How does AI work?

As the hype around AI has accelerated, vendors have been scrambling to promote how
their products and services use it. Often, what they refer to as AI is simply a
component of the technology, such as machine learning. AI requires a foundation of
specialized hardware and software for writing and training machine learning
algorithms. No single programming language is synonymous with AI, but Python, R,
Java, C++ and Julia have features popular with AI developers.

In general, AI systems work by ingesting large amounts of labeled training data,

analyzing the data for correlations and patterns, and using these patterns to make
predictions about future states. In this way, a chatbot that is fed examples of text can
learn to generate lifelike exchanges with people, or an image recognition tool can
learn to identify and describe objects in images by reviewing millions of examples.
New, rapidly improving generative AI techniques can create realistic text, images,
music and other media.

AI programming focuses on cognitive skills that include the following:

 Learning. This aspect of AI programming focuses on acquiring data and

creating rules for how to turn it into actionable information. The rules,
which are called algorithms, provide computing devices with step-by-step
instructions for how to complete a specific task.

 Reasoning. This aspect of AI programming focuses on choosing the right

algorithm to reach a desired outcome.

 Self-correction. This aspect of AI programming is designed to continually

fine-tune algorithms and ensure they provide the most accurate results
possible.

 Creativity. This aspect of AI uses neural networks, rules-based systems,

statistical methods and other AI techniques to generate new images, new
text, new music and new ideas.
Differences between AI, machine learning and deep learning
AI, machine learning and deep learning are common terms in enterprise IT and sometimes used interchangeably,

especially by companies in their marketing materials. But there are distinctions. The term AI, coined in the 1950s,

refers to the simulation of human intelligence by machines. It covers an ever-changing set of capabilities as new

technologies are developed. Technologies that come under the umbrella of AI include machine learning and deep

learning.

Machine learning enables software applications to become more accurate at predicting outcomes without being

explicitly programmed to do so. Machine learning algorithms use historical data as input to predict new output

values. This approach became vastly more effective with the rise of large data sets to train on. Deep learning, a

subset of machine learning, is based on our understanding of how the brain is structured. Deep learning's use of

artificial neural networks structure is the underpinning of recent advances in AI, including self-driving cars and

ChatGPT.

Why is artificial intelligence important?

AI is important for its potential to change how we live, work and play. It has been
effectively used in business to automate tasks done by humans, including customer
service work, lead generation, fraud detection and quality control. In a number of
areas, AI can perform tasks much better than humans. Particularly when it comes to
repetitive, detail-oriented tasks, such as analyzing large numbers of legal documents
to ensure relevant fields are filled in properly, AI tools often complete jobs quickly
and with relatively few errors. Because of the massive data sets it can process, AI can
also give enterprises insights into their operations they might not have been aware of.
The rapidly expanding population of generative AI tools will be important in fields
ranging from education and marketing to product design.

THIS ARTICLE IS PART OF

A guide to artificial intelligence in the enterprise

 Which also includes:

 The future of AI: What to expect in the next 5 years

 Types of AI algorithms and how they work

 AI regulation: What businesses need to know in 2023

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Indeed, advances in AI techniques have not only helped fuel an explosion in

efficiency, but opened the door to entirely new business opportunities for some larger
enterprises. Prior to the current wave of AI, it would have been hard to imagine using
computer software to connect riders to taxis, but Uber has become a Fortune 500
company by doing just that.

AI has become central to many of today's largest and most successful companies,
including Alphabet, Apple, Microsoft and Meta, where AI technologies are used to
improve operations and outpace competitors. At Alphabet subsidiary Google, for
example, AI is central to its search engine, Waymo's self-driving cars and Google
Brain, which invented the transformer neural network architecture that underpins the
recent breakthroughs in natural language processing.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of artificial

intelligence?
Artificial neural networks and deep learning AI technologies are quickly evolving,
primarily because AI can process large amounts of data much faster and make
predictions more accurately than humanly possible.

While the huge volume of data created on a daily basis would bury a human
researcher, AI applications using machine learning can take that data and quickly turn
it into actionable information. As of this writing, a primary disadvantage of AI is that
it is expensive to process the large amounts of data AI programming requires. As AI
techniques are incorporated into more products and services, organizations must also
be attuned to AI's potential to create biased and discriminatory systems, intentionally
or inadvertently.

Advantages of AI
The following are some advantages of AI.

 Good at detail-oriented jobs. AI has proven to be as good or better than

doctors at diagnosing certain cancers, including breast
cancer and melanoma.

 Reduced time for data-heavy tasks. AI is widely used in data-heavy

industries, including banking and securities, pharma and insurance, to
reduce the time it takes to analyze big data sets. Financial services, for
example, routinely use AI to process loan applications and detect fraud.

 Saves labor and increases productivity. An example here is the use

of warehouse automation, which grew during the pandemic and is expected
to increase with the integration of AI and machine learning.

 Delivers consistent results. The best AI translation tools deliver high levels

of consistency, offering even small businesses the ability to reach customers
in their native language.

 Can improve customer satisfaction through personalization. AI can

personalize content, messaging, ads, recommendations and websites to
individual customers.

 AI-powered virtual agents are always available. AI programs do not need

to sleep or take breaks, providing 24/7 service.
Disadvantages of AI
The following are some disadvantages of AI.

 Expensive.

 Requires deep technical expertise.

 Limited supply of qualified workers to build AI tools.

 Reflects the biases of its training data, at scale.

 Lack of ability to generalize from one task to another.

  Eliminates human jobs, increasing unemployment rates.
Strong AI vs. weak AI
AI can be categorized as weak or strong.

 Weak AI, also known as narrow AI, is designed and trained to complete a
specific task. Industrial robots and virtual personal assistants, such as
Apple's Siri, use weak AI.

 Strong AI, also known as artificial general intelligence (AGI), describes

programming that can replicate the cognitive abilities of the human brain.
When presented with an unfamiliar task, a strong AI system can use fuzzy
logic to apply knowledge from one domain to another and find a solution
autonomously. In theory, a strong AI program should be able to pass both
a Turing test and the Chinese Room argument.
What are the 4 types of artificial intelligence?
Arend Hintze, an assistant professor of integrative biology and computer science and
engineering at Michigan State University, explained that AI can be categorized into
four types, beginning with the task-specific intelligent systems in wide use today and
progressing to sentient systems, which do not yet exist. The categories are as follows.

 Type 1: Reactive machines. These AI systems have no memory and are

task-specific. An example is Deep Blue, the IBM chess program that beat
Garry Kasparov in the 1990s. Deep Blue can identify pieces on a
chessboard and make predictions, but because it has no memory, it cannot
use past experiences to inform future ones.

 Type 2: Limited memory. These AI systems have memory, so they can use

past experiences to inform future decisions. Some of the decision-making
functions in self-driving cars are designed this way.

 Type 3: Theory of mind. Theory of mind is a psychology term. When

applied to AI, it means the system would have the social intelligence to
understand emotions. This type of AI will be able to infer human intentions
 and predict behavior, a necessary skill for AI systems to become integral
members of human teams.

 Type 4: Self-awareness. In this category, AI systems have a sense of self,

which gives them consciousness. Machines with self-awareness understand
their own current state. This type of AI does not yet exist.

DAVID PETERSSON

These are commonly described as the four main types of AI.

What are examples of AI technology and how is it used today?
AI is incorporated into a variety of different types of technology. Here are seven
examples.

Automation. When paired with AI technologies, automation tools can expand the

volume and types of tasks performed. An example is robotic process automation
(RPA), a type of software that automates repetitive, rules-based data processing tasks
traditionally done by humans. When combined with machine learning and emerging
AI tools, RPA can automate bigger portions of enterprise jobs, enabling RPA's tactical
bots to pass along intelligence from AI and respond to process changes.

Machine learning. This is the science of getting a computer to act without

programming. Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that, in very simple
terms, can be thought of as the automation of predictive analytics. There are three
types of machine learning algorithms:

 Supervised learning. Data sets are labeled so that patterns can be detected

and used to label new data sets.

 Unsupervised learning. Data sets aren't labeled and are sorted according to

similarities or differences.

 Reinforcement learning. Data sets aren't labeled but, after performing an

action or several actions, the AI system is given feedback.
Machine vision. This technology gives a machine the ability to see. Machine vision
captures and analyzes visual information using a camera, analog-to-digital conversion
and digital signal processing. It is often compared to human eyesight, but machine
vision isn't bound by biology and can be programmed to see through walls, for
example. It is used in a range of applications from signature identification to medical
image analysis. Computer vision, which is focused on machine-based image
processing, is often conflated with machine vision.

Natural language processing (NLP). This is the processing of human language by a

computer program. One of the older and best-known examples of NLP is spam
detection, which looks at the subject line and text of an email and decides if it's junk.
Current approaches to NLP are based on machine learning. NLP tasks include text
translation, sentiment analysis and speech recognition.

Robotics. This field of engineering focuses on the design and manufacturing of

robots. Robots are often used to perform tasks that are difficult for humans to perform
or perform consistently. For example, robots are used in car production assembly lines
or by NASA to move large objects in space. Researchers also use machine learning to
build robots that can interact in social settings.

Self-driving cars. Autonomous vehicles use a combination of computer vision, image

recognition and deep learning to build automated skills to pilot a vehicle while staying
in a given lane and avoiding unexpected obstructions, such as pedestrians.

Text, image and audio generation. Generative AI techniques, which create various

types of media from text prompts, are being applied extensively across businesses to
create a seemingly limitless range of content types from photorealistic art to email
responses and screenplays.

AI is not just one technology.

What are the applications of AI?
Artificial intelligence has made its way into a wide variety of markets. Here are 11
examples.

AI in healthcare. The biggest bets are on improving patient outcomes and reducing

costs. Companies are applying machine learning to make better and faster medical
diagnoses than humans. One of the best-known healthcare technologies is IBM
Watson. It understands natural language and can respond to questions asked of it. The
system mines patient data and other available data sources to form a hypothesis,
which it then presents with a confidence scoring schema. Other AI applications
include using online virtual health assistants and chatbots to help patients and
healthcare customers find medical information, schedule appointments, understand the
billing process and complete other administrative processes. An array of AI
technologies is also being used to predict, fight and understand pandemics such as
COVID-19.

AI in business. Machine learning algorithms are being integrated into analytics and

customer relationship management (CRM) platforms to uncover information on how
to better serve customers. Chatbots have been incorporated into websites to provide
immediate service to customers. The rapid advancement of generative AI technology
such as ChatGPT is expected to have far-reaching consequences: eliminating jobs,
revolutionizing product design and disrupting business models.

AI in education. AI can automate grading, giving educators more time for other
tasks. It can assess students and adapt to their needs, helping them work at their own
pace. AI tutors can provide additional support to students, ensuring they stay on track.
The technology could also change where and how students learn, perhaps even
replacing some teachers. As demonstrated by ChatGPT, Bard and other large
language models, generative AI can help educators craft course work and other
teaching materials and engage students in new ways. The advent of these tools also
forces educators to rethink student homework and testing and revise policies on
plagiarism.
AI in finance. AI in personal finance applications, such as Intuit Mint or TurboTax, is
disrupting financial institutions. Applications such as these collect personal data and
provide financial advice. Other programs, such as IBM Watson, have been applied to
the process of buying a home. Today, artificial intelligence software performs much
of the trading on Wall Street.

AI in law. The discovery process -- sifting through documents -- in law is often

overwhelming for humans. Using AI to help automate the legal industry's labor-
intensive processes is saving time and improving client service. Law firms use
machine learning to describe data and predict outcomes, computer vision to classify
and extract information from documents, and NLP to interpret requests for
information.

AI in entertainment and media. The entertainment business uses AI techniques for

targeted advertising, recommending content, distribution, detecting fraud, creating
scripts and making movies. Automated journalism helps newsrooms streamline media
workflows reducing time, costs and complexity. Newsrooms use AI to automate
routine tasks, such as data entry and proofreading; and to research topics and assist
with headlines. How journalism can reliably use ChatGPT and other generative AI to
generate content is open to question.

AI in software coding and IT processes. New generative AI tools can be used to

produce application code based on natural language prompts, but it is early days for
these tools and unlikely they will replace software engineers soon. AI is also being
used to automate many IT processes, including data entry, fraud detection, customer
service, and predictive maintenance and security.

Security. AI and machine learning are at the top of the buzzword list security vendors
use to market their products, so buyers should approach with caution. Still, AI
techniques are being successfully applied to multiple aspects of cybersecurity,
including anomaly detection, solving the false-positive problem and conducting
behavioral threat analytics. Organizations use machine learning in security
information and event management (SIEM) software and related areas to detect
anomalies and identify suspicious activities that indicate threats. By analyzing data
and using logic to identify similarities to known malicious code, AI can provide alerts
to new and emerging attacks much sooner than human employees and previous
technology iterations.

AI in manufacturing. Manufacturing has been at the forefront of incorporating

robots into the workflow. For example, the industrial robots that were at one time
programmed to perform single tasks and separated from human workers, increasingly
function as cobots: Smaller, multitasking robots that collaborate with humans and take
on responsibility for more parts of the job in warehouses, factory floors and other
workspaces.

AI in banking. Banks are successfully employing chatbots to make their customers

aware of services and offerings and to handle transactions that don't require human
intervention. AI virtual assistants are used to improve and cut the costs of compliance
with banking regulations. Banking organizations use AI to improve their decision-
making for loans, set credit limits and identify investment opportunities.

AI in transportation. In addition to AI's fundamental role in operating autonomous

vehicles, AI technologies are used in transportation to manage traffic, predict flight
delays, and make ocean shipping safer and more efficient. In supply chains, AI is
replacing traditional methods of forecasting demand and predicting disruptions, a
trend accelerated by COVID-19 when many companies were caught off guard by the
effects of a global pandemic on the supply and demand of goods.

Augmented intelligence vs. artificial intelligence

Some industry experts have argued that the term artificial intelligence is too closely
linked to popular culture, which has caused the general public to have improbable
expectations about how AI will change the workplace and life in general. They have
suggested using the term augmented intelligence to differentiate between AI systems
that act autonomously -- popular culture examples include Hal 9000 and The
Terminator -- and AI tools that support humans.

 Augmented intelligence. Some researchers and marketers hope the

label augmented intelligence, which has a more neutral connotation, will
help people understand that most implementations of AI will be weak and
simply improve products and services. Examples include automatically
surfacing important information in business intelligence reports or
highlighting important information in legal filings. The rapid adoption of
ChatGPT and Bard across industry indicates a willingness to use AI to
support human decision-making.

 Artificial intelligence. True AI, or AGI, is closely associated with the

concept of the technological singularity -- a future ruled by an artificial
superintelligence that far surpasses the human brain's ability to understand it
or how it is shaping our reality. This remains within the realm of science
fiction, though some developers are working on the problem. Many believe
that technologies such as quantum computing could play an important role
in making AGI a reality and that we should reserve the use of the term AI
for this kind of general intelligence.
Ethical use of artificial intelligence
While AI tools present a range of new functionality for businesses, the use of AI also
raises ethical questions because, for better or worse, an AI system will reinforce what
it has already learned.

This can be problematic because machine learning algorithms, which underpin many
of the most advanced AI tools, are only as smart as the data they are given in training.
Because a human being selects what data is used to train an AI program, the potential
for machine learning bias is inherent and must be monitored closely.

Anyone looking to use machine learning as part of real-world, in-production systems

needs to factor ethics into their AI training processes and strive to avoid bias. This is
especially true when using AI algorithms that are inherently unexplainable in deep
learning and generative adversarial network (GAN) applications.

Explainability is a potential stumbling block to using AI in industries that operate

under strict regulatory compliance requirements. For example, financial institutions in
the United States operate under regulations that require them to explain their credit-
issuing decisions. When a decision to refuse credit is made by AI programming,
however, it can be difficult to explain how the decision was arrived at because the AI
tools used to make such decisions operate by teasing out subtle correlations between
thousands of variables. When the decision-making process cannot be explained, the
program may be referred to as black box AI.

In summary, AI's ethical challenges include the following: bias, due to improperly

trained algorithms and human bias; misuse, due to deepfakes and phishing; legal
concerns, including AI libel and copyright issues; elimination of jobs; and data
privacy concerns, particularly in the banking, healthcare and legal fields.
 These
components make up responsible AI use.
AI governance and regulations
Despite potential risks, there are currently few regulations governing the use of AI
tools, and where laws do exist, they typically pertain to AI indirectly. For example, as
previously mentioned, U.S. Fair Lending regulations require financial institutions to
explain credit decisions to potential customers. This limits the extent to which lenders
can use deep learning algorithms, which by their nature are opaque and lack
explainability.

The European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is considering AI

regulations. GDPR's strict limits on how enterprises can use consumer data already
limits the training and functionality of many consumer-facing AI applications.
Policymakers in the U.S. have yet to issue AI legislation, but that could change soon.
A "Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights" published in October 2022 by the White House
Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) guides businesses on how to
implement ethical AI systems. The U.S. Chamber of Commerce also called for AI
regulations in a report released in March 2023.

Crafting laws to regulate AI will not be easy, in part because AI comprises a variety
of technologies that companies use for different ends, and partly because regulations
can come at the cost of AI progress and development. The rapid evolution of AI
technologies is another obstacle to forming meaningful regulation of AI, as are the
challenges presented by AI's lack of transparency that make it difficult to see how the
algorithms reach their results. Moreover, technology breakthroughs and novel
applications such as ChatGPT and Dall-E can make existing laws instantly obsolete.
And, of course, the laws that governments do manage to craft to regulate AI don't stop
criminals from using the technology with malicious intent.
had a long and sometimes controversial history from the Turing test in 1950 to today's generative
AI chatbots like ChatGPT.
What is the history of AI?
The concept of inanimate objects endowed with intelligence has been around since
ancient times. The Greek god Hephaestus was depicted in myths as forging robot-like
servants out of gold. Engineers in ancient Egypt built statues of gods animated by
priests. Throughout the centuries, thinkers from Aristotle to the 13th century Spanish
theologian Ramon Llull to René Descartes and Thomas Bayes used the tools and logic
of their times to describe human thought processes as symbols, laying the foundation
for AI concepts such as general knowledge representation.

The late 19th and first half of the 20th centuries brought forth the foundational work
that would give rise to the modern computer. In 1836, Cambridge University
mathematician Charles Babbage and Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace,
invented the first design for a programmable machine.

1940s. Princeton mathematician John Von Neumann conceived the architecture for

the stored-program computer -- the idea that a computer's program and the data it
processes can be kept in the computer's memory. And Warren McCulloch and Walter
Pitts laid the foundation for neural networks.

1950s. With the advent of modern computers, scientists could test their ideas about
machine intelligence. One method for determining whether a computer has
intelligence was devised by the British mathematician and World War II code-breaker
Alan Turing. The Turing test focused on a computer's ability to fool interrogators into
believing its responses to their questions were made by a human being.

1956. The modern field of artificial intelligence is widely cited as starting this year
during a summer conference at Dartmouth College. Sponsored by the Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the conference was attended by 10
luminaries in the field, including AI pioneers Marvin Minsky, Oliver Selfridge
and John McCarthy, who is credited with coining the term artificial intelligence. Also
in attendance were Allen Newell, a computer scientist, and Herbert A. Simon, an
economist, political scientist and cognitive psychologist. The two presented their
groundbreaking Logic Theorist, a computer program capable of proving certain
mathematical theorems and referred to as the first AI program.

1950s and 1960s. In the wake of the Dartmouth College conference, leaders in the
fledgling field of AI predicted that a man-made intelligence equivalent to the human
brain was around the corner, attracting major government and industry support.
Indeed, nearly 20 years of well-funded basic research generated significant advances
in AI: For example, in the late 1950s, Newell and Simon published the General
Problem Solver (GPS) algorithm, which fell short of solving complex problems but
laid the foundations for developing more sophisticated cognitive architectures; and
McCarthy developed Lisp, a language for AI programming still used today. In the
mid-1960s, MIT Professor Joseph Weizenbaum developed ELIZA, an early NLP
program that laid the foundation for today's chatbots.

1970s and 1980s. The achievement of artificial general intelligence proved elusive,

not imminent, hampered by limitations in computer processing and memory and by
the complexity of the problem. Government and corporations backed away from their
support of AI research, leading to a fallow period lasting from 1974 to 1980 known as
the first "AI Winter." In the 1980s, research on deep learning techniques and
industry's adoption of Edward Feigenbaum's expert systems sparked a new wave of
AI enthusiasm, only to be followed by another collapse of government funding and
industry support. The second AI winter lasted until the mid-1990s.

1990s. Increases in computational power and an explosion of data sparked an AI

renaissance in the late 1990s that set the stage for the remarkable advances in AI we
see today. The combination of big data and increased computational power propelled
breakthroughs in NLP, computer vision, robotics, machine learning and deep learning.
In 1997, as advances in AI accelerated, IBM's Deep Blue defeated Russian chess
grandmaster Garry Kasparov, becoming the first computer program to beat a world
chess champion.
2000s. Further advances in machine learning, deep learning, NLP, speech recognition
and computer vision gave rise to products and services that have shaped the way we
live today. These include the 2000 launch of Google's search engine and the 2001
launch of Amazon's recommendation engine. Netflix developed its recommendation
system for movies, Facebook introduced its facial recognition system and Microsoft
launched its speech recognition system for transcribing speech into text. IBM
launched Watson and Google started its self-driving initiative, Waymo.

2010s. The decade between 2010 and 2020 saw a steady stream of AI developments.
These include the launch of Apple's Siri and Amazon's Alexa voice assistants; IBM
Watson's victories on Jeopardy; self-driving cars; the development of the first
generative adversarial network; the launch of TensorFlow, Google's open source deep
learning framework; the founding of research lab OpenAI, developers of the GPT-3
language model and Dall-E image generator; the defeat of world Go champion Lee
Sedol by Google DeepMind's AlphaGo; and the implementation of AI-based systems
that detect cancers with a high degree of accuracy.

2020s. The current decade has seen the advent of generative AI, a type of artificial
intelligence technology that can produce new content. Generative AI starts with a
prompt that could be in the form of a text, an image, a video, a design, musical notes
or any input that the AI system can process. Various AI algorithms then return new
content in response to the prompt. Content can include essays, solutions to problems,
or realistic fakes created from pictures or audio of a person. The abilities of language
models such as ChatGPT-3, Google's Bard and Microsoft's Megatron-Turing NLG
have wowed the world, but the technology is still in early stages, as evidenced by its
tendency to hallucinate or skew answers.

AI tools and services

AI tools and services are evolving at a rapid rate. Current innovations in AI tools and
services can be traced to the 2012 AlexNet neural network that ushered in a new era
of high-performance AI built on GPUs and large data sets. The key change was the
ability to train neural networks on massive amounts of data across multiple GPU cores
in parallel in a more scalable way.

Over the last several years, the symbiotic relationship between AI discoveries at
Google, Microsoft, and OpenAI, and the hardware innovations pioneered by Nvidia
have enabled running ever-larger AI models on more connected GPUs, driving game-
changing improvements in performance and scalability.

The collaboration among these AI luminaries was crucial for the recent success of
ChatGPT, not to mention dozens of other breakout AI services. Here is a rundown of
important innovations in AI tools and services.

Transformers. Google, for example, led the way in finding a more efficient process
for provisioning AI training across a large cluster of commodity PCs with GPUs. This
paved the way for the discovery of transformers that automate many aspects of
training AI on unlabeled data.

Hardware optimization. Just as important, hardware vendors like Nvidia are also

optimizing the microcode for running across multiple GPU cores in parallel for the
most popular algorithms. Nvidia claimed the combination of faster hardware, more
efficient AI algorithms, fine-tuning GPU instructions and better data center
integration is driving a million-fold improvement in AI performance. Nvidia is also
working with all cloud center providers to make this capability more accessible as AI-
as-a-Service through IaaS, SaaS and PaaS models.

Generative pre-trained transformers. The AI stack has also evolved rapidly over

the last few years. Previously enterprises would have to train their AI models from
scratch. Increasingly vendors such as OpenAI, Nvidia, Microsoft, Google, and others
provide generative pre-trained transformers (GPTs), which can be fine-tuned for a
specific task at a dramatically reduced cost, expertise and time. Whereas some of the
largest models are estimated to cost $5 million to $10 million per run, enterprises can
fine-tune the resulting models for a few thousand dollars. This results in faster time to
market and reduces risk.

AI cloud services. Among the biggest roadblocks that prevent enterprises from

effectively using AI in their businesses are the data engineering and data science tasks
required to weave AI capabilities into new apps or to develop new ones. All the
leading cloud providers are rolling out their own branded AI as service offerings to
streamline data prep, model development and application deployment. Top examples
include AWS AI Services, Google Cloud AI, Microsoft Azure AI platform, IBM AI
solutions and Oracle Cloud Infrastructure AI Services.

Cutting-edge AI models as a service. Leading AI model developers also offer

cutting-edge AI models on top of these cloud services. OpenAI has dozens of large
language models optimized for chat, NLP, image generation and code generation that
are provisioned through Azure. Nvidia has pursued a more cloud-agnostic approach
by selling AI infrastructure and foundational models optimized for text, images and
medical data available across all cloud providers. Hundreds of other players are
offering models customized for various industries and use cases as well.

George Lawton also contributed to this article.

This was last updated in July 2023

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