.
- It is a refusal or denial of something  (n.d.).
- When you want to express the Vocabulary.com. https://
opposite meaning of a particular word www.vocabulary.com/dic
or sentence, you can do it by inserting tionary/negation
a negation. 
(2022, June 22).
NEGATIVE STRUCTURES IN ENGLISH YouTube. https://www.yo
utube.com/watch?v=Uoz
Negative words include:  JcPhdoWo
No, not, neither, never, nobody, none, nor, nothing,
nowhere:
Beare, K. (2019,
Negative prefixes and suffixes: October 31).
a. Prefixes: de-, dis-, im-, ir-, mis-, un- Negative structures
b. Suffixes: -less is the most common suffix for in English.
negation ThoughtCo.
https://www.thought
co.com/negative-str
Negative verb conjugation: uctures-1209910#:
A negative verb is formed by adding "not" to a main ~:text=The%20sent
verb, making the whole statement untrue. ence%20structure
%20for%20a,has%
Negative imperative: 20not%20%3D%20
hasn’t
A negative imperative sentence is used to instruct or
command someone not to do something. It is formed
by placing "do not" before the main verb in a
sentence.
Double negatives:
Double negatives are incorrect structures in English
that combine two "not" words in one sentence to
make a positive statement.

"Never" negative sentences:

These negative sentences go beyond saying that
something is untrue. They make the statement that
something is not ever true by using "never" and a
positive verb together to convey negative meaning.

● SPLIT STRUCTURE
● Split structure of a sentence is
opposite to the joining of a sentence.
In this, we have to break up or split a
complex sentence into two or more
simple sentences. 

Structure of Negation Patricia Nicole Elements of a sentence

II. Parallel Structure Boyles (2014) englishtipsblog.
Parallel structure is the repetition of a chosen Available at:
grammatical form within a sentence. By making each https://englishtipsblog.wo
compared item or idea in your sentence follow the rdpress.com/elements-of
same grammatical pattern, you create a parallel -a-sentence/ (Accessed:
construction.  March 9, 2023).

Not Parallel:
Mary likes hiking, swimming, and to ride a bicycle. Created by the
Evergreen Writing Center
Parallel: Library 3407 (no date).
Mary likes hiking, swimming, and riding a bicycle. Available at:
https://www.evergreen.ed
III. Elements of a sentence u/sites/default/files/writin
The sentence is the unit of expression in English. A gcenter/handouts/gramm
sentence can be defined as group of words that ar/parallel.pdf (Accessed:
starts with a capital letter and ends with a full stop. It March 9, 2023).
can also be said to be a group of words with an
explicit or implied subject, and finite verb and that
expresses a complete thought.

A sentence is made up of five elements which are

subject, verb, object, complement and adverbial. An
understanding of these elements is necessary if we
are going to construct correct sentences.

1. SUBJECT. The subject is usually the first thing

that appears in the sentence. The subject of a
sentence is the performer of the action specified in
the sentence or the focus of sentence.

•James loves writing.

•He is a very interesting character.

2. VERB: The verb follows the subject, except the

sentence is a question. A verbs shows the action
performed by the subject or the condition or state of
being of the subject.

•James loves writing.

•He was a very interesting character.

3. OBJECT: The object of a sentence is the one that

receives the action of the verb performed by the
subject. That means that the subject performs the
action, the action is the verb, but the one on whom
 the action is performed, the one that receives the
action is the verb.

•Alison bought a car this morning.

•The man loves his wife dearly.
•I saw you last night.

4. COMPLEMENT. The complement is an attribute

or quality of the subject or object. If  a verb BE or
any other copula verbs (like seem, become, appear)
comes after the subject, what comes after that verb
is not a not object, but a complement in that it will
refer back to the subject (or object) and tell us more
about it. The grammatical classes that function as
complement are are adjective and noun phrases. 

•The man is a real hero.

•The day seems beautiful.

5. ADVERBIAL- The adverbial is the most moblile

element of the sentence. That means it can come
anywhere in the sentence (beginning, middle or
ending)- unlike the subject, verb, object and
complement, which have fixed postions. Adverbials
tell us about the place, time, manner, etc of an
action.

•Alison bought a car this morning.

•I saw you last night.

Conditionals •Definition Jessa Mae Cariaga Conditionals. (n.d.).

Conditionals describe the result of something https://www.perfect-engli
that might happen (in the present or future) or sh-grammar.com/conditio
might have happened but didn't (in the past) . nals.html
They are made using different English verb
tenses.

i. Real Conditionals
The real conditionals express factual or habitual
conditions which have the possibility to occur in
the future or generally occur in the present.

•Types
The Zero Conditional:
(if + present simple, ... present simple)
Ex: If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.

The First Conditional:

(if + present simple, ... will + infinitive)
Ex: If it rains tomorrow, we'll go to the cinema.

ii. Unreal Conditionals

The unreal conditionals express hypothetical
conditions which have no possibility to occur in
the past, present or future but describe what
could/might have occurred supposedly.

•Types
The Second Conditional:
(if + past simple, ... would + infinitive)
Ex: If I had a lot of money, I would travel around
the world.

The Third Conditional

(if + past perfect, ... would + have + past
participle)
Ex: If I had gone to bed early, I would have
caught the train.
Syntactic Structure of Predication Sharlyn Canacan Berungoy B. (2022).
Structure The expression of a relationship or assertion Syntactic Structure. Saint
between a subject and a predicate is referred to as Columban
predication, which is a fundamental concept in College>MAED English.
linguistics and logic.

Subject: The entity or subject that is being discussed

or described in a sentence is the subject.

ex: Cali is drawing ex: The birds are chirping

Predicate: The part of the sentence that says

something or gives information about the subject is
called the predicate.

ex: Lance is running. ex: The babies are

sleeping.

Copula: The copula is a linking verb that connects

the subject and the predicate in many languages,
including English.

ex: Cali is drawing. ex: The feline is resting.

Object: Some sentences include an object, which

either receives the action of the verb or is affected
by it, in addition to the subject and predicate. A
noun, pronoun, or noun phrase can be the object.
ex: Calix is kicking the ball.

Modifiers for adverbs: Adverbial modifiers, which

provide additional information about the action or
state expressed in the predicate, can be used to
enrich predictions even further. Time, place, manner,
degree, and frequency are all examples of adverbial
modifiers.

ex: Lance is running quickly.

ex: The children are playing in the park.

Additional examples for Predication:

• The cinema was sold out, so we watched a movie

on TV.

• I'll have a week in Rome, or I'll go to Paris.

• Because he was late again, he would be docked a

day's pay.

• Although she was considered smart, she failed all

her exams.

• Although I miss him so much, I cannot go to him

because I do not have money.

Structure of Modification Toni Angela Bendor C. (2015b, December

A structure of modification consists of a head (H) 10). Structures of
and a modifier (M). Modification!
Head -carries the principal meaning while the https://www.slideshare.n
Modifier serves to describe, limit, intensify the et/2charles2/structures-of
meaning of the head. -modification#
Both the head and the modifier may be either single
words, phrases or clauses. In terms of ordering, the
modifier can precede or follow the head.

Adjective as Head

● Qualifier as Adjective Modifier

The word that is mostly used as modifier of
adjective is a qualifier such as very, rather,
pretty, etc.
Example: The sound was loud enough.
She is very pretty.
Qualifiers
Examples: very, quite, rather, somewhat,
more, most, less, least, too, so, just, enough,
indeed, still, almost, fairly, really, pretty, even,
a bit, a little, a (whole) lot, a good deal, a
great deal, kind of, sort of.

Qualifiers + Adjectives
Very + Bright = Very bright. The sun was shining
very bright.
Pretty + Cool = Pretty cool. His idea to hitch a
bus is pretty cool.
Quite + Delicious = Quite delicious. The bread
that was baked by mom is quite delicious.

● Adverb as Adjective Modifier

An adverb that can modify the adjective is
adverb that is ended by {-ly}
Example: The widely famous (singer)
 Accidentally wrong
Crazily in love
(Note:) If the adjective comes after the linking
verb, the adverb does not modify the
adjective anymore. The function is as the
modifier of the structure of complementation.
Example: The house seems clean
everywhere.

Adverb + Adjective
Extremely + Strange = Extremely strange. I feel
extremely strange on that house. Mysteriously
+ romantic = Mysteriously romantic. I received
love letters from a mysteriously romantic guy.
Lightly + damaged = Lightly damaged. The
lightly damaged car was held in the Police
station.

● Noun as Adjective Modifier

In some special expression, noun can modify
the adjective.
Example: stone cold (coffee)
sea green (cloth)
Noun + Adjective
Pool + indoor = The pool was indoor
Baby + asleep = The baby’s asleep.
Daughter + upset = My daughter is upset.

● Verb as Adjective Modifier

Adjective can be modified by the verb in
present participle form (-ing) that usually
 precedes the adjective, or by to-infinitive that
follows adjective
Example: Freezing cold
Hard to say
Boiling hot
Good to see

Verb + Adjective
Blinking + gold = blinking gold. The thief was
captivated to the woman’s blinking gold
bracelet.
Spinning + loud = Spinning loud. I am
destruct by the spinning loud engine.
Hard + believe = Her story was hard to
believe, and it finally was proven to be a lie.

● Adjective as Adjective Modifier

For special expression, adjective can modify
the other adjective.
Example: Icy cold
Dark blue
Deathly pale

Adjective + Adjective
Abundant + generous = Abundant generous.
The abundant generous man gives charity
to the needy.

Courageous + old = Courageous old.

I was amazed about the story of a
courageous old man in New York.

Hopeless + romantic = Hopeless romantic.

 That girl is hopeless romantic, she never
had a boyfriend since birth.

● Prepositional Phrases as Adjective

Modifier

- is a group of words that includes a

preposition, its object, and any modifiers of
the object
example: The book on the shelf is mine.
The girl with the blue eyes is my sister.

Examples of Prepositional Phrases

>Down the tree >Up the hill >Around the
mulberry bush >Into the woods >With
chopped nuts >Near a fast-flowing river
>Within the book’s pages >Through the
tunnel >In spite of >Instead of >Any more
>On account of >To the fact that >Because of

Prepositional Phrases +Adjective

Hungry + because of = I am hungry because
of this diet.
Quickly + in those high heels = You can run
pretty quickly in those high heels.

Adverb as Head
refers to a grammatical construction in which
an adverb serves as the main or central
element of a phrase or clause. In this case,
the adverb functions as the head of the
 phrase, governing and giving structure to the
other words or elements within the phrase.
Example: He spoke very loudly.
She arrived here yesterday.

There are four class words that can modify the

adverb.
● Qualifiers as Adverb Modifier
● Adverbs as adverb Modifier
● Noun as adverb modifier
● Prepositional Phrases as Adverb Modifier

● Qualifiers as Adverb Modifier

is a type of adverbial modifier that provides
additional information or adds specificity to
another adverb. It serves to modify the
meaning or degree of the adverb it is
associated with.

Example: She ran extremely fast.

He spoke quite softly.

● Adverbs as adverb Modifier

modifies or provides additional information about
another adverb. When an adverb modifies
another adverb, it helps to specify or enhance
the meaning of the adverb it is associated with.

Example: They laughed uncontrollably loudly.

She sings beautifully well.

● Noun as adverb modifier

 noun can be used to modify an adverb and
provide additional information about the manner
or degree of an action.

Example: She ran a mile fast.

● Prepositional Phrases as Adverb Modifier

When a prepositional phrase modifies a verb,
adjective, or adverb, it provides additional
information about the manner, place, time, or
other aspects related to the action or state being
described.
A prepositional phrase typically consists of a
preposition (such as
"in,""on,""at,""before,""after,"etc.) followed by a
noun phrase or pronoun. The entire phrase
functions as an adverbial modifier, indicating
how, when, where, or why something happened.

Example: The concert starts at 7 p.m.

Structure of Complementation. Vieshayer Billy LORIMAR PUBLISHING

STRUCTURES OF
refers to the different complements that linking and ENGLISH
transitive predicate verbs may take to complete the LELANI C. DAPAT, EdD
comment that they make about the subject. It has JEROMIL O. ENOC,
two immediate constituents: a verbal element and a EdD
complement. JENNIFER B.
There are four kinds of verbs that occur in the GONZALES, EdD
structure of complementation; each has its own DULCE B. ANLAGAN
complement or set of complements as follow. EdD
 1. Subject + Linking Verb + Subjective
complement
The cake tastes delicious.
The weather is hot.
2. Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object
John bought a book.
We caught a fish.

3. Subject + Transitive Verb + Indirect Object +

Direct Object
Anna gave her friend a book.
The bank sent him a notice.

4. Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object +

Object Complement
Gelo considered Myra compassionate.
We found the movie entertaining

Structures of Coordination Alyssa Gayle Bilbao Cryssman, B.

The term coordination refers to the (2006). Coordination -
juxtaposition of two or more conjuncts often Computational
linked by a conjunction. The conjuncts may be Linguistics and
words or phrases of any type. They are a defining Phonetics. Retrieved
property of coordination, while the presence or March 9, 2023, from
https://www.coli.uni-saarl
absence of a conjunction depends on the specifics and.de/~crysmann/kurse/
of the particular language. ws06/ell.pdf

It is a distinguishing property of coordination

that it can be applied to a wide range of syntactic
categories: put differently, coordinating conjunctions
do not appear to be highly selective as to the
syntactic categories they combine with. As illustrated
by the examples in (1), a coordinating conjunct such
as and can be used to combine sentences, or
constituents of any major category, such as VPs,
NPs, PPs, or APs.
(1)
a. [[ e moon goes round the earth] S and [the
earth goes round the sun] S].
b. Jack [[fell down] VP and [broke his crown]
VP].
c. She promised to send [either [a letter]NP
or [a postcard]NP].
d. A [[very sleek] AP but [rather fat] AP] cat
appeared in the garden.
e. The journey took them [[across desert] PP
and [through jungles]PP].

Similarly, coordination does not seem to be

conned to a particular level of projection: thus,
besides clausal and phrasal categories, coordination
of lexical categories is equally well attested.
(2)
a. We will [[attack]V and [beat]V] the enemy.
b. Fred was [both [angry]A and [upset]A]
about the incident.
 While it is clear that all major lexical
categories can undergo coordination, this is not
always possible for all members of functional
categories, such as determiners or
complementizers. While coordination of almost
purely functional determiners like “a” and “the” are
hardly possible in English, other determiners do
allow coordination, as in some or all people.
Coordinating conjunctions, just like other
conjunctions, are closed-class items, forming a very
small set. Coordinating conjunctions can be further
subdivided into non-correlative conjunctions, such as
and, or, but, and correlative conjunctions, which
necessarily come in pairs: neither ... nor, either ...
or, both ... and.
Structure of Subordination Khler Ann Bautista Nordquist, R. (2020,
In English grammar, a subordinate clause is a group March 9). Subordination
of words that has both a subject and a verb but in English Grammar.
(unlike an independent clause) cannot stand alone ThoughtCo.
as a sentence. Also known as a dependent clause. https://www.thoughtco.co
Contrast this with a main clause and coordinate m/subordination-gramma
clause. Subordinate clauses are usually attached to r-1692155
main clauses or embedded in matrix clauses.

Subordination in English grammar is the process of

linking two clauses in a sentence so that one clause
is dependent on (or subordinate to) another. Clauses Complex Sentences
joined by coordination are called main clauses or (Subordination) | Writing
independent clauses. This is in contrast to Center. (n.d.). PHSC.
subordination, in which a subordinate clause (for https://writing-center.phs
example, an adverb clause or an adjective clause) is c.edu/grammar/sentence
attached to the main clause. -structure/sentence-varie
ty/complex-sentences-su
bordination
Subordinating conjunctions

It is a word that will make the reader want additional

information to finish the thought.

Example

• Although

• After

• Because

• Before
• Even though

• Even if

• In case

• Since

• Unless

• While

Example in Sentence

• Example: Nick watched cartoons after he did

his homework.

• Example: Nick watched cartoons before he

did his homework.

Beginning a sentence with an independent

clause

A complex sentence that begins with its independent

clause requires a subordinating conjunction but not
a comma.

● Complex sentence: Nick watched cartoons

after he did his homework.
● Independent clause: Nick watched cartoons
● Dependent clause: after he did his homework
Beginning a sentence with a dependent clause

A complex sentence that begins with its dependent

clause requires both a subordinating conjunction
and a comma. The subordinating conjunction will
appear at the beginning of the dependent clause,
and the comma will separate the two clauses.

● Complex sentence: After he did his

homework, Nick watched cartoons.
● Dependent clause: After he did his
homework
● Independent clause: Nick watched cartoons

Examples of Subordination/ Complex Sentence:

“I had a migraine because I lacked sleep. “

There are two clauses:

The independent/ main clause is: I had a migraine.

The Dependent or subordinate clause is: Because I

lacked sleep
Structure of Correlation involves a relative clause Althea P. Aballe Correlative Conjunctions:
which is not adjacent to the nominal it is interpreted Definition, Examples, &
with; rather the relative clause precedes the clause Exercises. (2022, March
containing the nominal. Correlative conjunctions 1). The Albert Team.
work in pairs to add two words, phrases, or clauses https://www.albert.io/blog
that have equal importance in a sentence. They /correlative-conjunctions/
work like tag team partners. That’s why we call them
Correlative: CO (together) and relate (relate one
element to another in a sentence). Complex Sentences
(Coordination) | Writing
● Either…or. Center. (n.d.). PHSC.
● Neither… nor. https://writing-center.phs
● Not only…but also. c.edu/grammar/sentence
● Whether…or. -structure/sentence-varie
● No sooner…than. ty/complex-sentences-co
● Rather…than. ordination
● Such…that.
● Scarcely… when

Example:

In Simple Sentence:
● Neither/Nor
Jerry is neither rich nor famous.

(S (NP Jerry)
(VP is neither
(ADJP (ADJP rich)
nor
(ADJP famous))) .)

● Both/and
After an hour of waiting, both the dogs and
the wild raccoons would eat the stew he
 made.

(S (PP After
(NP (NP an hour)
(PP of
(S (VP waiting)))))
, both
(S (NP (NP the dogs)
and
(NP the wild raccoons))
(VP would
(VP eat
(NP (NP the stew)
(SBAR (S (NP he)
(VP made)))))))

Compound Sentence:
● Either we will have an apple pie or we will
have a chocolate cake.

(S Either
(S (S (NP we)
(VP will
(VP have
(NP an apple pie))))
or
(S (NP we)
(VP will
(VP have
(NP a chocolate cake))))) .)

Complex Sentence:
● Not only/But also
He finished not only his report for work but
 also his presentation for school even though
he should have come home early for dinner.

(S (NP He)
(VP finished not
(ADVP only)
(NP his report)
(PP for
(NP (NP work)
but also
(NP his presentation)))
(PP for
(NP school))
even)
(SBAR though
(S (NP he)
(VP should
(VP have
(VP come
(PRT home)
(ADVP early)))))))