La 6
La 6
La 6
Lecture 6
SEECS-NUST
Throughout this text, we will use the following set notation: begincenter
k u ∈ V.
Then V is called a real vector space (over the field R) if the following
axioms hold for any vectors u, v , w ∈ V :
A1 (u ⊕ v ) ⊕ w = u ⊕ (v ⊕ w )
A2 There is a vector in V , denoted by 0 and called the
zero vector , such that, for any u ∈ V ; u ⊕ 0 = 0 ⊕ u = u.
A3 For each u ∈ V , there is a vector in V , denoted by −u, and
called the negative of u, such that u ⊕ (−u) = (−u) ⊕ u = 0.
A4 u ⊕ v = v ⊕ u.
M1 k (u ⊕ v ) = (k u) ⊕ (k v ), for any scalar k ∈ R.
M2 (a + b) u = (a u) ⊕ (b u), for any scalars a, b ∈ R.
M3 (a b)u = a (b u), for any scalars a, b ∈ R.
M4 1 u = u, for the unit scalar 1 ∈ R.
Dr. Quanita Kiran (quanita.kiran@seecs.edu.pk) Vector Spaces and Subspaces
(SEECS-NUST) April 18, 2022 4 / 22
Vector Space
Let V be a nonempty set with two operations:
1 Vector Addition: This assigns to any u, v ∈ V a sum u + v in V .
ku ∈ V .
Then V is called a real vector space (over the field R) if the following
axioms hold for any vectors u, v , w ∈ V :
A1 (u + v ) + w = u + (v + w )
A2 There is a vector in V , denoted by 0 and called the
zero vector , such that, for any u ∈ V ; u + 0 = 0 + u = u.
A3 For each u ∈ V , there is a vector in V , denoted by −u, and
called the negative of u, such that u + (−u) = (−u) + u = 0.
A4 u + v = v + u.
M1 k(u + v ) = ku + kv , for any scalar k ∈ R.
M2 (a + b)u = au + bu, for any scalars a, b ∈ R.
M3 (ab)u = a(bu), for any scalars a, b ∈ R.
M4 1u = u, for the unit scalar 1 ∈ R.
Dr. Quanita Kiran (quanita.kiran@seecs.edu.pk) Vector Spaces and Subspaces
(SEECS-NUST) April 18, 2022 5 / 22
Examples of vector spaces
1 The zero vector space {0} consisting of the zero vector alone.
2 The vector space Rm consisting of all vectors in Rm .
3 The space Mmn of all m × n matrices.
4 The space of all (continuous) functions.
5 The space of all polynomials.
6 The space Pn of all polynomials of degree at most n.
p(t) = a0 + a1 t + a2 t 2 + · · · + as t s (s = 1, 2, · · · )
Let Pn (t) denote the set of all polynomials where the degree of p(t) is less
than or equal to n
p(t) = a0 + a1 t + a2 t 2 + · · · + as t s , where s ≤ n,
Function Space F (X )