MATHEMATICS II

MATH F112

Department of Mathematics
BITS Pilani K K Birla Goa Campus

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

 Vector Space

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

 Vector Spaces
Definition: A vector space is a nonempty set V of objects,
called vectors, on which are defined two operations, called
vector addition and multiplication by scalars (real
numbers), subject to the ten axioms (or rules) listed below.
The axioms must hold for all vectors u, v, and w in V and
for all scalars c and d.
1. The sum of u and v, denoted by u + v , is in V.
2. u + v = v + .u
3. (u + v) + w = u + (v + w) .
4. There is a zero vector 0 in V such that for every u
in V, u+0 = u, this is called the identity element.
5. For each u in V, there is a vector − u in V such
that u + (− u) = 0 . This is the additive inverse.
6. The scalar multiple of u by c, denoted by cu, is
in V.
7. c (u + v) = cu + cv.
8. (c + d )u = cu + du.
9. c ( du) = (cd )u .
10. 1u = u .
Examples of vector spaces
(1) n-tuple space: Rn
(u1 , u2 ,L un ) + (v1 , v2 ,L v2 ) = (u1 + v1 , u2 + v2 ,L un + vn )

k (u1 , u2 ,L un ) = (ku1 , ku2 ,L kun )

(2) V = M m×n (the set of all m×n matrices with real entries)

Ex: (m = n = 2)
u11 u12  v11 v12  u11 + v11 u12 + v12 
u u  + v v  = u + v u + v 
 21 22   21 22   21 21 22 22 
u11 u12  ku11 ku12 
k  = 
u u ku
 21 22   21 ku22 
4.5
(3) V = Pn (the set of all real polynomials of degree n or less)
p ( x) + q ( x) = (a0 + b0 ) + (a1 + b1 ) x + L + (an + bn ) x n
kp( x) = ka0 + ka1 x + L + kan x n

(4) V = C (−∞, ∞) (the set of all real-valued continuous

functions defined on the entire real line)

( f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x)

(kf )( x) = kf ( x)

4.6
 Important vector spaces

R = set of all real numbers

R2 = set of all ordered pairs
R3 = set of all ordered triples
Rn = set of all n-tuples
C(−∞, ∞) = set of all continuous functions defined on the real number line
C[a, b] = set of all continuous functions defined on a closed interval [a, b]
P = set of all polynomials
Pn = set of all polynomials of degree ≤ n
Mm,n = set of m × n matrices
Mn,n = set of n × n square matrices

4.7
Note: To show that a set is not a vector space, you need only
find one axiom that is not satisfied

Ex 1: The set of all integers is not a vector space

(it is not closed under scalar multiplication)

Ex 2: The set of all (exact) second-degree polynomial functions is

not a vector space
(it is not closed under vector addition)

4.8

Ex 3:
V=R2=the set of all ordered pairs of real numbers
vector addition: (u1 , u 2 ) + (v1 , v2 ) = (u1 + v1 , u 2 + v2 )
scalar multiplication: c(u1 , u2 ) = (cu1 ,0)
Verify V is not a vector space

Sol: This kind of setting can satisfy the first nine axioms of the
definition of a vector space (you can try to show that), but it
violates the tenth axiom

Q1(1, 1) = (1, 0) ≠ (1, 1)

∴ the set (together with the two given operations) is
not a vector space

4.9
Problem 1

Let V be the set of all positive real numbers, with the

operations

vector addition: u + v = uv

scalar multiplication: ku = u k

Prove or disprove that V is a vector space.

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

Problem 2

Let V be the set of all ordered pair of the form (u, v)

where u is any real number but v is a positive real
number, with the operations
vector addition: (u1 , v1 ) + (u 2 , v 2 ) = (u1 + u 2 , v1v 2 )

scalar multiplication: k ( u , v ) = ( ku , v k )

Prove or disprove that V is a vector space.

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

Properties of Vector Space:

Let V be a vector space, v a vector in V and let c be

any scalar. Then the following properties are true

(1) 0v = 0
(2) c0 = 0
(3) If cv = 0, either c = 0 or v = 0
(4) ( −1) v = − v
(5) If u + v = u + w , then v = w

4.12
(a) Show that every vector space has a
unique additive identity.

(b) Show that every v in V has a unique

additive inverse.

4.13
Subspaces of Vector Space

4.14
 Let V be a vector space and W a nonempty subset of V. If W is a
vector space under the operations of vector addition and scalar
multiplication defined on V then W is called a subspace of V.

Trivial subspace: Every vector space V has at least two subspaces

(1) Zero vector space {0} is a subspace of V

(2) V is a subspace of V

4.15
Examination of whether W being a subspace

Since the vector operations defined on W are the same as

those defined on V, and most of the ten axioms inherit
the properties for the vector operations, it is not needed
to verify those axioms.

To identify that a nonempty subset of a vector space is a

subspace, it is sufficient to test only the closure
conditions under vector addition and scalar
multiplication

4.16
Theorem:

Let V be a vector space with the vector addition and scalar

multiplication defined on it, let W be a nonempty subset of V ,
then W is a subspace of V if and only if the following
conditions hold:

4.17
Proof:
1. Note that if u, v, and w are in W, then they are also in V.
Furthermore, W and V share the same operations. Consequently,
vector space axioms 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, and 10 are satisfied
automatically.
2. Suppose that W is closed under vector addition and scalar
multiplication, i.e., the axioms 1 and 6 for vector spaces are
satisfied
3. Since the axiom 6 is satisfied (i.e., cu is in W if u is in W), we can
obtain
3.1. for a scalar c = 0, cu = 0 ∈ W ⇒ ∃ zero vector in W
⇒ axiom 4 is satisfied
3.2. for a scalar c = −1, ( − 1)u ∈ W ⇒ ∃ − u ≡ ( − 1)u
st. u +( − u) = u +( − 1)u = 0
⇒ axiom 5 is satisfied 4.18
Hence W satisfies all the ten axioms of a vector space,
therefore is a subspace of V.

Conversely: Let W be a subspace of V, then W is a vector

space hence is closed under vector addition and scalar
multiplication.

4.19
Example 1:

A subspace of M2××2

Let W be the set of all 2×2 symmetric matrices. Show that

W is a subspace of the vector space M2×2, with the standard
operations of matrix addition and scalar multiplication.

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

Example 2:

The set of singular matrices is not a subspace of M2××2

Let W be the set of singular (noninvertible) matrices of

order 2. Show that W is not a subspace of M2×2 with the
standard matrix operations.

Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey

Example 3:
2
The set of first-quadrant vectors is not a subspace of R
Show that W = {( x1 , x2 ) : x1 ≥ 0 and x2 ≥ 0} , with the standard
2
operations, is not a subspace of R

Sol:
Let u = (1, 1) ∈ W
Q (− 1)u = (− 1)(1, 1) = (− 1, − 1) ∉ W
(W is not closed under scalar multiplication)

∴W is not a subspace of R 2

4.22
Problem 1:
3
Identify subspaces of R
3
Which of the following subsets are subspace of R ?

( a ) S 1 = {( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) / x 1 x 2 = 0 }
( b ) S 2 = {( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) / x 1 / x 2 = 2 }
( c ) S 3 = {( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) / x 1 = 2 x 2 }
( d ) S 4 = {( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) / x 1 + x 2 + 2 x 3 = 0 }

Justify your answer?

4.23
Problem 2:
Identify subspaces of P (Set of all polynomials)
Which of the following subsets are subspaces of P?

( a ) S 1 = {p ∈ P / degree of p = 4 }
( b ) S 2 = {p ∈ P / p (1) = 0 }

Justify your answer?

4.24
 Problem 3:
Identify subspaces of C(a, b) (Set of all continuous functions)
Which of the following subsets are subspaces of P?

( a ) S1 = { f ∈ C ( a , b ) / f ( x0 ) = 0, x0 ∈ ( a , b )}
 b

(b ) S 2 =  f ∈ C ( a , b ) / ∫ f ( x ) dx = 0 
 a 
Justify your answer?

4.25
 3
Subspaces of R

(1) W consists of the single point 0 = ( 0, 0, 0 )

(2) W consists of all points on a line passing through the origin

(3) W consists of all points on a plane passing through the origin

(4) R 3

4.26
Theorem: The intersection of two subspaces is a subspace

If U and W are two subspaces of a vector space V. then the

intersection of U and W ( denoted by U … W) is also a
subspace of V.

What about union ??

4.27