NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

Presented by
ERIKA JANE M. DIAZ, LPT
Category: Single Suit

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HIGHER LOWER
PREVIOUS LESSONS IN STATISTICS

• FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
• MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
• MEASURES OF VARIATIONS
Frequency distribution to Histogram
Difference between measures of central
tendency and measures of variations
Small standard deviation

Smaller standard
deviations reflect more
clustered data. More
clustered data means
less extreme values. A
data set with less
extreme values has a
more reliable mean.
High standard deviation

High standard
deviation indicates
data are more spread
out. A large standard
deviation means the
values are not very
similar and therefore
less precise.
 Relative Frequency
A relative frequency distribution shows the proportion of the total number of
observations associated with each value or class of values. Formula :

TEST SCORES f RELATIVE FREQUENCY (%) SOLUTION

46-50 7
41-45 12
36-40 17
31-35 9
26-30 5
i=5 N = 50
 Normal vs. Relative Frequency Distribution

Regular frequency distribution - tells the number of data within a given interval
Relative frequency distribution- tells the proportion or percentage of data values within the same interval
DENSITY CURVE

It helps to visualize the overall shape of a distribution

 IMPORTANCE OF DENSITY CURVE
ADVANTAGES OVER HISTOGRAM
1. Gives idealized picture of a population or data set without considering
irregularities and outliers
IMPORTANCE OF DENSITY CURVE
ADVANTAGES OVER HISTOGRAM
2. The density curves are not
limited by the number of
intervals. It can have infinite
number of intervals.

The picture of histogram

depends on how many intervals a
data set have. The more
intervals, the better visualization
of distribution.
ADVANTAGES OVER HISTOGRAM
3. A smooth curve is generally
easier to work with than a
histogram especially when a very
large population is involved.

Density curves are more

practical, the larger the
population
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
a statistical function that describes
possible values and likelihoods that a
random variable can take within a
given range.
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COUNTABLE AND MEASURABLE
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
a statistical function that describes
possible values and likelihoods that a
random variable can take within a
given range.
RANDOM VARIABLE

OUTCOME - possible result of an

experiment
RANDOM - equal chance of being
selected; unpredictable
RANDOM VARIABLES: DISCRETE & CONTINUOUS

Continuous

Discrete
Continuous
Continuous
Discrete
RANDOM VARIABLES: DISCRETE & CONTINUOUS
 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION OR NORMAL CURVE

- a graphical representation also known as

Gaussian Distribution
- A probability distribution of continuous random
variables ( Ex: Heights, weights, and
examination scores)
- gives the probability that an event will fall
between any two real number limits as the
curve approaches zero on either side of the
mean

Normal curve make it possible to estimate the probability of any variable that cluster
around the mean.
PROPERTIES OF NORMAL CURVE
PROPERTIES OF NORMAL CURVE
1. A normal distribution curve is bell-shaped.
2. The mean, median, and mode are equal and are allocated at the center of
the distribution.

3. A normal distribution curve is unimodal or has only one mode.

PROPERTIES OF NORMAL CURVE
4. The curve is symmetric about the mean, which is equivalent to saying that its
shape is the same on both sides of a vertical line passing through the center.
PROPERTIES OF NORMAL CURVE
5. The curve is continuous; that is, there are no gaps or holes.
6. The curve never touches the x axis but it gets increasingly closer.
 PROPERTIES OF NORMAL CURVE
7. The total area under a normal distribution curve is equal to 1 or 100%.
8. The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation.

Population is the entire group that you want to draw

conclusions about.
Sample is the specific group that you will collect data from.

Note: The size of the sample is always less than the total
size of the population.
PROPERTIES OF NORMAL CURVE

A B C
GRAPHING NORMAL CURVE
EXAMPLE 1
1. For a certain type of computers, the length of time between charges of the
battery is normally distributed with a mean of 50 hours and a standard
deviation of 15 hours. How many computers will have a length of charging
time of 35 hours to 50 hours assuming that 50 computers were tested?
Given:

5 20 35 50 65 80 95
EXAMPLE 2
2. The length of 50 similar components produced by a company is approximated
by a normal distribution model with a mean of 5 cm and a standard deviation of
0.2 cm. How many components are expected to have a length between 4.6 cm
to 5.2 cm?
Given:

4.4 4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6

EXAMPLE 3
3. The length of life of an instrument produced by a machine has a normal
distribution with a mean of 12 months and standard deviation of 2 months. If
there are 250 instruments that were tested, how many of these have a length of
life between 6 months to 14 months?
Given:

6 8 10 12 14 16 18
EXAMPLE 4
4. The time spent by 80 students working on a project is a normal random
variable with parameters hours and hours. How many are
expected to spend time between 4 hours to 8 hours to finish the project?

Given:

0 4 8 12 16 20 24
DESMOS ACTIVITY
STANDARD NORMAL
DISTRIBUTION
This rule states that the data in the
distribution lies within one(1), two(2),and
three(3) of the standard deviation from the
mean are approximately
EMPIRICAL RULE

- Is a distribution with

EMPIRICAL RULE
 EMPIRICAL RULE

Few data which falls 0.30% outside the 3-standard deviation from the mean, which indicates
0.15% towards both ends.
 EMPIRICAL RULE
Example: The scores of the Senior High School students in their Statistics and Probability quarterly examination
are normally distributed with a mean of 35 and a standard deviation of 5.
a. What percent of the scores are between 30 to 40?
b. What scores fall within 95% of the distribution?
STEPS:
1. Locate scores between 30-40 in normal distribution.
2. Construct a normal curve
3. Identify the values ( mean = 35; std. Dev. = 5)
68%

95%
 EMPIRICAL RULE

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
1. For a certain type of computers, the Given: Solution:
length of time between charges of the
battery is normally distributed with a mean
of 50 hours and a standard deviation of 15
hours. How many computers will have a
length of charging time of 35 hours to 50 Therefore, 17 computers have a length of charging time
hours assuming that 50 computers were between 35 hours to 50 hours
tested?
 EMPIRICAL RULE

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
2. The length of 50 similar components Given: Solution:
produced by a company is approximated
by a normal distribution model with a
mean of 5 cm and a standard deviation of
0.2 cm. How many components are
expected to have a length between 4.6 Therefore, 41 components have a length between 4.6
cm to 5.2 cm? cm to 5.2 cm
DESMOS ACTIVITY
STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

In solving real-life problems involving the normal curve, it is

particularly important to convert a random variable x to a
standard normal variable or z-score.

This procedure is known as standardized or

standardization of a random variable, where a
standardized value is called a z-score.
 STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
A z-score is a measure of the number of standard deviations a
particular data value is away from the mean.
The formula used in converting a random variable x to a standard
normal variable z is:

Wherein:
Z = z-value/z-score
X = actual score
STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
Example 1: Suppose IQ scores are normally distributed with a
mean of 100 and standard deviation of 10. If your IQ is 85, what is
your Z-score?
Given: Note that a positive
Z-score lies above
the mean while a
negative Z-score
lies below the
Therefore, your Z-score is -1.5 if your IQ is 85. mean.
 ACTIVITY
Example 2: On a nationwide placement test that is normally
distributed, the mean was 125 and standard deviation was 15. If
you scored 149, what was your z-score?
Given:

Therefore, your Z-score is 1.6 if you scored 149.

 ACTIVITY
Example 3: Suppose IQ scores are normally distributed with a
mean of 100 and standard deviation of 10. If your, your Z-score is
-1.5, what is your actual score (X)?
Given:

Therefore, your actual score is 85 if your Z-score is -1.5

AREAS UNDER THE
NORMAL CURVE
AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE

50% of the region under the curve is below the mean

and the other is above the mean.

50% 50%
AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE
Z-TABLE

● It is used to find the areas under the normal curve.

● Since - the normal curve is symmetric about the mean, this
signifies that the values of areas cannot be negative and
moreover, cannot have values greater than 1 or 100%.
 AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE
Example 1: Find the area to the left of Z = - 1.35
STEP 1:
Draw/sketch
STEP 2: Shade a the region
normal
of curve
the curve according to
and condition
the locate the of z-value
given z-value.
whether it is below, above,
or between.

-1.35
 AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE
Example 1: Find the area to the left of Z = - 1.35
STEP 3: Use the table of the area under the normal curve to
find the corresponding area.

- 1.35 = -1.3 (row) and 0.05 (column)

AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE
STEP 4: Choose the appropriate operation based on
step 2 and 3
● When the z-value is to the left or any related terms
just write the value we obtained in step 3.
● When the z-value is to the right or any related
terms subtract 1 by the obtained value in step 3.
● When the shaded region is in between of the two
z-value, subtract the biggest by the smallest value
obtained in step 3.
 AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE
Example 1: Find the area to the left of Z = - 1.35
STEP 5:
Label the shaded
region and draw a
conclusion.
0.0885
Therefore, the area on
the left of z-score -1.35
is 0.0885 or 8.85%

-1.35
 AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE
Example 2: Find the area to the right of Z = - 0.98
STEP 1:
Draw/sketch
STEP 2: Shade a the region
normal
of curve
the curve according to
and condition
the locate the of z-value
given z-value.
whether it is below, above,
or between.

-0.98
 AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE
Example 2: Find the area to the right of Z = - 0.98
STEP 3: Use the table of the area under the normal curve to
find the corresponding area.

- 0.98 = -0.9 (row) and 0.08 (column)

AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE
STEP 4: Choose the appropriate operation based on
step 2 and 3
● When the z-value is to the left or any related terms
just write the value we obtained in step 3.
● When the z-value is to the right or any related
terms subtract 1 by the obtained value in step 3.
● When the shaded region is in between of the two
z-value, subtract the biggest by the smallest value
obtained in step 3.
 AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE
Example 2: Find the area to the right of Z = - 0.98
STEP 4: When the z-value is to the right or any related terms
subtract 1 by the obtained value in step 3.

STEP 5:
Label the shaded region and draw a
conclusion.
1
Therefore, the area on the right
0.8365 or 83.65%.
of z-score -0.98 is
0.1635 0.8365
 AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE
Example 3: Find the area between Z = -2.7 and Z = 1.85
STEP 1:
Draw/sketch
STEP 2: Shade a the region
normal
of curve
the curve according to
and condition
the locate the of z-value
given z-value.
whether it is below, above,
or between.

-2.7 1.85
 AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE
Example 3: Find the area between Z = -2.7 and Z = 1.85
STEP 3: Use the table of the area under the normal curve to
find the corresponding area.

- 2.7 = -2.7 (row) and 0.00 (column)

 AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE
Example 3: Find the area between Z = -2.7 and Z = 1.85
STEP 3: Use the table of the area under the normal curve to
find the corresponding area.

1.85 = 1.8 (row) and 0.05 (column)

AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE
STEP 4: Choose the appropriate operation based on
step 2 and 3
● When the z-value is to the left or any related terms
just write the value we obtained in step 3.
● When the z-value is to the right or any related
terms subtract 1 by the obtained value in step 3.
● When the shaded region is in between of the two
z-value, subtract the biggest by the smallest value
obtained in step 3.
 AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE
Example 3: Find the area between Z = -2.7 and Z = 1.85
STEP 4: When the shaded region is in between of the two z-value,
subtract the biggest by the smallest value obtained in step 3.

STEP 5:
Label the shaded region and draw a
conclusion.

0.9678
Therefore, the area between the0.0035
z-score -2.7 and 1.85 0.9643
is 0.9643 or 96.43%.
NOTATIONS

● The notations are used and their meanings are as follows:

is read as “the probability or area of z between a and b”

is read as “the probability or area of z less than a or to the
left of a”
is read as “the probability or area of z greater than a or to
the right of z”
 EXAMPLE NOTATIONS
A. 𝑃 (−1.29 < 𝑍 < 0.17) C. 𝑃 (𝑍 > 1.5)

B. 𝑃 (𝑍 < −2.05)
SUMMARY

● RANDOM VARIABLES: Discrete and Continuous

● NORMAL CURVE
- Properties of a normal curve
- Graphing normal curve
● STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
- Empirical Rule
- Z-scores
● AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE
- Z-score to the left (below, less than)
- Z-score to the right (above, greater than)
- Z-score between
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