Shiping Mamagement 9e82e19f92e1

saklviTüal½yebolR)ay muxviC¢a³ karRKb;RKgkardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij
emeronTI 1
sBaØaNénkarRKb;RKgkardåkCBa¢ÚnTMnij
INTRODUCTION TO SHIPPING MANAGEMENT
I. karRKb;RKgkardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij
(Shipping Management)
karRKb;RKgkardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij KWCaEpñkmYyénkarRKb;RKgBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati vaedIrtYrya:gsMxan;kñúg
karbMpøas;bþÚrplitpl esvakmμ nigkarTUTat; rvagGñkplit nigGñkmantMrUvkareRbIR)as;kñúgkic©karBaNiC¢kmμ
¬GnþrCati b¤kñúgRsuk¦ manbgðajkñúgrUbPaBTI1.
karnaMecjTMnij nigRTBüsMPar³epSg²eTotecjBIRbeTsedImeFVIBaNiC¢kmμelITIpSarbreTs. TMnij
TaMgLayEdlplitenAkñúgRbeTspÞal;plitpl eTIbnwgnaMcUl nigEkéqñ CYnkal[plitplEdlmanRbPB
breTs ¬nIhrNbnþ¦ KWCakmμvtßúénkarnaMecj. enAkñúgkarGnuvtþn_énKNenyüenAkñúgRbeTsNamYy sßiti
KyEcknIhrNkmμTMnij CanihrNkmμBiess enAkñúgenaHmanTMnijbreTsEdl)anEkéqñbnþicbnþÜcmunnwg
bBa¢ÚneTARbeTsepSg nig nIhrNkmμsrub Edlrab;bBa©ÚlCabEnßmnUvTMnijqøgkat; (Transit) KWfaplitpl
naMcUlCadMbUg bnÞab;mkk¾naMecjedaymin)anEkéqñGVITaMgGs;.
GahrNkmμ karnaMcUlénTMnij nigsMPar³mantMélepSg²eTotBIbreTs edIm,Ilk;enATIpSarkñúgRb
eTsGahrin (Importer). GahrNkmμrbs;RbeTsmYyeqøIyqøg ¬TMnak;TMng¦ eTAnwgnIhrNkmμénplit
plTaMgenaHedayRbeTsmYyeTot. eKnaMcUlTMnijTaMgLayEdlmanRbPBbreTs edaymankMeNItmkGMBI
RbeTsplit b¤ RbeTsGnþrkarI (Intermediary). vaRtUv)anTuksMrab;kareRbIR)as;ÉkCn ]sSahkmμ
ksikmμ.l. cMeBaHkareFVIbMElg edIm,IGacnwgeRbIR)as;)anenAkñúgRbeTsGahrin b¤ k¾sMrab;naMecjeTA
RbeTsTI3. skmμPaBrbs;FnaKa sMrab;RbtibtþikarBaNiC¢kmμnaMecj nig naMcUlTak;TgeTAnwgkarebIkkar
TTYl nig dMeNIrkarénlixit\NTan (Letter of Credit)(LC) enHehIyCakarTUTat;.
rUbPaBTI 1³ bribTénkic©karBaNiC¢kmμ
- GñkTij plitpl¼esvakmμ - Gñklk;
- GñknaMcUl - GñknaMecj
- GñkeRbIR)as; karTUTat; - Gñkplit
1
II. etIkic©karGVIxøHEdlCaRbFanbTénRbtibtþikarBaNiC¢kmμ?
(What are The Affairs of The Subject in a Transaction?)
CamUldæanGñknaMecj nigGñknaMcUlEtgcg;begáInR)ak;cMeNj nig karkat;bnßynUvhaniP½y eday
Ep¥keTAelIeBlevlasakl,gkñúgkarGnuvtþn_ nig bec©keTs. edIm,IeGaykan;EtCak;lak; kareFVIvinieyaK
kñúgkarnaMecjtRmUv[manPaBbiunRbsb;Tak;Tgnwgkic©snüa nig ÉksarepSgkñúgkardwkCBa¢Ún. dUecñHGñkvini
eyaKKYrEtyl;dwgGMBIrebobrbbkñúgkardwkCBa¢Ún eTAelIkic©karTaMgLayEdlBak;Bn½§CamYyskmμPaBTaMg
xagkñúg nig xageRkA.
GñknaMecj GñknaMcUl nigGñkdwkCBa¢Ún KWCaRbFanbTy:agsMxan;kñúgRbtibtþikarBaNiC¢kmμ. qøgkat;
RbtibtþikarBaNiC¢kmμCati nigGnþrCati TaMgGñknaMcUl nigTaMgGñknaMecjsuT§Et Gacmankic©kar RtUveFVIdUcKña
b:uEnþkic©karEdlsMxan;²enaHman³
1> kic©karxagkñúg (Internal Affairs)
• kic©karCMnYj ]TahrN_ karpÁt;pÁg nigtMrUvkarTMnij/ EsVgrkTIpSar nigGtifiCn/ karpSBVpSay
BaNiC¢kmμCaedIm.
• kic©karEdlBak;B½n§dl;c,ab; nigtulakar dUcCa karerobcMkic©snüa/ dMeNaHRsayeBlman
CMelaH karcUlrYmkñúgsalayutþiFm’.l.
• kic©karhirBaØvtßú karTUTat;/ karebIlixit\NTan/ kan;bBa¢IkarKNenyü….
• kic©karsnñiFi kic©karXøaMg/ snñiFiTMnijecj-cUl/ tamdantMélTMnij….
2> kic©karxageRkA (External Affairs)
• kic©karFnaKar FnaKarpþl;lixit\NTan/ FnaKarpþl;karFanaTUTat;/ FnaKarpþl;karTUTat;
sac;R)ak;/ FnaKarkMcI nigcg;karR)ak;….
• kic©kardwkCBa¢Ún mandUcCakardwkCBa¢ÚnpøÚveKak pøÚvTwk nig pøÚvGakas.
• kic©karFnara:b;rg mankarFanara:b;rgeRKaHfñak;kñúgkardwkCBa¢Ún
FanaeRKaHfñak;epSg²eToteday eFVIkic©snüaCamYyGñkFanara:b;rg ¬Rkumh‘unFanara:b;rg¦.
GñksMuFanayl;RBmTUTat;dl;Gñk Fanara:b;rgnUvcMnYnTwkR)ak;mYy ¬ehAfaR)ak;dak;Fana¦
ehIyedaHdUrmkvijnUvTwkR)ak;enaH EdlmanRbeyaCn_dl;kar)at;bg
b¤eRKaHfñak;EdltMrUveGayTTYl)anedayGñksMuFana.
• kic©karrdæa)al nigGaCJaFr eKalneya)ayrdæaPi)al/ EbbbTBn§darTIcat;karKynigrdæakr/
mnÞIr RksYg rdæ)al/ saCIvkmμRtYtBinitüTMnij nigGgÁkarsvkmμepSg².l.
2
rUbPaBTI 2³ karRbRBwtþeTAénkic©karBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati
FnaKar-Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún-Rkumh‘unFanara:b;rg
TMnij nigesvakmμ
GñknaMcUl GñknaMecj
karTUTat;
kic©karrdæa)al kic©karCMnYj kic©karCMnYj kic©karrdæa)al
nig GaCJaFr kic©karc,ab; tulakar kic©karc,ab; tulakar nig GaCJaFr
kic©karhirBaØvtßú kic©karhirBaØvtßú
kic©karsnñiF kic©karsnñiF
FnaKar-Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún-Rkumh‘unFanara:b;rg
III. plitplCaTMnijBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati
(International Commercial Product)
cMeBaHGñkCMnYjFM² BYkeKEtgEtmanbMNgedIm,IeFIVTIpSareRkABIRbeTsrbs;xøÜn edIm,IBRgIkkarvini
eyaKrbs;xøÜn tamry³eFVIkarnaMecjnUvplitpl rWesvakmμRKb;RbePTEdlBYkeKGacvinieyaK)an. eday
qøgkarsikSa nigviPaKRKb;RCugeRCayehIy BYkeKnwgemIleXIjBI»kassMrab;bBa¢Únplitpl rWesvakmμ
rbs;xøÜnykeTAdak;elITIpSarbeTs. dUecñHeKRtUvEttMrUvkMritsþg;dareGaysMRsbeTAnwgGtifiCn nigTIpSarfμI.
plitplCaTMnijBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatiGacEckecjCa 4RbePT³
1> plitpl]sSahkmμ (Industrial Product)
2> plitpltMrUvkareRbIR)as; (Usual Product)
3> plitplesvakmμ (Service Product)
4> plitplpøas;bþÚrbec©keTs (Technical Transference Product)
1> plitpl]sSahkmμ (Industrial Product)
• vtßúFatuedIm]sSahkmμ nig plitplmUldæansMxan;
vtßúFatuedImBIFmμCati elIdI eRkamdI³ ekAs‘U RKab;FBaØCati eRbgkat;FmμCati Er: xül;….
plitplmUldæanEdlbMElgrYcehIy³ RkNat; GMe)aH eRbgsaMg t,Úg eBRC….
• eRKOgbnøas; nig eRKOgpþúM
3
eRKOgbnøas;³ bnøas;m:asIun bnøas;rfynþ bnøas;CYsCul….

eRKOgpMÁú³ kg; tY kBa©k;….
• eRKOg]bkrN_]sSahkmμ ]TahrN_ eRKOgtMeLIgeragcRk/ ]bkrN_RtYtBinitüm:asIun/
]bkrN_ plit….
• eRKOgyueT§abkrN_]sSahkmμFunRsal mandUcCa Rbdab;Rbdaesar Rbdab;RbdasMGat.
• eRKOgyueT§abkrN_]sSahkmμFunF¶n; mandUcCa m:asIunePøIg/ ma:sIunLan/ ma:sIunynþehaH.
2> plitpltMrUvkareRbIR)as; (Usual Product)
• plitplRtUvkarTijCaRbcaM ]TahrN_dUcCa TMnijRtUvkarRbcaMRKYsar/ TMnijhUbcuk/ TMnij
caM)ac; epSg²eTot.l.
• plitplRtUvKitmuneTIbsMerceRkay dUcCa naLika TUrTsSn_ kg; m:UtU rfynþ….
• plitplkMrBi)akrkTij q¥wgstVcMElk rUbcmøak;bUraN dMufμenABiPBeRkA….
3> plitplCaesvakmμ (Service Product)
• esvakmμplit dUcCaTijGaCJab½NÑplit/ siTi§eRbIR)as;esvakmμ….
• esvakmμplitplkñúgkareFVIBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati esvakmμplitdUcCa esvakmμplitpl
Nokia Sony Toyota….
• esvakmμlkçNHGnþrCati ³
EpñkvisVkmμ manGaCIBCaxñatGnþrCati
EpñkdwkCBa¢Ún manGaCIBCaxñatGnþrCati
EpñkFnaKar manGaCIBCaxñatGnþrCati
EpñkFanara:brg manGaCIBCaxñatGnþrCati
Epñkcrca manGaCIBCaxñatGnþrCati
4> plitplCakarpøas;bþÚrbec©keTs (Technical Transference Product)
KWCaplitpl sßitenAeRkamkaryl;RBmbþÚrbec©keTsKñaeTAvijeTAmkmandUcCa³
• GaCJab½NÑbþÚrbec©keTs
• kic©snüabþÚrbec©keTs
• kic©RBmeRBogshRbtibtþikar Tij lk;
• kic©snüapøas;bþÚrbTBiesaFn_ nig CMnaj
4
rUbPaBTI 3³ dMeNIrkarGaCIvkmμnaMecj-naMcUl
GñknaMecj GñknaMcUl
kaRsavRCavTIpSar kaRsavRCavTIpSar
karrkeXIjédKUBaNiC¢kmμ karrkeXIjédKUBaNiC¢kmμ
karRsavRCavPaBTukcitþ karRsavRCavPaBTukcitþ
karcrcaredIm,IcuHkic©snüa karcrcaredIm,IcuHkic©snüa
karsMercnUvkic©snüanaMecj karsMercnUvkic©snüanaMecj
karGnuvtþn_kic©snüa karGnuvtþn_kic©snüa
karTTYlkarGnuBaØati
karesñIrsMuerobcMlixitTukcitþ
karbMruglk;rUbIyvtßúbreTs karTTYlkarGnuBaØati
karerobcMhirBaØvtßúnaMcUl karesñIrsMuerobcMlixitTukcitþ
kic©snüaFanara:b;rgelITMnij karbMruglk;rUbIyvtßúbreTs
karerobcMhirBaØvtßúnaMcUl
karqøgkat;Ky kic©snüaFanara:b;rgelITMnij
karelIkdak;kñúgk)a:l;
karTUTat;naMecj karTUTat;naMcUl
karqøgkat;KysMrab;naMcUl
karTTYlykTMnij
5
rUbPaBTI 4³ crnþBaNiC¢kmμQμÜjkNþal
GñknaMecj GñknaMcUl
QμÜjkNþal
IV. briyakasfμIkñúgkareFVIGaCIvkmμ (The New Business Environment)

1> karebIkTIpSarbreTs (Opening The Market)
RckecjGMBIbriyakasBaNiC¢kmμfμIEdleKTTYlsÁal;CasaFarN³KW TImYy visalPaBEdlplitpl
km<úCaGaccUleTAkan;TIpSarGnþrCati nigTIBIr karebIcMhrTIpSarkm<úCacMeBaHkarRbkYtRbECgbEnßmBIbreTs.
\T§iBlTaMgenHgayRsYlRtUv)aneKbMepøIs. km<úCa)anebIkcMhrTIpSarPaKeRcInrbs;xøÜnrYcmkehIy RBmTaMg
)anRsUbyk\T§iBl EdlmanlkçN³RbkYtRbECgGs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaMmkehIyEdr. nwgmankarBnül;
bEnßmeTotEdlfa karebIkTIpSarbEnßmcMeBaHplitplkm<úCaenAbreTsKWenAmankMrit. GVIEdlmansar³
sMxan;enaHKWfa WTO BuMEmnRKan;EtFana[TIpSarebIkcMhrb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþeFVI[TIpSarenAEtebIkcMhrCanic©.
vinieyaKin nigBaNiC¢krKb,ImanTMnukcitþcMeBaHsuvtþiPaBniglT§PaBBüakrN_TukCamunenH.
kMENTMrgCamUldæanGMBIrcnasm<n½§Bn§Kyrbs;km<Cú a Edl)anRbRBwtþeTAenABak;kNþalqñaM 2001
enAkñúgGMLúgeBlénkardMeNIrkarcUlrYmCasmaCit WTO . kñúgeBlenH rcnasm<½n§Bn§KycMnYn12Rkum
)ankat;bnßymkRtwmGRtaBn§KycMnYn 4 ¬0° 7° 15° nig 35°¦. GRtaBn§KykñúgkMrit 40° 50°
90° nig 120° RtUvlubbM)at;TaMgRsug ehIyGRtamFüménBn§GnuvtþFmμtaRtUv)ankat;bnßyBI 17>4° mk
16>5°. dMNak;TIBIrénkMENTMrg;Bn§Kynwgkat;bnßyGRtamFümKWTab Cag 15° CaBiessKWtamry³
karkat;bnßybEnßmeToténGRtaBn§elIvtßúFatuedImnaMcUlsMrab;]sSahkmμkñúgRsuk. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday
dMeNIrkarénkMENrTMrgBn§KyenHBMumanpSarP¢ab;CamYykic©RBmeRBog WTO eLIy.
2> niymn½ymYycMnYnénbec©ksB½ÞBn§Ky (Definitions of Custom Technical Term)
6
1> WTO bound tariff ¬GRtaBn§naMcUlGtibrmanrbs;WTO¦-Bn§KykMritx<s;bMputEdleK )anFana nigGac

GnuvtþenAkñúgWTO.
2> MFN rate ¬GRta MFN¦ -kMritGRtaBn§EdlGnuvtþcMeBaHsmaCik WTO TaMgGs; nigcMeBaHRbCaCatidéT
Edl)anTTYl MFN cMeBaHkm<úCa eTaHbICaRbeTskm<úCaenAminTan;køayCasmaCitWTOmkemøH¦. GRta
MFN GacCaGRtaBn§naMcUlGtibrmarbs; WTO ¬GRtaBn§naMcUlGtibrmanTaMg Gs;rbs; WTO RtUvEt Ca
MFN ¦ b¤GRtaGnuvtþ. GRtaenaHk¾GacCaGRtamYyEdlsmaCitnana énkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmμ RbcaMtMbn;
kMNt; ¬]TahrN_ AFTA ¦ cMeBaHédKUBaNiC¢kmμTaMgGs; enAeRkARkumenHpgEdr.

3> Applied rate ¬GRtaGnuvtþ¦-GRtaBn§KyCak;EsþgEdleKkMNt;ykenAtamRBMEdn. eKGaceRbIR)as;
GRtaGnuvtþelImUldæan MFN b:uEnþvak¾GacCaGRtaGnueRKaH b¤GRtaEdleKykBIsmaCiténkic©RBmeRBog
BaNiC¢kmμRbcaMtMbn;Edr.
4> Preferntial rate ¬GRtaGnueRKaH¦-GRtaTab b¤esμIsUnü KWCaGRtaEdleKGnuvtþcMeBaHRbeTskMBug
GPivDÆn_mYycMnYn. ]TahrN_c,as;las;bMputKW GSP ¬RbB½n§GnueRKaHTUeTA¦ b¤KMnitpþÜcepþImrbs;shPaB
GWr:ubGMBI {GVI²TaMgGs;elIkElgEtGavuF} (EBA) sMrab;RbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆticCageKbMput.
RbeTskm<úCapþl;GRtaGnueRKaHmYycMnYn TabCagkMritFmμta[édKUGas‘antamry³taragBn§GnueRKaH TUeTA
(CEPT) . BMuenaHesatGRtaGnuvtþTaMgGs;KWCaGRta MFN EdlmanGRtadUcKñasMrab;RbeTsTaMg Gs;. GRta
CEPT TaMgenHKWCaGRtaEdleKGnuvtþCak;EsþgcMeBaHTMnijnaMcUl. karcrcarrbs; WTO KWsþI

BIGRtaBn§GtibrmaCaEpñkmYyénkic©RBmeRBogcUlCasmaCik.
3> karbegþItBn§KyeBlGnaKt (Custom Tariff Formation in the Future)
cMeBaHplitplCaeRcIn RbeTskm<úCa)ancgRkgGRtaBn§KyGnuvtþkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñrbs;xøÜnenAkñúg
WTO . mann½yfaBaNiC¢krGacBwgEp¥kEtelIGRtaBn§Kyrbs; WTO b:ueNÑaH. cMeBaHplitplÉeTot
GRtaGtibrmarbs; WTO mankMritx<s;CagtictYcebIeFobnwgGRtaGnuvtþ. cMeBaHplitplEdlgayman

plb:HBal;mYycMnYnGRtaGtibrmamankMritx<s;Cagya:geRcIn ebIeFobnwgGRtaGnuvtþbc©úb,nñ. ]TahrN_
GRtaGtibrmacMeBaHGgáresμInwg 40° EdlGRtaGnuvtþnaeBlbc©úb,nñmanRtwmEt 7° b:ueNÑaHcMeBaHeRbgrukç
CatiCaeRcIn GRtaGtibrmamankMritBI 30° b¤ 40° kñúgxN³EdlGRtaCak;EsþgykRtwm 7°. GRtaBn§
GtibrmacMeBaHePsC¢³EdlmanCatiGal;kulKW 40° eFobnwgGRtaGnuvtþ 35°. cMeBaHsac;RkNat;
vaynPNÐ GRtaGnuvtþFmμtamankMrit 7° rIÉGRtaBn§Gtibrma mankMrit esμInwg 7° 10° nig 12/5°.
RbeTskm<úCarkSaTuknUvesrIPaBmYycMnYnkñúgkarbegáInGRtaBn§rbs;xøÜn RbsinebIcaM)ac;edayBMucaM)ac;Rbfuy
RbfanRbQmmuxCamYy WTO eLIy. CamYyKñaenHenAkñúgeBlEdlkm<úCarkSaGRtaGtibrma nigGRta
GnuvtþmankMritRbhak;RbEhlKña RbeTskm<úCakMBugpþl;[BaNiC¢kr nigvinieyaKinnUv kMritsuvtþiPaBmYyEdl
7
mansar³sMxan;. ehIyenAkñúgkMritEdlBn§KyelITMnijeRbIR)as;CamUldæan RtUvrkSa[mankMritTab GtifiCn

nwg)anTTYlGtßRbeyaCn_CaBiessKWBlrdæRkIRk.
karcUlCasmaCik WTO BuMEmnmann½yfaGRtaBn§KyEdlGnuvtþenAkm<úCaFøak;cuHya:geRcIn ehIy
eFVI[manbnÞúHénkarRbkYtRbECgenaHeT. RtUvcg;caMfa karnaMcUlBMuEmnCaerOgGaRkk;eLIy. karnaMcUl
GnuBaØat[GaCIvkmμ nigksikrkm<úCaFana)annUvkMritéfød¾smRsbmYynUvTMnijmUlFn nigvtßúFatuedIm ]sSa-
hkmμ¼ksikmμ)ansmrmü. mankrNIjwkjab;Nas; Edlkm<úCaKμansmtßPaBplitTMnijcaM)ac;TaMgenaH.
RbEhlCasMxan;CagenHeTAeTotenaH KWCakarnaMcUlGacnaMTMnijeRbIR)as;EdlmantMélefaksMrab;RbCaBl
rdæRkIRk. GaRs½yehtuenH karnwkKitfaeKalneya)ayBaNiC¢kmμRKan;EtCakic©RbwgERbgkñúgkarkat;bnßy
karnaMcUl ehIyBRgIkkarnaMecj KWCakaryl;eXIjminRtwmRtUveT eTaHbICaenAkñúg b¤minenAkñúg WTO kþI.
4> bnÞúknaMcUlbEnßm (Add Import Duty)
viFan WTO dak;kMhity:aghμt;ct;elIbnÞúknanaénBn§Ky EdleKGackMNt;elITMnijnaMcUleRkABIBn§
Ky. RbeTskm<úCasMercminykBn§GVI b¤bnÞúkGVIbEnßmeLIy. bnÞúkbc©úb,nñcMnYn 0>02 duløar nig 0>04 duløar
EdlkMNt;ykkñúgeRbgsaMg b¤eRbgm:as‘UtmYylIRtnwgRtUvrMkilbBa©ÚleTAkñúgGRtaBn§KysmasmYyfμI.
R)ak;bnÞúkEdl)ankMNt;ykcMeBaHesvapøÚvkarenAtamkMBg;EpepSg² EdlTak;TgnwgkarnaMcUl nigkarnaMecj
Kb,IsmamaRtnwgcMNayénesva. GaRs½yehtuenHGaCJaFrkm<úCa CaBiesskaMkugRtUl nignaykdæanKy
minRtUvykR)ak;bnÞúkedayGRtaefrcMeBaHkarbBa¢Ún¼dwkTMnijeLIy. edayehtufa tamFmμtakargarEpñk
lixitsñamTak;TgnwgkardwkTMnijNamYYymanlkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlKña edayminTak;TgnwgbrimaN b¤tMél
eKKb,IkMNt;ykéføbnÞúkEdlmanlkçNbTdæan. WTO )aneFVIkarkt;sMKal;GMBIéføbnÞúkfa mantMélesμInwg
15>000¹ ¬4duløarGaemrik¦ EdleKkMNt;ykcMeBaH RbtievTn_naMcUl¼naMecjnImYy².
Bn§épÞkñúgminRtUverIseGIgRbqaMgnwgTMnijnaMcUleLIy. enAkm<úCaeKkMNt;ykGakrBiesselIePsC¢³
plitplfñaMCk; eRbgsaMg nigeRbgrMGilEdlmanGRtaesμInwg 10° . eKGnuvtþGRtaTaMgenHcMeBaHplitpl
kñúgRsukpgEdr. cMeBaHyanþ nigeRKOgbnøas;yanþynþ GakrBiessmankMrit 5° dl; 110°. enAqñaM2002
km<úCa)anGnuvtþGakrBiessesμInwg 3° elIplitplnaMcUl k¾dUcplitpl EdlplitkñúgRsukEdlmanCati
Gal;kul nigelIplitplfñaMCk;.
rbbGakrelItMélbEnßmEdlkMBugGnuvtþenAkm<úCak¾cMNuHelIl½kçx½NÐdUcKñaEdr edIm,IkMu[manPaBerIs
eGIgrvagplitplkñúgRsuk nigplitplnaMcUl ¬RbRBwtþkmμCati¦ nigrvagGñkpÁt;pÁg;breTsnana.
5> kalanuvtþPaBénlT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSarsMrab;Rkumh‘unkm<úCa
(Cambodia opportunities launch to International Market)
8
edayehtufa \T§iBlénkarcUlCasmaCik WTO mkelIkarebIkcMhrbEnßménTIpSarkm<úCamankMrit

tictYc \T§iBlénlT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSarbEnßmeTotcMeBaHRkumh‘unnaMecjkm<úCa k¾TMngCamankMrittictYc
pgEdr. RbeTskm<úCa)anTTYlGtßRbeyaCn_rYcehIyBIcMNgTak;TgBaNiC¢kmμ EdlmanlkçN³GMeNay
plCaeRcIn. enAkñúgxN³EdlBYkeKBuM)anTTYll½kçx½NÐEdlmanPaBGnueRKaH mankrNItictYcNas;Edl
Rkumh‘unrbs;km<úCaRtUvbg;Bn§KyelIsBIGRta MFN EdleKGnuvtþkñúgRsuk.
karerobrab;xagelIenHminEmnCakarbdiesFGMBItémøénsmaCikPaBrbs; WTO EdlCayanþmYy
sMrab;begáInskþanuBlnaMecjrbs;km<úCaeLIy. b:uEnþCaTUeTA GtßRbeyaCn_Edl)anmkBIRbRBwtþkmμBn§Ky
kan;EtRbesIrenAkñúgTIpSarsMxan;²mankMrittictYcb:ueNÑaH. dUckrNIRkumh‘unbreTsnaMecjmkkan;RbeTs
km<úCaEdr ]tþmPaBrbs;plitkrkm<úCakñgú karcUleTAkan;TIpSarsMxan;²enAkñgú TIpSarnaMecjKWkarFanaelIBn§
KyGtibrmaEdlsmaCit WTO TaMgGs;)ansnüa. GaRs½yehtuenH enAkñúgRbeTsesÞIrEtTaMg 150 Rkum
h‘unkm<úCanwg)anTTYlkarFanacMeBaHGRtaBn§KyGtibrma Edlsmtþkic©Ky)ankMNt;ykBIxøÜn.
PaBCak;EsþgKWfal½kçx½NÐeFVIBaNiC¢kmμ EdlRkumh‘unkm<úCacaM)ac;RtUvdwgmanlkçN³sμúKsμajya:gxøaMg. dUc
Edl)anBiPakSaknøgrYcmkehIy RbB½n§eFVIBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak\LÚvenHmanlkçN³dac;BIKñatamkic©RBm
eRBogBaNiC¢kmμRbcaMtMbn; kic©RBmeRBogeTVPaKI nigkic©RBmeRBogGnueRKaH. kñúgzan³Ca LDC nigCasmaCik
mYyéntMbn;BaNiC¢kmμesrIrbs;Gas‘an RbeTskm<úCaTTYlGtßRbeyaCn_CaeRcInBIkarerobcMEbbenH. kfa
xN½ÐxageRkamBnül;GMBIkarerobcMTaMgenHEdlCakarerobcMmansar³sMxan;bMput.
1> kMriténkarcgP¢ab;GRtaBn§Gtibrma nig GRtaBn§Gnuvtþ³ eTaHbICaRbeTskm<úCa)ansnüakñúgkarcgP¢ab;
Bn§KyTaMgmUlrbs;xøÜnenAkñúg WTO nigeFVI[manPaBxusKñatictYcrvagGRtaBn§KyGtibrma nigBn§
¬Gnuvtþ¦ Edlkm<úCakMNt;ykBIRkumh‘unnaMcUlkþI RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_CaeRcInEdlCasmaCikrbs; WTO
BuM)aneFVIdUecñHeT. cMeBaHRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_PaKeRcIn EdlmunenHCasmaCikrbs; GATT BYkeK rg
sm<aFtictYcenAkñúgkarcgP¢ab;GRtaBn§KyGtibrma. ]TahrN_ enAmuneBlkic©RbCMuenA Uruguay
RbeTs\NÐa)ankMNt;Bn§GtibrmaticCag 75° énBn§rbs;xøÜneTaHbIenHCakarEklMGrFMmYyrbs;xøÜnelI
sßanPaBenHénTsSvtSr_ 1980 kþI. kMritmFüménBn§naMcUlEdlRbeTs\NÐakMNt;KW 51° ¬116°
sMrab;plitplksikmμ nig38° sMrab;plitpl]sSahkmμ¦. mFümPaKGRtaBn§Gnuvtþrbs;\NaÐ man
kMritRbEhl30°. RbeTséfmanrcnasm<n½§Bn§KysμúKsμaj ehIyBn§GtibrmaEdl )anmankMritTab
Cag75°. GRtaBn§KyGtibrmaCamFümKW28° kñúgxN³EdlGRta Bn§KyGnuvtþFmμtamFümmankMrit
RbEhl15°. pÞúyeTAvijenARbeTsevotNam nigLavEdlbc©úb,nñkMBugeFVIkarcrcarGMBIsmaCikPaB
WTO TMngCatMrUv[cgP¢ab;Bn§KyPaKeRcInrbs;xøÜn RbsinebImincgP¢ab;TaMgGs;eTenaH nigEktMrUvGRta
Bn§KyGtibrma[mankMritRbhak;RbEhlnwgGRtaGnuvtþ. kñúgkarcUleTAkan; WTO RbeTscin)an

9
kMNt;Bn§KyTaMgRsugrbs;xøÜnkñúgkMritmFümesμInwg15° ¬Gti brma 65°¦ cMeBaHplitplksikmμ nig

8>9°¬Gtibrma 47°¦cMeBaHTMnij]sSahkmμ.
2> kmμviFI GSP cMeBaHTIpSarénRbeTs]sShrkmμsMxan;² CaBiessTIpSarshrdæGaemrik GtßPaBénGtß
RbeyaCn_énBn§naMcUleRkamRbB½n§GnueRKaHTUeTA (GSP) nwgbnþmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHRkumh‘unnaMecj
km<úCa. eKminGacFana)annUvGtßRbeyaCn_GMBI GSP enAkñúg WTO eLIy ehIykarpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_enaH
eRcInEtcMNuHeTAelIesckþIsMercedayGtþenam½trbs;RbeTsnaMcUl. Biess cMeBaHkmμviFIrbs;shrdæ
Gaemrik EdlGtßRbeyaCn_GacminRtUv)aneKpþl;ceM BaHplitplEdlgayman {plb:HBal;} ehIyenHCa
bBaðamYycMeBaHGñkplitsMelokbMBak; nigEs,keCIgenAkm<úCa. kñúgry³eBlb:unμanqñaMknøgeTAenHkar
GegátemIlbTdæankargarGnþrCati )ankøayeTACalkçN³vinicä½yskmμmYysMrab;kmμviFIrbs;shrdæGaem
rik nigkmμviFIrbs;shPaBGWr:ub. RbeTskm<úCamanekrþ×eQμaHl¥kñúgkarRTRTg;bTdæankargarBMusUvmanGVI
EdlRtUvxøaceLIy. shrdæGaemrik k¾GnuvtþlkçN³vinicä½yEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarkarBar IPR pgEdr.
manktþadéTeTotEdleFVI[manplb:HBal; KWGtßRbeyaCn_BiessEdleKpþl;[bNþaRbeTsRbyuT§
RbqaMgkarCYjdUreRKOgejón b¤RbyuT§RbqaMgnwgviecäTkmμ ehIysMrab;krNIshPaBGWr:ubKWkarkarBar
brisßan. eTaHbICaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_TaMgGs;GacmanlkçN³sm,tþiTTYlkmμviFI GSP PaKeRcInkþIeK
eXIjmankarekIneLIgnUvTsSn³enAkñúgRbeTs]sSahkmμ EdlKitfaRbCaCatiRkIRkbMputKb,ITTYlpl
RbeyaCn_eRcInbMput. ]TahrN_ eK)anelIksMeNIfakmμviFI GSP rbs;shPaBGIr:ubsMrab;qñaM 2006-
2015 kMNt;eKaledAeTAkan;RbeTs LDCs ehIy RtUveFVIkmμviFITaMgenaH[manlkçN³samBaØ. Ca
BiessRbkarenHGacCYyRbeTskm<úCa dUcEdl)anKN³kmμkarshPaBGWr:ubelIksMeNIfakmμviFIfμIk¾elIk
kMBs;karGnuvtþviFanRbPBedImpgEdr . bNþaRbeTsEdlpþl;kmμviFI GSP KW GURsþalI/ ebLarusSI/
b‘ulhÁarI/ kaNada/ sh Kmn_GWr:ub/ Cb:un/ nUEvlehSLg;/ n½rev/ shPaBsUevot/ sVIs/ TYrKW/ nig
shrdæGaemrik. brimaNTMnijnaMcUlenAkñúgkmμviFIrbs;shPaBGwr:ubmantémøRbEhl 66 Ban;landuløar
enAqñaM 2001 tMélnaMecj GSP rbs;RbeTskm<úCamanTwkR)ak;cMnYn 1>142 landuløarGaemrikén
cMnYnTwkR)ak;naMecjsrubcMnYn 1>374 landuløarGaemrik. esovePAENnaMsþIGMBIkmμviFI GSP sMxan;²pþl;
nUvBt’mansegçbGMBIRbeTs nigplitplnanaenAkñúgkmμviFITaMgenaH nigpþl;viFansþIBIRbPBedImEdlGac
Gnuvtþ)antamFmμta KWCaTidæPaBBi)akbMputénlkç½xN½Ð GSP. eKGacrkeXIjBt’manenaHenAkñúgeKhTMB½r
rbs;snñisiT§rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBIBaNiC¢kmμ nigGPivDÆn_ (UNCTAD).
3> shPaBGWr:ub (EU)- {GVI²TaMgGs;elIkElgEtGavuF} kalBIeBlfμI²enHRkumh‘unnaMecjkm<úCamYycMnYn
sßitenAkñúgRkbx½NÐénRbRBwtþkmμGnueRKaHfμImYyenAkñúg EU cMeBaHGVIEdlehAfa {GVI²TaMgGs;elIkElgEt
GavuF} (EBA) sMrab; LDC. karerobcMenHpþl;nUvlT§PaBrYcBn§ niglT§PaBnaMcUledayKμankUtacMeBaH
10
TMnijnaMcUlesÞIrEtTaMgGs;cMeBaHbNþaRbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆn_ticCageKbMput. KYr[esaksþayviFan
sþIBIRbPBedImEdleRbIsMrab;naMcUl EBA CaviFanEdlmandak;kMhitCaBiess cMeBaH]sSahrkmμsMelok
bMBak;rbs;km<úCaEdlBMu)aneFVIsmahrNkmμ ehIybc©úb,nñenH BwgEp¥kya:gxøaMgelIvtßúFatuedImnaMcUlBIbr
eTs. bNþaRbeTs]sSahkmμdéTeTot)anpþl;kmμviFIdUcKñaenH EdlGMeNayplcMeBaHbNþaRbeTsGPi
vDÆn_ticCageKbMput eTaHbICashrdæGaemrikBMupþl;RbRBwtþkmμEbbenHkþI. enAkñúgesckþIRbkas;énkic©RbCuM
enA Doha mankarsnüarbs;smaCik WTO TaMgGs; {cMeBaHeKaledArYcBn§ lT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSar
edayKμankUtacMeBaHplitplEdlmkBIbNþaRbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆn_ticbMput.
4> ASEAN nig AFTA RbeTskm<úCaKWCasmaCikénkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmμtMbn;EtmYyb:ueNÑaH eBalKW
AFTA R)akdNas;Edlfal½kçx½NÐeFVIBaNiC¢kmμRbtibtþikarenAkñúgGas‘an nwgmanplb:HBal;ya:geRcIn
mkelIlT§plGnuvtþrbs;km<úCacMeBaHkarnaMecjplitplkñúgRsuk. AFTA nwgtMrUv[ Rb‘uyeN ma:eLsIu

hVIlIBIn swgðburI nigéf lubbM)at;Bn§KyPaKeRcInbMputRtwmqñaM 2010. bNþaRbeTshtßelxIÉeTotrbs;
AFTA rYmmankm<úCa Lav mIya:n;m:a evotNam RtUvlubbM)atBn§naMcUlelIplitplenAkñúg {taragKitBn§}
edaymanry³eBlGnþrkalxus²Kña GnuvtþcMeBaHplitplEdlgaymanplb:HBal;rhUtdl;qñaM 2015

¬GacmanPaBbt;EbnmYycMnYn¦. enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBog {qab;RbmUlpl} RbeTséfpþl;RbRBwtþkmμrYcBn§
cMeBaHRbeTskm<úCa ¬Lav nig mIy:an;m:apgEdr¦ cMeBaHplitplmYycMnYnkñúgcMeNamplitplCab;Bn§
43mux CaBiesselIplitplRtI sac;RkNat; nigsMelokbMBak;. AFTA minRtwmEtGnuvtþcMeBaHBn§Ky
b:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþk¾GnuvtþpgEdrnUvviFankarminEmnBn§Ky KW IPR esvakmμ bTdæanviFanénRbPBedIm kar
sMrYlBaNiC¢kmμ nigEpñkBaNiC¢kmμdéTeTot. enAkñúgkrNImYycMnYn AFTA manviFankareRcInCagviFan
nigkarsnüarbs; WTO.
5> RbeTscin tMbn;BaNiC¢kmμesrIrvagcin nigGas‘ankMBugRtUv)ancrcakñúgeBlfμI²enH. enAkñúgkmμviFI {qab;
RbmUlpl}RbeTscinpþl;lT§PaB[km<úCarYcBn§ ¬CamYyLav nigmIya:m:a¦ elI plitplcMnYn 287mux.
taragenHrYmmanCacMbgnUvplitplksikmμ nigesvakmμ b:uEnþk¾rYmmanpgEdrnUvplitplsMelokbMBak;
Es,keCIg nigsgðarwm.
6> kic©RBmeRBogeTVPaKI cab;taMgBIqñaM 1993 mkRbeTskm<úCa)aneFVIkic©RBmeRBogeTVPaKI cMnYn 24 EdlrYc
manRbRBwtþkmμBn§Ky MFN CamYynwgRbeTscMnYn13 KW cin \NÐÚensIu ma:eLsIu evotNam Lav rusSI
shrdæGaemrik shPaBGwru:b hVIlIBIn nigéf. kñúgkarGnuvtþCak;Esþgkic©RBmeRBogCamYysmaCikbc©úb,nñ
rbs; WTO manmYyEpñkFMCMnYsedayl½kçx½NÐcUlCasmaCik WTO . kic©RBmeRBogvaynPNÐ nigkic©
RBmeRBogsMelokbMBak;CamYyshrdæGaemrik nigCamYyshPaBGWr:ub manbBa¢ak;enAkñúg]bsm<½n§sþIBI
]sSahkmμsMelokbMBak;. Rkumh‘unnaMecjenARbeTskm<úCacaM)ac; RtUvcat;viFankarCamYynwglk½çxN½ÐcUl
11
eTAkan;TIpSarxus²KñaenAkñúgBiPBelak. kic©RbtibtþikñúgeBlknøgeTA CaTUeTAKWCakardwkplitplminTan;

)anEkéqñeTAkan;RbeTsCitxag ehIyGnuBaØat[plitkr nigBaNiC¢krenATIenaH edaHRsayPaBsμúksμaj
énkarlk;bnþeTAeTot. RbsinebIRbeTskm<úCamanbMNgFananUvtMélbEnßmBIkarlk;edaypÞal; rYmman
plitplEdl)anEkéqñ enaHRkumh‘unkñúgRsukcaM)ac;RtUvyl;dwgGMBITIpSarCaeRcIn. b:uEnþKYr[esaksþay
karkMNt;GRtaBn§KyeRcInEtCaEpñktUcmYyénbBaðaRbQmrYm GMBIkaryl;dwglk½çx½NÐTIpSar.
7> Bn§Ky bnÞúk nig kMhitepSg²elIkarnaMecj (Custom tariff Duties and
Limit on Export)
enAkñúgkarcrcacUlCasmaCit WTO eK)ansaksYrRbeTskm<úCaGMBIBn§naMecj bnÞúknigkMhit
epSg². CaTUeTA ktþaTaMgGs;enHmin)anTTYlkarelIkTwkcitþBI WTO eLIyeTaHbIvaBMumanlkçN³pÞúyKña
c,as;las;eFobnwgviFanrbs;WTOkþI edayehtufa ktþaTaMgenaHTMngCaeFVI[b:HBal;dl;BaNiC¢kmμGnþr
Cati. ]TahrN_viFankarTaMgenaHGacraraMgRkumh‘unplitbreTsedayGyutþiFm’ nigminsmehtuplnUvlT§
PaBTTYlvtßúFatuedIm. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday RbeTskm<úCamin)anÉkPaBpøas;bþÚrkic©Rbtibtþibc©úb,nñrbs;
xøÜneLIy eRkABIGnuvtþktþaTaMgenaHenAkñúglk½çx½NÐénbBaØtiþrbs; WTO.
plitplsMxan;EdlRtUvbg;Bn§naMecj nigGRtabg;Bn§naMecj³
- stVBahn³ nigRCUksMrab;bgáat;BUC 10°
- RtIrs; nigplitplRtI 10°
- gav RKMú nigplitplrbs;va 10°
- eRkAs‘UFmμCati nigkaksMNl;ekAs‘U 10°
- eQIminTan;Ekéqñ b¤eQIBak;kNþalEkécñ 10°
- eQIGar eQIeRCok nigkþarbnÞH 5°
mankUtanaMecj nigmankarhamXat;edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgeKaledAneya)ayepSg². sIusgVak;Ca
mYynwgkarelIkElgrbs; WTO plitpl»sf nigsMPar³evC¢saRsþtMrUv[manlixitGnuBaØati rIÉkarnaMecj
eRKOgejón nigfñaMBulRtUvhamXat; ¬karelIElgrbs; WTO KWeFVIsMrab;karBarsuxPaBmnusS¦. karnaMecj
nUveQImUl nigeQIGarRtUv)anhamXat; ehIyplitpleQIsßitenAkñúgkUtaedIm,IkarBarkar)at;bg;FnFan
FmμCati. GavuF eRKÓgpÞúH yuT§P½NÐ meFüa)ay dwkCBa¢Ún nigeRKOgcRkeyaFaRtUvsMuGaCJab½NÑEdlBMuEmnman
lkçN³sV½yRbvtþieLIy eRBaHsMPar³TaMgenHmanplb:HBal;CasMxan;elIEpñksnþisux. karnaMecjvtßúburaN
EdlmanGayuelIsBI100qñaM RtUv)anhamXat;edIm,IkarBarrtn³vtßúCati. kardak;kMhitkUtaelIkMriténkarnaM
ecjGgárRtUv)anlubbM)at;enAqñaM2001. b:uEnþkm<úCa)anR)ab;WTOfa km<úCamanbMNgrkSaTuksiTi§kñúgkar
dak;kMhitsarCafμIeLIgvijkñúgkrNIEdlmankgVHes,ógGaharF¶n;F¶r.
12
V. briyakasfμIeFVIBaNiC¢kmμfμI³ dMeNaHRsayr)aMgminEmnBn§Ky
(The New Business Environment: Resolution of Nontariff Barriers)
1> lT§PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSarksikmμ nigkUtaBn§Ky
(Possibility into agricultural Market and Quota Custom Tariff )
kareRbIR)as;kUtaEdl)anTTYlkarGnuBaØtidéTeTot KWkUtaelIvis½yksikmμ. eKdak;eQμaH kUtaTaMg
enHfa {kUtaBn§Ky} eRBaHvaGnuBaØat[naMbrimaNmYycMnYncUlkan;TIpSaredaybg;Bn§KyTab b¤ minCab;Bn§
Ky. ral;karnaMcUlEdlminsßitenAkñúgkUtaBn§KyRtUvbg;Bn§x<s;CagFmμta KWCaGRtaBn§ya:gx<s;EdleFVI[
karnaMcUlminGacRbkYtRbECg)an.
kardak;[manRbB½n§kUtaBn§enAkñúg WTO KWedIm,IFanafa Bn§KyEdlmankMritx<s;minGaclubbM)at;
karnMacUlTaMgRsugenaHeLIy. bc©úb,nñmankUtaBn§KyRbmaNCa 1>400 EdleFVI[b:HBal;dl;RbeTsCa
smaCik WTO RbEhl43 RbeTs. RbeTskm<úCamineRbIkUtaBn§KyenAkñúg WTO eLIyb:uEnþRkumh‘un nig
GñknaMecjksikmμenAkm<úCanwgCYbRbTHbBaðaTaMgenHCajwkjab;edaypÞal; b¤edayRbeyal.
karRKb;RKgkUtaBn§manlkçN³sμúKsμaj. dUcRbB½n§kUtaPaKeRcIneTotEdrkUtaenHebIkcMh[mankar
rMelaPbMBanviFanrbs; WTO EsVgrkkargáakarrMelaPTaMgenH. bBaða nigkartva:Tak;TgnwgkUtaBn§KyRtUv
)aneKBieRKaHCaeTogTat;enAkñúgKN³kmμaFikarksikmμrbs; WTO . karcrcaenAkñúgkic©RbCMuenA DahakalBI
eBlfμI²enHmanbMNgdak;ecjnUvvin½yfμI².
smaCikrbs; WTO manviFIsaRsþxus²KñakñúgkareRbIR)as;kUtBn§Ky. kñúgkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg
kUtaBn§Kyrbs; WTO RbEhlBak;kNþalmin)aneFVI[b:HBal;karnaMcUleLIy. kñúgkMritGRtakUtaBn§Ky
BuMmankardak;kMhitelIbrimaNnaMcUleT. kUtadéTeTotRtUv)anRKb;RKgelImUldæanmkmun)anmunmkeRkay
)aneRkay EdlGnuBaØat[mankarnaMcUleTAkan;TIpSarBIRbPBTaMgGs;enAkñúgGRtakUta rhUtdl;Gs;kUta.
enAeBleKeRbIkUtaGs; mankardak;[Cab;Bn§eRkAkUta. RbB½n§TI 3 Tak;TgeTAnwgkarecjGaCJab½NÑelImUl
dæanGñkmkmun)anmunGñkmkeRkay)aneRkay rIÉRbB½n§TI 4 Tak;TgenAnwgkarecjGaCJab½NÑelImUldæanén
RbvtþicMENkTIpSar. viFIsaRsTI5 KWkaredjéføcMENknaMcUl b¤GaCJab½NÑnaMcUl.
eKk¾e®bICaTUeTAnUvkUtaBn§KyenAkñúgkic©RBógGnue®KaH nigkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmμesrIpgEdr. Epñk
TI2 Edlr)aMgminEmnBn§KyGaceFVI[b:HBal;karnaMecjrbs;km<úCa KWCakareRbIR)as;bTdæanbec©keTs.
RbkarenHTMngCabBaðaRbQmmuxd¾FMmYysMrab;RbeTskm<úCa eRBaHfaRbeTskm<úCaEsVgrkkareFVI[mUldæannaM
ecjmaneRcInEbb nigeFVI[BiBiFkmμTIpSarrbs;xøÜn. bTdæanCatiBMuEmnRtwmEtmankarlM)akenAkñúgkareqøIy
tbb:ueNÑaHeT EfmTaMgnItiviFIGnuvtþn_cMeBaHkarnaMcUlk¾GacmanlkçN³sμúKsμajpgEdr. CMhandMbUgKWkar
yl;dwgGMBIbTdæanTaMgenaH.
13
tamFmμtakic©RBmeRBogGnþrCatiTTYlsÁal;nUvPaBxusKñarvagbTdæankatBVkic© nig bTdæansμR½Kcitþ.

enAkñúg WTO tamFmμta bTdæankatBVkic©Tak;TgnwgbTbBaØatiþbec©keTs. k¾b:uEnþedIm,IeqøIytbnwgtMrUvkar
rbs;TIpSarBitR)akd Rkumh‘un nigGñknaMecjkm<úCacaM)ac;RtUveqøIytbeTAnwgbTdæanBak;B½n§ eTaHbICabTdæan
TaMgenaHCabTdæansμ½RKcitþ b¤bTdæankatBVkic©kIþ. kñúgkareFVIEbbenHeKcaM)ac;RtUvyl;dwgnItiviFImYycMnYnGMBI
kareFVIetsþkarpþl;viBaØabnkmμ nignItiviFIvaytMélelIkarGnuelamepSg² k¾dUcCakarerobcMTTYlsÁal;eTAvij
eTAmk. enAxN³EdlkareRbIbTb,BaØtibec©keTsTTYlsÁal;bTdæanGnþrCati eKsnμt;fabTdæannanaEdl
manenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogenaH minRtUvbegáIt]bsKÁmincaM)ac;cMeBaHBaNiC¢kmμeLIy. bTdæanEdlbegáIteday
GgÁkarxageRkamenH manEcgGMBIcMNucTaMgenH³
- GgÁkarpþl;bTdæanGnþrCati ISO
- KN³kmμkarbec©keTseGLicRtUnikGnþrCati IEC
- shPaBTUrKmnaKmn_GnþrCati ITU
2> éføviBaØabnbR½tRbPBedIm (Certificate of Origin) (C/O)
bBaðaBak;Bn§½enAkm<úCa KWbBaðaecjviBaØabnbR½tRbPBedImrbs;RksYgBaNiC¢kmμ (C/O) . manRkum
h‘unnaMecjkñúgRsukCaeRcIntv:aGMBIkarGUsbnøayeBlevla nigR)ak;bnÞúkeRkApøÚvkarEdleKtMrUv[bg;edIm,IFa
nanUvkarTTYlnUvviBaØabnbR½tTaMgenH. tampøÚvkar karecjviBaØabnbRt½RbPBedImtMrUveGaybg;R)ak;sMrab;Et
sMelokbMBak; nigEs,keCIgEtb:ueNÑaH. C/O TMrg; A (GSP) Cag 2000 sMrab; nig Cag 200 KU eKyktMél
50 duløarGaemrik. karecj C/O TMrg; N (MFN) FmμtaeKykéfø 30 dulaørsMrab;sMelokbMBak;elIsBI
2000sMrab; nigsMrab;Es,keCIgelIsBI 200 KU. cMeBaHkarbBa¢ÚnTMnijEdlmanbrimaNticCag 2000
sMrab; nigticCag200KU éfø C/O KW 15 duløar (GSP) nig 10 duløar (MFN).
karecjviBaØabnbRt½RbPBedIménTMnijksikmμmintMrUv[manbg;R)ak;eT. plitpldéTeTot RtUvkar
[mankarbBa¢ak;GMBIRbPBedImedIm,I[)anTTYl GSP b¤[)anTTYlnUvkarGnueRKaHdéTeTot. b:uEnþedaysar
EtviFanRbPBedImnanakñúgcMeNam WTO enAminTan;mansuxudumPavUbnIkmμEdlmanRbsiT§PaBCaBiess
cMeBaHRbRBwtþkmμBn§KyGnueRKaH eKsegáteXIjbTdæanEdl)anGnuvtþ b¤PsþútagEdltMrUv[manPaBsIusgVak;
KñaeLIy.
3> muxgarrbs;kaMkugRtUl (Camcontrol Functions)
naykdæankm<úCaRtYtBinitüTMnijGah½rN nigb®gáabkarEkøgbnøM (Camcontrol) kaMkugRtUlénRksYg
BaNiC¢kmμmanPar³Eqkeqrnigb®gáabcracrTMnijEkøgkøay. naykdæanenHeFVIkarRtYtBinitüelIkarnaMecjnaM
cUl nigviPaKKuNPaBénmðÚbGaharRBmTaMgplitpleRbIR)as;déTeTot. naykdæanenHk¾RtYtBinitü nigpþl;
14
karbBa¢ak;pgEdrnUvkarGnuelamtambTdæanCatiGMBIKuNPaB nigsuvtþiPaB k¾dUc CapøaksBaØaBaNiC¢kmμelI

plitplmðÚbGahar nigplitpleRbIR)as;elIkElgEtfñaMeBTübrikçarevC¢saRsþ nigeRKOgsMGag.
esvaGFikarkic©rbs;kMkugRtUlcMeBaHplitpleRbIR)as;rYmman karBinitüemIlsMNakGFikarkic©elI
karplitGFikarkic©écdnücugeRkayelIkugtWn½r nigRtYtBinitüemIlkarpÞúkTMnijelInava. cMeBaHplitpl
eRbgkat esvasMrab;kaMkugRtUlrYmmanGFikarkic© nigRtYtBinitükareFVIKNenyükmμTMnij karvas;sÞg;eBag
kareFVIetsþsMNak;plitpl nigGegátGMBIkarcmøgeraK. esvacMbgEpñksmuRTrYmmanGegátGMBIkarpøas;kEnøg
karRtYtBinitüRbtibtþikarpÞúk nigRbtibtþikarerITMnji GegátGMBIkarxUcxat TMnij GFikarkic©elIkugtWn½r
nigGegátGMBIGnam½yrbs;nava. naykdæanenH k¾pþl;esvavaytémøcMeBaHkarxUcxat[]sSahkmμFanara:b;
rg[Rkumh‘unsV½yra:b;rg nig[sßab½nrbs;rdæaPi)alpgEdrEdltMrUv [mankarsIubGegþtGMBIkarTamTar
sMNg karvaytMélGMBIkarxUcxat nigkarRbkYtbkRsayGMBIsMNgénbN½Ñsnüara:b;rg.
TIPñak;garenHCakEnøgTMnak;TMngfñak;CaticMeBaHk,Ünc,ab;EpñkmðÚbGahar epþatelIkatBVkic©GnuvtþEpñk
KuNPaB nigsuvtþiPaBénplitplnigesvakmμtamry³karbegáItbTdæanes,ógGahar niglkçN³BiessRBm
TaMgpøaksBaØa. naykdæanenHRtYtBinitükarplit nigkarnaMcUlplitplcMNIGahartamry³karvaytémø
sMNakplitpl nigKuNPaBplitpl. kñúgkrNImanplitpl minl¥naykdæanGaccat;viFankarRsbc,ab;
dUcCakarXat;Tukplitpl bBa¢a[bBa¢ÚnRtlb;eTAvij nigbþwgecaTRbkan;EpñkRBhμTNÐCaedIm. kMakugRtUl
mansaxaCaeRcInenAtamkMBg;EpGnþrCati nigenAtamRckRBMEdnsMxan;² nigmancMNgTak;TgCamYyRbeTs
CaeRcInenAkñúgtMbn; nigenAelIBiPBelak.
VI. Gas‘an (ASEAN)(Association of Southeast Asian Nations)
1> smaCikGas‘an (ASEAN Members)
smaKmRbCaCatiGasIuGaeKñy_RtUv)anbegáIteLIgenA éf¶8 ExsIha qñaM1967 enATIRkug )agkk
RbeTséf edaymansmaCikdMbUgcMnYn5 KWRbeTs \NÐÚensIu m:aeLsIu swgðburI hVIlIBIn nig éf.
bc©úb,nñGas‘anmansmaCikcMnYn10 RbeTs edaybEnßmRb‘UeNdar:Usaelm1984 evotNam1996 mIy:an;-
m:ar nig Lav 1997 km<úCa 30 emsa 1999 ¬edaysarkm<úCaCYbRBwtþikarN_ éf¶TI 6-7 Ex kkáda 1997
)anekIteLIgenATIRkugPñMeBj¦.
RbeTsGas‘an)anÉkPaBKñaRbkan;x¢ab;nUv eKaledAsMxan;²3KW
- CMrujkarGPivDÆn_esdækic©-sgÁm nig vb,Fm’ enAkñúgtMbn; tamry³kmμviFIshRbtibtþikar.
- karBarsßirPaBneya)ay nig esdækic© enAkñúgtMbn; Tl;nwgKURbECgmhaGMNacFM².
- bMerIkarCaevTikamYy sMrab;edaHRsaykarExVgeyabl;KñakñúgrgVg;tMbn;.
15
2> shRbtibtþikarvis½yBaNiC¢kmμ (Cooperation on Business Sector)

karCMruj nigkareFVIeGayRbesIreLIgnUvBaNiC¢kmμkñúgrgVg;Gas‘an KWCaTidæPaBEvgq¶ay nigsMxan;én
skmμPaBEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkargarRbtibtþikaresdækic©Gas‘an. kic©RBmeRBogsþIBIkarGnueRKaHBaNiC¢kmμ
Gas‘an (The ASEAN Preferential Trading Arrangement: PTA) Edlcab;epþImenAqñaM 1997 KWCa
meFüa)aymYyEdlekItmuneKsMrab;eFVIesrIPavUbnIykmμ nigCMrujskmμPaBBaNiC¢kmμkñúgtMbn;Gas‘aneGay
kan;EtTUlMTUlayeLIg. tamry³KMeragenH RbeTssmaCikGas‘anpþl;nUvkic©sMruHsMrYlGnueRKaH (Preferen-
tial arrangement) Edlrab;bBa¢ÚlTaMgkarpþl;karGnueRKaHelIGRtaBn§Ky (Margin of Perference: MOP)
karGnueRKaHelIBn§Ky (MOP) bc©úb,nñ sMrab;plitpl Edlmankñúg PTA KW 50° énGRtaTUeTAénRbeTs

edayTTYlPaBGnueRKaHCageKbMput (Prevailing Most Favoured Nation: MFN) énRbeTsEdlnaMcUl.
3> kic©shRbtibtþikarkñúgvis½ydwkCBa¢Ún nig KmnaKmn_
(Cooperation on Transport and Communication)
karxMRbwgERbgrYmrbs;Gas‘ankñúgvis½yenHGacRtUvdak;bBa¢Úlkñúgvis½ydwkCBa¢Úntamnava nig kMBugEp
dwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚveKak GakascrN_sIuvil (civil aviation) nigesvakmμBak;Bn½§epSg² RBmTaMgéRbsNIy_ nig
TUrKmnaKmn_. kic©shRbtibtþikarrbs;Gasa‘nkñúgvisy½ enHEdl)anelIkkMBs;ehIy enaHnwgCMrujcMNgTak;
TgBaNiC¢kmμvinieyaK nig]sSahkmμedIm,IeFVIsmahrNkmμesdækic©s‘ankñúgeBlGnaKt. EpnkarskmμelI
vis½ydwkCBa¢Ún nigKmnaKmn_ ¬1994-1996¦ sMrab;BRgwgkardwkCBa¢ÚnCaeRcInEbb (multi modal
transport) nigkarsMrYlkareFVIBaCiC¢kmμ (trade facilitation) eFVIeGay)ansMercnUvkartP¢ab;Kña (inter-
connectivity) énEpñkTUrKmnaKmn_ nigkareFVIeGaysIuKñanUvc,ab; nigbTbBaØatiþdwkCBa¢ÚnpøÚveKakEdl)ancab;
epþImGnuvtþmkehIy.
4> kic©shRbtibtþikarkñúgbBaðaesdækic©GnþrCati
(Cooperation in International Economic Issues)
Gas‘an)anRbkan;ykrebobedaHRsayrYmelIbBaðaesdækic©tMbn; nigGnþrCatimYycMnYn nigsMrbsMrYl
eKalCMhrrbs;xøÜnkñúgevTikarGnþrCatinana dUcCakic©shRbtibtþikaresdækic©GasIu)a:sIuhVik (Asia Pacific
Economin Cooperation: APEC) nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak ehIykMBugxitxMRbwgERbgedIm,IbegáItnUv
GgÁRbCMuesdækic©GasIuxagekIt. Gas‘an)anepþImTMnak;TMngCamYy CER ¬kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmμsþIBITMnak;

TMngesdækic©CitsñiTrvagGURsþalI nignUEvlesLg;edIm,ICMrujBaNiC¢kmμ nig karhUrcUlénvinieyaKtMbn;TaMg
BIr. karsnÞnarvagmRnþIesdækci ©Gas‘an nigrdæmRnþI]sSahkmμ nigBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatiCb:un)anrYmviPaKTan
CaviC¢manedIm,IBRgwg]sSahkmμKaMRTkarRtYtBinitüKuNPaBkic©shRbtibtþikarGPivDÆn_ nigCMnYybec©keTs.
RkumkargarmYysþIBIkm<úCa Lav nig mIy:an;m:ar (CLM) EdlBak;Bn½§dl;GñkdMNagxagvis½yÉkCn nig
16
saFarN³mkBIRbeTsCb:un nig Gas‘an)anBRgIkviFankarCaeRcInedIm,IsMrbsMrYlGnþrkalrbs;km<úCa Lav

nig mIya:n;ma:r eTAkan;esdækic©TIpSar. Gas‘ank¾)anBieRKaHeyabl;CaRbRktICamYyGñktMNagBaNiC¢kmμ
shrdæGaemrik (United Stade Trade Representative: USTR) ehIysm<n½§PaBGaemrik-Gas‘an sMrab;kar
rIkcMerIneTAvijeTAmkRtUv)anesñIeLIg.
5> tMbn;BaNiC¢kmμGas‘anesrI (AFTA: ASEAN Free Trade Area)
ktþaTaMgLayEdlnaMmuxeTAkan; AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Area): BIGtItkal rcnasm½<næesdækic©
RbeTsGas‘anmanPaBTn;exSayCamYynwgsmaCikCaeRcIn eyageTAtameKalneya)ayesdækic©kñúgRbeTs
Gas‘an tamRbemIleTAmankarxVHxatkarbMeBjbEnßm nigRbkYtRbECgsMrab;RbeTseCOnelOndUcKña. ehtu
dUecñHehIyBYkeKmankarsÞak;esÞIrsMrab;smahrNkmμbnþeTot. edayGas‘an)ancUlkñúgqñaM 1990 vaRtUv
RbQmmuxeTAnwgktþaBIrxagkñúg nigxageRkAEdlnaMeGaymankic©shRbtibtþikaresdækic©. ]sSahUbnIykmμ
y:agrh½s)anCMrujkareFVIBaNiC¢kmμeTAkñúgTMnij]sSahpl eFVIeGayBaNiC¢kmμkan;EtbEnßmCagkarRbkYt
RbECgkñúgcMeNamRbeTsGas‘anTaMgLay. cMENkénplitkmμenAkñúgkarnaMecjsrubrbs;Gas‘aneTAkan;
BiPBelakekIneLIgBI 21° enAqñaM1980 eTAdl; 59>8° enAqñaM 1990 sMrab;BaNiC¢kmμépÞkñúgGas‘an
cMENkénplitkmμekIneLIgBI 28>2° eTAdl; 61>2° .
KMnitpusecjén AFTA: KMnitén AFTA CaelIkdMbUg)anelcecjeLIgenAExmifuna qñaM1991 edaynayk
rdæmRnþIéf GaNn;)a:n;NaCun eday)anRbmUlnUvkarKaMRTdMbUgGMBIsMNak;RbeTsCasmaCikGas‘andéTdMbUg
GMBIsMNak;RbeTsCasmaCikGas‘andéTeTot RbeTséf)anbeBa©jenAExkBaØa qñaM1991 CamYynwgsMenI
BRgwg AFTA EdlehAfaKMnitepImrbs;elakGaNn; . karCYbRbCMuénm®nþIesdækic©Can;x<s;Gas‘an ¬ASEAN
Senior Economic Officials Meeting-SEOM¦ enATIRkugkULaLaMBYrenAExtula qñaM1991 )anRBmRBogKña
elIviesaFnkmμcMeBaHsMeNIrbs;éf Edl)anyl;RBmedaykarCYbRbCMurdæm®nþIesdækic©Gas‘an ¬ASEAN

Economic Minister-AEM¦. kñúgkarRbCMukMBUlGas‘anelIkTIbYnenARbeTssaMghÁaBYr enAExmkra qñaM
1992 GñkdwknaMkMBUlGas‘anénrdæaPi)al)anRBmRBogpøÚvkar kñúgkarbegáIttMbn;BaNiC¢kmμesrIGas‘an

¬AFTA¦ nig)ancuHhtßelxaelIesckþIRbkassaMghÁaBYr nigkic©RBmeRBogelIKMeragelIkarelIksÞÜykic©
shRbtibtþikaresdækic©Gas‘an. AEM )ancuHhtßelxakic©RBmeRBogelIKeM ragtaragGnueRKaHRbsiT§PaBrYm
¬Aggrement on the common Effective Preferential Tariff CEPT¦ sMrab; AFTA. KMeragenH KWCaynþ
karsMxan;sMrab;kareFVIeGay)ansMerc AFTA.
6> kic©RBmeRBogelItaragBn§GnueRKaHénRbsiT§PaBrYm
(Agreement on the Common Effective Preferential Tariff) (CEPT)
17
KMnitén CEPT-AFTA CakarsamBaØ³ RbeTsTaMgLayénGas‘anbnßytaragBn§enAépÞkñúgtMbn;eTA

elIRKb;muxTMnij]sSahkmμrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgTMnijmUldæan nigplitplksikmμEkéqñ nigdkykecjr)aMgBn§
elIsBIry³eBl15 qñaM rab;cab;taMgBIéf¶TI 01 Exmkra qñaM1993 teTA. ehtudUecñH enAqñaM2008 TIpSar
]sSahkmμGas‘annwgesÞIrEtCaTIpSaresrI 0-5°. CEPT/AFTA min)an begáItCabøúkBaNiC¢kmμtMbn;mYyeT
vaCYyCMrujminRtwmEtkareFVIesrIPavUbnIykmμBaNiC¢épÞkñúgb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþ KWCYyCMrujesrIPavUbnIykmμeTAelI
mUldæan MFN cMENkmYyEdr. karenHRtUv)aneFVItamry³karpþl;EtmYyenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBog CEP Edl
GnuBaØateGayRbeTsnanaCasmaCik karkat;bnßytaragBn§rbs;eK 0-5°. eTaHbICamUldæanRbCaCati
TTYlkarGnueRKaHbMput (Most Favoured Nation – MFN) edIm,IeGaymansm,Tan CEPT GMBIRbeTs
Gas‘anepSgeTotya:gNak¾eday.
18
emeron TI 2
kic©snüaBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati
INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONTRACT
I. kareFVIGaCIvkmμGnþrCati
(Doing Internation Business)
c,ab;GnþrCati CaTUeTARKb;RKgviFIEdlrdæ nigGnþrCatibuKÁldéTeTotRbRBwtþcMeBaHKñaeTAvijeTAmk
dUc)anBiPakSaenACMBUk1 ¬esckþIepþImsþIBIkic©karCMnYj¦. cUrcgcaMfa snñisBaØRtUv)aneFVIeLIgrvagrdænigrdæ
rvagGgÁkarGnþrCatinana b¤rvagrdænigGgÁkarGnþrCati. k¾b:uEnþetIc,ab;GVIEdlRKb;RKgviFIEdlGgÁPaBBaNiC¢
kmμ nigbuKÁlbreTseFVIGaCIvkmμCamYyKañ? GgÁPaBBaNiC¢kmμenAkñúgRbCaCatidéTeTotCajwkjab;BYkeKeFVI
kic©snüaBaNiC¢kmμ. RbePTcMbgénskmμPaBBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatiEdlkic©snüaGacekIteLIgrYmman³ karlk;
EdlGacTak;TineTAnwgkic©snüalk;TMnij b¤pþl;esvakmμ kic©snüapþl;GaCJab½NÑEdlCamUldæanTak;TineTAnwg
kic©snüaEdlPaKImYyGnuBaØateGayPaKImYyeTot nUvsiT§ipliteRbIR)as; b¤lk;plitpleRkaml½kçx½NÐCak;
lak;mYy nigskmμPaBvinieyaKEdlGacTak;TineTAnwgkarbegáIt nigRbtibtþikarénRkumh‘uncMruH b¤saxaRkum
h‘unbreTs b¤buKÁlsm<½n§énRkumh‘unmYy.
II. etIenAeBlNa Edlkic©snüaBaNiC¢kmμmYykøayeTACakic©snüa
BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati? (When Does a Commercial Contract Become an
International Commercial Contract?)
cMNucTImYyEdlRtUvbBa¢ak;eGayc,as;fa etIkic©snüarvagPaKIcMnYnBIrBitCakic©snüaGnþrCati b¤y:ag
Na. CamUldæanebIsinPaKITaMgBIrmankEnøgGaCIvkmμBak;B½n§enAkñúgRbeTsEtmYy eBlenaHCaTUeTAkic©snüa
KWRtUvRKb;RKgedayc,ab;rbs;RbeTsenaH. rIÉCemøaHKWRtUv)anedaHRsayenAtulakar b¤enAsalamCÄtþvin½y
énRbeTsenaH. k¾b:uEnþenAeBlEdlPaKITaMgBIrénkic©snüa mankEnøgGaCIvkmμBak;Bn§½enAkñúgRbeTsepSgKña
eBlenaHkic©snüarbs;BYkeKmanlkçN³CaGnþrCati. dUecñHviFanc,ab;GnþrCatinwgGnuvtþn_cMeBaHkic©snüaenaH
kalebIPaKImYymankEnøgGaCIvkmμeRcInCagmYy CaTUeTAkEnøgGaCIvkmμEdlBak;Bn½§ KWkEnøgNamYyEdlCab;
Tak;TgCitbMputeTAnwgkic©snüa nigkarbMeBjkatBVkic©énkic©snüaenaH.
19
cUrBicarNaGMBIkrNIrbs;elakeBC EdlCaGñkpliteRmcenAe)a:yEb:t. eBClk;plitpleRmc

rbs;xøÜneGayeTARkumh‘un Pennesylvania Pepper Company EdlCaRkumh‘unrbs;GaemrickaMg
EdlmanTItaMgsñak;karenAe)a:yEb:t. GñktMNagRkumh‘un Pennesylvania Pepper Company Edlsßit
enAÉe)a:yEb:t. GñktMNagRkumh‘un Pennesylvania Pepper Company EdlsßitenAÉe)a:yEb:tcuH
htßelxaelIkic©snüalk;mYyCamYyeBC. kic©snüaenaHEdlRBagedaykariyal½yc,ab;mYyenARbeTséf
tRmUveGayeBCRbKl;eRmcedaypÞal;eTArfynþdwkTMnji EdlmkBIRkumh‘unrbs;éfenAÉcMkarrbs;eBCEdl
sßitenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ehIytRmUveGayRkumh‘un Pennsylvania Pepper Company bg;R)ak;eGayeBC
enAeBlRbKl;eRmc.
TaMgeBC nigRkumh‘un Pennsylvania Pepper Company cg;dwgfa etIc,ab;rbs;RbeTsNaEdl
GnuvtþelIkic©snüaenH KWfaetICac,ab;RbeTskm<úCa Cac,ab;shrdæGaemric b¤c,ab;RbeTséf. etIGs;elak
GñkKitfac,ab;rbs;RbeTsNaEdlGnuvtþelIkic©snüaenH? edayehtufaPaKITaMgBIrmankEnøgGaCIvkmμBak;
Bn½§enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCakEnøgGaCIvkmμEdlBak;Bn½§CageKbMputeTAnwgkic©snüa nig karbMeBjktBVkic©énkic©
snüaenaH c,ab;;rbs;RbeTskm<úCanwgGnuvtþcMeBaHkic©snüaenH. niyayy:aggay eKemIleTAhak;dUcCafa
kic©snüaenHRtUveFVIeLIgedayPaKIkm<úCacMnYnBIrnak;GBa©wgEdr. ehIyCemøaHNamYYyEdlekItecjBIkic©snüa
enHRbEhlCaRtUvedaHRsayenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa elIkElgEtPaKImankarRBmeRBogKñamYyepSgBIenHeTot.
k¾b:uEnþ etIcemøIyenaHnwgepSgBIenHEdrb¤eT RbsinebIGñkTijEdlCaCnCatiGaemrikkaMgenaHRKan;Et
epJIrlixitbBa¢aTijmkBIshrdæGaemrikmkkan;TIPñak;garéfmYy ehIyTIPñak;garenaHbnÞab;mkk¾TUrs½BÞmkeBC
ehIysMueGayeBC cat;EcgRbKl;eRmcedayxøÜnÉgenAÉGarBaØRbeTséf. enAkñúg]TahrN_fμIenHsMeNIKWeFVI
eLIgenAkñúgRbeTséf kareFVIsVIkarsMeNI (karTTYlsMeNI ) ekIteLIgenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ehIykarRbKl;
TMnijKWRtUveFVIeLIgedayqøgkat;RBMEdnrvagRbeTsTaMgBIr. fVIebIRkumh‘unGaemrikkaMgmanTIsñak;karenAe)a:y
Eb:tk¾eday k¾TIsñak;karenHhak;dUcCaminmankarBak;Bn½§NamYyeLIyenAkñúgkic©snüa. ebImanCemøaHekIt
eLIgetIc,ab;rbs;RbeTsNaEdlnwgGnuvtþelIkic©snüaenH? ehIyetIenATINaEdlCemøaHRtUv)anedaHRsay?
enAkñúgsßanPaBenHcemøIyhak;dUcCaminsUvc,as;las;esaH.
karsMxan;RtUvdwgfac,ab;NaEdlGnuvtþ BIeRBaHerOgenHGacb:HBal;dl;siT§i nigkatBVkic©rbs;PaKI én
kic©RBmeRBog. ]TahrN_ enAkñúgyutþaFikarCaeRcInEdleRbIR)as;c,ab; Common law CaTUeTAkareFVIsVIkar
sMeNImanGanuPaBenAeBlEdlsVIkarenaH RtUv)anepJIrya:gRtwmRtUvedayPaKIEdleFVIsVIkarsMeNI (viFansþIBI
GanuPaBenAeBlepJIsVIkarsMeNI). k¾b:uEnþenAkñúgyutßaFikarCaeRcInEdleRbIR)as;RbB½n§c,ab;sIuvilCaTUeTAsVIkar
sMenImanGanuPaBenAeBlEdlPaKIeFVIsMeNI )anTTYlsVIkarsMeNI (viFansþIBIGanuPaBenAeBlTTYlsVIkar
20
sMeNI). karxusKñaenHGacminEmnCaerOgtUctaceT RbsinebIPaKIEdleFVIsMeNIBüayamdksMeNIenaHvij

eRkayBIPaKImçageTot)anepJIsVIkarsMeNI k¾b:uEnþmuneBlEdlGñkeFVIsMeNI)anTTYlsVIkarsMeNI.
sMNYrsYrfaetIc,ab;NaEdlGnuvtþ GaceFVIeGayb:HBal;dl;bBaðasMxan;déTeTotpgEdrEdlTak;Tin
eTAnwgkic©karBaNiC¢kmμ. ]TahrN_ etIGñkNaCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvbg;Bn§da enAeBlEdlTMnijRtUvnaMecjBI
RbeTskm<úCa b¤naMcUleTAkñúgRbeTséf? etIGñkNaCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarxUcxatdl;TMnij RbsinebI
rfynþEdldwkTMnijenaHFøak;cuHBIs<anEdlsßitenAcenøaHRbeTsTaMgBI ehIyRKab;eRmcEdlpÞúkenAkñúgrfynþ
enaHRtUvxUcexÞc? CMBUkbnÞab; (sþIBIkardwkCBa¢Ún) eqøIytbnwgsMnYrRbePTEbbenH.
CemøaHmYycMnYnekItmaneLIgeTaHCaedaHRsayenAkEnøgNak¾edayvamanPaBcM)ac;dUcKña PaKIénkic©
snüamanGarmμN_faCemøaHGMBIkic©snüaBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati RtUv)anedaHRsayy:agRbesIrbMputenARbeTs
GBüaRkwt b¤edaysalamCÄtþvinicä½yCaCagedaHRsayedayRbeTsrbs;smIPaKI EdlenATIenaHPaKImYyGac
maneRbobeRcInCagPaKImYyeTotenaH.
enAkñúgCMBUkenHeyIgnwgsikSanUvbBaðaCaeRcInEdlhYsBIbBaðaCamUldæan Edl)anBiPakSaenACMBUk TI3
(kic©snüaBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati) eTAeTot EdlPaKIRtUvBicarNaenAeBleFVIkic©snüaBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati. CMBUk
enHBiPakSaedaysegçbGMBIbBaðaxøH²TaMgenH.
III. Pasa (Language)
PasaKWCaEpñkmYysMxan;énkic©snüa KWRtUvR)akdfaPasaenaHKWRtUvc,as;las;ehIyRKb;PaKIyl;Pa
saenaHdUc²Kña. sUm,IEtPaKITaMgGs;énkic©snüaniyayPasaEtmYy nigeFVIkic©snüaedayeRbIPasaenaHk¾
eday k¾vaGacmanCemøaHGMBIGtßn½yénBaküxøH²Edr. k¾b:uEnþCajwkjab;PaKIénkic©snüaGnþrCatieRbIPasa
kMeNItepSgKña. ehIyCYnkalBaküénPasamYYyenAkñúgsnüaGacmankarBi)akkñúgkarERbeGayeTACaPasa
mYyeTot. dUecñH GacnwgmankareføaHeFøayBiess EdlfaPaKIénkic©snüaGnþrCati nigmankaryl;xus²Kña
GMBIBaküEtmYy. RbsinebICemøaHGMBIBaküEbbenHekIteLIg eBlenHtulakar b¤mCÄtþkrRbEhlCaRtUvsMerc
faetIBaküenaHmann½yya:gNa. KμanGVIKYreGayq¶l;eTPaKIénkic©snüanwgKaMRTdl;karbkRsayNaEdl
RbesIrbMputsMrab;xøÜn.
]TahrN_ snμtfaGñklk;CnCatiCb:unmñak; nigGñkTijCnCatikm<úCamñak;cg;eFVIkic©snüamYy edIm,I
lk;Ggár. PasaExμr nigPasaCb:unmanBaküepSgKña²sMrab;RbePTGgárepSgKñaEdlmanKuNPaBEbøk²Kña.
enAkñúgdMeNIrkarénkarcrcarrvagPaKIeRbITaMgBakükm<úCa nigBaküCb:unsMrab;RbePTBiessNamYyénGgár.
k¾b:uEnþkic©snüaCalaylkçN_GkSrpþac;RB½RtKWeFVICaPasaGg;eKøs. kic©snüaenaHEcgfaGñklk;RtUvEtpþl;
21
Ggár }sMrit} dl;GñkTij k¾b:uEnþmin)anpþl;Gtßn½yeBjeljdl;Bakü }Ggár} teTAeToteLIy. PaKITaMgBIr

GacfaminecHPasaGg;eKøsc,as;las; ehIyBYkeKGacmankaryl;dwgxusKñaGMBIn½ycM²énBaküenH. ]bma
fa Gñklk;pÁt;pÁg;GgárEdlmanKuNPaBGn; edayeBalfa enaHehIyKWCaGVIEdlsamIPaKIRtUv)anTamTar
eGaypÁt;pÁg; eBalKWGgár }sMrit} ehIydUecñHxøÜn)anRbtibtþitamesckþIEcgénkicμsnüaehIy. GñkTijGac
nwgCMTas;edaysMGagfa samIxøÜn)anyl;BaküenaHehIy KWtRmUveGaypþl;GgárEdlmanKuNPaBx<s;CagenH
RbEhlmYyEpñkmkBIminEmnBaküGg;eKøsEdleKeRbIenAkñúgkarcrcarenaH.
meFüa)aymYyedIm,ICMnHelIbBaðaPasa KWRtUveRCIserIseGaymanPasaCa}pøÚvkar} mYyEdlRKb;RKg
kic©snüaenaH. enAkñúg]TahrN_xagelIPaKIGaceRCIserIsPasaGg;eKøs. enAkñúgeBlkrNIdéTeTotGac
mankic©snüacMnYnBIrc,ab; b¤elIsBIenHehIyc,ab;nImYy²eRbIPasaepSg²Kña. enAkñúgsßanPaBEbbenHCaKMnit
l¥KWRtUveFVIkareRCIserIsPasaNamYyCaPasa }pøÚvkar} énÉksarkic©snüa.
BitEmnehIyRbsinebImanGtßbT }pøÚvkar{ énkics© nüaEdleFVIeLIgeRcInCagmYyPasa eBlenaH
bBaðasþIBIkarbkRsayBaküeBcn_GacenAEtekItmaneLIg. erOgenHGacekItmaneLIgenAeBl EdleKeFVIsn§i
sBaØaEdlGtßbTénkic©RBmeRBogRtUv)aneKsresreLIgCaPasaxusKña ehIyGtßbTnImYy²RtUv)aneKcat;Tuk
famantMélesμIKña. enAeBlEdlGtßbTénkic©snüaeFVIeLIgCaPasaxusKñaminmann½yRtUvKñaeGaycM² ehIy
CemøaHk¾ekItmaneLIgpgEdr eBlenaHeKGacmankarBi)akEsVgrkdMeNaHRsaymYyEdlTTYlyk)an.
bBaðaPasamYyRbePTeTotGacekIteLIg enAeBlEdlPaKIeRbIsþg;darvaküsB½§bMRBYjenAkñúgkic©snüa
rbs;eK. ]TahrN_ ]bmakic©snüaEcgfa }Gñklk;yl;RBmlk;eGayGñkTijnUveTacRkyancMnYn 10 000
eRKOg FOB kMBg;esam SS Seagull em:ag5l¶ac éf¶TI 18 Ex]sPa 1995}. BakübMRBYj FOB
mann½yfa Gñklk;rYccakkatBVkic©enAeBlTMnijeLIgk)a:l;rYcral;ehIy.
n½yrbs;PasaEdleRbIkñúg]TahrN_enHminc,as;las;. eyagGtßn½yénBakü FOB enAkñúgvakü
sBÞ½BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati 2000 (2000 INCOTERMS) sþg;darBaküBaNiC¢kmμenHEdl)anbgðajCUnenA
CMBUk2 ]TahrN_xagelIenHmann½yfa katBVkic©rbs;Gñklk;kñúgkarRbKl;eTacRkyandl;GñkTijminTan;
cb;sBVRKb;eT luHRtaEteTacRkyanTaMgenaHRtUv)andak;cUleTAkñúgk)a:l;EdlmaneQμaHfa Seagull enAEp
kMBg;esam enAem:ag5 l¶ac éf¶TI 18 Ex]sPa qñaM1995 sin. kñúgn½ygayKWGñklk;nwg }rYccak} BIkatBV
kic© RbsinebITMnijTaMgenaHRtUv)anRbKl;dak;eTAkñúgk)a:l;enAeBlem:agenaH.
k¾b:uEnþtamRkmÉkPaBBaNiC¢kmμ UCC EdlRKb;RKgc,ab;BaNiC¢kmμenAshrdæGaemric Bakü FOB
mann½yxusenHbnÞicEdr. tamRkmÉkPaBBaNiC¢kmμshrdæGaemrik FOB ¬÷ EppÞúkTMnij¦ RKan;EttMrUv
eGayGñklk;RbKl;eTacRkyanTaMgenaHeTAeGayRkumh‘undwkCBa¢Úntamnava enAÉkEnøgEdleKR)ab;eQμaH
22
KWEpkMBgesam. RbsinebIGñkTijcg;tMrUveGayGñklk;TTYlxusRtUveFVIy:agNaeGayTMnijTaMgenaHBitCadak;
cUleTAkñúgk):al;Emn edayeRbIRkmÉkPaBBaNiC¢kmμ UCC eBlenaHGñkTijRtUvEcgeGayc,as;kñúgkic©
snüafa³ FOB ¬÷ eQμaHnava¦.
]bmafa enAeBlEdleKsÞÚcekHeTacRkyaneTAkñúgnava ma:sIunsÞÚceFVIekHeTacRkyanFøak;cUleTAkñúg
smuRT. eyageTAtamRkmÉkPaBBaNiC¢kmμshrdæGaemrik Gtßn½yénBakü FOB (÷ EppÞúk TMnij) GñkTij
nwgTTYlrgcMeBaHkar)at;bg;TMnijedayehtufa karRbKl;TMnij)ancb;rYcral;ehIyenA eBlEdlGñklk;
RbKl;TMnijeTAeGayRkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚntamnavaenAEpkMBg;esam. k¾b:uEnþ eyagtamGtßn½yénBakü FOB
enAkñúgvaküsB½§BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati 2000 (2000 INCOTERMS) Gñk lk;nwgRtUvTTYlrgkar)at;bg;
TMnij edayehtufakarRbKl;TMnijnwgRtUvcb;rYcral;ehIy luHRtaEtekHTMnijenaHBitCa)anqøgkat;EKmnava
cUleTAkñúgnava. GñkGanKYrRCab;faRkmÉkPaBBaNiC¢kmμ UCC kMBugBinitüeLIgvij kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenH
ehIyfakareGayn½yrbs;vasþIBIvaküsB½§BaNiC¢kmμdUcCaBakü FOB enHGacnwgEkERbqab;². CaBiess
vaküsB½§BaNiC¢kmμdUcCa FOB enHGaceKminkMNt;niymGVITaMgGs;kñúgbMNgeFVIy:agNaeGay UCC suIKña
nwgkarGnuvtþn_BaNiC¢kmμTMenIbedayrYmTaMgkareRbI INCOTERMS pgEdr.
enAkñúgehtukarN_Nak¾eday RbsinebIeKeRbIsþg;darBakübMRBYjenAkñúgkic©snüa karsMxan;KWPasarKW
RtUvyl;RBmGMBIn½yrbs;BakübMRBYjTaMgenaH. viFId¾RbesIrbMputedIm,IecosvageGayputBIkarmincuHsMrugKña
KWRtUvEcgbBa¢ak;eGay)anc,as;las;faetIkRmgviFanNaEdlRKb;RKgBakübMRBYjTaMgenaH. ]TahrN_ kic©
snüaRbEhlCaGacEcgfa { FOB EpkMBg;esam } b¤ }FOB RkugRBHsIhnu} RkmÉkPaBBaNiC¢kmμ
rdæshrdæGaemrik. karxusKñaénGtßn½yBakü FOB manBiPakSaenACMBUkTI5 EdlTak;TinnwgvaküsB½§BaNiC¢
kmμlMGit.
IV. rUbiyvtßú (Currency)
bBaðaCaskþanuBlmYyepSgeTotkñúgkarbegáItkic©snüaGnþrCati KWkarkMNt;rUbiyvtßúEdlRtUveRbIenA
kñúgkarbMeBjkatBVkic©énkic©snüa. erOgenHGacCakarsMxan; edayehtufaPaKIRbEhlCaminGacRbkb
GaCIvkmμPaKeRcIn edayeRbIrUbiyvtßúEtmYyRbePTenaHeT nigedayehtufaGRtabþÚrR)ak;GacERbRbYlral;eBl
evla.
]TahrN_ cUrBicarNaGMBIrUbiyvtßúrbs;RbeTskm<úCanaExemsa qñaM1995. enAeBlenaHGRtabþÚr
R)ak;enATIpSar ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgR)ak;dUløarshrdæGaemricERbRbYlBIRbmaN1800 eroleTAdl;2600
erolkñúgmYyduløa. ]bmafa kic©snüa)aneFVIeLIgExkumÖ³ qñaM1995 EdlEcgfaRkumh‘unhugkugnwgpÁt;pÁg;
)al;e)aHcMnYn 10 000 dl;Rkumh‘unkm<úCatMél 1 duløa kñúg)al;e)aHnImYy²edaykarRbKl;TMnijnwgRtUveFIV
23
eLIgkñúgrvag 60 éf¶ ehIykarbg;R)ak;nwgRtUveFVIeLIgenAeBlEdlRbKl;TMnij. enAeBleFVIkic©snüaenaH 1

duløarshrdæGaemrikesμInwg 2600 erol. enHmann½yfa Rkumh‘unkm<úCa RtUvkarR)ak;cMnYn 26 lanerol
edIm,ITijR)ak;dUlaørcMnYn 10 000 duløar EdlRkumh‘unRtUvbg;eTAtamkic©snüa. Rkumh‘unhugkug)anRbKl;
)al;e)aHenABak;kNþalExemsa. k¾b:uEnþenAeBlenaH R)ak;duløarRtUvcuHefakebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgR)ak;erol.
dUecñH GaRtaenAeBlenaH KWenARtwmEt 1800 erol kñúg 1 duløarEtb:ueNÑaH. enHmann½yfa Rkumh‘unkm<úCa
RtUvkarRtwmEt 18 lanerolb:ueNÑaHedIm,ITijR)ak;duløarcMnYn 10 000 duløar EdlRkumh‘unRtUvbg;tamkic©
snüa. BitEmnehIyerOgenHKWRbEhlCal¥sMrab;Rkumh‘unExμrb:ueNÑaH.
k¾b:uEnþsnμtfa kic©snüadEdlenHtMrUveGaybg;CaR)ak;erolkm<úCa. snμtteTAeTot enAeBlPaKI
eFVIkic©snüa GRtabþÚrR)ak;KW 2600 erol kñúgmYyduløarshrdæGaemrik. k¾b:uEnþ enAkñúg]TahrN_fμIenHkic©
snüa KWsMrab;Tij)al;e)aHcMnYn 10 000)al; éfø 2600 erol kñúg)al;nImYy²EdlmantMélsrub 2600
lanerolsMrab;)al;e)aHedayCak;EsþgRkumh‘unkm<úCaecjR)ak;EdlesÞIrEtmantMélesμInwg 14500 duløar
shrdæGaemrik. erOgenHGacCakarRbesIrsMrab;Rkumh‘unhugkug k¾b:uEnþ Rkumh‘unkm<úCaRbEhlmankarsþay
eRkayEdlKYrEtbg;R)ak;cMnYnRtwmEt 10 000 duløarEtb:ueNÑaHdUcenAkñúg]TahrN_mun.
manmeFüa)ayCaeRcInsMrab;dMeNaHRsayGRtabþÚrR)ak; EdlERbRbYlenAkñúgkic©snüa. PaKIGaceRbI
R)as;esckþIEcgénkic©snüaEdlGnuBaØatieGaytMélTMnij b¤esvaEkERb)anedIm,IqøúHbBa©aMg eGayeXIjGMBI
GanuPaBénkarERbRbYlEbbenH. ]TahrN_ GñkTijGacyl;RBmbg;éføtamtMélTIpSaredayrUbiyvtßúNamYYy
enAkalbriecäTEdl)anRBmeRBogKña. b¤fakic©snüaenaHGacdak;bBa©Úl rUbmnþsMrab;kMNt;tMélrbs;TMnij
enAeBlNamYy dUcCatRmUveGayeFVIkarbg;R)ak;CaR)ak;erolkñúgcMnYnEdlesμInwgR)ak;duløarkñúgcMnYnNamYy
tamGRtabþÚrR)ak;EdlkMNt;edayFnaKaCatikm<úCaenAkalbriecäTNamYy. eTaHCay:agenHk¾eday eday
mankareRCIserIsEbbTaMgenH PaKIenAEtCYbRbTHnwgkarpSg nigkarERbRbYlrYbiyvtßúEdlnwgeFVIeGayb:HBal;
dl;karcrcarrbs;BYkeK BYkeKRKan;Etéllkcat;karTb;Tl;nwgkarRbfuyEbbenHeTAtamviFIepSg²Kñab:ueNÑaH.
bBaðamYyEdlRtUvBicarNaKWfa etIrUbiyvtßúEdleRbIR)as;sMrab;kic©karGaCIvkmμenaHminGacbþÚr)anenA
eRkARbeTsEdlecjrUbiyvtßúedImenaHb¤y:agNa. enAkñúgkrNIxøH vaGacmankarBi)ak b¤minmanlT§PaBnwg
bþÚrrUbiyvtßúenAeRkARbeTsEdlecjrUbiyvtßúenaH. enAeBlbc©úb,nñenH ]TahrN_rYmmanR)ak;erolkm<úCa
R)ak;dugrbs;evotNam nigR)ak;rinminb‘Írbs;cin. kic©snüaEdltRmUveGaybg; CarUbiyvtßúEdlminGacbþÚr)an
enAkñúgRbeTsrbs;Gñklk; GacmantémøtictYcb:ueNÑaHcMeBaHGñklk;enaH. RbsinebIerOgenHKWCabBaðaPaKI
GaceRbIR)as;rUbiyvtßúdéTeTotsMrab;kic©snüarbs;BYkeKdUcCa }rUbiyb½NÑxøaMg}. CamUldæanrUbiyb½NÑxøaMg
24
mann½yfa rUbiyvtßúEdlGacbþÚr)any:aggayCamYynwgrUbiyvtßúmYyepSgeTotenAelITIpSarrUbiyvtßúGnþrCati
dUcCaR)ak;m:akrbs;RbeTsGaløWm:g;CaedIm.
bBaðamYyRbePTeTot EdlGacekIteLIgenAeBlEdlRbeTsmYymankarritt,iteTAelIkarbþÚrrUbiy
vtßúbreTsedIm,ITb;sáat;mineGayykrUbiyvtßúbreTs Rkumh‘unbreTsEdlTTYlkarsgR)ak;CarUbiyvtßúxøaMg
RbEhlCaminGacykrUbiyvtßúecjBIRbeTsenaH)aneT. enAkñúgkrNIenHRkumh‘unenaHGaceFVIkarsRmuH
sRmYlkic©karGaCIvkmμrbs;xøÜneTAtamviFIepSgeTot edIm,IeGaykic©karGaCIvkmμmanRbeyaCn_EpñkhirBaØvtßú.
]TahrN_ pÞúyeTAvijkarTTYlkarbg;sac;R)ak;tamkic©snüa Rkumh‘unbreTsEdleFVIGaCIvkmμenAkñúgRbeTs
mYy Edlmankarritt,iteTAelIkarbþÚrrUbiyvtßúbreTs Gaccr careGaymankareFVIGaCIvkmμtamkic©RBmeRBog
}TUTat;edaHdUr} (Countertrade) EdlnwgmanBnül;enAkñúgEpñkxageRkamenH. CMerIsmYyeTotsMrab;Rkum
h‘unbreTs KWRtUvTTUlkarsMNgCarUbiyvtßúrbs;RbeTsenaH rYcehIyykrUbIyvtßúenaHeTATijTMnijkñúgRsuk
sMrab;karnaMecj.
V. kic©RBmeRBogTUTat;karedaHdUr (Countertrade)
kic©RBmeRBogTUTat;edaHdUr ekIteLIgenAeBlEdlPaKImYyénkic©snüaRbKl;TMnij esvakmμ bec©k
eTs/ b¤k¾GVIEdlmantMélepSgeToteTAeGayPaKImYyeTot ehIyCafñúÚrnwgPaKImYyeTotEdlpþl;TMnij
esvakmμ bec©kviTüa b¤k¾mantMéleTAeGayPaKITImYy. RbeTsCaeRcInenAtMbn;GasIuPaKGeKñy_ GWr:ubxagekIt
nigGaRhVik CaRbéBNImankarBak;Bn½§nwgkic©RBmeRBogTUTat;edaHdUr. enAtMbn;GasIuPaKGeKñy_ RbeTsswgð
bUrICamCÄmNÐlBaNiC¢kmμTUTat;edaHdUrcMbgRbcaMtMbn;enH.
mankic©RBmeRBogTUTat;edaHdUrRbePTxusKña
xageRkamenH KWCakarBiPakSasegçbGMBIRbePTsMxan;²énkic©RBmeRBogTUTat;edaHdUr
1> kic©snüadUrTMnij nigTMnij (Barter)
KWTak;TineTAnwgkic©snüaEdltRmUveGayPaKImYypþl;TMnij b¤esvakmμCafñÚreTAnwgTMnij nigesvakmμ
BIPaKImçageTot. ]TahrN_ dUcCakalebIQμÜjmñak;enAkm<úCayl;RBmpÁt;pÁg;exaGavmYycMnYneTAeGayQμÜj
mñak;eTotenARbeTskUer:xagt,ÚgCafñÚreTAnwgeTacRkyanynþmYycMnYndl;QμÜjenAkm<úCa.
2> kic©RBmeRBogTijeTAvijeTAmk (Counterpurchase)
KWCakic©karGaCIvkmμ CaTUeTATak;TineTAnwgkic©RBmeRBogsþIBIkarpÁt;pÁg;eTAvijeTAmknUvTMnij b¤esva
kmμrvagPaKIeTAtamkic©snüaBIrdac;edayELkBIKña EdlP¢ab;TMnak;TMngnwgKñaedaykic©RBmeRBogTIbImYy
eTot. ]TahrN_ snμtfasaCIvkmμrfynþRkugenAbumébRbeTs\NÐa RBmeRBogTijeTAvijeTAmkenAkñúgkic©
25
snüamYyCamYynwgraCrdæaPi)alRbeTskm<úCa. raCrdæaPi)alRbeTskm<úCayl;RBmTijrfynþRkugmYycMnYn
BIsaCIvkmμrfynþRkugenAbuméb enAkñúgkic©snüaTIBIrmYy eGayEtsaCIvkmμrfynþRkugenHRBmTijTMnij
epSg² dUcCaekAs‘UsMbkkg;mYycMnYnBIRbeTskm<úCaenAkñúgkic©snüaTIbI. tamkarBitPaKITaMgenHedaHdUrKña
rvagrfynþRkugCamYyekAs‘UsMbkkg;.
3> kic©RBmeRBogTijmkvij (Buy-Back)
KWCakic©RBmeRBog EdlTak;TineTAnwgkarlk;eRKOg brikçar b¤bec©kviTüaGMBIpÁt;pÁg;mñak;eGayeTA
RbeTsEdlkMBugGPivDÆn_ edayGñkpÁt;pÁg;TTYlykkarTUTat;CaTMnijEdlplitedayeRKOgbrikçar b¤bec©k
viTüaenaH. ]TahrN_ Rkumh‘unbreTsmYyyl;RBmksageragcRk nigtemøIgeRKOgbrikçaredIm,IplitGMe)aHeFVI
BIkb,asenAkñúgRbeTsEdlkMBugGPivDÆn_. CMnYsedaykarminTTYlykR)ak;QñÜlsMrab;kartemøIgeragcRk
enaH Rkumh‘unbreTsGacyl;RBmTTYlykGMe)aHeFVIBIkb,asEdlplitenAeragcRkenaHkñúgry³eBlCaeRcInqñaM.
4> kic©RBmeRBogTUTat;eTVPaKI (Bilateral Clearing Agreement)
KWCakic©RBmeRBogrvagRbeTsBIr EdlfaRbeTsnImYy²yl;RBmTijTMnijkñúgcMnYnkMNt;Cak;lak;
NamYyenAkñúgkic©snüadac;edayELkBIKña BIRbeTsmYyeTotenAkñúgGMLúgeBlmYymankMNt;. kic©RBm
eRBogenHRbhak;RbEhlKñaeTAnwgkic©sMruHsMrYlsMrab;kic©RBmeRBogTijeTAvijeTAmk Edl )anBiPakSaxag
elI. k¾b:uEnþenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogTUTat;eTVPaKI RbeTsnImYy²rkSaTukKNnITUTat;eTVPaKIenAFnaKarnana.
RbeTsnImYy²BinitüemIlKNnITUTat;eTVPaKIrbs;RbeTsmYyeTot edIm,IeGay R)akdfamantulüPaBén
CBa¢IgBaNiC¢kmμrvagRbeTsTaMgBIrenH. k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebIRbeTs A TijTMnijBIRbeTs B RtUvp¥ak;rhUt
Tal;EtKNnIRtUvtulüPaBfμI. RbsinebIenATIbBa©b;énry³eBlEdlkMNt;kñúgkic©RBmeRBog tulüPaBKNnI
RtUvsßitenAxagEpñkNamYy eBalKWRbsinebIRbeTsmYy)anTijeRcInCagRbeTsmYyeTot eBlenaHRbeTs
Edl)anTijticCageKenaHCaFmμtaRtUvecjsgcMeBaHGtulüPaBKNnIenH.
VI. smtßPaB {nItism,Ta} (Capacity)
CamUldæansmtßPaB KWCaGMNacpøÚvc,ab;rbs;PaKInImYy² EdlCaFmμtamnusSeBjv½yral;rUbGac
eFVI)andUcCacuHkic©snüaNamYy. CaTUeTAfaetIPaKIGacmansmßPaBeFVIkic©snüaGnþrCati b¤y:agNaenaHKW
GaRs½yelIc,ab;rbs;RbeTsnImYy² b¤RbeTsdéTeTotEdlmanyutþaFikarelIkic©snüa. GnusBaØasþIBIkic©
snüalk;TMnijGnþrCati (CISG) minmanBiPakSafaetIPaKIénkic©snüalk;TMnijGnþr Catimanb¤minmansmtß
PaBnwgeFVIkic©snüaenaHeT. dUecñHRbsinebImansMnYrGMBIsmtßPaBrbs;PaKI KMnitd¾l¥KWRtUvrkeGay)annUvkar
CUneyabl;Epñkc,ab;Tak;Tinnwgc,ab;rbs;RbeTsmYy b¤RbeTsTaMgLayNaEdlBak;Bn½§nwgkic©snüa.
26
VII. nItüanukUlPaB (Legality)

dUcKñanwgsmtßPaBEdr nItüanukUlPaBénkic©snüaGnþrCatiKWCabBaða EdlCaTUeTAKWGaRs½yelIc,ab;
kñúgRsukrbs;RbeTsEdlmanyutþaFikarelIkic©snüa. CafμImþgeTot KMnitl¥KWRtUvBinitüemIlc,ab;kñúgRsukTaMg
enaHedIm,IeGayR)akdfa kic©karGaCIvkmμEdlesñIeLIgenaH minbMBan;c,ab;rbs;RbeTsEdlBak;Bn§½NamYy
eLIy.
man]TahrN_CaeRcIn sþIBIkic©karGaCIvkmμEdlxusc,ab;. RbeTsnanaGacmankarRtYyBinitüeTAelI
karnaMTMnijcUl b¤naMTMnijecjBIRbeTsnUvmuxTMnijxøHdUcPøúkdMrI b¤GacfaCaGMeBIxusc,ab;kñúgkarnaMcUl b¤sUm,I
EtkardwkCBa¢ÚnkaksMNl;CatiKImIEdlnaMeGaymaneRKaHfñak;. m:üageTot tamc,ab;rbs;shrdæGaemrikkar
eFVIBaNiC¢kmμCamYyRbeTs {bc©amiRt} KWminRsbc,ab;eT. kaledImeLIyRbeTsevotNamRtUv)ancat;Tuk
faCaRbeTsbc©amiRtmYy. dUecñH kic©snüarvagRkumh‘unmYyenAshrdæGaemrik ehIynigRkumh‘unmYyeTot
enARbeTsevotNam KWminRtwmRtUvtamc,ab;eLIyeyagtamc,ab;shrdæGaemrikenAeBlenaH.
VIII. karlM)akkñúgkarbMeBjkatBVkic©énkic©snüa nigxEcgsþIBIkrNI
RbFanskþi (Difficulties in Performance and Force Majeure Clauses)
kareFIVGaCIvkmμGnþrCatiCajwkjab;GacbNþaleGayPaKITTYlrgnUvkarRbfuyeRcInCageFVIGaCIvkmμ
enAkñúgRsukrbs;samIPaKI. cMeBaHehtuplenH kic©snüaGnþrCatiCajwkjab;manEcgGMBIGVIEdleKehAfax
EcgsþIBI {krNIRbFanskþi}. Cajwkjab;xEcgEbbenHEcgfa PaKImin)ac;bMeBjkatBVkic©énkic©snüaeLIy
RbsinebIRBwtþikarN_EdlminGacrMBwgTukCamun)an ehIyhYsBIkarRKb;RKgrbs;samIPaKI eFVIeGaykarbMeBj
katBVkic©tamkic©snüaminGaceFVIeTAekIt b¤minGacRbtibtþitam)an. ]TahrN_ GMBIRBwtþikarN_EbbenHrYmman
eRKaHFmμCati nigkrNIRbFanskþidéTeTotdUcCakUdkmμrbs;kmμkr nigsRgÁam. xEcgsþIGMBIkrNIRbFanskþi
GacmaneQμaHepSg²KñaeTAtamyutþaFikarnImYy².
CaFmμta xEcgGMBIkrNIRbFanskþiEcgfaPaKIénkic©snüaGacBnüareBl b¤bBa©b;katBVkic©rbs;xøÜn
tamkic©snüa RbsinebIkarBi)akEdlminGacrMBwgTukCamunerOgenHekIteLIg. ]TahrN_ xEcgEbbenHGac
Ecgfa {enAkñúgkrNIRbFanskþI PaKIEdlTTYlplb:HBal;GacbBa©b;katBVkic©rbs;xøÜnenAeRkamkic©snüa}.
xEcgenaHKb,IEcgfa etIRBwtþikarN_enaHRKan;EtGnuBaØateGayPaKIEdlrgeRKaH BnüareBlbMeBjkatBVkic©
énkic©snüa b¤mYyk¾bBa©b;katBVkic©ehIymin)ac;RbtibtþisaCafμIeLIgvij. xEcgenaHRtUvEcgpgEdrfaetIniti
viFINaEdlPaKIRtUvRbtibtþitam edIm,Ikat;bnßyCaGb,brimanUvkarxatbg;EdlekItmkBIRBwtþikarN_RbFanskþi
enaH.
27
CaEpñkmYyénxEcgsþIBIkrNIRbFanskþi GacCaKMnitmYyd¾l¥kñúgkarbBa©ÚltaragRBwtþikarN_mYycMnYn
EdlGnuvBaØatieGayPaKIEdlTTYlplb:HBal; GacbBa¢ak;katBVkic©rbs;xøÜneTAtamviFIenH. taragEbbenH
RbEhlCaGacrab;bBa©ÚlRBwtþwkarN_nana sRgÁam kubkmμ GMeBIePvkmμ GMeBIbøg;tamsmuRT rBa¢ÜyEpndI TwkCMnn;
rlksmuRTbNþalmkBIrBa¢ÜyRBHFrNI xül;BüúH b¤skmμPaBfasehaH ¬skmμPaBrbs;vtßúmüa:g
EdleKminsÁal;PinPaK¦. k¾b:uEnþ RBwtþkarN_ÉeTotGacekIteLIg EdlminGacKitTukCamun)anenAkñúgxEcg
sþIBIkrNIRbFanskþi. dUecñH PaKIRtUvBicarNapgEdrGMBIkarbEnßmenAkñúgtarag RBwtþikarN_EdlGnuBaØateGay
PaKIbBa©b;kic©snüanUvRbeyaKdUcCafa {b¤k¾RBwtþikarN_déTeTotEdlenAeRkAkarRKb;RKgrbs;samIPaKIEdl
eFVI[karbMeBjkatBVkic©minGacRbtibtþitam)an}.
enAkñúgyutþaFikarCaeRcIn c,ab;EcgGMBIbBaðaBi)akenAkñúgkarbMeBjkatBVkic©énkic©snüa sUm,IEtPaKI
xkxanmin)aneFVIdUecñHy:agc,as;las;d¾eday ]TahrN_ tamRkmÉkPaBBaNiC¢kmμshrdæGaemrikPaKIGac
minmankatBVkic©nwgbMeBjtamkic©snüaeT RbsinebIkarbMeBjkatBVkic©enaHkøayeTACa {minGacRbtibtþitam
)an}. müa:geTot maRta 79 énGnusBaØasþIBIkic©snüalk;TMnijGnþrCati (CISG) Ecgfa³
PaKImYyminTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarxkxanmin)anbMeBjkatBVkic©NamYyrbs;xøÜneT RbsinebIPaKI
enaHGacbgðajfa karxkxanenaHbNþalmkBI]bsKÁEdlhYsBIkarRKb;RKgrbs;xøÜn ehIyEdlxøÜnminGac
manehtuplNamYyKYrKitTukCamunfaman]bsKÁEbbenaH enAeBleFVIkic©snüa b¤KYr)aneCosvagGMeBIenaH
b¤elIplvi)aknanarbs;va.
tamGnusBaØasþIBIkic©snüalk;TMnijGnþrCati (CISG) ]bsKÁEdlTb;sáat;karbMeBjkatBVkic©énkic©
snüarbs;PaKINamYyp¥ak;katBVkic©rbs;PaKIEdlRtUvbMeBj. RbsinebI]bsKÁenaHRtUv)anCMnH rYcehIyeBl
enaHsamIPaKIRtUvbMeBjkatBVkic©enaHtamkic©snüa.
enAkñúgkarBicarNaGMBIkareRbIR)as;xEcgsþIBIkrNIRbFanskþi Gs;elakKYrkat;sMKal;fa RbB½n§c,ab;
Civil Law nig Common Law GacmanpøÜvedaHRsayepSgKña²cMeBaHRBwtþikarN_EdleFVIeGaykarbMeBj
katBVkic©énkic©snüakan;EtBi)ak enAeBlPaKIxkxanmin)anbBa©ÚlxEcgsþIBIkrNIRbFanskþi. CaBiess
RbBn½§c,ab; Civil Law CaeRcIn hak;dUcCaGnuvtþykpøÚvedaHRsayy:agtwgrwg edaytRmUvfa Tal;Etman
karbMeBjkatBVkic©enaHBitCaminGaceFVIeTAekItBitEmn. ]TahrN_ enARbeTs)araMgRBwtþikarN_Edlmin)an
KitTukCamun CaTUeTARtUvEteFVIeGaykarbMeBjkatBVkic©BitCaminGaceFVIeTAekItedIm,IbBa©ak;katBVkic©rbs;PaKI.
k¾b:uEnþ yutþaFikarénc,ab; Common Law CaeRcInRKan;EttRmUvfa edIm,IeGaykatBVkic©TaMgenaH
Gaccb;sBVRKb;)an luHRtaEtkarbMeBjkatBVkic©enaHminGacRbtibtþi)antamkarCak;Esþg. enAkñúgyutþaFikar
énc,ab; Common Law xøH²katBVkic©rbs;PaKIEdlRtUvbMeBjenAkñúgsßanPaBEbbenHGacRtUvcb;tamviFICa
28
eRcIn dUcCa PaBminGaceFVIeTAekIt (b¤GlT§PaB) PaBminGacRbtibtþi)antamkarCak;Esþgb¤dMeNIrxkbMNg

énkic©snüa. PaBminGaceFVIeTAekIt b¤RbRBwtþieTAekIt ekIteLIgenAeBlEdlmansamIPaKIBitCaminGac
bMeBjkatBVkic©rbs;xøÜn)antamkic©snüa dUcCaenAeBlEdlkarbMeBjkatBVkic©enaHkøayeTACaminRsbc,ab;
bnÞab;BIkic©snüaenaHmk b¤kmμvtßúénkic©snüaRtUv)anbMpøaj. PaBminGacRbtibtþi)antamkarCak;Esþg CamUl
dæanekIteLIgenAeBlEdlkarbMeBjkatBVkic©énkic©snüakøayeTACakarBi)akhYsehtu edaysarEtmanRBwtþi
karN_NamYy EdlminGacKitTukCamun)anenAeBlEdleFVIkic©snüaenaHRtUvbegáIteLIg. ]TahrN_ kalebI
vtßúFatuedImEdlcaM)ac;sMrab;pÁt;pÁg; dl;karplitTMnijtamkic©snüa EdlnaMmknUvkic©Bi)akya:gxøaMgkar
bNþalmkBIkarpÞúHsRgÁamCa. cugeRkayKW dMeNIrxkbMNgénkic©snüa GacekIteLIgenAeBlEdlRBwtþikar-
N_NamYy bnÞab;BIeFVIkic©snüaenaHmkeFVIeGaykarbMeBjkatBVkic©énkic©snüakøayeTACa\tRbeyaCn_ b¤\t
témøcMeBaHPaKINamYyfVIebIkic©snüaenaHGacbMeBj)ank¾eday. ]TahrN_ GñkerobcMkarRbkYtkILa)al;Tat;
mñak;)anCYlBhukILadæanCatikñúgeKalbMNgsMrab;karRbkYtkILa)al;Tat;CaGnþrCati k¾b:uEnþkarRbkYtenaHRtUv
elIkeTAeBlxagmuxedaysarynþehaHEdldwkkILakrGnþrCatimankaryWty:av. RBwtþikarN_RbePTenHGac
GnuvtþeGayGñkerobcMminbMeBjkatBVkic©tamkic©snüa. enAkñúgsßanPaBTaMgGs;enH PaKIEdlcg;bBaÄb;kar
bMeBjkatBVkic©RtUvbMeBjeTAtaml½kçx½NÐtRmUvpøÚvc,ab;Cak;lak; dUecñHkarsMxan;RtUvBinitüemIlc,ab;kñúgRsuk
enAkñúgyutþaFikarEdlBak;B½n§.
IX. dMeNaHRsayCemøaH (Dispute Resolution)
bBaðamYykñúgcMeNambBaðasMxan;bMputnanaenAkñúgkarbegðItkic©snüaGnþrCati KWRtUvsMercfaetICemøaH
kic©snüanwgRtUvedaHRsayedayviFINa. Cajwkjab;PaKIBitCa)anEcgenAkñúgkic©snüaedaypÞal;EtmþgGMBI
viFIRsayCemøaHedayeRbIxEcgsþIBIdMeNaHRsayCemøaH. kareFVIdUecñHGacmanRbeyaCn_Nas; edayehtufa
vaGnuBaØateGayPaKIeRCIserIs faetIBYkeKR)afañedayRsayCemøaHedayviFINa munnwgCemøaHenaHekIteLIg.
CaTUeTAerOgenHeFVIeGayPaKIRKb;RKgsßankarN_)an nigmanPaBkk;ekþAkan;EteRcIneLIgpgEdr. viFIenHk¾
GacGnuBaØateGayPaKIyl;RBmGMBIviFIedaHRsayCemøaHenAkñúgbriyakas EdlGacmanPaBRbesIrCagbriya
kasEdlGacekItmaneRkayBICemøaHkic©snüaekIteLIg.
mankarCMerIsmYycMnYnxus²Kña EdlPaKIGaceRbIR)as;)an edIm,IedaHRsayCemøaHenAkñúgkic©snüaGnþr
Cati. viFIEdleKsÁal;CageK KWRbEhlCakaredaHRsayCemøaHtampøÚvtulakarEdleRbIRbBn½§tulakaredIm,I
edaHRsayCemøaHEbbenHelIqakCapøÚvkar. enAkñúgkaredaHRsayCemøaHtampøÚvtulakar PaKITIbIGBüaRkit
mñak;KWecARkmCaGñkkan;kab;nItiviFIGnuvtþviFanCamUldæan ehIynwgeFVIesckþIsMercEdlPaKIRtUvRbtibtþitam.
29
PaKIGacsMerceRCIserIsRbB½n§tulakarCaklak;NamYyeGayedaHRsayCemøaH edayeRbIR)as;xEcgsþIBIkar
eRCIserIsTIkEnøgedaHRsayCemøaHdUcEdl)anBnül;enACMBUkmun.
manviFIdéTeTotmYYycMnYnpgEdredIm,IedaHRsayCemøaHBaNiC¢kmμ viFITaMgenaHCYnkaleKehAfaviFI
edaHRsayCemøaHeRkApøÚvtulakar. viFIenaHKW mCÄtþvinic½äyEdltamviFIenH PaKITIbIGBüaRkitmñak;EdleKehA
famCÄtþkr CaGñkGnuvtþviFanCamUldæanesñICUnmtinigedaHRsay ehIyeFVIesckþIsMerc EdlPaKIRtUvEtRbtibtþi
tam RbsinebIPaKI)anRBmeRBogKñaBImuneRCIserIsykviFIenH. PaKIGaceRCIserIs)anpgEdrnUvmCÄtþvinicä½y
EdlPaKImincM)ab;Rbtibtþitam. mCÄtþvinicä½ymanRbCaRbiyPaBy:agxøaMgenAkñúgkic©snüaGnþrCati. CMerIs
mYyeTotKWsn§ankmμ b¤karpSHpSaEdltamviFIenH PaKIGBüaRkitmYyGnuvtþviFanCamUldæan esñICUnmti nigesñI
eLIgnUvdMeNaHRsay k¾b:uEnþeFVIesckþIsMercEdlPaKImin)ac;Rbtibtþitam. cugeRkayeKKwCemøaHGacRtUv)an
edaHRsaytamry³karcrcar karBiteTAminmanPaKIGBüaRkitcUlmkBak;B½n§GVIesaHeLIyk¾b:uEnþPaKITaMg
LayenaH BüayameGaymankarRBmeRBogKñaxøH²kñúgcMeNamPaKITaMgenaHedayxøÜnÉgEtmþg.
PaKIGaceRbIR)as;dMeNaHRsayCemøaHeRkApøvÚ tulakar edIm,IedaHRsayCemøaHBaNiC¢kmμedaysarviFI
enH Cajwkjab;cuHesah‘uytic manPaBgayRsYl qab;rh½s minsUvmanPaBCaKURbqaMgnwgKñaxøaMgeBk
nigmanPaBbt;EbnCagkaredaHRsayCemøaHtampøÚvtulakar. CaTUeTAmanviFankarc,ab; nignItiviFIBi)aktic
tYcb:ueNaÑHenAkñúgdMeNaHRsayCemøaHeRkApøÚvtulakar. m:üagvijeTot eKGacsakl,geRbIR)as;dMeNaH
RsayCemøaHeRkApøÚvtulakarCamunsink¾)anEdr munnwgPaKIcab;eRbIR)as;karedaHRsayCemøaHtampøÚvtulakar
k¾b:uEnþ karedaHRsayCemøaHeRkApøÚvtulakarGacminEmnCaviFId¾l¥sMrab;edaHRsayCemøaHEdlminEmnCaCemøaH
BaNiC¢kmμenaHeT edayGaRs½yelIsßanPaBnImYy².
karedaHRsayCemøaHeRkApøÚvtulakar CaBiessmCÄtþvni ic½äy GacCaTITak;Tajcitþya:gxøaMgenAkñúgkar
edaHRsayCemøaHkic©snüaGnþrCati kalebIPaKImkBIRbeTsepSg²KñamankarBak;Bn§½. enAkñúgsßanPaBEbb
enH GacmanPaBmineTogGMBIc,ab;EdlBak;B½n§ k¾dUcCasmtßkic© nigsmtßPaBrbs;tulakarepSg². minman
PaKIénkic©snüaNamYyEdlcg;RbfuyedaHRsayCemøaHkic©snüaedaytulakar enAkñúgRbeTsrbs;PaKImçag
eTot b¤edaytulakarenAkñúgRbeTsTIbIEdlminmanPaBeTogTat;GMBIGVIEdl)anBN’naenaHeT ehIyPaKIxøÜn
ÉgGacminsÁal;KñaeGay)anc,as;las;pgEdr. karyl;RBmedaHRsayCemøaHenATIkEnøgGBüaRkwtEdlman
kareKarB dUcCaenAmCÄmNÐlmCÄtþvinic½äyBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatiEdlmankarsÁal; GaceFVIeGayPaKIénkic©
snüaGnþrCatimanGarmμN_faxøÜnritEtmanPaBkk;ekþA edaymanCMenOfa CemøaHEdlnwgRtUv)anedaHRsay
edayRtwmRtUv nigGs;BIsmtþPaB.
30
mCÄtþkrGacRbtibtþitamnItiviFI EdlmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab;rbs;mCÄtþkr b¤viFanmCÄtþvinicä½yEd;;leK

sÁal;fa CaKN³kmμkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBIc,ab;BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati EdlehAkat;fa UNCITRAL .
ehIyRbsinebIPaKIeRCIserIsmCÄtþvinicä½yEdlPaKIRtUvRbtibtþitam esckþIsMercrbs;mCÄtþkarTUeTAKWGacdak;
eGayGnuvtþtam)anenAkñúgtulakar. esckþIsMercTaMgenH Gacdak;eGayGnuvtþtam)anpgEdrenAkñúgRbeTs
breTsCaeRcIn Edl)ancuHhtßelxaelIGnusBaØaRkugjÚvy:k sþIBIkarTTYlsÁal; nigRbtibtþiesckþIsMercrbs;
mCÄtþvinic½äybreTs qñaM1958 EdlcUlCaFrmancMeBaHRbeTskm<úCaenAkñúgqñaM 1960.
mCÄtþkrGacCabuKÁlNamñak; b¤buKÁlnanaEdlmanKuNvuDÆiEdlRtUv)aneRCIserIstamry³nItiviFIEdl
PaKIénkic©snüaRBmeRBog. manmCÄmNÐlmCÄtþvinic½äyGnþrCatimYycMnYnpgEdr Edl)anTTYlkareKarB
Edltamry³mCÄmNÐlenH PaKIGacedaHRsayCemøaHrbs;xøÜn)an. mCÄmNÐlTaMgenHrYmmanmCÄmNÐl
mCÄtþvinic½äyGnþrCatiswgðbUrI nigmCÄmNÐlmCÄtþvinic½äyRbcaMtMbn;TIRkugkULaLaMBYr.
edIm,IeRCIserIsmCÄtþvinic½äy b¤RbePTdéTeToténdMeNaHRsayCemøaHeRkApøÜvtulakar PaKIRtUvEt
RBagxEcgénkic©snüaedayykcitþTukdak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgkic©snüaGnþrCati EdlEcgfaetIBYkeKcg;edaHRsay
CemøaHedayviFINa. PaKIGacR)afñaBicarNaGMBIKMrYxEcgsþIBImCÄtþvinic½äy dUcteTAenHEdlmanEcgenAkñúg
viFanmCÄtþvinicä½yrbs;KN³kmμkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBIc,ab;BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati³
CemøaH vaTb,dwvaT b¤karTamTarNamYyEdlekItecjBI b¤Tak;TgeTAnwgkic©snüaenH b¤karbMBan kar
bBa©b; b¤emaXPaBénkic©snüaRtUvEtedaHRsayedaymCÄtþvinic½äyRsbeTAnwgviFanmCÄtþvinic½äyrbs;KN³
kmμkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBIc,ab;BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati UNCITRAL EdlcUlCaFrmansBVéf¶enH.
viFanmCÄtþvinicä½yrbs;KN³kmμkarshRbCaCatisþIBIc,ab;BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati bgðajpgEdrfaPaKIKYr
EcgbBa¢ak;y:agc,as;;las; faetIGñkNaCaGñkeRCIserIsmCÄtþkrmñak; b¤eRcInnak; faetIRtUvmanbCÄtþkrb:unμan
nak; CaTUeTARtUvmanmYynak; b¤bInak; TIkEnøgénmCÄtþvni ic½äy nigPasaEdlRtUveRbIenAkñúgmCÄtþvinic½äy.
tamkarBitTIkEnøg nigPasaEdleRCIserIsGacmansar³sMxan;CaBiess enAkñúgCemøaHsþIBIkic©snüaGnþrCati
kalebIPaKIGacmkBIRbeTsepSg²Kña.
X. etICemøaHkic©snüaBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatiRtUv)anedaHRsayedayviFINa?
(How Will Disputes about and International Commercial Contract Be
Resolves?)
dUcEdl)anBiPakSaxagelI kic©snüamYyrvagPaKIEdlmankEnøgGaCIvkmμBak;B½n§enAkñúgRbeTsepSg
KñamanlkçN³CaGnþrCati ehIyCaTUeTARtUvsßitenAeRkamc,ab;BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati. xageRkamenH KWCaRbPB
31
c,ab;xøH² EdlGacGnuvtþelIkic©snüaBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati. karsMxan;PaKIRtUvBicarNabBaðaTaMgenHmunnwgeFVI

kic©snüaBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati. tamEtGaceFVI)an PaKIKb,IBüayameFVIeGayR)akdfaBYkeK)anyl; nigyl;
RBmelIc,ab;EdlnwgGnuvtþn_cMeBaHkic©snüarbs;BYkeK nigelIviFIedaHRsayCemøaH. RbkarenHsMxan;pgEdr
kñúgkarbBa¢ak;fa enHKWCavis½ymYyd¾lM)ak ehIyRbEhlCaminmancemøIyc,as;las;cMeBaHbBaðaCacMeNaT
BiessNamYyeT.
1> cMeBaHkic©snüa (The Contract )
minfaeLIykic©snüamYyRtUveKKitfaCakic©snüa {GnþrCati} b¤minEmnenaHeT kic©snüaEdlPaKI)an

eFVIKWCaRbPBc,ab;TImYysþIBIsiT§i nigkatBVkic©rbs;BYkeK nigsþIBIdMeNaHRsayCemøaHTak;TineTAnwg kic©snüa.
maRta 22 énRkiwtüc,ab;elx 38 EdlCac,ab;énkic©snüabc©úb,nñrbs;RbeTskm<úCaqñaM 1988 EdlEcgfa
{kic©snüaTukCac,ab;rvagPaKI}. EpñkxøHénkic©snüaGacmansar³sMxan;BiesskñúgkarCYyPaKI nigtulakar
kñúgkarkMNt;faetIc,ab;NaEdlRKb;RKgkic©snüa nigfaetICemøaHRtUv)anedaHRsayedayviFINa. EpñksMxan;
BIrkñúgcMeNamEpñk sMxan;TaMgenHénkic©snüa KWxEcgsþIBIkareRCIserIsc,ab; nigkareRCIserIssalaCMrHkþI.
enAkñúgyutþaFikarmYycMnYn PaKIénkic©snüaGaceRCIserIsykc,ab; EdlnwgGnuvtþelIkic©snüa rbs;
eK. tamFmμtac,ab;EdleRCIserIsenaHRtUvEtTak;Tindl;kic©karGaCIvkmμ. ]TahrN_ GñkTijCnCatikm<úCa
mañk;yl;RBmTijsURteqABIGñklk;CnCati\NÐÚensIumañk;. kic©snüaenaHEcgfa Gñklk;RtUvRbKl;sURteqA
dl;GñkTijenAraCFanIPñMeBj. TMnijenHRtUv)andwktamk)a:l;BI\NÐÚeNsIumkswgðbUrI ehIybnÞab;mkeTotdwk
tamrfePøIgBIswgðbUrImk)agkk ehIyenATIbBa©b;RtUvdwktamrfynþBI)agkkmkkan;raCFanIPñMeBj. dUecñHkar
Rbtibtþikic©snüaenHqøgkat;yutþaFikarCaeRcIn KW\NÐÚeNsIu swgðbUrI m:aeLsIu éf nig km<úCa. ]bmafa PaKIén
kic©snüaeRCIserIsykc,ab;rbs;swgðbUrIedIm,IedaHRsayCemøaHNamYYyEdlekIteLIg RbEhledaysarEt
c,ab;enHmanPaBgayRsYlnwgGnuvtþ b¤edaysarehtuplNamYydéTeTot. edIm,IeGayR)akdfaesckþI
R)afñarbs;eKRtUv)aneKarB PaKIGacdak;bBa©ÚlnUvesckþIEcgmYyeTAkñúgkic©snüadUcCa {GñkTij nigGñklk;
yl;RBmfa ral;CemøaHEdlekIteLIgBIkic©snüaRtUvsßitenAeRkamsmtßkic©c,ab;swgðbUrI}.
PaKIGaceRCIserIsykkic©RBmeRBogGnþrCatieGayRKb;RKgkic©snüarbs;eK)anpgEdr dUcCaGnu
sBaØaGgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBIkic©snüalk;TMnijGnþrCatiqñaM 1980 (CISG) b¤kRmgénviFandéTeTotdUcCa
eKalkarN_énkiic©snüaBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati UNIDROIT qñaM1994. eKalkarN_TaMgenHnwgmanBiPakSa
bEnßmenAkñúgEpñkbnÞab;xageRkamenH.
m:üageTot PaKIGaceRCIserIsTIkEnøgEdlRtUvCMnuMCMrHCemøaHkic©snüa. ]TahrN_PaKIGacbBa©Úl
xEcgmYyeTAkñúgkic©snüaEdlEcgfa {PaKIyl;RBmfaral;CemøaHEdlekItecjBIkic©snüaRtUvEtvinicä½yenA
32
tulakarrbs;RbeTsswgðbUrIEtb:ueNÑaH edayminKitdl;tulakarepSgeTotEdlGacmansmtßkic©edayElk
eRkABIxEcgenH}.
PaKICaeRcInénkic©snüaBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatieRCIserIsyksalamCÄtþvinicä½y b¤sn§ankmμCaCageRCIs
erIsyktulakareGayedaHRsayCemøaHrbs;BYkeK edaysarehtuplmYycMnYn. erOgenHnwgmanBiPakSa
bEnßmeTotenACMBUkbnÞab; (sþIBIbBaðasMxan;²enAkñúgkarbegáItkic©snüaGnþrCati).
kic©snüaBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatiGacEcgsMGagelIkRmgsþg;darGnþrCatipgEdr. ]TahrN_kic©snüaTaMg
enaHGacbBa©Úlvaküs½BÞBaNiC¢kmμénsPaBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati EdleKehAfa vaküsB½ÞBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati
INCOTERMS . vaküs½BÞBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati KWCavaküsþg;darEdleRbIenAkñúgkic©snüalk;TMnijGnþrCati.
vaküs½BÞTaMgenHEbgEcksiT§i nigkatBVkic©rvagPaKIEdlTak;TinnwgbBaðasþIBIkardwkCBa¢ÚnkarRbKl;TMnijkar
Fanara:b;rg nigPynþrayelIkar)at;bg;TMnij. ]TahrN_ esckþIEcgénkic©snüamYyGacEcgfa{Gñklk;yl;
RBmRbKl;Rkdas;cMnYn 10000ra:m kñúgtMél5duløarshrdækñúgmYyra:m CIF kMBg;esam (vaküsB½ÞBaNiC¢
kmμGnþrCati 1990). Bakü CIF eyagdl;Bakü {éføedIméføFanar:ab;rg nigéfødwkCBa¢Ún}. enHmann½yfa
tMélEdlGñkTijbg;eTAtamkic©snüaenaH (5duløamYyra:m) rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgéføRkdas;/éføRbKl;Rkdas;eTAdl;
kMBg;esam/ ehIynigéføFanar:ab;rgcMeBaHkar)at;bg; b¤karxUcxatdl;RkdaskñúgkMLúgeBldwkCBa¢ÚneTAkan;
EpkMBg;esam. kareRbI {vaküsB½ÞBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatiqñaM1990} mann½yfa CemøaHNamYyEdlekItecjBIkic¢
snüa BaküCIF RtUvEtbkRsayedayeyageTAtamkarbkRsayvaküs½BÞBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatikñúgqñaM 1990.
karbkRsayfμIénvaküs½BÞBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatinwgecjenAkñúgqñaM 2000.
2> c,ab;BaNiC¢kmμkñúgRsukrbs;rdæEdlTak;TineTAnwgkic©karGaCIvkmμ
(Domestic Commercial Law of the States Related to the Transaction)
c,ab;BaNiC¢kmμkñúgRsukrbs;bNþaRbeTsEdlBak;B½n§enAkñúgkic©karGaCIvkmμ KWCaRbPBc,ab;d¾sMxan;
mYyepSgeTot. enAkñúg]TahrN_xagelIsþIBIeBC erOgenHGacrYmbBa©Úlc,ab;BaNiC¢kmμrbs;RbeTskm<úCa
c,ab;éfehIynigc,ab;shrdæGaemrik. dUcEdl)ankt;sMKal;xagelIPaKIGacEcgbBa¢ak;enAkñúgkic©snüarbs;
eK faetIc,ab;NaEdlnwgGnuvtþ. k¾b:uEnþkalebIminmanxEcgsþIBIkareRCIserIsc,ab;EdlGacdak;ecjRbtibtþi
tam)anenaHeT eKnwgdwgc,as;las;faetIc,ab;rbs;RbeTsdéTnwgGnuvtþ b¤y:agNa ehIyfaetIc,ab;RbeTs
TaMgenaHmankarGnuvtþedayrebobNaxøH. erOnenHsMxan;edayehtufa vaGacmanPaBxusKñarvagc,ab;rbs;
RbCaCatinanaEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgkic©karGaCIvkmμ EdlCavis½yc,ab;ényutþaFikarepSg²Kña EdlmincuHsRmug
nwgKña. enAkñúgkrNIenHviFanc,ab;GnþrCatiÉkCn b¤TMnas;énkarGnuvtþn_c,ab; nigGnuvtþelIRbtibtþikarBaNiC¢
kmμenaH.
33
tulakarGnuvtþviFanc,ab;GnþrCatiÉkCn edIm,IedaHRsayCemøaHenAeBlEdlc,ab;smtßkic© b¤sal

Rkmrbs;tulakarénRbeTsmYyepSgeTotmankarBak;B½n§. CaBiessviFanTaMgenHkMNt;faetI enAeBlNa
nigedayviFINaEdltulakarkñúgRsukBicarNaGMBIGgÁFatuénRbB½n§c,ab;breTs enAkñúgerOgkþImYyEdlxøÜnkMBug
sMerc. vis½yc,ab;EcgGMBIviFanTaMgenHeKehAfa {c,ab;GnþrCatiÉkCn} enAkñúgRbCaCatiEdleRbIRbBn½§c,ab;
sIuvil ehIyeKehAfaTMnas;énkarGnuvtþc,ab;enAkñúgRbCaCatidéTeTotEdleRbIRbB½n§c,ab; Common Law .
viFanTMagenH KWCaEpñkmYyénc,ab;kñúgRsukrbs;RbeTsnImYy² ehIyvaERbRbYlBIRbCaCatimYyeTARbCaCati
mYyeTot. CYnkalxøHmansn§isBaØaCamYynwgrdæxøHeTotEdlTak;TineTAnwgviFI EdltulakarnwgGnuvtþc,ab;
breTsenAkñúgkaredaHRsayCemøaH. enAkñúgRbCaCatiEdlRbBn½§c,ab; Common Law viFansþIBIPaBxusKña
énc,ab;CaTUeTATak;TineTAnwgbBaðasMxan;bIya:g³
1> salaCMrHd¾smRsb³ faetItulakarkñúgRsukmansmtßkic©edaHRsayerOgkþI EdlTak;TinenAnwg
GgÁFatubreTs b¤y:agNa?.
2> GMBIsac;c,ab;³ RbsinebItulakarkñúgRsukBitCaCMnMuCMrHerOgkþIEdlTak;TineTAnwgGgÁFatubreTs
enaHEmn faetIkMritNaEdlc,ab;rbs;breTsmYyeTotGnuvtþ)ancMeBaHerOgkþIenaH.
3> GanuPaBénsalRkm³ RbsinebItulakarkñúgRsukCMnMuCMrHkþIEbbenHEmn faetIGanuPaBénsalRkm
rbs;tulakarenAkñúgRbeTsmYyeTotenaHy:agNaEdl?.
enAkñúgRbeTsEdleRbIRbBn½§c,ab;sIuvil viFanénc,ab;GnþrCatiÉkCnEcgCaBiessGMBIbBaða faetI
c,ab;NaEdlnwgGnuvtþcMeBaHRbtibtþikarBaNiC¢kmμEdlenAkñúgenaHmanGgÁFatubreTs.
3> c,ab;kñúgRsukdéTeTot (Other Domestic Law)
c,ab;CatidéTeTot GaceFVIeGayb:HBal;dl;kic©snüaBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatipgEdr. c,ab;TaMgenaHmin
GacTak;TincMeBaHkarbegáIt b¤karbMeBjkatBVkic©énkic©snüaCaTUeTAb:ueNÑaHeT k¾b:uEnþGaceFVIeGayb:HBal;
dl;bBaðanana dUcCatémøTMnij b¤faetIPaKIGaceTAtamc,ab; b¤ya:gNanUvGVIEdlBYkeKesñIeLIgTak;nignwgkmμ
vtßúénkic©snüa. ]TahrN_ CarYmmanBn§KyelITMnijnaMcUl karRtYtBinitüelIkarnaMcUl nignaMecj c,ab;
Bn§darepSg² ehIyniglk½çxN½ÐtRmUvsþIBIkarlaysmasPaKplitnigkarTij dUcCaviFanEdlEcgfa etIRtUv
mansmasPaKplitkñúgRsukcMnYnb:unμankñúgkarplitTMnijenaH.
4> c,ab;GnþrCati (International Law)
c,ab;GnþrCati GacGnuvtþ)anpgEdrcMeBaHkic©snüaBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati. c,ab;EbbenHGacrab;bBa©Úl
sn§isBaØa nigc,ab;RbéBNIGnþrCati. kic©karGaCIvkmμGnþrCatiGacRKb;RKgedaykic©RBmeRBogGnþrCati dUcCa
34
GnusBaØasþIBIkic©snüalk;TMnijGnþrCati (CISG) b¤edaykRmgviFandéTeTot dUcCaeKalkarN_énkic©snüa

BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati UNIDROIT .
GnusBaØasþIBIkic©snüalk;TMnijGnþrCatimansarHsMxan;Biess. fVIebIswgðbUrICaRbeTsEtmYyénsma
KmRbCaCatiGasIuGaeKñy_ EdlsBVéf¶enHGnusBaØasþIBIkic©snüalk;TMnijGnþrCatimanGanuPaBelIRbeTsenH
k¾eday k¾GnusBaØaenHmanGanuPaBelIRbeTsdéTeTotCaeRcIn dUcCaRbeTs GURsþalI cin )araMg nigshrdæ
Gaemrik. GnusBaØasþIBIkic©snüalk;TMnijGnþrCatiBüayamrYmbBa©ÚlGgÁFatuénRbB½n§c,ab;epSg² ehIypþl;
eGaymanc,ab;CasaklmYysMrab;karlk;TMnijEdlqøgkat;RBMEdnCati. dUecñHRbsinebImankic©snüalk;
TMnijEdleFVIeLIgrvagPaKIEdlsßitenAkñúgRbeTsepSgKña EdlRbeTsTMagenaH)ancuHhtßelxaelIGnusBaØa
sþIBIkic©snüalk;TMnijGnþrCati eBlenaHGnusBaØaenHGacGnuvtþcMeBaHkic©snüaenaH. k¾b:uEnþkarcaM)ac;RtUv
RtYtBinitüemIlc,ab;kñúgRsukrbs;RbeTsnImYy² edIm,IkMNt; faetIGnusBaØasþIBIkic©snüalk;TMnijGnþrCati
Gnuvtþ b¤minGnuvtþeTaHRbeTsenaHCahtßelxIk¾eday. PaKIGaceRcIserIsGnusBaØasþIBIkic©snüalk;TMnij
GnþrCatipgEdr sMrab;eFVICac,ab;RKb;RKgkic©snüarbs;xøÜnedayeRbIesckþIEcgsþIBI {kareRCIserIsc,ab;} dUc
)anBiPakSaxagelI.
GnusBaØasþIBIkic©snüalk;TMnijGnþrCati (CISG) GnuvtþPaKeRcIncMeBaHkarbegáIt nigkarbMeBj
katBVkic©énkic©snüa. dUcEdleQμaHrbs;vabgðajeGayeXIjRsab; GnusBaØaenHGnuvtþcMeBaHEtkic©snüalk;
TMnijEtb:ueNÑaH. m:üageTotGnusBaØaenHmineFVIeGayb:HBal;dl;TidæPaBxøH² sþIBIsuBlPaBénkic©snüaEdl
RKb;RKgedayc,ab;kñúgRsuk b¤c,ab;CatienaHeT. ]TahrN_ GnusBaØamineFVIeGayb:H Bal;dl;smtßPaBrbs;
PaKIkñúgkarcuHkic©snüa b¤eFVIeGayb:HBal;dl;ntI üanukUlPaBénkic©snüaEdlcMNuHc,ab;CatieLIy.
5> esckþIsegçb³ kgVl;CamUldæansþIBIkareFVIkic©snüaBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati
(SUMMARY: Basic Concerns in Making an International Commercial Contract)
munnwgeFVIkic©snüaBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati PaKIKb,IEsVgyl;eGay)anRbesIrbMputGMBIGanuPaBKtiyutþén
kic©snüa. PaKIKb,IrkBt’maneGay)ansþIGMBIc,ab; b¤kEnøgvinicä½ykþIEdlBYkeKRtUvTak;TinCamYy b:uEnþminsUv
dwgc,as;GMBIc,ab;enaH. CaBiessPaKIKb,IBicarNafaetIBYkeKcg;eRCIserIsTIkEnøgGBüaRkitEdrb¤eT edIm,I
edaHRsayCemøaHNamYy (kareRCIserIsTIkEnøg) ehIyfaetIc,ab;NaEdlBYkeKcg;eGayecARkmenAkEnøg
enaHGnuvtþ (kareRCIserIsc,ab;) PaKIKb,IeFVIeGayR)akdpgEdrfaBYkeKRBmeRBogeTAelIGtßn½yrbs;vakü
sB½§BaNiC¢kmμ EdleRbIkñúgkic©snüadUceRbIvaküsB½§BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati INCOTERMS. mü:ageTotPaKI
Kb,IBüayameFVIeGayR)akdfa xEcgenAkñúgkic©snüaminmanTMnas;CamYyc,ab;kñúgRsukrbs;rdæEdleKkMBug
bMeBjkic©karGaCIvkmμenaH kñúgkrNIEdlmanmnÞilsgS½ycUrsuMeyabl;Epñkc,ab;.
35
XI. karFanara:b;rg (Insurance)

karFanara:b;rgKWCakic©snüarvagFanakarI ¬CaTUeTAKWRkumh‘unFanara:b;rg¦ nigGñkkan;bN½ÑFanara:b;rg
¬EdleKehApgEdrfa GñkmankarFanara:b;rg¦. kic©snüaFanara:b;rg Cajwkjab;eKehAfab½NÑFanara:b;rg.
enAkñúgb½NÑFanara:b;rg FanakarIyl;RBmfa nwgpþl;dl;Gñkkan;bN½ÑFanara:b;rgnUvTwkR)ak;mYycMnYn b¤Gtß
RbeyaCn_NamYyepSgeTot RbsinebIRBwtþikarN_Cak;lak;mYyEdlminR)akdfanwgekIteLIg enAkñúgry³eBl
Fanara:g;rg BitCaekIteLIgEmnenAkñúgry³eBlenaH ehIybgáeGaymankarxUcxat b¤kar)at;bg;dl;RTBü
sm,tþi b¤plRbeyaCn_déTeTotrbs;Gñkkab;bN½ÑFanara:b;rg. CafñÚreTAnwgkar)anTTYlnUvkarFanara:b;rg
Tb;Tl;nwgPynþrayenH Gñkkan;bN½ÑFanara:b;rgyl;RBmbg;eGayRkumh‘unFanara:b;rg nUvTwkR)ak;mYycMnYn
EdleKehAfa buBVlaPFanara:b;rg. Gñkkan;bN½ÑFanara:b;rgRtUvbg;buBVlaPFanara:b;rgedayminKitfaRBwtþi
karN_ EdlFanara:b;rgenaHekIteLIg b¤minekIteLIgenaHeT. ]TahrN_ m©as;rfynþGaceFVIkic©snüaFana
ra:b;rgCamYynwgRkumh‘unFanara:b;. Rkumh‘unFanara:b;rgyl;RBmfa RbsinebIrfynþenaHmaneRKaHfñak;cracr
enAkñúgqñaMxagmux Rkumh‘unnwgecjéføCYsCulrfynþeGayeTAm©as;rfynþenaH. CafñÚreTAnwgkarsnüarbs;
Rkumh‘unFanara:b;EdlfanwgecjR)ak;sg RbsinebIRBwtþikarN_enHekIteLIg Gñkkan;bN½ÑFanara:b;rgsuxcitþ
bg;buBVlaPFanara:b;rgdl;Rkumh‘unFa nara:b;rg.
enAkñúgkardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijsm½yTMenIb mankarRbfuypSgCaeRcIn EdlPaKIGaceRCIserIsedIm,IeGay
)ankarFanara:b;rg. TMnijGacRtUv)at;bg; b¤xUcxatenAeBlcab;eFVIdMeNIr. navaGaclic b¤TTYlrgkarxUcxat
edaysarGakasFatuminl¥ b¤edaysarEtkarPan;RcLMrbs;mnusS. GMeBIbøn;tamsmuRTk¾CaRBwtþikarN_
GkuslmYypgEdr ehIyEdlenAEtCabBaðaenAeLIyenAkñúgEpñkxøH²énBiPBelak. m:üageTotskmμPaB
mYycMnYnrbs;rdæaPi)alminGacTsSn_Tay)aneLIy. kalBIb:unμanqñaMknøgeTABaNiC¢kmμtamnavarvagRbeTs
BIrenAkñúgtMbn;GasIumanPaBRcbUkRcbl;ya:gxøaMg enAeBlEdlkgkmøaMgsnþisuxmkBIRbeTsTIbI)aneLIg
kan;kab;nava ehIybgçMeGayerITMnijecjenAkñúgRbeTsTIbIenaH . kalBIb:unμanqñaMknøgeTAenHynþehaHRbti
kmμ cm,aMgrbs;sUevot)anTmøak;GakasyanþsIuvilrbs;kUer:mYyeRKOg. GMeBIePrvkmμdak;RKab;Ebk. ehIy
tamBiteTA TMnijGacRtUvxUcxatedaysareRKaHfñak; pøÚvEdk b¤eRKaHfñak;rfynþpgEdr. PaKIénkic©snüaTij
bN½ÑFanara:b;rgedaysarPynþrayEbbenH.
CakarBitNas; PaKIkic©snüalk;TMnijKb,IFanara:b;rgTb;Tl;nwgPynþraycMeBaHkar)at;bg; b¤xUc
xatdl;TMnijenAeBlcab;eFVIdMeNIr. PaKIRtUvEcgeGay)anc,as;las;enAkñúgkic©snüalk;TMnij faetIcMNuc
NaEdlPynþraycMeBaHkarxUcxatRtUvepÞrBIGñklk;eTAGñkTij. karEbgEcknUvPynþraykMNt;fa etIGñkNa
CaGñkTijbN½ÑFanara:b;rgsmRsbedIm,ITb;Tl;nwgPynþray. enAkñúgkrNIxøH²kic©snüalk;TMnijGacEcg
36
y:agCak;lak;faPaKImYymankatBVkic©RtUvFanar:ab;rg. erOgenHekIteLIgenAkñúgkareRbIvaküsB½ÞBaNiC¢kmμ
GnþrCatiCak;lak;xøH². ]TahrN_ Bakü CIF ¬Edlmann½yfa éføTMnij bUkéføFanara:b;rg bUkéfødwkCBa¢Ún¦
tRmUveGayGñklk;Fanara:b;rgTMnijrhUtTal;EtTMnij)aneTAdl;kMBg;EpTisedAEdlkMNt;eQμaH.
PaKIénkic©snüalk;TMnijGnþrCati Cajwkjab;)anTTYlkarFanara:b;rgtamry³eCIgsarFanara:b;rg.
eCIgsarFanar:ab;rg Kb,ICamnusSmankitþisBÞl¥ ehIyRtUverobcMkarFanara:b;rgCamYynwgRkumh‘unFanara:b;rg
EdlmansmtþPaBecjsgnUvTwkR)ak;mYycMnYn Edl)anRBmeRBogKñaenAkñúgkic©snüaFanara:b;rg RbsinebI
kar)at;bg; b¤karxUcxatdl;TMnijekIteLIg.
bNÑ½Fanara:b;rg RtUvEcgeGay)anc,as;las;fa etIPynþrayRbePTNaxøH EdlbN½ÑenaHRtUvecj
sg ehIynigry³EdlbN½ÑmanRbsiTi§PaB ¬ry³eBlénkarFanara:b;rg¦. tamkarBittémøbuBVlaPra:b;rg
nwgqøúHbBa©aMgeGayeXIjGMBIRbePTFanara:b;rgEdlRtUvecjsg. RbsinebIGñklk;CaGñkTijbN½ÑFanara:b;rg
témøTMnijnwgqøúHbBa©aMgeGayeXIjtémøFanara:b;rgpgEdr. sþIBIry³eBlénkarFanara:b;rgvijkarFanara:b;rg
GacerobcMsMrab;TMnijEtmYYynavaPNÐ ¬cMnYnmYyk)a:l;¦ b¤navaPNÐmYycMnYn ¬EdlGacnwgmanRbeyaCn_
kalebIGñklk;pÞt;pÞg;TMnijCabnþbnÞab;¦ b¤sMrab;ry³eBlmYyEdlkMNt;c,as;las;.
ktþasMxan;mYyenAkñúgkarsMercfaetIPynþrayRbePTNa EdlRtUvFanara:b;rg KWkarkMNt;EdlGnu
sBaØaGnþrCati dUcCaGnusBaØaRkugv:asUvICaedImEcgGMBIkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún.
edIm,IBnül;bMPøWGMBIRbePTFanara:b;rgEdlGacman eyIgnwgBiPakSaya:gsegçbGMBIkarFanara:b;rg
sMrab;kardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijtamsmuRT KWPynþraytampøÚvsmuRT ehIynigPynþraybgáedaysRgÁam. Pynþ
raytampøÚvsmuRTrYmman {eRKaHfñak;smuRT} GMeBIbøn;tamsmuRT GKÁIPy½ ecarkmμ ehIynigkarRbBwtþ
minl¥énRkumnavaenaH. eRKaHfñak;smuRT tamFmμtarYmmaneRKaHfñak;nanadUcCakarpÞúH karlicnava karbuk
RcaMgsmuRT nignavabukKña k¾b:uEnþminrab;bBa©ÚlkarxUcxatdl;TMnijEdlbNþalmkBIGMeBIFmμtaénxül;
nigrlkTwksmuRTenaHeT. kareFVsRbEhsrbs;nayk b¤Rkumh‘unnaviikénnavatamFmμtaRtUvrab;bBa©ÚleTA
kñúg {eRKaHfñak;smuRT}. PynþrayedaysRgÁamrYmmanCemøaHGnþrCati nigCemøaH sIuvil karbHe)ar b¤kubkmμ
b¤ k¾karrwbGUsykedayrdæaPi)al.
kic©snüaFanara:b;rg Edl)andl;PynþraycMeBaHkar)at;bg;TMnijEdlkMBugEtdwkCBa¢Ún GacrYm
bBa©ÚlnUvxEcgCasþg;darEdleKehAfaxEcgénRKwHsßanFanara:b;rgnavaPN½Ð. xEcgTaMgenHRtUv)anbegáIt
eLIgedayRKwHsßanRkumh‘unTIRkugLúgd_ EdlfμI²enHRtUv)anrMlaycUlCamYysmaKmRkumh‘unFanara:b;rgGnþr
CatiTIRkugLúgd_. xEcgénRKwHsßanFanara:b;rgnavaPN½Ð RtUv)aneRbIR)as;enAkñúgkic©snüaCasþg;darsþIBIkic©
Fanara:b;rgnavaPN½ÐenAkñúgRbeTsPaKeRcInénBiPBelak. manxEcgsþg;darbI énRKwHsßanFanara:brgnava
37
PN½ÐKW³ xFanara:b;rg A xFanara:b;rg B nig xFanara:b;rg C . xFanara:b;rg A ecjR)ak;cMeBaHPynþray

RbePTTUlMTUlay xFanara:b;rg B ecjR)ab;sgcMeBaHPynþraycMnYntUc nigxFanara:b;rg B ecjR)ab;sg
cMeBaHPynþraymYycMnYnkan;EttUcEfmeTot.
1> xFanara:b;rg A
ecjR)ak;sgdl;PaKIEdl)ankarFanara:b;rg elIRKb;PynþrayTaMgGs; elIkElgEtPynþrayNa
EdleK)anEcgbBa¢ak;ya:gc,ab;las;faminRtUvsg. PynþrayEdleKminRtUvsg rYmmankarxUcxat b¤kar
)at;bg;EdlbNþalmkBIkarx©b;TMnijminRtwmRtUv karswkerctamry³kareRbIR)as;Fmμtakarxat bg;bNþal
mkBIkaryWtyavGsaFnPaB ¬PaBKμanR)ak;sg¦ énRkumh‘unFanara:b;rg karEdlnavaminGaceFVInavacrN_
)an RbsinebIGñkTijbN½ÑFanara:b;rg)andwgGMBIerOg dUcCa sRgÁam bdivtþn_ kUdkmμkargar nigkarbiTeragcRk
bBaÄb;kargar. edaysarEtPynþray EdlBak;Bn½§enAkñúgkic©snüaGnþrCatiCakarl¥ PaKIénkic©snüaKYrEteFVI
ya:gNaeGay)annUvkarFanara:b;rgcMeBaH {RKb;PynþrayTaMgGs;} dUcCabN½ÑFanara:b;rgEdlmanEcgenA
kñúgxFanara:b;rg A CaedIm.
2> xFanara:b;rg B
ecjR)ab;sgdl;PaKIEdl)ankarFanara:b;rgelIRKb;PynþrayCak;lak;xøH²b:ueNÑaH. PynþrayenH
rYmmankarxUcxat b¤kar)at;bg;dl;TMnijEdlbNþaleLIgedayGKÁIP½y b¤karpÞúH kareKOgnava karlicnava
karRkLab;nava karekIlnava navabukKña kmøaMgFmμCatidUcCakarrBa¢ÜydI PñMePøIgpÞúH b¤k¾pÁrrnÞH viFan karEdleFVI
eLIgedIm,IkarBarnava nignavaPN½ÐenaH enAkñúgRBwtþikarN_EdlmanGasnñ karTMlak;TMnij ecaledIm,IsRmal
nava b¤rlsmuRTe)akTMnijFøak;cUleTAkñúgTwk nigkarxUcxatEdlbNþalmkBITwksmuRT.
3> xFanara:b;rg C
ecjR)ab;sgR)ak;cMeBaHPynþraymYycMnYntUc. PynþrayTaMgenHCarYmmankar)at;bg; b¤karxUcxat

dl;TMnijEdlbNþalmkBIGKÁIP½y b¤karpÞúH kareKOgnava karlicnava karekIlnava RkLab;nava nava bukKña
karTmøak;TMnijecaledIm,IsRmaldl;nava ehIynwgkardak;TMnijecjenAÉkMBg;EpEdlmaneRKaHGasnñ.
xFanara:b;rg A xusKñaBIxFanara:brg B nig C tamviFICamUldæanmYy. tamesckþIEcgénxFanara:b;
rg A RbsinebITMnijRtUvxUcxat b¤)at;bg;edaysarehtuplNamYy EdlbN½ÑFanara:b;rgmin)an EcgbBa¢ak;
ya:gc,as;las; faminRtUv)anR)ak;Fanara:b;rgeTenaHeBlenaHRkumh‘unFanara:b;rgRtUvEtecjR)ak;sgeTA
tamkic©snüarbs;xøÜnenAkñúgbN½ÑFanara:b;rg. k¾b:uEnþ tamesckþIEcgénxFanara:b;rg B nigxFanara:b;rg C
38
Rkumh‘unFanara:b;rgRtUvecjR)ak;sglÁwkNamanTMnijxUcxat b¤)at;bg;edaysarPynþrayNamYy Edlman

EcgbBa¢ak;ya:gc,as;las;enAkñúgkic©snüaFanara:b;rgEtb:ueNÑaH.
PaKIGacTTYl)anpgEdrnUvkarFanara:b;rgelIPynþraydac;edayELk²BIKña EdlminmanEcgenAkñúg
xFanara:b;rgCasþg;darTaMgenH. fVIebIxFanara:b;rgCasþg;darxagelImin)anEcgGMBIynþray cMeBaHkar)at;bg;
b¤xUcxatdl;TMnijEdlbgáeLIgedaysarsRgÁam sRgÁamsIuvil bdivtþn_ b¤karRbyuT§Kñarbs;CnsIuvilk¾eday
PaKIGacTTYl)annUvkarFanara:b;rgRbePTenH RbsinebIPaKImanbMNgbg;éføQñÜlFanara:b;rgRbePTenH.
]TahrN_ PaKIGaceRbIbN½ÑsnüaFanara:b;rgénRKwHsßanFanara:brg sRgÁam)anpgEdrnUvkarFanara:b;rgelI
PynþraycMeBaHkar)at;bg; b¤xUcxatdl;TMnijEdlbNþalmk BICemøaHkargar b¤GMeBIePrvkmμ.
tamkarBitCak;Esþg karFanara:b;rgmanRKb;RKan;pgEdr sMrab;TMnijEdlRtUv)anepJItammeFüa)ay
dwkCBa¢ÚndéTeTot eRkABImeFüa)aydwkCBa¢ÚntamsmuRT. manTRmg;xEcgCasþg;darsMrab;kardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij
tampøÚvGakasCarYmman xFanara:b;rgmYy EdlRbhak;RbEhlKñaeTAnwgsþg;darxFanara:b;rgA sMrab;kardwk
CBa¢ÚnTMnijtamsmuRT. PaKIGacnigTTYl)anpgEdr nUvkarFanara:b;rgelIkardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijtampøÚvfñl;ehIy
nigtampøÚvEdk.
39
emeron TI 3
kardåkCBa¢ÚnGnþrCati
INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT
I. karepþImnItiviFI (Introduction)
kic©karGaCIvkmμGnþrCatiGacBak;Bn½§dl;kardwknaMkardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijqøgkat;smuRT b¤tampøÚvGakas
Edlmancm¶ayrab;Ban;KILÚEmRtBIkEnøgGaCIvkmμrbs;PaKI. kardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijCaGnþrCatiGacmanPaBsμúk
sμaj nigcuHesah‘uyeRcInpg bBaðaEbøk²KñaGacekIteLIg TMnijGacRtUvxUcxatenAeBldwkCBa¢ÚnEdlman
cm¶ayq¶ayEbbenH. ekHpÞúkTMnijGacRtUvrlksmuRTvayeGayFøakBIépÞnava. pøÚvEdlCaFmμtamansuvtþi
PaBGackøayeTACaKμansuvtþiPaBeFVIeGayminGaceFVIkardwkCBa¢Ún)anedaysareRKaHFmμCatikarbøn;tamsmuRT
b¤CatMbg;sRgÁamnava. RBwtþikarN_dUecñHGaceFIVeGaykarRbKl;TMnijmankarBi)ak b¤minGacRbRBwtþeTA)an
ehIyGacbNþaleGaymanPaByWtya:v nigcuHesah‘uyEfmeTotpg. dUecñHPaKIénkic©snüaRtUvsMercfa
etITMnijTaMgenaHRtUvdwkCBa¢ÚnedayviFINa GñkNaCaGñkecjR)ak;eGayéfødwkCBa¢Ún ehIyGñkNaCaGñkTTYl
elIPynþraycMeBaHkar)at;bg; b¤karxUcxatdl;TMnijenAkñúgeBldwkCBa¢Ún. CMBUkenHnwgBiPakSaBIbBaða
sMxan;²TaMgenH. PaKIRtUvsMercfa etITMnijTMagenaHRtUvdwkCBa¢ÚnedayviFINa ehIyGñkNaCaGñkecjesa
h‘uydwkCBa¢Ún. erOgenHGaceFVIeGayb:HBal;dl;témøTMnijtamkic©snüa. ]TahrN_ RbsinebIGñklk;CaGñk
TTYlxusRtUvPaKeRcIncMeBaHesah‘uydwkCBa¢Ún eBlenaHGñklk;EtgEtrMBwgfa GñkTijmuxCaecjéføTMnij
eRcInCagtémøEdlGñkTijTTYlTMnijBIGñklk; enAÉmat;TVareragcRkrbs;Gñklk;. kareRbIvaküsB½ÞBaNiC¢
kmμ INCOTERMS ¬viFansþIBIkarbkRsayvküsB½ÞBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatirbs;sPaBaNiC¢kmμ¦ enAkñúgkic©snüa
GaceFVIeGaymanPaBc,as;las;sþIBIviFIdwkCBa¢Ún nigkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;PaKInImYy² cMeBaHesah‘uydwk
CBa¢ÚnTMnij.
PaKIénkic©snüalk;TMnijGnþrCatiRtUvEbgEckpgEdrnUvPynþraycMeBaHkar)at;bg; b¤karxUcxatdl;
TMnijtamviFImYyEdlPaKInImYy²Gacyl;RBmTTYlyk. CaFmμtaGñklk;TTYlykPynþraycMeBaHkar)at;
bg;. b¤karxUcxat;dl;TMnijrhUtTl;EtTMnijenaHRtUv)anRbKl;CUnGñkTij. PaKIRtUvyl;RBmenAkñúgkic©snüa
rbs;BYkeK {faetIkarRbKl;TMnij} RtUveFIVeLIgenAeBlNa. P½ynþrayCaeRcIncMeBaHkar)at;bg; b¤karxUcxat
dl;TMnijekIteLIgCabzmcab;BIeBlEdlBaNiC¢krcab;epþImeFVIBaNiC¢kmμqøgkat;RBMEdn. dUecñHkRmgsþg;dar
40
viFanxøH²RtUv)anbegáIteLIgedIm,ICYyPaKIeGayEbgEck P½ynþrayTaMgenHenAkñúgkic©snüaGnþrCatirbs;BYk
eK. ]TahrN_mYyd¾sMxan; KWvaküsBÞ½BaNiCkmμGnþrCati INCOTERMS .
PaKIRtUvdwgfa etIGñkNaCaGñkTTYlrgelIPynþraycMeBaHkar)at;bg; b¤karxUcxatdl;TMnijedIm,IGac
eGayBYkeKsMerc)an faGñkNaCaGñkbg;éføFanara:b;rgcMeBaHTMnij. CaTUeTAPaKIEdlecjéføeGaykardwk
CBa¢ÜnTMnijRtUvEtFanara:b;rgcMeBaHTMnijenaHpgEdr. k¾b:uEnþenHRKan;EtCaviFanTUeTAb:ueNÑaH. sMxan;eKRtUv
BinitüemIlkic©snüa edIm,IkMNt;faetIGñkNaCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarFanara:b;rgTMnijenAkñúgeBldwkCBa¢Ún.
EpñkenHeyIgnwgbgðajBIPaBxusKñasþIBIkardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijCaGnþrCati. BinitüemIlvaküsB½ÞBaNiC¢kmμ
GnþrCatiedIm,InwgBnül;GMBIrebobEdlPaKIEcgbBa¢ak;c,as;las; Cajwkjab;enAkñúgkic©snüarbs;BYkeK etIeK
RtUvdwkCBa¢ÚntamviFINa etIGñkNaCaGñkecjesah‘uy nigetIPaKIRtUvEbgrMElkPynþraycMeBaHTMnijrvagKña
y:agNa. enATIbBa©b;BiPakSay:agsegçbGMBIRbePTFanara:b;rgEdlPaKIGacnwgTij edIm,IkarBarxøÜnTb;Tl;
nwgPynþrayEdlTak;TinnwgkardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijCaGnþrCati.
II. RbePTénkardwkCBa¢ÚnCaGnþrCati
(Types of International Transport)
EpñkenHnwgbgðajGMBIviFIepSg²sþIBIkardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijCaGnþrCati nigÉksarsMxan;xøH²EdlTak;TineTA
nwgviFInImYy²TaMgenH. viFIdwkCBa¢ÚnCacMbg mankardwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚvfñl; kardwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚvEdk kardwk
CBa¢ÜntampøÚvGakas kardwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚvTwk b¤karrYmpSMviFITaMgenH.
1> kardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijtampøÚvfñl; nig tampøÚvEdk (Types of International Transport)
pøÚvfñl; nigpøÚvEdkKWCaviFIsMxan;Nas; sMrab;dwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijrvagRbCaCatienAeBlEdlbNþajpøÚvfñl;
nigpøÚvEdkCaGnþrCatibnþrIkduHdalenABas;eBlBiPBelak. pøÚvpñl;mansar³sMxan; CaBiesssMrab;kardwk
CBa¢ÚnBaNiC¢kmμPaKeRcInenAkñúgBiPBelak.
manpøÚvP¢ab;KñarvagRbeTskm<úCa nigRbeTséf RbeTsevotNam nigRbeTslav. CaGkuslbc©úb,nñ
enHminmandMeNIrkarpøÚvEdkeBjeljEdlP¢ab;KñarvagRbeTskm<úCa nigRbeTséfGacebIkeGayeRbIR)as;
eLIgvijehIypøÚvEdkeGayeRbIR)as;pgEdrrvagRbeTskm<úCa nigRbeTsdéTeTotenAkñúgtMbn;GasIuPaKGeKñy_.
TMnijGacdwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚvfñl; b¤tampøÚvEdkCaerogrhUt BIkEnøgGñklk;EdlenAkñúgRbeTsmYyeTA
eGayGñkTijEdlenAkñúgRbeTsmYyepSgeTot. b¤TMnijGacRtUv)andwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚvfñl; b¤tampøÚvEdkmunnwg
TMnijRtUv)andwkCBa¢ÚnBIRbeTsrbs;Gñklk; tamnavab¤tampøÚvGakas b¤eRkayBITMnijenaHRtUv)anykecj
BInava b¤BIGakasyanenAkñúgRbeTsrbs;GñkTij. kic©snüadwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijBIkEnøgGaCIvkmμrbs;Gñklk;eTA
41
kEnøgpÞúkTMnijkñúgnava edaymeFüa)aydéTeTotenAkñúgRbeTsEtmYy CaTUeTAKWRtUvRKb;RKgedayc,ab;rbs;

samIRbeTs. dUcKñaenHEdrkic©snüadwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijBIkMBg;EpsmuRT b¤BITIlanynþehaHenAkñúgRbeTsrbs;
GñkTij eTAkEnøgGaCIvkmμrbs;GñkTijenAkñúgRbeTsEtmYy CaFmμtaKWRtUvRKb;RKgedayc,ab;rbs;RbeTsenaH.
enARbeTskm<úCa kic©snüadwkCBa¢ÚnBIkEnøgGaCIvkmμrbs;Gñklk;EdlCaBlrdækm<úCaeTAkan;kMBg;Ep
km<úCa b¤BIkMBg;Epkm<úCaeTAkan;kEnøgGñkTijEdlCaBlrdækm<úCa CaTUeTAKWRtUvRKb;RKgedayc,ab;kic©snüa
bc©úb,nñrbs;RbeTskm<úCa ¬Rkitü-c,ab; elx 38 qñaM 1988¦. Ca]TahrN_ cUrBicarNaGMBIkic©snüamYy
EdlBakBn§½dl;karnaMecjGgárBIRbeTskm<úCa eTAeGayGñkTijEdlsßitenAkñúgRbeTsmYyepSgeTot eday
naMecjtamkMBg;EpRkugRBHsIuhnu. kic©snüadwkCBa¢ÚnBIkEnøgGaCIvkmμrbs;Gñklk;EdlCaBlrdækm<úCaeTA
kan;kMBg;EpRkugRBHsIhnu KWRKb;RKgedayRkwtü c,ab; elx 38 qñaM 1988. CaBiessEpñk 5 ¬maRta 83
dl; maRta88¦ énRkwtüc,ab;elx 38 Tak;TineTAnwg kic©snüa dwkCBa¢Ún. maRta 83 kMNt;niymn½ykic©
snüadwkCBa¢ÚnfaCa {kic©snüaEdlGñkdwkCBa¢ÚnsnüadwkGñkdMeNIr \va:n; b¤TMnijBIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYy
eTot edayykéføtamkarRBmeRBog b¤taméføkMNt;rbs;rdæ} . maRta 84 nig maRta 85 EcgGMBIkarTUTat;
sMNg EdlRtUvbg;dl; PaKIEdlrgeRKaH RbsinebIkarRbKl;TMnijmanPaByWtya:v. maRta 86 nig manRta
87 EcgGMBIkarTUTat;sMNgEdlRtUvbg;dl;PaKIEdlrgeRKaH RbsinebImankar)at;bg; b¤karxUcxatdl;Gñk
dMeNIr \va:n; b¤TMnijEdlRtUvdwkCBa¢Ún. CaTIbBa©b;maRta 88 CamUldæanEdlEcgfabNþwgsMuCYsCulkar)at;
bg; b¤xUcxatRtUveFVIeLIg kñúgry³eBlmYyqñaM KitBIéf¶EdlPaKIrgeRKaHdwgfa)at; b¤xUcxat;.
eKsegáteXIjfa minmanGnusBaØaGnþrCatiNamYy EdlGnuvtþCaTUeTAelIkardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijtampøÚv
fñl; b¤tampøÚvEdkEdlqøgkat;RBMEdnrvagRbeTskm<úCa nigRbeTsdéTeTotenAkñúgtMbn;GasIuPaKGeKñy_
eLIy. dUecñHc,ab;EdlGnuvtþelIkardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijrvagRbeTskm<úCa nigRbeTsTaMgenaHKWCac,ab;Catirbs;
samIRbeTsEdlBak;Bn½§. ]TahrN_ c,ab;rbs;RbeTskm<úCanwgGnuvtþelIkic©snüadwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijBIRbeTs
km<úCaeTAkan;RbeTsevotNam. k¾b:uEnþc,ab;RbeTsevotNamk¾nwgGnuvtþ)anpgEdr edayehtufa EpñkxøHén
kic©snüaRtUv)anbMeBjenAkñúgRbeTsevotNam. ]bmafaCemøaHmYy)anekIteLIgrvagPaKIEdlTak;TineTA
nwgkic©snüadwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij ehIyPaKImYy)aneFVIbNþwgya:gRtwmRtUveTAkan;tulakarkm<úCa. tulakarkm<úCa
nwgeFVIesckþIsMerc faetIkMritNaEdlc,ab;rbs;RbeTsevotNamsþIBIkardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijGacGnuvtþ)anelI
CemøaHenH edayBieRKaHviFanc,ab;GnþrCatiÉkCn. eKmindwgc,as;fa etIviFanNaxøHénc,ab;GnþrCatiÉkCn
Edltulakarkm<úCanwgGnuvtþcMeBaHsßanPaBEbbNa?
ÉksarEbøk²KñaGacykmkeRbIcMeBaHkardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnji tampøÚvfñl; nigtampøÚvEdk. ÉksarCamUl
dæansMrab;kardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijtampøÚvEdk KWbNÑ½bBa¢ÚnTMnijtampøÚvEdk nigbgáan;édTTYlTMnijtampøÚvEdk.
bN½ÑbBa¢ÚnTMnijtampøÚvEdkbBa¢ak;GMBIkic©snüarvagRkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij nigGñkbBa¢ÚnTMnij ¬GñkepJITMnij¦.
42
bgáan;édTTYlTMnijtampøÚvEdk KWCabgáan;édecjBIRkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚvEdkRbKl;eTAeGayGñkbBa¢Ún
TMnij EdlbBa¢ak;faRkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún)anTTYlTMnijenaHehIysMrab;dwkCBa¢Ún. ÉksarCamUldæansMrab;kar
dwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijtampøÚvfñl; KWbN½ÑbBa¢ÚnTMnijtampøÚvfñl;. bN½ÑbBa¢ÚnTMnijtampøÚvfñl;bBa¢ak;GMBIkic©snüadwk
CBa¢ÚnTMnij eFVIeLIgrvagGñkbBa¢ÚnTMnij nigRkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún. bN½ÑbBa¢ÚnTMnijEdlbBa¢ak;faRkumh‘undwk
CBa¢Ún)anTTYlTMnijenaHehIysMrab;dwkCBa¢Ún.
2> kardwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚvGakas (Transport of Goods by Air)
kardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijCaGnþrCatitampøÚvGakas KWRtUvRKb;RKgedayGnusBaØasþIBIsemaFanénviFanxøH²
EdlTak;TineTAnwgkardwkCBa¢ÚnCaGnþrCatitampøÚvGakas qñaM 1929 Edl)aneFVIviesaFnkmμnaeBleRkay
mkeTottamry³kic©RBmeRBognana. kic©RBmeRBogd¾sMxan;enH Cajwkjab;eKehAfa GnusBaØaRkugva:sUvI
edayehtufa kaledImdMbUgGnusBaØaenHRtUv)aneFVIeLIgenATIRkugva:sUvIRbeTsb:ULÚj. RbeTsCaeRcInrYmTaMg
RbeTskm<úCapgCaPaKIénGnusBaØaenH.
GnusBaØaRkugva:sUvI GnuvtþenAeBlEdlkardwkCBa¢ÚnCaGnþrCatitampøÚvGakasekIteLIgrvagRbeTs
EdlCaPaKIénGnusBaØaenH. )anesckþIfa edIm,IeGayGnusBaØaenHGacGnuvtþeTA)anrdæTaMgBIrEdlBak;Bn§½RtUv
EtCaPaKIénGnusBaØaenH. CaTUeTAGnusBaØava:sUvIBiBN’naGMBIsiT§i nigktBVkic©rbs; Rkumh‘unGakasyandwk
CBa¢ÚnehIyTak;TineTAnwgkardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij GnusBaØaenHBiBN’naGMBIsiTi§ nigkatBVkic©rbs;GñkbBa¢ÚnTMnij nig
GñkTTYlbeBaØITMnij ¬PaKIEdlTTYlTMnij¦.
Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚvGakas EdlRtUveFVItamlk½çxN½ÐtRmUvénGnusBaØaRkugva:sUvITTYlxusRtUvkñúg
kMritCak;lak;NamYYycMeBaHkarxUcxat b¤kar)at;bg;TMnijkñúgkMLúgeBldwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijTaMgenH. kMLúgeBldwk
CBa¢Úncab;epþImenAeBlEdlTMnijsßitenAeRkamkarXMuRKgrbs;Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún rab;bBa©ÚlTMagkMLúgeBlsþúk
TMnijTuk b¤kMLúgeBlRbKl;TMnijedayRkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún. GnusBaØaenHkMrit karTTYlxusRtUvrbs;Rkumh‘un
dwkCBa¢ÚnenAeBlEdlTMnijRtUv)at;bg; b¤xUcxatCaTwkR)ak;RbEhl 20 duløarshrdæGaemrikkñúgTMnijmYy
KILÚ elIkElgEtGñkepJITMnijeFVIesckþIRbkasBiessGMBItémøTMnijenAeBlepJITMnij. RbsinebIGñkepJITMnijeFVI
esckþIRbkasBiessEbbenH GñkepJITMnijRtUvecjéføbEnßmelIsBIenHeTot EdlRkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚntRmUveGay
edIm,IeGayRkumh‘unTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkar)at;bg; b¤xUcxat;dl;TMnijelIsBIkMritFmμtaEdlRtUvbg;kñúgTMnij
mYyKILÚ.
ÉksarcMbgEdlRKb;RKgkardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijtamGakas KWbN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijtampøÚvGakas. bNÑ½
dwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijtampøÚvGakasmanpÞúknUvkic©snüadwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij. enAeBlepJITMnijtampøÚvGakas GñkbBa¢Ún
TMnijRtUvbMeBjbN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijtampøÚvGakas ehIyRbKl;bN½ÑenHeTAeGayRkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚv
43
GakasGmCamYyTMnijEdlRtUvdwkCBa¢ÚnenaHpg. eBlenaHRkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚncuHhtßelxaelIbN½ÑdwkCBa¢Ún
TMnijtampøÚvGakas ehIyRbKl;bN½ÑenHeTAeGayGñkbBa¢ÚnTMnijvij. tamviFIenH bN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijtampøÚv
Gakas manmuxgarCabgáan;édTTYlTMnijsMrab;TMnijEdlRtUvdwkCBa¢Ún. bNÑ½dwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijtampøÚvGakask¾
manmuxgarCavik½áybR½tpgEdr enAeBlEdlbN½ÑenHbgðajGMBIkarykéføQñÜlTMnijepSg²EdlGñkepJITMnij
b¤GñkTTYlTMnijRtUvbg;sMrab;kardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijenaH. m:üageTotbN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijtampøÚvGakasGacbMeBj
muxgarCaviBaØabnbR½tFanara:b;rgpgEdr.
eBlbc©úb,nñenHcMeBaHTMnijbec©kviC¢aEdlCaRbePTTMnijRtUvkarRbkYtRbECgmanTMhMtUcRsal b:;uEnþ
mantMéléfø TMnijTaMgGs;enHRtUv)andwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚvGakas. kardwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚvGakasRtUvsßiteRkam
lkçN³Cac,ab;GnþrCati.
eRkamsn§isBaØa Warsaw convention 1929 enATIRkugva:sWrIénRbeTsb:ULÚj
A. Advices ( Information )
1, r)aykarN¾edaypÞal; On hand report
Caerogral;ExRkumh‘unynþehaH nigPñak;garEtgEtCUndMNwgCar)aykarN_pÞal;tamRbB½n§eGLicRtU
nicCUndl;PaKIEdlBak;Bn§eGay)andwgGMBIkarviPaKehaHehIrtameCIgynþehaHnImYy² nigkalviPaKTMnij
EdlRtUdwkCBa¢Ún.
2, karEnnaMGMBIkardwkCBa©Ún Shipping Instruction
KWCaÉksarsMxan;bMputEdltMrUveGayGñkepJIrTMnijbMeBjEbbbTral;elIkénkarepJIrnImYy². m©as;
epJIrTMnijRtUvTTYlsÁal; nigTTYlxusRtUvCalayl½kçGkSrenAelIÉksarRbkasTMnijenaH.
Shipping Instruction tMrUveGayGñkepJIrTMnijbBa¢ak;GMBI
- eQμaH RbePT ynþehaH

- sßanIy_edImTI sßanIy_sMctRtUvepÞrTMnij nig sßanIy_cugTIRbKl;TMnij
- erobrab;RbePTTMnijdwkCBa¢Ún
- bBa¢ak;GMBIpøÚvEdlRtUvdwkCBa¢Ún nigéfødwkCBa¢Ún
- Note : ral;elIkénkarepJIrTMnijRtUvmanbMeBj Shipping Instruction Canic©KμanÉksarenH
Pñak;gar bBa¢ÚnminTTYlTMnijen³eLIy .
3, kareGaysBaØCamun Pre Alert
cMeBaHTMnijEdlmanlkçN³BiessKWRtUvEtRbkasdl;Pñak;gardwkCBa¢Ún nigRkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚneGay
)andwgmun edIm,IRsYlkñúgkarerobcMdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijTaMgGs;mandUcCa ³
- TMnijmanxñatFM b¤TMgn;F¶n;
44
- TMnijgayxUc)ak;Ebk
- TMnijRtUvkarGakasFatuRtCak;
- TMnijCaRbePTstVmanCIvit
- TMnijCaRbePTmaneRKaHfñak;
- RbePTTMnijEdlTamTareBlevlabnÞan;
4, karEnnaMTukmun Pre Advice
cMeBaHTMnijEdlRtUvepJIrnaTIcugeRkaybg¥s;éneCIgehaHehIreKRtUvCUnB½t’manmanmundl;Rkumh‘un
dwkCBa¢Ún nigPñak;gardwkCBa¢Ún.
5, r)aykarN¾elIkeLIg Up Lift Report
eRkayBITMnij)anRtYtBinitüeXIjfa TMnijTaMgGs;RtUvbBa¢ÚntamynþehaH bnÞab;mkRkumh‘unRtUv
Binitü nigepJIrr)aykarN_GMBITMnijEdlRtUvdwkenaHRBmTaMgbBa¢ÍraynamTMnijEdlRtUvdwkCBa¢ÚnkñúgmYyeCIg
énkarehaHehIr . r)aykarN_enH nigCUndMNwgdl;RKb;PaKITaMgGs;EdlBak;B½nÞtamRbB½n§eGLIcRtUnic.
6, r)aykarN¾minRbRktI Irregularity Report
kñúgkrNIBinitüeXIjfa TMnijelIkdak;BIsßanIy_mYyeTAsßanIy_mYyeTotminRbRktI xUc)at; edIm,I
eCosvagkñúgkarTTYlxusRtUv nig gayRsYlkñúgkarRtYtBinitü nig bBa¢ak;TMnijenaHeKRtUveFVIr)aykarN_
Irregularity Report
7, karCUndMNwgeTAm©as;TMnij Advice to the consignee
munTMnijmkdl;cugTIPñak;garGñkdwkCBa¢Ún (forwarder) enAcugTIRtUvCUndMNwgGMBITMnijEdlRtUvmk
dl;CUneTAm©as;TMnij Consignee edIm,IeRtomnUvÉksar nig meFüa)ayedIm,IykTMnij.
8, karCUndMNwgsMrab;karTTYlTMnij Consignment Delivery
eBlTMnijmkdl;sßanIy_cugTIPñak;gardwkCBa¢ÚnenAcugTIRtUvCUndMNwgdl;m¢as;TMnij Consignee edIm,I
eRtomÉksar nigmeFüa)ayykTMnij.
Note : Airway Bill c,ab;edImsMrab;m©as;TTYlTMnij (consignee) CaTUeTARtUv)anepJIrCamYynig
TMnijtamry³ynþehaHEdldwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijenaH .
B. Air Way Bill ( AWB )
edIm,IgayRsYlRKb;RKgkñúgkarbeBa¢jÉksarepSg² Rkumh‘unynþehaH)anEbgEck AWB
CabIRbePT ³
- Carries AWB : KWCab½NÑdwkCBa¢ÚntamynþehaHecjeday Carrier eTAkan; Forwarder
45
- House AWB KWCaRbePTb½NÑdwkCBa¢ÚnEdlecjeday Forwarder EdlminEmnCaPñak;gar

rbs;Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚneTAkan;GñkepI¶rTMnij .
- Master AWB KWCakarRbmUlpþúMenA Air Way Bill TaMgGs;bnþeTAeGayRkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún.
C. Marking and Labeling the consignment
TMnijdwkCBa¢ÚntamynþehaHtMrUveGayx©b;eGay)anRtwmRtUv nigdak;elxsMKal;tambTdæan
(Barcode) enAelITMnijnImYy².
Barcode KWCasBaØasMKal;GnþrCatiEdlgayRsYlemIleXIj nigkarsnñidæanc,as;las;.
Ex : - sBaØasMKal;Rkumh‘unynþehaH
- TMnijGaceFVIeGayeqH
- GaceRKaHfñak;dl;CIvit
- TMnijRtUvkarRtCak;rhUt
- TMnijRtUvs¶ÜtrhUthammineGayRtUvkar nigdak;sBaØaelxkUteTAtamRbePT Air Bill .
Note: kardak;sBaØkUtenHedIm,IgayRsYlkñg ú karRKb;RKgRBmTaMgkardwkCBa¢Ún.
TMnijdwkCBa¢Úntamry³ynþehaHRtUv)anKitelImUldæanBIr KitTaMgTMgn; KitTaMgTMhMpg .
1, Chargeable Freight ( Actual Volume )
TI1 eKRtUvKitBITMhMBiténTMhMEdlRtUveFVInimYy²eTAtamRbEvgxñatEvgCageKbg¥s;énRCugTMnij
nImYy² tamrUbmnþ beNþay x TTwg x kMBs;kMras; .
2, Volume Per Weight ( Volumetric Weight )
bnÞab;mkRtUvrk Volumetric Weight rbs;TMnijnImYy²tamrUbmnþxageRkam ³
Actual Volume
=
Volume Minimum Centime Cube Kg
Ca Tariff éfødwkCBa¢ÚneTAtammuxTMnijnImYy²rbs;Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢Únman ³
Cm Cm Cm
1 Kg = , ,
5,500 6,000 7,000
lMhat;
Rkumh‘unmYyRtUvepJIrTMnijBI USA mk Cambodia tam Via eday qøgkat;tambwgkkRbeTséf
46
TMnijTaMgGs;RtUv)anx©b;Ca 20RbGb;. kñúgmYyRbGb;manTMhMbeNþayRbEvg 50 Cm TTwg 50 Cm kMras;

20 Cm . TMnijRbePTenHsßitkñúgkMrit Volume Minimum Centime Cub Kg tMéldwkCBa¢ÚnBI USA mk
Cambodia kñúg 1 Kg esμI 68$ . cUrGñkrkéfødwkCBa¢ÚnBI USA mk Cambodia Gs;b:unμan ?
dMeNaHRsay
1- Actual Volume of 20 boxes
50cm x 50cm x 20cm = 50,000cm3
50,000cm x 20boxes = 100,000cm3
2- Volumetric Weight
1,000,000cm3
= = 142.85 kg
7,000
3- A
68$ x 142.85cm = 9,713.80$
3> kardwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚvTwk (Transport of Goods by Water)

TMrgsamBaØbMputénkardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijCaGnþrCatiKWtamnava. sBVéf¶enHCajwkjab;kardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij
tamnavatRmUveGayeRbIekHFM² EdlpÞúkTMnijEdlmanbrimaNeRcIn. dUcEdl)anBiPakSaenACMBUk5
¬lixit\NTan nigviFIbg;R)ak;déTeTot¦ ÉksarCamUldæansþIBIkardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijtamnava KWbNÑ½dwkCBa¢Ún.
bN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚntMNageGaykic©snüarvagRkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún nigGñkbBa¢ÚnTMnij. bN½ÑdwkCBa¢Únk¾Cabgáan;éd
TTYlTMnijmYypgEdr EdlecjeGayedayRkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnRbKl;eTAeGayGñkbBa¢ÚnTMnij. RbsinebI
bN½ÑenaH KWCabN½ÑEdlGacepÞr)anvak¾CaÉksarkmμsiT§ielITMnijEdldwkCBa¢ÚnenaHpgEdr. ehIyRbsinebI
bN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnGacepÞr)an GñkTTYlbeBaØITMnijRtUvbgðajbN½ÑenaH dl;Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnedIm,IbþÚrykTMnij.
manbN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijBIrRbePTsMxan;² KW ¬1¦ bN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnsRmab;TMnijEdlpÞúkelInavarYcehIy
nig ¬2¦ bN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnsRmab;TMnijEdl)anTTYlrYcehIysMrab;dwkCBa¢Ún. bNÑ½dwkCBa¢ÚnsRmab;TMnijEdl
pÞúkelInavarYcehIypþl;nUvkarbBa¢ak;GHGagfa TMnijBitCa)anpÞúkenAelInavaEdlRtUvdwkTMnijenaHehIy.
bN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnsRmab;TMnijEdl)anTTYlrYcehIysMrab;dwkCBa¢Únpþl;nUvkarbBa¢ak;GHGagfa Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún
)anTTYlTMnijrYcral;ehIysRmab;dwkCBa¢Úntamnava k¾b:uEnþTMnijenaHminTan;)anpÞúkenAelInavaenAeLIyeT.
GñkTijTMnij ehIynwgFnaKarEdlecjlixit\NTanEtgEttRmUveGaymanbN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnsRmab;TMnijEdl
47
pÞúkelInavarYcehIy. bN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnRbePTenH pþl;nUvkarFanara:b;rgEfmeTotEdlfa TMnijBitCaRtUv)andwk

CBa¢¢ÚntamnavaEmnehIy min)anTukecalenAkEnøgNamYyeLIyenAÉkMBg;EpbreTsenaH.
bN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijGaccat;fñak;)anpgEdr GaRs½yfaetIGñkCaGñkTTYlTMnijBIRkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún.
CaBiess bN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijGacCabN½ÑEdlGacepÞr)an b¤CabN½ÑEdlminGacepÞr)an. bN½ÑTaMgBIrRbePT
enHmanBiPakSalMGitxageRkamenH k¾b:uEnþCaTUeTAkatBVkic©rbs;Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún KWRtUvRbKl;TMnijeTAeGay
GñkTTYlbeBaØITMnijEdlmaneQμaHenAkñúgbN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnEdlminGacepÞr)an b¤dl;CnNaEdlkan;kab;bNÑ½dwk
CBa¢ÚnEdlGacepÞr)an ehIyEdl)ancareQμaHelIbN½ÑenaHy:agRtwmRtUv. RbsinebIRkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnRbKl;
TMnijmincMPaKIenaHeT Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnGacTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHm©as;TMnijelIkar)at;bg;TMnijTaMgenH.
bNÑ½dwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijEdlminGacepÞr)anEdleKehApgEdrfa bN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijtamsmuRT KWCabN½Ñ
mYyRbePTEdleFVIeLIgcMeBaHPaKIEdleKR)ab;eQμaH. enHmann½yfa Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnGacRbKl;TMnijeTA
eGayPaKIEdlmaneQμaHenAelIbN½ÑEtb:ueNÑaH. dUecñHbNÑ½RbePTenHminGacedaHdUr)aneLIy ehIykmμsiT§i
elITMnijedaypÞal;minGacepÞr)aneLIy luHRtaEt)anRbKl;eTAeGayCnEdlmaneQμaHenAelIbN½ÑenaH.
pÞúyeTAvij bN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnEdlGacepÞr)anmantYnaTICaÉksarkmμsiT§ielITMnij. bN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnRbePT
enHGaclk;)anmunkarRbKl;TMnij ehIydUecñHepÞrPaKplEdlGñklk;bN½ÑmanelITMnij. CnNaEdlman
eQμaHcarcugeRkayenAelIbN½ÑenaH KWCaGñkmansiT§iTTYlTMnijBIRkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚneRkayBI)anbgðajbN½Ñ
enaH. dUc)ankt;sMKal;xagelI enAkñúgRbtibtiþkarEdleRbIlixit\NTanFnaKarcUlcitþbN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnEdl
GacepÞr)an BIeRBaHbN½ÑTaMgenHGnuBaØateGayFnaKarmanGMNacsMercfaetIGñkTijGacTTYlTMnij)an b¤min
)an.
bN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnEdlGacepÞr)anmanTRmg;epSgKña. CaFmμtabN½ÑenHsresrdak;fa {RbKl;tam bBa¢a}
rbs;PaKICak;lak;NamYy CaTUeTAKWGñkbBa¢ÚnTMnij GñkTTYlbeBaØITMnij b¤FnaKarEdlpþl;hirBaØb,Tan.
bN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnGacEckfa {RbKl;tambBa¢a} k¾b:uEnþminRtUvcardak;eQμaHCnNa b¤PaKINamYyeLIy. bN½Ñdwk
CBa¢ÚnEdlGacepÞr)ank¾Gacsresrdak;fa {RbKl;edayGñknaMsar} b¤sresrCaBaküeBcn_Edlmann½ydUc
Kña. b¤bN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnGaccat;Tuk {cMhr}. enH)ann½yfa CnNamñak;EdlTTYlbN½ÑenaH minfaeLIyCnenaH
CaGñklYcbN½ÑenaHeTGacTTYlTMnijenaH)an. tamkarBit karlYcbN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnmuxCaminpþl;kmμsiT§itampøÚv
c,ab;elITMnijenaHdl;ecareLIy.
enATIbBa©b; bN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnGaccat;fñak;eTAtamGVIEdlbN½ÑTaMgenaHEcgGMBIsPaBTMnijenAeBlEdl
Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnTTYlTMnijTaMgenaH. niyayeGaycMbN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnGac {manxbgáa} ¬b¤xsþIBITM nijminl¥¦
enHmann½yfa Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún)anbBa¢ak;enAelIbN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnenaHfa TMnijhak;dUcCaTTYlrgnUvkarxUcxat
b¤ebIBMudUecñaHeTmansPaBminKYrCaTIeBjcitþeLIy enAeBlEdlRkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún)anTTYlTMnijTaMgenaH.
48
b¤bN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnGac {RCHRsLH} ¬b¤Kμanxbgáa¦ enHmann½yfaRkumh‘undwk CBa¢Únmin)anbBa¢ak;enAelIbN½Ñ

enaH faTMnijhak;dUcCamansPaBminKYrCaTIeBjcitþenaHeT enAeBlEdlRkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún)anTTYlTMnij
TaMgenaH.
dUc)ankt;sMKal;enACMBUk5 sþIBI ¬lixit\NTan nigviFIbg;R)ak;epSgeTot¦ tamRbBn½§lixit\NTan
edayÉksarbN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnCaFmμta KWCaÉksarmYykñúgcMeNamÉksardéTeTotEdlGñklk;RtUvbgðajdl
;FnaKarnwgTTYlkarbg;R)ak;. lixit\NTanEtgEttRmUvfabN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnRtUvEtRCHRsLH {Kμanxbgáa}.
RbsinebI lixit\NTantRmUveGayGñklk;bgðajbN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnRCHRsLHCUnFnaKarbBa¢ak;GHGagedIm,IebIk
R)ak; ehIyEbrCaykbN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnEdlmanEcgxbgáavijenaHFnaKarbBa¢ak; GHGagGacbdiesFminsg
R)ak;eGay.
kardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijsmuRT ehIynigbN½ÑdwkCBa¢Ún KWCakmμvtßúénkic©RBmeRBogGnþrCatisMxan;²xøH.
kic©RBmeRBogTaMgenHKWmandUcteTAenH³
1> viFan Hague qñaM 1924 {GnusBaØaGnþrCati ¬b¤GnusBaØaGnþrCatiRkug Brussels¦ sþIBIÉksema
FanénviFanxøH²EdlTak;TwgeTAnwgbN½ÑdwkCBa¢Ún.
2> viFan Hague-Visby qñaM 1968 ¬BiFIsareFVIviesaFnkmμelIGnusBaØaGnþrCatiRkug Brussels sþIBI
ÉksemaFanénviFanc,ab;xøH² EdlTak;TgeTAnwgbN½ÑdwkCBa¢Ún¦ ehIynig
3> viFan Hamberg qñaM 1978 ¬GnusBaØaGgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBIkardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijtam smuRT¦.
RbCaCatiCaeRcIn)anGnumt½TaMgviFan Hague b¤viFan Hague-Visby nig Hamburg . ]TahrN_
shrdæGaemrik kaNada nUEvlesLg; kUer:xagt,Úg étva:n; nigm:aeLsIu GnuvtþviFan Hague. RbeTsGURsþalI
cRkPBGg;eKøs Cb:un swgðbUrI hugkug nigRbeTsshKmn_GWr:ubPaKeRcInGnuvtþviFan Hague-Visby.
RbeTskm<úCaminTan;)anGnum½tkRmgviFanNamYyenaHeT. CasarvnþviFan Hague –Visby KWCakarsresr
eLIgvijnUvviFan Hague edIm,IqøúHbBa¢aMgnUvkarGPivDÆn_énviFITMenIbkñúgkardwkCBa¢Ún TMnijtamsmuRTdUcCa
kareRbIR)as;ekHFM²edIm,IpÞúkTMnij. karBiPakSadUcxageRkamenHCacMbg KWsMedAcMeBaHviFan Hague-Visby.
CaTUeTAviFan Hague-Visby qñaM1968 GnuvtþcMeBaHkardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijtamsmuRTBIRbeTsEdl
CasmaCikénGnusBaØaedIménqñaM 1924 EdlmanEcgGMBIviFan Hague ehIy)anGnuvtþviFanHague-Visby
cugeRkayenH. viFan Hague-Visby GnuvtþpgEdr kalebIPaKI)anRBmeRBogKñatamesckþIEcgénkic©snüa
dwkCBa¢ÚnEdlPaKIGnuvtþ.
mankardak;kMritCamUldæanxøH² eTAelIkarGnuvtþviFan Hague-Visby . viFan Hague-Visby
GnuvtþcMeBaHEtkic©snüadwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijtamsmuRT kalebIÉksardwkCBa¢Ún KWCabN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnEdlGacepÞr)an
b¤ÉksarkmμsiT§iRbhak;RbEhlKñadéTeTot. m:üageTot viFan Hague-Visby minGnuvtþelIkic©snüadwk
49
CBa¢ÚnstVmanCIvit b¤elITMnijEdl)aneFVIkic©snüafanwgdak; b¤dak;TMnijeTAelIy:navaeT. viFan Hague-

Visby Gnuvtþcab;BIeBlpÞúkTMnijelInavarhUtdl;eBlykTMnijecjBInava. k¾b:uEnþviFan Hague-Visby
minGnuvtþenAeBlEdlTMnijkMBugsþúkenAkñúgXøaMgeT sUm,IEtTMnijTaMgenaHsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;Rkum
h‘undwkCBa¢Únd¾eday.
eKalbMNgCamUldæanénviFan Hague-Visby KWedIm,ITb;sþat;Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnmineGaybdiesF
karTTYlxusRtUvelIkar)at;bg; b¤xUcxatdl;TMnijEdlxøÜndwk. viFanenHBüayamEcgGMBIkMriténkarTTYlxus
RtUvCaGb,rbrmasMrab;GñkbBa¢ÚnTMnij. edIm,IeFVIdUecñH viFan Hague-Visby EcgGMBIsiTi§ nigkatBVkic©rbs;
Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún. xNamYyenAkñúgkic©snüadwkCBa¢ÚnEdlviFan Hague-Visby GnuvtþminGacbnßykar
TTYlxusRtUvrbs;Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚneGayenAticCagkarTTYlxusRtUv EdlmanEcgenAkñúgviFanenaHeT.k¾b:uEnþ
PaKIGacRBmeRBogKñacMeBaHxénkic©snüa EdlGnueRKaHy:ageRcIndl;GñkbBa¢ÚnTMnijelIsBIkMritGb,brmaCa
mYldæan EdlmanEcgenAkñúgviFan Hague-Visby.
tamviFan Hague-Visby Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnmanParkic©mYycMnYn. Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnRtUvykcitþTuk
dak;eGayRtwmRtUv kñúgkareFVIeGaynavaGaceFVInavacrN_)ansmRsbeTAnwgkareFVIdMeNIrEdlb:gR)afña ehIy
smRsbeTAnwgkardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij. Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnmankatBVkic©pgEdr kñúgkarykcitþTukdak;EfTaMTMnij
eGay)anRtwmRtUv ehIyRtUvpÞúkTMnijkñúgnava nigykTMnijecjBInavaeGay)anRtwmRtUv. RbsinebIkar)at;
bg; b¤karxUcxatdl;TMnijekIteLIgenAkñúgry³eBlEdlviFanGnuvtþ ehIykarxUcxat b¤kar)at;bg;enaH
bNaþlmkBIRkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnminbMeBjkatBVkic©rbs;xøÜnkñúgkareFVIeGaynavaGaceFVInavacrN_)an ehIymin
ykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHTMnijeTenaH Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnRtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkar)at;bg; b¤karxUcxatTaMgenaH.
k¾b:uEnþviFan Hague-Visby EcgGMBIkMritmYycMnYnénkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnpgEdr.
]TahrN_ RbsinebIkarxUcxat b¤kar)at;bg;;dl;TMnijEdleLIgEdlCalT§plénkareFVsRbEhsrbs;kmμkr
navacrkñúgkarRKb;RKg b¤kñúgkarebIkbrnava eBlenaHRkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnminTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarxUcxatenaH
eLIy. m:üageTot Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnminTTYlxusRtUveT RbsinebIkar)at;bg; b¤karxUcxatdl;TMnijekIteLIg
EdlCalT§plénPynþrayeRKaHP½y b¤eRKaHfñak;énsmuRT. Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnminTTYlxusRtUveTRbsinebI
kar)at;bg; b¤karxUcxatdl;TMnijekIteLIgedaysarGKÁIP½y elIkElgEtGKÁIP½y enaHbNþalmkBIkMhus
rbs;Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún. maRta 4 énviFan Hague-Visby EcgGMBIkardak;kMriteRcIneTotelIkarTTYlxusRtUv
rbs;Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢Únedayrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgkar)at;bg; b¤karxUcxatdl;TMnijEdlbgáeLIgedaykrNIRbFan
skþi ¬kmøaMgFmμCatiEdlminGacRKb;RKg)an¦ GMeBIsRgÁam GMeBIénsRtUvsaFarN³ b¤GMeBIGskmμrbs;Gñk
bBa¢ÚnTMnij PaBmanex©aHénTMnijcab;BIeBlplitmk b¤karx©b;TMnijminRKb;RKan;. dUcEdlnwgmanBiPakSaenA
EpñkbnÞab; PaKIEdlepJITMnijRtUvTijbN½ÑFanara:b;rg; edIm,IkarBarTb;Tl;nwgPynþrayTaMgenH.
50
viFan Hague Visby kMritpgEdrGMBIbrimaNTTYlxusRtUvrbs;Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún. tamviFanedIm

énGnusBaØa Hague kMritTTYlxusRtUvenaHKWTwkR)ak; 100 epanEsÞrlijGg;eKøs kñúgTMnijmYykBa¢b; b¤mYy
ÉktaTMnij. k¾b:uEnþtamviFan Hague-Visby cugeRkaykMritenaHKWmancMnYn 666.67 SDRs (International
Monetary Fund Special Drawing Rights) b¤ 2 SDRs kñúgmYyKILÚRkamén Tm¶n;srubénTMnijEdl)at;bg;
tamtémøNamYyk¾)anEdlx<s;Cag. niyayeGaygayyl; SDR KWCaRbePTmYyénrUbiyvtßúGnþrCati.

témøR)ak; SRDs ERbRbYlCaerogral;éf¶ k¾b:uEnþenAkñúgqñaM 1995 kñúg 666.67 SDRs mantMélRbEhl
1000dulaørshrdæGaemrik. RbeTsxøHdak;kMritkarTTYlxusRtUvCaGtibrimarbs;BYkeKedaypÞal;kñúgTMnij
mYykBa©b;tamc,ab;kñúgRsukrbs;RbeTsTaMgenaH.
k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebIGñkbBa¢ÚnTMnij)anbBa¢ak;enAkñgú bN½ÑbBa¢ÚnTMnij faTMnijmantémøeRcInCagkMritFmμta
Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnGacTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHtémøsrubénTMnij. tamFmμta RbsinebIGñkbBa¢Ún TMnijRbkasfa
TMnijmantémøx<s; Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnnwgTamTareGaybg;R)ak;EfmeTot sMrab;kardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijTMagenaH.
viFan Hamburg qñaM 1978 KWCakaresIerIeLIgvijTaMgRsugénviFan Hague nigviFan Hague
Visby. viFan Hamburg cUlCaFrmancMeBaHRbeTsCaeRcInenATIVbGaRhVIk nigRbeTsxøHeTotenAGWr:ub.
viFan Hamburg xusKñaBIkRmgviFandéTeTotkñúgerOgsMxan;xøH². viFan Hamburg Bnüary³eBlEdl
Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnRtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkar)at;bg; b¤karxUcxatdl;TMnijedayKitry³eBlTaMgRsug Edl
Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún)anRKb;RKgTMnij rYmTaMgry³eBlEdlTMnijRtUvsþúkTukenAkñúgXøaMgenAkMBg;Eppg. dUc)an
kt;sMKal;xagelItamviFan Hague Visby Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnRtUvTTYlxusRtUvcab;BIeBlEdlTMnijRtUvdak;
cUleTAkñúgnavarhUtdl;eBlykTMnijTaMgenaHecjBInava. bEnßmelIenHtamviFan HamburgRkumh‘undwk
CBa¢Ún RtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkar)at;bg;NamYYyEdlbNþalmkBIkareFVsRbEhs b¤kMhusrbs;Rkumh‘un
dwkCBa¢Ún. viFan Hamburg temøIgkMritbrimaN EdlGñkbBa¢ÚnTMnijGacTamTar)ancMeBaHkar)at;bg;
b¤karxUcxatdl;TMnijpgEdr KWrhUtdl;eTAcMnYn 853 SDRs kñúgTMnijmYykBa©b;.
51
emeronTI 7
vaküsBÞ½BaNiC¢kmμ
INCOTERM
EpñkenHnwgBiPakSaGMBIviFId¾sMxan;mYy EdlPaKIénkic©snüalk;TMnijGnþrCatiGacbBa¢ak;GMBIesckþI
EcgCaKnøiHxøHénkic©snüa. karenHKWeFVIeLIgtamry³vaküsB½ÞBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati (INCOTERMS) EdlCa
vaküsB½Þsþg;dar Edldak;bBa©ÚlenAkñúgkic©snüaBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatiCaeRcIn. vaküsB½ÞBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati
TaMgenHRtUv)ankMNt;niymn½yenAkñúgkRmg EdlecjedaysPaBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati IIC.
I. esckþIepþImsþIBIvaküsB½ÞBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati (Introduction to The INCOTERMS)
vaküsB½ÞBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatiCYyPaKIénkic©snüaGnþrCati eGaybBa¢ak;GMBIkic©RBmeRBogrbs;BYkeK
)anya:ggayehIyc,as;las;pg. fVIebIvaküsBÞ½BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati KWCaGkSrkat;xøI²Etvamann½yRbesIr
Nas; BIeRBaHEtmanviFanCak;lak;cM²EdlkMNt;niymn½yénvaküsB½ÞTaMgenaH. vaküsBÞ½BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati
xøHGnuvtþEtelIkardwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚvTwkb:ueNÑaH k¾b:uEnþvaküsBÞ½BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatidéTeTotGnuvtþelIRKb;
RbePTcMbg²énkardwkCBa¢Ún. kRmgTImYyénvaküsB½ÞBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatiRtUv)anecjedaysPaBaNiC¢kmμ
GnþrCatienAkñúgqñaM 1990 nigqñaM 2000 .
vaküsBÞ½BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatiCak;EsþgKWCaGkSrkat;xøI² EdlvaküsB½ÞnImYy²manGkSrr:UmaMugcMnYnbI
GkSrb:ueNaÑH dUcCaBakü {FOB} b¤Bakü {CIF}. cUrBicarNaGMBI]bkrN_cMnYnBIr sþIBIkareRbIvaküsBÞ½BaNiC¢
kmμGnþrCatienAkñúgkic©snüaBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati.
• {Gñklk;RtUvpÁt;pÁg;RKab;BIgb:ugcMnYnmYyBan;RbGb; FOB ‘S.S. Seagull’ s‘agéh ¬vaküsBÞ½
BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati 2000¦ kñúgtémø 1>50 dulaørshrdææGaemrickñúgmYy RbGb;} .

• {Gñklk;RtUvpÁt;pÁgeRbgm:asUt 5000 lIRttamry³ ‘S.S Johnny Diesel’CIF kMBg;esam
¬vaküsBÞ½BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati 2000¦ kñúgtMélø 0>10 duløarshrdæGaemrickñúgmYylIRt}.

Gtßn½yénvaküsB½ÞTaMgBIrenH nigvaküsB½ÞBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati INCOTERMS déTeTotman
Bnül;lMGitxageRkamenH.
tamry³kareRbIvaküsBÞ½BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati PaKIGacEbgrMElk)any:agqab;rh½s nigy:agc,as;
las;nUvsiTi§ nigkatBVkic©xøHerog²xøÜnrbs;BYkeKtamkic©snüa. ]TahrN_ PaKIGacbBa¢ak;tamry³kar
52
eRbIvaküsBÞ½BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati faetIkarRbKl;TMnijRtUveFVIeLIgenATINa. erOgenHCYyPaKIeGay)an dwgfa

etIenAeBlNa EdlPynþraycMeBaHkar)at;bg; b¤karxUcxatdl;TMnijRtUvrYccak;putBIGñklk;eTA GñkTij.
dUecñH kareRbIvaküsBÞ½BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatieGayPaKInImYy²dwgfaetIkarFanara:b;rg;RbePTGVI EdleKRtUvkar.
vaküsBÞ½BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatik¾bgðajeGayeXIjpgEdr faetIPaKINaEdlmankatBV kic©bg;éføQñÜldwkCBa¢Ún.
tamkarBitenaH kareRbIvaküsBÞ½BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati minEmntRmUveGaymanenaHeT. k¾b:uEnþ vakü
sBÞ½BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatiGacyl;)any:agRbesIrenAkñúgBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati. dUecñH vaküsBÞ½BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati
GacbMeBjmuxgarCaPasaGnþrCatimYyya:ggayRsYl EdlCYyPaKIkñúgkarkMNt;GMBIsiTi§ nigkatBVkic©xøH²
rbs;BYkeK.
II. Gtßn½y nigkareRbIvaküsB½ÞBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatiCak;lak;
(The Meanings and Uses of Specific INCOTERMS)
EpñkenHnwgBnül;GMBIvaküsB½ÞBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatiCak;lak;. erOgsMxan;mYyEdlRtUvyl;BIdMbUgTIKW
BaküEdlBiPakSaxageRkamenH Gacmann½yxus²KñatamkaresIerIral;elIknUvvaküsB½ÞBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati
ehIyn½yxus²KñatamkRmgviFandéTeTot. dUecñHkarsMxan; KWRtUvbBa¢ak;eGay)ancM²GMBIn½yEdlGnuvtþ.
PaKIGacbBa¢ak;tamrebobenHedayrYmbBa¢ÚlRbeyaK {vaküsB½ÞBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatikalbriecäT} enAbnÞab;BI
BaküenaH EdlkalbriecäTenaHbgðajeGaydwgGMBIkalkMNt;énkaresIerIvaküsB½ÞBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatiEdl
PaKIeRbI. ]TahrN_ dUcCa {FOB kMBg;esam ¬vaküsB½ÞBaNiC¢kmμGnþr Cati 2000¦}.
taragxageRkamenHEcgGMBIn½yCamUldæanénvaküsB½Þ enAkñúgkarbkRsayvaküsB½ÞBaNiC¢kmμGnþr
Cati INCOTERMS qñaM2000. bnÞab;BItaragenHmanesckþIBnül;lMGiténvaküsB½ÞnImYy².
EXW (Ex-Works) RbKl;TMnijenAeragcRk³ bBa¢ak;BITIkEnøgEdlGñkTijGacmkdwkTMnij. Gñklk;min
TTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarelIkdak;TMnijeLIy. GñkTijCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvTaMgRsugeTAelIkardwkCBa¢Ún.
bMNkRsaylMGit³
vaküsB½ÞBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatiTImYy EdlEcgenAelIeKKWBakü EXW tMNageGay (EX-WORKS).
WORKS CamUldæan mann½yfaeragcRk b¤CaTUeTAkEnøgGaCIvkmμrbs;Gñklk;. BaküenHtRmUveGayGñk
lk;eFVIy:agNaeGaymanTMnij)andl;édGñkTijenAÉkEnøgGaCIvkmμrbs;Gñklk; b¤kEnøgdéTeTotEdleK
R)ab;eQμaH dUcmanEcgbBa¢ak;enAbnÞab;BIBakü EXW. Ecgfa { EXW )at;dMbg} Edlnwgmann½yfa
kEnøgGaCIvkmμrbs;Gñklk;enARkug)at;dMbg. karRbKl;TMnijRtUvcb;sBVRKb; kalNa TMnijRtUv)aneKdak;
eGaysßitenAkñúgkNþab;édrbs;GñkTijenAkEnøgenH. GñkTijTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarerobcMdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij
ecjBIkEnøgGaCIvkmμrbs;Gñklk; nigcMeBaHkarCMr³karnaMTMnijcUleTAkñúgRbeTsrbs;GñkTij. dUecñHGñkTij
53
TTYlxusRtUvelIéfødwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijTaMgGs; ehIynigPynþraycMeBaHkar)at;bg; b¤karxUcxatdl;TMnijTaMgenaH

cab;BIeBlRbKl;TMnijmk. GñkTijKb,IFanara:b;rgelITMnijTb;Tl;nwgPynþrayEdlGacekItmanekItman
elITMnij.
Baküfa EXW dak;katBVkic©ticbMputdl;Gñklk;ehIyeRcInbMputdl;GñkTij. BitEmnehIykalebI
eRbIBakü EXW témøTMnijEdlGñkTijyl;RBmbg;CaFmμta nwgqøúHbBa©aMgeGayeXIjnUvkatBVkic©bEnßmeTot
EdlGñkTijRtUvbMeBjtamkic©snüa. sUm,IEtdUecñHk¾eday k¾GñkTijKb,IRbugRbyt½ñenAeBlyl;RBmTTYl
ykvaküsB½§ EXW . GñkTijbreTsEdlminmankariyal½y b¤Pñak;garenAkñúgRbeTsrbs;Gñklk;Gac
CYbRbTHnwgbBaðakñúgkar)anTTYlTMnijenAkñúgkic©snüaEdlmaneRbIBakü EXW . CaBiessGñkTijGacman
bBaðakñúgkarerobcMGaCJabN½ÑnaMecj EdlcaM)ac;BIRbeTsrbs;Gñklk; ehIyRbEhlmankarBi)akEfmeTot
kñúgkarerobcMdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijBIkEnøgGaCIvkmμrbs;Gñklk;eTAkan;kMBg;EppÞúkTMnijenAkñúgRbeTsrbs;Gñklk;.
DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) RbKl;TMnijedaymanbg;Bn§rYcCaeRsc ³ GñknaMecjTTYlxusRtUvdwk
CBa¢ÚnTMnijeTAkan;eKaledAEdl)ankMNt; nigCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvbg;B½n§ nighaniP½yénkar)at;bg; b¤xUc
xat. GñkTijTTYlxusRtUvpÞúkTMnij.
bMNkRsaylMGit³
BakücugeRkayEdlmanEcgenAkñúgtaragxagelI KWBakü DDP Edlmanny½fa {ra:brgelIesah‘uy
TMagGs;rhUtdl;TMnij)andl;kEnøgEdleKkMNt;eQμaH. Bakü DDP KWenAcugmçagénvisalKmvaküsB½Þ
BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatiedayrab;cab;BIBakü EXW . enAkñúgkic©snüaEdlmaneRbIBakü DDP Gñklk;yl;RBm
erobcMkarRbKl;TMnijeTAkan;TIkEnøgEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgRbeTseRkA EdlGacmancm¶ayCaeRcInKWLÚEm:Rt
elIpøÚveKak edayrab;bBa¢ÚlTaMgkarerobcMCMrHkarnaMcUleTAkñúgRbeTseRkAenaHpg. ]TahrN_ kic©snüaGac
Ecgfa {DDP s‘agéh} Edlnwgmann½yfa Gñklk;breTsmñak;yl;RBmerobcMRbKl;TMnijdl;s‘agéh
RbeTscin.
dUcEdlGñkTijRtUvRbugRbyt½ñenAkñúgkaryl;RBmcMeBaHBakü EXW Edr KWGñklk;RtUvRbugRbyt½ñ
enAkñúgkaryl;RBmcMeBaHBakü DDP . vaGacmankarBi)akcMeBaHGñklk; edIm,IeGaydwgfaetIesah‘uyNa
xøHEdlxøÜnnwgRtUvbg;enAkñúgkarerobcMnaMTMnijcUleTAkñúgRbeTseRkA. CagenHeTot Gñklk;RbEhlCamin
mansßanPaBl¥edIm,ICMrHkarnaMTMnijcUleTAkñúgRbeTseRkAeT RbsinCaRtUvmankarCMrH. tamFmμtaGñkTij
mansßanPaBRbesIrCagkñúgkarCMrHEbbenHenAkñúgRbeTsrbs;xøÜn. tamvaküsB½Þ DDP Gñklk;TTYlrgpg
Edr elIPynþraycMeBaHkar)at;bg; b¤karxUcxatdl;TnM ijrhUtTal;dl;eBlTMnijenaHRtUv)anRbKl;CUnenA
54
kEnøgkMNt;enAkñúgRbeTseRkA. dUecñH Gñklk;RtUvFanara:b;rgTMnijenAeBlEdlTMnijenaHkMBugdwkCBa¢ÚneTA

kan;GñkTij.
vaküsB½Þ EXW nig vaküsB½Þ DDP sßitenAcugmçagéntaragvaküsB½ÞBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati eday
ehtufa BaküTMagBIrenH BakünImYy²dak;katBVkic©PaKeRcInenAelIPaKINamYy ¬katBVkic©rbs;GñkTij b¤Gñk
lk;¦ EdlBi)aknwgeGayPaKIenaHbMeBjkatBVkic©enaH. k¾b:uEnþ kic©snüalk;TMnijGnþrCatiPaKeRcIneKeRcIn
eRbIvaküsB½ÞBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatiEdlcab;epþImedayGkSr {F} b¤ {C} EdltamvaküsB½ÞTaMgenH KμanPaKINa
mYymankatBVkic©eRcIneLIy. vaküsB½ÞsamBaØ nigsMxan;cMnYnBIrEdleKeRbIenA kñúgkic©snüalk;TMnijGnþr
Cati KWvaküsB½Þ FOB nig CIF .
FOB (Free on Board) minKitéfømkdl;nava³ Gñklk;minTTYlxusRtUvbg;éfødwkCBa¢ÚnGnþrCati
eLIy. GñknaMecjCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvelIkTMnijdak;elInavaenAkMBg;Ep. GñkTijTTYlxusRtUvelIkardwkCBa¢Ún
tampøÚvTwk nigkarFanar:ab;rg.
bMNkRsaylMGit³
Bakü FOB mann½yfa {Gñklk;rYccakktBVkic©enAeBlTMnijqøgbgáan;édnava} . tamkic©snüa
FOB EdlGnuvtþtamvaküsB½ÞBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati qñaM 2000 eQμaHkMBg;EppÞúkTMnijdak;RtUvenACab;BIeRkay
Bakü FOB enH. katBVkc©irbs;Gñklk;KWbnÞab;BICMrHkarnaMecjehIyRtUvdak;TMnijeGay {qøgputbgáan;éd
nava} enAÉkMBg;EppÞúkTMnij. kalNakic©karTaMgenHeFVIcb;sBVRKb;ehIy PynþraycMeBaHkar)at;bg; b¤kar
xUcxatdl;TMnijRtUvFøak;eTAelIGñkTij. GñkTijRtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarbg;éfødwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijBIcMNucenaH
rhUtdl;TIedAcugbBa¢b; edayrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgkarerobcMeGaymankic©Fanara:b;rg nigkarCMrHkarnaMcUlpg.
enHeKehApgEdrfa {kic©snüapÞúkTMnijkñúgnava}.
Baküfa FOB mann½yxusKñabnþictamc,ab;kñúgRsukrbs;shrdæGaemrik. tamRkmÉkPaBBaNiC¢
kmμbc©úb,nñrbs;shrdæGaemrik Bakü FOB (+ kMBg;EppÞúkTMnij ) RKan;EttRmUvfa Gñklk;RbKl;TMnij
eTAeGayRkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún. dUecñH karRbKl;TMnijnwgcb;sBVRKb;kalNaRkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚncuHhtßelxaelI
bgáan;édTTYlTMnij ehIysþúkTMnijTukenAkñúgXøaMgmYyenAÉkMBgEprg;caMpÞúkTMnijeTAkñúgnava. karxusKña
rvagn½yTaMgenHhak;dUcCaminsUvsMxan;b:unμaneT. k¾b:uEnþ ]bmafaRbsinebIekHTMnijmanFaøk;BIRbdab;sÞÚc
enAeBlkMBugsÞÚcdak;eTAkñúgnava ehIyk¾Føak;EbkenAelIEpenAkMBg;EppÞúkTMnij. tamvaküsB½ÞBaNiC¢kmμ
GnþrCatiqñaM 2000 Gñklk;nwgRtUvTTYlrgcMeBaHkar)at;bg;TMnij edayehtufa TMnijenaHminTan;)anqøgputBI
bgáan;édnavaenAeLIyeT. k¾b:uEnþ manRkmÉkPaBBaNiC¢kmμshrdæGaemrik enAeBlEdlkic©snüaEcgfa
55
FOB (+ kMBg;EppÞúkTMnij ) GkñTijnwgTTYlrgkar)at;bg;TMnij edayehtufaTMnijRtUv)anRbKl;eTA

eGayRkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnrYcehIy. RbsinebIPaKIEdleRbIRkmÉkPaBBaNiC¢kmμshrdæGaemrikcg;eGayPynþ
raycMeBaHkar)at;bg;TMnijqøgBIkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;xøÜn cab;BIeBlTMnijqøgbgáan;édnava dUecñHkic©snüarbs;
eKRtUvEcgfa FOB (+ eQμaHnava ). enHbgðajeGayeXIjGMBIcMNucsMxan; EdlmanenAedImdMbUgénEpñk
enHsþIBIkarkMNt;kRmgviFanEdlRKb;RKgsþg;darBakübMRBYj. enAeBlEdleRbIsþg;darBakübMRBYjPaKIRtUv
sresrenAbnÞab;BIBakübMRBYjenaH nUveQμaHviFanEdlRKb;RKgkareRbIBakübMRBYjenaH dUcCaBakü {FOB
kMBgesam ¬vaküsB½ÞBaNiC¢kmμ GnþrCatiqñaM 2000¦}. dUcEdl)ankMNt;smÁal;BImun GñkGanKb,Idwgpg
EdrnUvRkmÉkPaBBaNiC¢kmμ bc©úb,nñenHkMBugRtUv)anesIerIeLIgvij ehIyeGayniymn½yénBaküdUcCaBakü
FOB CaedImGacEk ERby:agqab;rh½s. CaBiessBaküBaNiC¢kmμ dUcCa FOB enHGacminTan;eKEkERb
k¾fa)anEdlCa karBüayammYyedIm,IeFVIya:gNaeGayRkmÉkPaBBaNiC¢kmμRsmKñanwgkarGnuvtþBaNiC¢kmμ
TMenIb rYmkareRbIvaküsB½ÞBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati.
CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight) témøTMnij karFanar:ab;rg nigéfødwkTMnij³ Gñklk;CaGñk
bg;éfødwkCBa¢ÚnGnþrCati. GñknaMecjCaGñkbg;éfødwkTMnij éføFanar:ab;rg nigéføcMNayepSg²eTot cab;BI
cMnuc cab;epþImrhUtdl;eKaledAEdlRtUvdwkTMnijeTA .
bMNkRsaylMGit³
Bakü CIF mann½yfa {éføTMnij bUkéføFanara:brg bUkéfødwkCBa¢Ún} . bnÞab;BIBakü CIF KIRtUv
sresreQμaHkMBgEpTisedAEdlenAeRkARbeTsrbs;Gñklk;. ]TahrN_ kic©snüaEdlBak;Bn½§dl;Gñklk;
mñak;EdlminEmnCaCatikm<úCaEcgfa {Gñklk;RtUvpÁt;pÁgm:asIunQUsdIb‘uldUEhS‘r cMnYnbIeRKOg CIF kMBg;
esam ¬vaküsB½ÞBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati qñaM 2000¦} . Bakü CIF tRmUveGayGñklk;bg;R)ak;éfødwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij
nigéføFanara:b;rg cab;BIkEnøgGaCIvkmμrbs;Gñklk;rhUtdl;kMBg;EpGñkTij. Gñμklk;RtUvEtTTYlPar³CMr³kar
naMTMnijecjpgEdr. tamFmμta Gñklk;nwgdak;éføTaMgenHcUleTAkñúgtémøsrubénTMnijtamkic©snüaenaH.
GñkTijnwgTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHtémøTaMgGs;Na eRkayBITMnijRtUv)andwkCBa¢ÚneTAdl;kMBg;EpTisedAEdl)an
kMNt;.
tamkic©snüa CIF karRbKl;TMnij tamBiteTA KWekIteLIgenAÉbgáan;édnavaenAkMBg;EppÞúkTM
nijdUecñH PynþraycMeBaHkar)at;bg; b¤karxUcxatdl;TMnijRtUvepÞrBIGñklk;eTAGñkTij enAeBlEdl TMnij
enaHqøgputbgáan;édnavaenAkMBg;EppÞúkTMnijedayehtufa tamFmμtaPynþrayRtUvepÞrBIPaKImYyeTAPaKImYy
eTotenAeBlRbKl;TMnij. erOgenHKWvaEbbenH eTaHbICaGñklk;RtUvEtbg;éfødwkCBa¢Ún nigéføFanara:b;rgrhUt
56
eTAdl;kMBg;EpTisedAk¾eday. dUecñHtamkic©snüa CIF bN½ÑFanara:b;rgEdlGñklk;TMnijedIm,ITb;Tl;nwg

PynþraycMeBaHTMnij KWeFVIeLIgedIm,ICaKuNRbeyaCn_dl;GñkTij.
FCA (Free Carrier) minKitéføQñÜldwkCBa¢Ún³ Gñklk;minTTYlxusRtUvbg;éfødwkCBa¢ÚnGnþrCatieLIy.
GñknaMecjTTYlxusRtUvRtwmEtRbKl;TMnijeTA[GñkdwkCBa¢ÚnGnþrCati b¤TIPñak;garepSgeTotminTTYlxusRtUv
elIkdak;TMnijeLIy. haniP½ycMeBaHkar)at;bg; b¤xcU xat RtUvepÞreTA[GñkTijenAeBlRbKl;TMnij.
bMNkRsaylMGit³
Bakü FCA tMNag[Bakü {Gñklk;rYccakkatBVkic© enAeBlRbKl;TMnijdl;Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún}.
tamkic©snüa FCA Gñklk;TTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarRbKl;TMnijEdl)anCMrHkarnaMecjrYcehIyeTAeGay
Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnEdl)ankMNt;eQμaHenATIkEnøgNamYy EdlmanEcgbBa¢ak;enAeRkayBakü FAC enAkñúg
kic©snüa. eBlenaHGñkTijTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHéfødwkCBa¢Ún éføFanara:b;rg ehIynigéføCMr³kar naMTMnijcUl
b¤Bn§KynaMcUleTAkñúgRbeTsrbs;GñkTij. PynþraycMeBaHkar)at;bg; b¤karxUcxatdl;TMnijRtUvepÞrBIGñk
lk;eTAGñkTijenAeBlEdlTMnijenaHRtUv)anRbKl;eTAeGayRkumh‘unCBa¢Ún.
FAS (Free Alongside Ship) minKitQñÜlmk dl;elIEKmnava ³ Gñklk;minTTYlxusRtUvbg;éfødwk
CBa¢ÚnGnþrCatieLIy. GñknaMecjRbKl;TMnijenAkMBg;EpEdl)ankMNt; nigCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvelIkarpÞúk
TMnij nigbg;éføkMBg;Ep. GñkTijTTYlxusRtUvelIkTMnji dak;elInava kardwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚvTwk nigkarFana
r:ab;rgTMnijtampøÚvTwk.
bMNkRsaylMGit³
Bakü FCA tMNageGayBakü {Gkñlk;rYccakkatBVkic© enAeBlTMnijmkdl;TIEk,rnavaenAÉkMBg;
EppÞúkTMnij}. eKeRbIBakü FAS kalNaTMnijRtUvEtdwkCBa¢ÚnBIkMBg;EppÞúkTMnijeTAkMBg;EpmYyeTot.
tamkic©snüa FAS Gñklk;mankatBVkic©RbKl;TMnijeTAdl;TIEk,r b¤EGbnavaenAÉkMBg;EppÞúkTMnijEdl
)ankMNt;eQμaH. enHGacmann½yfa TMnijenaHRtUvRbKl;eTAdl;elIEpk)a:l; b¤eTAdl;XøaMgmYyenAÉEpk
)a:l;enaH. Gñklk;TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHesah‘uyTaMgGs;rhUteTAdl;cMNucenaH. PynþraycMeBaHkar)at;bg;
b¤karxUcxatdl;TMnij)anqøgputBIGñklk;eTAGñkTijenAeBlRbKl;TMnijenAÉTIEk,rnava. Gñklk;TTYlxus
RtUvCMrHkarnaMTMnijecj ehIyGñkTijTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkarecjéfødwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijBITIEk,rnavaÉkMBg;EppÞúk
TMnij eTAkan;TIkEnøgTisedAénTMnij.
CFR (Cost and Freight) témøTMnij nigéfødwkTMnij³ Gñklk;CaGñkbg;éfødwkCBa¢ÚnGnþrCati. GñknaM
ecjCaGñkbg;éfødwkTMnij nigéfødwkCBa¢ÚneTAkan;eKaledAEdl)ankMNt;. haniyP½yénkar)at;bg; b¤xUcxat
CabnÞúkrbs;GñkTij enAeBlEdlTMnijRtUv)anpÞúkenAelImeFüa)aydwkCBa¢ÚnenAkMBg;Ep.
57
bMNkRsaylMGit³
Bakü CFR tMNageGayBakü {éføTMnij bUkéfødwkCBa¢Ún}. Bakü CFR RsedogKñaeTAnwgBakü CIF
Edl)anBiPakSaxagelI k¾b:uEnþvaxusKñaRtg;fa ebIeRbIBakü CFR Gñklk;minRtUvmankatBVkic©Fana
ra:b;rgelITMnijEdlkMBugdwkCBa¢ÚnenaHeT. dUcKñanwgkic©snüa CIF Edr Gñklk;kñúgkic©snüa CFR RtUvCMrHkar
naMTMnijecj ehIybg;R)ak;éfødwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijrhUteTAdl;kMBg;EpTisedAEdl)ankMNt;eQμaH. Pynþray
cMeBaHkar)at;bg; b¤karxUcxat;dl;TMnijqøgputBIGñklk;eTAGñkTijenaHqøgkat;bgáan;édnavaenAÉkMBg;EppÞúk
TMnij.
CPT (Carriage Paid To) bg;éfødwkCBa¢ÚneTA[³ Gñklk;CaGñkbg;éfødwkCBa¢ÚnGnþrCati. GñknaMecj
CaGñkbg;éfødwkCBa¢ÚneTA[TIkEnøg b¤kMBg;EpéneKaledAEdl)ankMNt;. lkçxNÐenH eRbIsRmab;kardwkCBa¢Ún
tampøÚvGakas nigpøÚvTwk.
bMNkRsaylMGit³
Bakü CPT tMNageGayBakü {éfødwkCBa¢Únbg;edayGñkepJI} . Bakü CPT KWRbhak;RbEhlKñaeTA
nwgBakü CIF nig CFR . karxusKñaCacMbg KWfaPynþraycMeBaHkar)at;bg; b¤karxUcxatdl;TMnij RtUvepÞr
kalNaTMnijRtUvGñklk;RbKl;eTARkumh‘unGñkdwkCBa¢ÚnTImYy. Rkumh‘unTImYyenHGacCaRkumh‘unrfynþdwk
TMnij EdlsßitenAkñúgRbeTsrbs;Gñklk;EdleTAdwkykTMnijBIkEnøgGaCIvkmμrbs;Gñklk;. Bakü CPT
enHqøúHbBa©aMgeGayeXIjnUvkarGnuvtþn_Cak;EsþgénGaCIvkmμTMenIb EdlCajwkjab;TMnijRtUv)anpÞúkcUleday
pÞal;eTAkñúgekHFM²enAelIrfynþ. bnÞab;mkekHTaMgenHRtUvdwkCBa¢ÚntamrfynþeTAkan;kMBg;Ep ehIyRtUv)an
pÞúk b¤dwkcUleTAkñúgnava. eRkayBIdwktampøÚvsmuRTmk ekHFM²TaMgenaHRtUv)ansÞÚcecjBInava ehIyCajwk
jab; RtUv)andwkCBa¢ÚneTAkan;XøaMgsþúkRtg;kEnøgNamYyenAkñúgRbeTsrbs;GñkTij. eTaHbICakarRbKl;
TMnijeFVIeLIYyenAeBlEdlTMnijenaHRtUv)anRbKl;eTARkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnTImYyk¾eday k¾Gñklk;enAEtman
katBVkic©kñúgkarbg;R)ak;éfødwkCBa¢Ún rhUteTAdl;TIkEnøgTisedAEdl)ankMNt;eQμaH EdlGacenATIkEnøgNa
mYyenAkñúgRbeTsrbs;GñkTij. ebIeRbobeFobtamBakü CIF nigBakü CFR Gñklk;RKan;Etecjéfødwk
CBa¢ÚnrhUteTAdl;kMBg;EpTisedA. enATIbBa©b;tamBakü CIP Casarvn½þKWdUcKñaeTAnwgBakü CPT Edr elIk
ElgEtfa Gñklk;RtUvbg;éfødwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijehIy nigéføFanara:b;rg.
CIP (Carriage Insurance Paid To) bg;éfødwkCBa¢Ún nigéføFanar:ab;rgeTA[³ Gñklk;CaGñkbg;éfø
dwkCBa¢ÚnGnþrCati. GñknaMecjCaGñkbg;éfødwkTMnij nigéføFanar:ab;rgeTA[TIkEnøg b¤kMBg;EpéneKaledAEdl
)ankMNt;. lkçxNÐenHeRbIsMrab;kardwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚvGakas nigpøÚvTwk.
bMNkRsaylMGit³
58
Bakü CIP tMNageGayBakü {éfødwkCBa¢ÚnnigéføFanar:ab;rgbg;edayGñkepJI}. Bakü CIP Casarv½nþKW

dUcKñaeTAnwgBakü CPT Edr elIkElgEtfa Gñklk;RtUvbg;éfødwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijehIynigéføFanara:b;rg.
DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid) RbKl;TMnij edayminTan;)anbg;Bn§ ³ GñknaMecjTTYlxusRtUv
dwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijeTAkan;eKaledA Edl)ankMNt; nigCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHhaniP½yénkar)at;bg; b¤xUcxat.
GñkTij CaGñkTTYlxusRtUvpÞúkTMnij nigbg;Bn§naMcUl.
bMNkRsaylMGit³
Bakü DDU tMNageGayBakü {RbKl;TMnijedaymin)anbg;Bn§Ky} enAÉkEnøgTisedAcugbBa©b;
EdlkMNt;eQμaH. kEnøgenHGacCakEnøgGaCIvkmμrbs;GñkTijkEnøgsþúkTMnijsMrab;dwkCBa¢ÚnenAkñúgRbeTs
GñkTij b¤TIkEnøgdéTeTotEdlkMNt;enAkñúgkic©snüalk;TMnij. Gñklk;TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHéfødwkTMnijeTA
kan;kEnøgEdlkMNt;eQμaH ehIyGñklk;TTYlxusRtUvelIPynþraycMeBaHkar)at;bg; dl;TMnijrhUtTal;Et
TMnijenaHRtUv)anRbKl;CUnenAÉTIkEnøgenaH. GñkTijTTYlxusRtUvCMrHkarnaMTMnijcUl. BaküDDUKW
Rbhak;RbEhlKñaeTAnwgBakü DDU Edl)anBiPakSaxagelIEdrelIkElgEtfakñúg DDU Gñklk;RtUvTTYl
xusRtUvCMrHkarnaMTMnijcUl.
TMnijeTAdl;kEnøgTisedAEdl)ankMNt;eQμaH. karFanara:b;rgeRkayBIkarRbKl;TMnij KWeFVIeLIg
edIm,ICaKuNRbeyaCn_dl;GñkTij. tamkarBittamBakü CPT Gñklk;min)ac;bg;éføFanra:b;rgeGayhYsBI
cMNucEdlTMnijRtUv)anRbKl;eGayRkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnTImYyeLIy.
DAF (Delivered at Frontier) RbKl;TMnijenARBMEdn ³ GñknaMecjTTYlxusRtUvdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijeTAkan;
eKaledA Edl)ankMNt;tampøÚveKak. GñkTijTTYlxusRtUverITMnijecjBImeFüa)aydwkCBa¢Ún .
bMNkRsaylMGit³
Bakü DAF tMNageGayBakü {RbKl;TMnijenARBMEdnEdl)ankMNt;eQμaH}. tamFmμtaeKeRbI
BaküenHsRmab;kic©snüadwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚvfñl; b¤tampøÚvEdkEdlqøgkat;RBMRbTl;. tamkic©snüa DAF Gñk
lk;RtUvbg;R)ak;éfødwkCBa¢ÚnrhYteTAdl;RBMEdnEdl)ankMNt;eQμaH EdlGacCaRBMRbTl;énRbeTsrbs;Gñk
lk;pÞal;. karRbKl;TMnijekIteLIgenAeBlEdlTMnijenaHRtUv)andak;eGaysßitkñúgkNþab;édGñkTijenAÉ
RBMEdn. Gñklk;RtUvCMrHTMnijeGayrYceRscedIm,InaMecjBIRbeTsEdlkarRbKl;TMnijenaHekIteLIg. Pynþ
raycMeBaHkar)at;bg;TMnijRtUvepÞrBIGñklk;eTAGñkTijenAcMNucenH ehIybnÞab;mkGñkTijTTYlxusRtUvbg;
R)ak;éfødwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijbnþ nigéføkarCMrHkarnaMTMnijcUlEdleKtRmUv.
59
DES RbKl;TMnijenAelInava³ GñknaMecjTTYlxusRtUvdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijeTA[Gñk

(Delivered Ex-Ship)
Tij tameKaledAEdl)ankMNt;. GñkTij CaGñkTTYlxusRtUvpÞúkTMnij. lkçxNÐenHeRbIsRmab;kardwkCBa¢Ún

TMnijtampøÚvTwk.
bMNkRsaylMGit³
Bakü DES tMNageGayBakü {RbKl;TMnijenAeBldak;cuHBInavapÞúk}. tamBakü DES Gñklk;
TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHéfødwkCBa¢ÚnrhUteTAdl;kMBg;EpTisedAEdlkMNt;eQñaH. Gñklk;TTYlxusRtUvelIPynþ
raycMeBaHkar)at;bg; b¤karxUcxatdl;TMnij rhUtTal;EtTMnijRtUv)andak;eGaysßitkñúgkNþab;édGñk TijenA
elInavaenAÉkMBg;EpenaH EdlCacMNucekItmankarRbKl;TMnij. dUecñH Gñklk;RtUvFanara:brgcMeBaHTMnij
rhUtdl;cMNucenH. bnÞab;mk GñkTijTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHéføelIkTMnijecjBInava nigéfødwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijeTA
kan;kEnøgdéTeTot nigTTYlxusRtUvCMr³karnaMTMnijcUleTA.
DEQ (Delivered Ex-Quay) RbKl;TMnijenAkMBg;Ep³ GñknaMecjTTYlxusRtUvdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijeTA[
GñkTijtameKaledAEdl)ankMNt;. GñkTijCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvpÞúkTMnij nigbg;Bn§naMcUl. lkçxNÐenH
eRbIsRmab;kardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijtampøÚvTwk.
bMNkRsaylMGit³
Bakü DEQ tMNageGayBakü {RbKl;TMnijenAeBldak;dl;cMNt;Ep} ¬cMNtEpdak;TMnij ¦ enAÉ
EpTisedAEdlkMNt;eQμaH. Gñklk;TTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHéfødwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijeTAkan;cMNtenAÉkMBg;EpTisedA
RBmTaMgecjéføerITMnijecjBInavadak;eTAelIcMNtEpTMnijpgEdr. karRbKl;TMnijekIteLIgenAeBlEdl
TMnijRtUv)andak;eGaysßitenAkñúgkNþab;édGñkTijenAelIcMNtEpenaH dUecñHGñklk;TTYlxusRtUvelIPynþ
raycMeBaHkar)at;bg; b¤karxUcxatdl;TMnijrhUteTAdl;cMNucenH ehIyRtUvFanara:b;rgcMeBaHTMnijrhUteTA
dl;cMNucenH. Bakü DEQ KWRbhak;RbEhlKñaeTAnwgBakü DES Edr elIkElgEtfa tamBakü DEQ
karRbKl;TMnijRtUveFVIeLIgenAelIcMNtEp ¬CaCagenAelInava¦ enAÉkMBg;EpTisedA. GñkTijRtUvEtéllk
y:agNaeGay)ankarCMrHkarnaMcUl.
60
61
emeron TI 5
EbbbTC¿rHTMnijdåkCBa¢ÚnkñúgRbeTskm<úCa
SHIPMENTS CLEARANCE & FORMALITY IN CAMBODIA
I. RTg;RTayTMnijRtUvdwkCBa¢Ún (Form & Formality of Shipment)

1> RTg;RTayTMnijRtUvdwkCBa¢Ún
1> TMnijRtUvdwkCBa¢ÚnedayrYcBn§
2> TMnijRtUvdwkCBa¢ÚnedayRtUvbg;Bn§
2> RTg;RTayTMnijRtUvdwkCBa¢ÚnRtUvCMrH
1> CMrHTMnijnaMcUl
2> CMrHTMnijnaMecj
II. kic©karTMnijdwkCBa¢ÚnnaMcUl (Import Shipment Affairs)
1> TMnijdwkCBa¢ÚnRtUvrYcBn§
TMnijdwkCBa¢ÚnRtUvrYcBn§ GacmanTMnak;TMngnwgkargar dUcxageRkamenH³
1> TMnijpÁt;pÁgdl;rdæaPi)al
2> TMnijpÁt;pÁgdl;eragcRkkat;edr nigvinieyaK
3> TMnijpÁt;pÁgdl;GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al
4> TMnijsMrab;kic©kargarTUt
5> TMnijBiess
TMnijTaMgGs;enH RtUvmaneKalkaN_rYcBn§ GnuBaØatBIsßabn½raCrdæaPi)al ¬RksYgBak;Bn½§RkumRbwkSa
GPivDÆn_km<úCa-RksYghirBaØvtßú-TIsþIkarKN³rdæmRnþI¦ niglixitGnuBaØatBITIcat;karKyCamunsin eTIbGacnaM
cUl)an.
2> TMnijdwkCBa¢ÚnRtUvbg;Bn§
TMnijdwkCBa¢ÚnRtUvbg;Bn§ KWsMrab;TMnijnaMcUl. vamanTMrgEbbbT 2ya:g
1> TMnijRtUvqøgkat;karRtYtBinitümunpÞúk nig vaytMéleday SGS ebIsinCacMnYnTwkR)ak;elIvik½y
bR½tmantMél CIF FMCag$4,457. Rkumh‘un SGS nwgykkMéreCIgsarRtYtBinitü 1° KitelItMélnaMcUl
62
FOB . cMNayenH KWGñknaMcUlTTYlbnÞúkbg;eGayRkum h‘un SGS. kñúgkrNIGñknaMcUl)annaMcUleday

Rtg;mkRbeTskm<úCa min)anqøgkat; SGS eTenaHGñknaMcUlRtUvTTYlBin½y 7° elItMélnaMcUlEdlkMNt;
edayTIcat;karKynigrdæakr nigBin½yepSg²eTotebImaneTIbGñknaMcUlGacykTMnij)an.
2> TMnijmincaM)ac;qøgkat; SGS ebIsinTMnijEdlRtUvnaMcUlenaH mancMnYnTwkR)ak;elIvik½ybR½tKit
CatMél CIF tUcCag $4,457 . b:uEnþtMélelIvik½ybRt½enaHRtUvEtRtYtBinitü nigmankaryl;RBmBITIcat;
karKy nigrdæakr.
3> kargarerobcMÉksar edIm,ICMrHTMnijnaMcUl
GñknaMcUlRtUvmanÉksardUcxageRkam³
1> TMnijRtUvrYcBn§
- lixitGnuBaØatnaMcUl edayrYcBn§ecjedayTIcat;karKy nigrdæakr.
- Invoice, B/L, Packing list, RtUvmanbBa¢ak;e)aHRta nigTTYlsÁal;BITIcat;karKy
nigrdæakar.
- lixitGnuBaØat GacTTYlykTMnij)an ecjedayRkumh‘unGñkdwkCBa¢Ún.
- eTAkMBg;Ep edIm,IeFVIEbbbTykTMnijCamYYysßabn½RtYtBinitü TMnijnaMcUl nigeFVIRbti
evTTMnijnaMcUl RbkasykTMnijecjBIkMBugEp.
2> TMnijRtUvbg;Bn§
cMeBaHTMnijman SGS
- lixitGnuBaØat )anRtYtBinitüTMnijmunpÞúkcUlnava ecjedayRkumh‘un SGS .
- kUBI Invoice, B/L, Packing List
- eTAkMBg;EpedIm,IeFVIEbbbT ykTMnijCamYYysßabn½RtYtBinitü bg;Bn§ nigeFVIRbtievT
TMnijnaMcUl RbkasykTMnijecjBIkMBg;Ep.
cMeBaHTMnijKμan SGS:
- Invoice, B/L, Packing List, RtUvmanbBa¢ak; cuHhtßelxa nige)aHRtaTTYlsÁal;
BITIcat;karKy nigrdæakr.
-eTAkMBg;EpedIm,IeFVIEbbbT ykTMnijCamYysßabn½RtYtBinitü bg;Bn§ nigeFVIRbtievT
TMnijnaMcUl RbkasykTMnijecjBIkMBg;Ep.
63
TMnijdwkCBa¢ÚnRtUvbg;Bn§KWTMnijnaMcUl³
1-TMnijqøgkat;karRtYtBinitümuneBlpÞúk nigvaytMéledayRkumhu‘n BIVAC
ebIsinCacMnYnTwkR)ak;elIvik½ybR½tmantMél CIF FMCag 4/457 USD. Rkumhu‘n BIVAC
nwgyk kMéeCIgsarRtYtBinitü 1° KitelItMélnaMcUl FOB. cMnayenH KWGñknaMcUlTTYl
bnÞúkbg;eGayRkumhu‘nBIVAC. kñúgkrNI GñknaMcUledayRtg;mkRbeTskm<úCamin)anqøg
kat;Rkumhu‘n BIVAC eTenaH GñknaMcUlRtUvTTYlkarBin½y 7° éntMélnaMcUl EdlkMnt;eday
TIcat;karKy nigrdæakr nigBin½yepSg²eTot ebImaneTIbGñknaMcUlGacykTMnij)an.
2-TMnijmincaM)ac;qøgakt;Rkumhu‘n BIVAC ebIsinTMnijEdlRtUvnaMcUlenaH man
cMnYnTwkR)ak;elIvik½ybR½tKitCatMél CIF tUcCag 4/457 USD. bu:EnþtMélelIvik½ybR½t
enaHRtUvEtBinitü nigmankaryl;RBmBITIcat;karKy nigrdæakr.
karerobcMÉksarsMrab;CMrHTMnijnaMcUl³
1- TMnijqøgkat;karRtYtBinitü edayRkumhu‘n BIVAC
- lixitGnuBaØat )anRtYtBinitüTMnijmuneBlpÞúkcUlnava
- kUBI vik½yRb½t GBaØtb½NÑ bBa¢IkUlI.
- lixitGnuBaØatGacTTYlykTMnij)an ecjedayRkumhu‘ndwkCBa¢Ún.
- eTAkMBg;Ep edIm,IeFVIEbbbT ykTMnijCamYysßab½nRtYtBinitü bg;Bn§ nigeFVIRbti
evTn_ TMnijnaMcUl RbkasykTMnijecjBIkMBg;Ep.
2- TMnijmincaM)ac;qøgakt;edayRkumhu‘n BIVAC
- vik½ybR½t GBaØtb½NÑ bBa¢IkUlI RtUvmankarbBa¢ak; cuHhtßelxa nig e)aHRtaTTYl
sÁal;BITIcat;karKy nigrdæakr.
- lixitGnuBaØatGacTTYlykTMnij)an ecjedayRkumhu‘ndwkCBa¢Ún.
- eTAkMBg;Ep edIm,IeFVIEbbbT ykTMnijCamYysßab½nRtYtBinitü bg;Bn§ nigeFVI
RbtievTn_TMnijnaMcUl RbkasykTMnijecjBIkMBg;Ep.
III. kic©karTMnijdwkCBa¢ÚnnaMecj (Export Shipment Affairs)
1> munnaMecj
kalNaeyIgTTYl)anKMerageGaynaMecj eyIgRtUvRbjab;Rbjal;RbmUlnUvBt’man nigxÞas;P¢ab;
erobCaCYrenAkñúgédGñklk; nigGñkTij.
64
k> Bt’mansMxan;RtUvdwg
- eQaμH nig Gas½ydæanrbs;GñkepJI
- eQμaH nig Gas½ydæanrbs;GñkTTYl
- GVIEdlRtUvbBa¢Úndl;GñkTTYl
- TItaMgeKaledA b¤TItaMgeKaledAcugeRkay
- pøÚvénkardwkCBa¢Ún
- BaküsB½ÞénkarpÁt;pÁg/ RbKl;/ TTYl
- BaküsB½ÞénkarTUTat;
- kMBg;EpTTYlTMnij
- kMBg;EppÞúkTMnij
- éf¶ExqñaM TMnijRtUvecjdMeNIr
- kMNt;sMKal;TMnijRtUvdwkCBa¢Ún
- briyayTMnij
- elxEbbsNæanTMnij
- elxkugtWnW
- elxsIulkugtWnW
- brimaN
- TMhMkugtWNW
- tMélÉkta/ tMélcMnYnTwkR)ak;srub
- EbbbTtMélRtUvKit
x> GnuvtþedIm,IeGayTTYl)anviBaØab½nbR½tplitpl
viBaØabnbR½tenHRtUv)anecj nigGnuBaØatiedayRksYg]sSahkmμ Er: nig famBl b¤ RksYgEdl
Bak;Bn½§cMeBaHTMnijepSgeTot.
ÉksaredIm,Idak;cUlesñIsMuviBaØabnbR½tplitpl
- lixitesñIsMueTARksYg]sSahkmμ Er: nig famBl nigRksYgEdlBak;Bn½§
- vik½ybR½t nig bBa¢IraynamTMnij
- kic©snüa
- r)aykarN_plitkmμ
- r)aykarN_énkarkat;sþúkTMnijnaMecj
65
- GeBa¢IjGñkRtYtBinitüeTARtYtBinitüplitkmμenAeragcRk b¤ enAXøaMg
- r)aykarN_RtYtBinitüplitplecjedayGñkRtYtBinitü énRksYg]sSahkmμ nig
RksYgEdlBak;Bn½§.
K> GnuvtþedIm,IeGayTTYl)anviBaØabnbR½tbBa¢ak;RbPBedIménTMnij
viBaØabnbR½tenHRtUvecj nigGnuBaØatiedayRksYgBaNiC¢kmμedIm,IsMu viBaØabnbR½tbBa¢ak;RbPB
edIménTMnij-viBaØabnbR½tbBa¢ak;GMBIKuNPaBTMnij nigGaCJabN½ÑnaMecjTMnij.
- lixitesñIsMueTARksYgBaNiC¢kmμ
- ftcMlgviBaØabnbR½tbBa¢ak;plitkmμ ecjedayRksYg]sSahkmμEr: nig famBl
- vik½ybR½t nig bBa¢IraycuHTMnijRtUvnaMecj
- kic©snüa
- r)aykarN_kat;sþúkTMnijnaMecj
- dakcUlÉksaredIm,IsMucuHbBa¢ITMnijRtUvnaMecj
- GeBa¢IjGñkRtYtBinitüeTARtYtBinitüTMnijRtUvnaMecj
- r)aykarN_RtYtBinitüTMnijRtUvnaMcUlecjedayGñkRtYtBinitü
X> eBlpÞúkTMnij
bBa¢aTijTMnijsMbuRtedIm,IrkkugtWNIr
Tak;TgGñkdwkCBa¢Ún ¬Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún¦ edIm,ITijsMbuRtkugtWNWr nig BinitükugtWnWr
¬RtUvcgcaMfa eyIgminRtUvykkugtWNWrNaEdlxusBIbBa¢aGñkrg;caMTTYlTMnij eyIgeT¦.
manBt’manxøHeBleyIgbBa¢aTij sMbuRtedIm,IrkkugtWNWrpþl;eGaydl;GñkdwkCBa¢Ún³
- eQμaHGñkRtUvnaMTMnijecj
- eQμaHGñkRtUvTTYlTMnij
- TMhMkugtWNWr
- sßanPaBkugtWNWr
- brimaNTMnij ¬Cakatug b¤ CaLÚ>>>¦
- TMgn; taMgsMbk ¼ TMgn;suT§
- TMhMCaEm:RtKUb
- TIkEnøgéf¶ Ex qñaM RtUvpÞúkTMnijcUl nig éf¶RtUvcuHk)a:l;edIm,Icakecj
evcx©b;TMnij
eRkABIdak;eQaμHRbePTplitpl TMgn;plitplsuT§ TMgn;plitplTaMgsMbk TMnijevcx©b;KYr
66
RtUvmandak;sBaØasMKal;dUcxageRkam³
- cab;kan;cUrRbyt½ñ
- kBaäk; cab;kan;cUlRby½tñ
- hameRbITm<k;f<k;
- RCugmçagenH gay)ak;Ebk
- rkSakEnøgEdlRtCak;
- rkSakEnøgEdlekþA
- ebIkRtg;cMNucenH
- fñaMBul
- eRKOgeqH
- kMudak;RtYt
- dak;eGayesμIlMnwg….
GeBa¢IjPñak;garKy nig kaMkugRtUl edIm,IeFVIkarRtYtBinitüTMnij nig eFVIlixitRbtievT Rbkas
TMnijnaMcUl. eRkayBinitü nig pÞúkrYceyIgkMuePøcsresrRsg;eLIgnUv³
- elx suIlkugtWnWrrbs;Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún
- elx sIulkugtWnWrrbs;TIcat;karKy
- elx kugtWnWr
2> eRkaynaMecj
ÉksarRtUvepJIeTAGñkTij eRkayTMnijnaMecjrYc eyIgRtUvRbjab;eFVIbBa¢IrayeQμaHlMGit epJIsarCa
Éksar nig TUrsareTAdl;GñkrgcaMTTYlTMnijÉksarRtUvepJIenaHrYmman³
- ÉksaredImén CP (Certificate of Processing)
- ÉksaredImén CO (Certificate of Origin)
- ÉksaredImén B/L (Bill of Lading)
- ÉksaredImén CQ (Certificate of Quality)
- vik½ybR½t nig bBa¢IrayeQμaHTMnij
- kUBIc,ab;edIménRbtievTTIcat;karKy eBlRbkasnaMecj
67
- kUBIc,ab;edIménlixitRbkasRtYtBinitürYmrbs;sßab½nKy nig kaMkugRtUl b¤ smtßkic©epSg

eTotebIman.
- nigÉksarepSgeTotEdlman nig yl;famanRbeyaCn_dl;GñkTijTMnij
- esckþICUndMNwgGMBInavaRtUvdwkCBa¢Ún
- kalbriecäTéf¶TMnijRtUvecjBIkMBg;Ep
- kalbriecäTéf¶TMnijRtUveTAdl;kMBg;Ep….
rUbPaBTI 9³ sBaØaeRbIR)as;eBlelIkdak;TMnij
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emeron TI 6
viFITUTat; nig lixit\NTan
METHODS OF PAYMENTS
& LETTERS OF CREDIT
I. esckþIepþIm (Introduction)
enAkñúgCMBUkenH eyIgnwgBinitüemIlviFIbYny:agepSgKña EdlGñkTijGacbg;R)ak;eGayGñklk;tamkic©
snüalk;TMnijGnþrCati. viFIbg;R)ak;TaMgenHKWtamry³viká½yRb½t karbg;R)ak;rYmCamYylixitbBa¢aepJITMnij
karRbmUlR)ak;edayÉksar ehIyniglixit\NTanedayÉksar. kareRCIserIsTaMgbYnEbbenHKWsMxan;
Nas; edayehtufakar)anTTYlnUvkarbg;R)ak;GacCakarBi)akenAeBlEdlPaKI énkic©snüalk;TMnijGnþr
CatisßitenAq¶ayBIKña EdlCakrNImanCajwkjab;enAkñúgkic©snüaGnþrCati.
viFIEdlsMxan;CageKkñúgcMeNamviFITaMgbYnEbbenH KWlixit\NTanedayÉksar EdleKGacehA)an
pgEdrfa\NTanedayÉksar. CaTUeTAlixit\NTan KWCaÉksarEdlecjeGayedayFanaKarmYyCYsmux
eGayGtifiCnrbs;FnaKarenaH EdlFanaGHGagfaFnaKarnwgbg;R)ak;eGayPaKITIbI lÁwkNal½kçx½NÐCak;
lak;xøH²ekIteLIg. Cajwkjab;GtifiCnrbs;FnaKar KWCaGñkTijmñak;enAkñúgkic©snüalk;TMnij ehIyPaKITIbI
KWCaGñklk;. ]TahrN_ GñkTijmñak;GacebIklixit\NTanmYyBIFnaKarmYysMrab;sgR)ak;eTAGñklk;.
FnaKarEdlecjlixit\NTanFanasgtambrimaN\NTandl;Gñklk; enAeBlEdlFnaKarenaH)anTTYl
ÉksarnanaEdltRmUveGayman EdlbgðajfaTMnijenaHRtUv)anepJIy:agRtwmRtUvehIyeTAeGayGñkTij.
lixit\NTanpþl;TMnukcitþdl;GñkTij kñúgn½yEdlfaTMnijRtUv)anepJImkehIytamkic©snüa ehIypþl;TMnuk
citþdl;Gñklk;kñúgn½yEdlfaGñkTij)anbg;R)ak;eGayGñklk;ehIy.
lixit\NTanGacmanRbeyaCn_CaBiess enAkñúgkic©GnþrCatiEdllk½çxN½ÐtRmUvGacxusKñaBIlk½çxN½Ð
tRmUvénkic©snüakñúgRsuk. maRta50 énRkwtü-c,ab;elx38 qñaM1988 EdlCac,ab;kic©snüa bc©úb,nñrbs;
RbeTskm<úCatRmUveGayGñkTijbg;R)ak;eGayGñklk;enAkEnøgRbKl;TMnij elIkElgEtmankic©RBmeRBog
BIenH. k¾b:uEnþ enAkñúgkic©snüalk;TMnijGnþrCati {karbg;R)ak;} enAkEnøgRbKl;TMnijGacCakarBi)ak.
]bmafa GñkTijsßitenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ehIyGñklk;sßitenAkñúgRbeTsCb:un. karRbKl;TMnijtamkic©
snüaGaceFVIeLIgenATINamYy EdlsßitenAq¶ayBIkEnøgGaCIvkmμrbs;GñkTijnigGñklk;. ]TahrN_ tam
vaküsB½ÞBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatiqñaM 2000 Bakü FOB mann½yfa (Gñklk;rYccakkatBVkic©enAEdlTMnij
102
cUlkñúgnava) ehIynigBakü CIF mann½yfa (éføTMnijbUkéføFa nara:b;rg; bUkéfødwkCBa¢Ún) {karRbKl;TMnij}

RtUveFVIeLIgenAÉkMBg;EppÞúkTMnijEdlCaerOy² sßitenAkñúgRbeTsrbs;Gñklk;. enAkñúgkrNIPaKeRcInkar
tRmUveGayGñkTijbg;R)ak;eGayGñklk;enAÉkMBg;EppÞúkTMnijenAkñúgRbeTsrbs;Gñklk; Edlmancm¶ay
rab;Ban;KILÚEm:RtBIRbeTsrbs;GñkTijenaH KWCakarKμanPaBCak;EsþgkñúgTMenomTMlab;BaNiC¢kmμeT.
munnwgeyIgBiPakSalMGitGMBIlixit\NTan eyIgBinitüemIlya:gsegçbGMBIviFIbg;R)ak;bIEbbeTot
sMrab;karlk;TMnijGnþrCati Edl)ankt;sMKal;xagelI. edayBiPakSaGMBIviFIbIEbbenHCamun eyIgGacnwg
bgðaj)anGMBIGtßRbeyaCn_xøH²énlixit\NTan.
II. viká½yb½Rt (Invoice)
meFüa)aysamBaØmYysMrab;eGayGñkTijbg;R)ak;tamkic©snüalk;TMnij KWkarbg;R)ak;eRkayBI)an
TTYlviká½ybR½tCalayl½kSGkSr. CaTUeTA viká½ybR½tEcgGMBIRbePT brimaN témøTMnij ehIynigesckþI
esñIsMubg;R)ak;enAeBlCak;lak;NamYy. tamRbB½n§enH Gñklk;GacepJIvik½áybR½t nigTMnijeTAeGayGñkTij.
viFIbg;R)ak;enH Cajwkjab;eKeRbIenAkñúgkic©karGaCIvkmμkñúgRsuk.
k¾b:uEnþPaKIénkic©snüaEdleFVIGaCIvkmμenAkñúgRbeTsepSgKña ehIyEdlKμanTMnak;TMngCaTITukcitþBI
munmk GacmankarRcUlRcbl;kñúgcitþGMBIkareRbIviFIEbbenH. etInwgeTACaya:gNaRbsinebIGñkTijminbg;
R)ak;tamviká½ybR½teTenaH? Gñklk;RbEhlCamincg;Rbfuynwgkarrjwúréj: karcMNayesah‘uy ehIynig
lT§plmindwgCay:agNa kñúgkarbþwgbþl;GñkTijenAtulakarenaHeT CaBiessedayehtufa Gñklk;mingay
nwgTTYlsalRkmtulakar b¤GnuvtþsalenaHenAeBlEdlGñkTijsßitenAkñúgRbeTsmYyepSgeTotenaH. Gñk
lk;GacmankarBi)akpgEdrkñúgkarTarykTMnijBIGñkTijmkvij.
III. karbg;R)ak;rYmCamYylixitbBa¢a (Payment with Order)
meFüa)aymYyepSgeTot EdlGñkTijGacbg;R)ak;tamkic©snüalk;TMnijkñúgRsuk KWkarbg;R)ak;
rYmCamYyniglixitbBa¢aepJITMnij. tamRbB½n§enHenAeBlEdlGñkTijepJIeTAeGayGñklk;nUvlixitbBa¢aeGay
bBa¢ÚnTMnij GñkTijk¾epJIeTACamYypgEdrnUvb½NÑbg;R)ak;EdlRtUvbg;dUcCamUlb,TanbR½t karepJIrR)ak;tam
RbB½n§eGLicRtUnik b¤karepÞrtamTUrelx.
kalebIGñkTijbg;éføtamviFIenH Gñklk;RtUv)ankarBareGayrYcputBIeRKaHfñak;énkarmin)anTTYl
karbg;R)ak;BIGñkTij. k¾b:uEnþGñkTijGacTTYleRKaHBIkarmin)anTTYlTMnijGVITaMgGs; b¤min)anTTYlTMnij
EdlsmRsbeTAtamkarEcgbBa¢ak;rbs;GñkTij ehIyGñkTijRbEhlCamincg;CYbRbTHnwgbBaðanigkar
cMNayR)ak;eLIgtulakar edIm,IbþwgGñklk;EdlenAkñúgRbeTsmYyepSgenaHeT.
103
IV. karRbmUlR)ak;edayÉksar (Documentary Collection)
viFImYyeTotEdleRbICMnYsvik½áybR½t b¤karepJIR)ak;CamYynwglixitbBa¢aepJITMnijenAkñúgkic©snüalk;
TMnijGnþrCati KWGñkTijRtUvbg;R)ak;tamry³RbB½n§énkarRbmUlR)ak;edayÉksar. tamRbB½n§enHPaKInImYy²
énkic©snüacat;taMgFanaKarmYyCaPñak;garrbs;xøÜneGaycat;Ecgkarbg;R)ak; nigÉksarsMxan;²EdlTak;Tg
eTAnwgkic©karGaCIvkmμdUcCaÉksardwkCBa¢Únvik½áybRt½ nigviBaØabnbRtFanara:b;rg.
dUc)ankMNt;sMKal;xagelI FnaKarEdlcat;taMgedaybNþaPaKI KWCaPñak;garrbs;PaKITaMgenaH.
Pñak;garKWCaCnNamñak;EdleFVIkarbMeBjnaTICYsmuxeGay b¤tMNageGayPaKIEdlEtgtMagxøÜnCaPñak;gar.
PaKIEdlEtgtaMgPañk;gareGaytMNagxøÜneKehAfaGaNtþiTayk.
tamRbB½n§énkarRbmUlR)ak;edayÉksar CadMbUgPaKIRtUvEcgenAkñúgkic©snüalk;TMnij faetIÉksar
NaxøHEdlTak;TineTAnwgTMnij EdlGñkTijtRmUveGayGñklk;pþl;eGay edIm,IeGay)ankarbg;R)ak;. bnÞab;
mkGñklk;bBa¢ÚnTMnijeTAeGayGñkTij tamry³Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnmYyRsbeTAtamkic©snüa. enAkúñgbribT
enH {Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún} KWCaCnmñak;EdldwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijtampøÚvfñl; pøÚvEdk pøÚvGakas pøÚvTwk b¤karrYmpSMviFI
TaMgenH. enAeBlGñklk;epJITMnij Gñklk;pþl;eGayFnaKarEdlxøÜn)ancat;taMgnUvÉksarsMxan;²Edlman
EcgenAkñúgkic©snüa. eBlenaHFnaKarrbs;Gñklk;epJIÉksarTaMgenaH eTAeGayFnaKarEdlGñkTij)ancat;
taMg. RbsinebIGñkTijyl;RBmcMeBaHÉksarTaMgenaH eBlenaHGñkTijbg;R)ak;eTAeGayFnaKarrbs;Gñk
Tij ehIyCafñÚreTAnwgkarbg;R)ak;enH GñkTijTTYlykÉksarBIFnaKarrbs;GñkTij. bnÞab;mkeTotFnaKar
rbs;GñkTijbBa¢ÚnR)ak;cUlkñúgKNnIrbs;Gñklk;enAFnaKarkñúgRbeTsrbs;Gñklk;. GñkTijGackan;kab;
TMnijBIRkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún edayRKan;EtbgðajÉksarRtwmRtUvdl;Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún. k¾b:uEnþRbsinebIGñk
Tijminbg;R)ak;eGayTMnijenaHeT FnaKarrbs;GñkTijnwgbBa¢ÚnÉksarTaMgenaHeTAeGayFnaKarrbs;Gñk
lk; ehIyenATIbBa©b;FnaKarrbs;Gñklk;nwgbBa¢ÚnÉksarTaMgenaHeTAeGayGñklk;vij.
RbB½n§enHpþl;nUvkic©karBarRKan;ebIxøH² cMeBaHGñkTijpgehIynigGñklk;pg enAkñúgkic©snüalk;
TMnijGnþrCati. )anCadUecñH BIeRBaHGñkTijminGacTTYlykTMnij)aneT luHRtaEtGñkTijbg;R)ak; ehIyk¾
Gñklk;minGacTTYlkarbg;R)ak;)anEdr luHRtaEtGñklk;bgðajtamry³ÉksarfaxøÜn)an bBa¢ÚnTMnijRtwm
RtUvehIy.
eTaHbIy:agNak¾eday RbB½n§enHmin)anpþl;nUvkarFanaKYrCaTIKab;citþdl;Gñklk;esaHeLIy kñúgn½y
EdlfaGñklk;nwg)anTTYlnUvkarbg;R)ak; enAeBlEdlGñklk;)anbBa¢ÚnTMnijeTAeGayGñkTij rYceTAehIy
RbsinebIGñkTijxkxanmin)anbg;R)ak;eTenaH FnaKarEdlkan;kab;ÉksarnwgbBa¢ÚnÉksarTaMgenaHeTA
104
eGayGñklk;vij. b:uEnþenAeBlenaH TMnijRbEhlCaRtUv)andwkCBa¢ÚnrYceRscehIyeTAkan;kMBgEpbreTs.

dUcecñH Gñklk;RtUvBüayamykTMnijRtLb;mkvij ehIylk;TMnijTaMgenaH sarCafμIeTot. karEdleFVIdUecñH
Gñklk;GacRtUvTTYlrgnUvkaresAhμg nigkarcMNayya:gsn§wksn§b;. edIm,I)ankarTUTat;cMeBaHkarxUcxat
TMagenH Gñklk;GacbþwgGñkTijGMBIkarbMBankic©snüa. k¾b:uEnþerOgenHk¾cuHesah‘uyeRcIn xateBlevla nig
mankarmYrhμgeRcInNas;Edr. CaTUeTA Gñklk;Kaμ ncg;)anGVIeRkAEtBIR)ak;EdlenACMBak;tamkic©snüaenaH
eGay)anqab;bMputtamEtGaceFVIeTA)an.
rUbPaBTI 5³ TUTat;tamkarbBa¢a
GñkTij Gñklk;;
1kic©snüalk;
10GBaØtb½NÑdwkCBa¢Ún
5 TMnij
2bg;R)ak; 7 Éksar
6 GBaØtb½NÑdwkCBa¢Ún
11TMnij
9 Éksar
4bg;R)ak;
8 Éksar
3bg;R)ak;
105
rUbPaBTI 6³ TUTat;tamkarRbmUlÉksar
GñkTij Gñklk;;
1kic©snüalk;
2 TMnij
7bg;R)ak; 4 Éksar
11TMnij
6 Éksar
9bg;R)ak;
5 Éksar
8 bg;R)ak;
106
V. lixit\NTanedayÉksar (Documentary Letter of Credit)

shKmn_BaNiC¢kmμ nigFnaKarGnþrCatirYmTaMgsPaBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCatipg BYkeK)anykcitþTukdak;
GMBIkarBi)akTak;TinnwgviFIbg;R)ak;Edl)anBiPakSaxagelI. erOgenHbNþaleGaymankarbegáItRbB½n§lixit
\NTan. manlixit\NTanRbePTepSgKña b:uEnþRbePTEdlmanRbeyaCn_bMputsMrab;kic©snüaBaNiC¢kmμ
GnþrCatienaH KWlixit\NTanedayÉksar. enHKWCaRbB½n§Edl)anbgðajCUnrYcmkehIyenAEpñkxagelI
ehIy\LÚvenHeyIgBinitüemIlya:glMGit.
dUcEdl)anBnül;BImunmk ehIyTUeTAlixitNTanKWCaÉksarmYy EdlFnaKarmYyecjeGay
kñúgnamGtifiCnrbs;FnaKarenaH EdlFanara:b;rgfa FnaKarnwgbg;R)ak;mYycMnYndl;PaKITIbI luHRtaEtl½kç
x½NÐCak;lak;xøH²ekIteLIgsin. CaerOy² GtifiCnrbs;FnaKa KWCaGñkTijmñak;enAkñúgkic©snüalk;TMnij
ehIyPaKITIbIKWCaGñklk;. FnaKarEdlecjlixit\NTanFanaGHGagelIkarbg;cMnYnTwkR)ak;\NTandl;
Gñklk; enAeBlEdlFnaKarrbs;GñkTij)anTTYlBIFnaKarrbs;Gñklk;nUvÉksar EdltRmUveGaymanEdl
bgðajfaTMnijRtUv)anbBa¢ÚnedayRtwmRtUvrYcehIyeTAeGayGñkTij.
eKeRbIlixit\NTanedIm,ICMnYsR)ak;. lixit\NTanGnuBaØateGayGñklk;)anTTYlkarbg;R)ak;
eRkayBITMnijRtUv)anepJIya:gRtwmRtUveTAeGayGñkTij ehIyFnaKarrbs;GñkTijk¾)anTTYlÉksarsMxan;²
EdlTak;TineTAnwgkic©karGaCIvkmμ sUm,IEtGñkTijminTan;)anbg;R)ak;k¾eday. dUecñH lixit\NTanpþl;
eGayGñklk;nUvPaBkk;ekþAeRcInCagRbB½n§énkarRbmUlR)ak;Éksar EdltamRbB½n§enHGñklk;minGacTTYl
)annUvkarbg;R)ak;luHRtaEtGñkTijbg;R)ak;eGaysin. tamkarBit dUcKñanwgkarRbmUlR)ak;edayÉksarEdr
RbB½n§lixit\NTanpþl;dl;GñkTijnUvkarra:b;rgxøH² kñgú n½yEdlfaTMnijRtwmRtUvenaHBitCaRtUv)anbBa¢Únmk
ehIymunnwgtRmUveGayGñkTijbg;R)ak;.
CaTUeTAlixit\NTan KWCaviFIbg;R)ak;EdlmanRbeyaCn_bMput kñúgcMeNamviFIbg;R)ak;EdleyIg)an
BinitüemIl edayehtufa lixit\NTanpþl;dl;GñkTij nigGñklk;nUvPaBkk;ekþAd¾RbesIr. Éksar tamtRmUv
karEdlRtUvTTYltamlixit\NTan RtUv)aneKcat;fatMNageGayTMnijedaypÞal;Etmþg. niyayeGaycM
eTA KWPaKICaGñkTij nigGñklk;ÉksarenaH. kareFVIdUcecñHGacGnuBaØateGayPaKIEbg rMElkkarRbfuyeRKaH
xøH²EdlBak;B½n§enAkñúgRbtibtþikarGaCIvkmμGnþrCatieTAeGayGñkdéTeTot KW FnaKarEdlCajwkjab;Gac
TTYlyknUvkarRbfuyRbfaneRKaHfñak;EbbenHedIm,I)anR)ak;QñÜl.
lixit\NTanEdleRbIenAkñúgkic©snüalk;TMnijGnþrCati CaTUeTATak;TwneTAnwgtYGgÁcMnYnbYn KWGñk
Tij Gñklk; nigFnaKarcMnYnBIr FnaKarmYyenAkñúgRbeTsrbs;GñkTijehIyFnaKarmYyeTotenAkñúg RbeTs
rbs;Gñklk;.
107
tYnaTIrbs;PaKITaMgenH)aneFVIkarBiPakSalMGitmandUcxageRkam
1> RbePTcMbgénlixit\NTanedayÉksar
(Main Types of Documentary Letters of Credit)
lixit\NTanedayÉksarGacCalixitEdlmankarbBa¢ak;GHGag b¤minmankarbBa¢ak;GHGag nigCa

lixitEdlGacdk)an b¤EdlminGacdk)an. RbePTnImYy²TaMgenHnwgmanBnül;segçbxageRkamenH.
1>1> lixit\NTanEdlmankarbBa¢ak;GHGag (Confirmed Letter of Credit)
tamlixit\NTanEdlmankarbBa¢ak;GHGag FnaKarrbs;Gñklk;maneQμaHehAfaFnaKarbBa¢ak;GH
Gag. FnaKarrbs;GñkTijeKehAfa FnaKaebIklixit\NTan edayehtufaFnaKaenHebIklixit\NTan
sMrab;GñkTij. enAkñúgsßanPaBenH FnaKarbBa¢ak;GHGagyl;RBmbg;R)ak;eGayGñklk; eRkayBIGñklk;
bgðajdl;FnaKarbBa¢ak;GHGagnUvÉksarEdllixit\NTan rYcehIyFnaKarxageRkayenHTarR)ak;BIGñkTij
vij. nwgmanBnül;lMGitenAkñúgEpñkenH.
1>2> lixit\NTanEdlKμankarbBa¢ak;GHGag (Unconfirmed Letter of Credit)
tamlixit\NTanEdlKμankarbBa¢ak;GHGagminmanFnaKarbBa¢ak;GHGag. enAkñúgsßanPaBenHGñk
lk;Gacpþl;Éksar Edllixit\NTanEcgtRmUveGayman edaypþl;eTAeGayFnaKarebIklixit\NTan
b¤Gñklk;GaceRbIR)as;FnaKarGnþrkarImYyEdleKehAfa FnaKarCUndMNwg. RbsinebImanFnaKarCUndMNwg
Gñklk;pþl;ÉksarEdltRmUveGayman eTAeGayFnaKarCUndMNwg ehIyFnaKarenHbBa¢ÚnÉksarTaMgenHeTA
eGayFnaKarebIklixit\NTan EdlenAeBlenaHFnaKarCUndMNwgenHbBa¢ÚnR)ak;eTAeGayGñklk;. FnaKar
ebIklixit\NTanGacbBa¢ÚnR)ak;enHtamry³FnaKarCUndMNwg k¾b:uEnþFnaKarCUndMNwgminmankatBVkic©ÉkraC
kñúgkarbg;R)ak;eGayGñklk;enAeBl)anTTYlÉksarRtwmRtUv dUcEdlFnaKarbBa¢ak;GHGagnwgeFVIenaHeT.
dUecñH FnaKarCUndMNwgminRBmTTYlyknUvkarRbfuyRbfaneRKaHfñak; dUcKñanwgFnaKarGHGagenaHeT ehIy
karCYyrbs;FnaKarenHminsUvmantémøcMeBaHGñklk;b:unμaneLIy.
1>3> lixit\NTanEdlminGacdk)an (Irrevocable Letter of Credit)
tamlixit\NTanEdlminGacdk)an GñkTijehIynigFnaKarebIklixit\NTanminGacbdiesF
lixit\NTan)aneTenAmunkalbriecäTCak;lak;mYy. CakarCak;EsþgerOgenHKWCakarRbesIrsMrab;Gñklk;
edayehtufa Gñklk;GacBwgEp¥keTAelIlixit\NTan)aneRcInCag. lixit\NTanPaKeRcInKWCalixit\N
TanEdlminGacdk)an.
1>4> lixit\NTanEdlGacdk)an (Revocable Letter of Credit)
108
tamlixit\NTanEdlGacdk)an GñkTijehIynigFnaKarebIklixit\NTanrkSasiT§ilubecallixit
\NTan edaymankarCUndMNwgCamuny:agsmrmü enAmuneBlEdlÉksarrbs;Gñklk;RtUv)anbgðajCUndl;
FnaKarebIk\NTan b¤enAmuneBlEdlkarbg;R)ak;RtUv)anRbKl;CUndl;Gñklk;. ]TahrN_ tamlixit\N
TanEdlGacdk)an RbsinebIGñklk;)anbBa¢ÚlTMnijxøHeTAeGay GñkTijEdlCavKÁmYyénkarbBa¢ÚnTMnijbnþ
bnÞab;CaeRcInvKÁ ehIykarbBa¢ÚnTMnijmYyvKÁenaHminsmRsbtamesckþIEcgénkic©snüa GñkTijGacsMueGay
FnaKarrbs;xøÜnlublixit\NTanenaHecal.
2> etIlixit\NTandMeNIrkaredayviFINa?
(How Is a Letter of Credit Work ?)
EpñkenHeFVIkarBnül;CamUldæan faetIlixit\NTanRtUvdMeNIrkareTAy:agdUcemþc. niyayeGaykan;
EtcMeTA EpñkenHbgðajeKal²GMBIdMNak;karEdlBak;B½n§enAkñúgkareFVIkic©snüaCaTUeTAmYy Edlkarbg;R)ak;
RtUveFVIeLIgtamry³lixit\NTan. karbgðajeKal²enH KWmanbMNgBnül;bMPøWGMBIviFI EdldMeNIrkarenH
RbRBwtþeTAkñúgn½yCamUldæan. enAkñúgkarGnuvtþn_Cak;EsþgGacmankarERbRbYlxøH² enAkñúgviFIEdldMNak;kar
TaMgenHekIteLIg. Gs;elakGñkRtUvGancMNucTaMgenHenAeBlEdlGs;elakGñksmøwgemIlKMnUsBnül;bMPøW
GMBIlixit\NTanEdlmankarbBa¢ak;GHGag niglixit\NTanEdlKμan karbBa¢ak;GHGagEdlmanenAkñúgTMB½r
bnÞab;. KMnUsBnül;bMPøWTImYyxageRkamenH KwbgðajGMBIlixit\NTanEdlmankarbBa¢ak;GHGag cMENkÉ
KMnUsBnül;bMPøITIBIr KWbgðajGMBIlixit\NTanEdlKμankarbBa¢ak;GHGag. dMNak;kar 8-10 enAkñúgKMnUs
Bnül;bMPøWxageRkamenHsresrCaGkSrmUl edIm,IbgðajfadMNak;karTaMgenHmanPaBxusKñaedayGaRs½yfa
etIFnaKarbBa¢ak;GHGagman b¤minmankarBak;B½n§enAkñúgRbtibtþikarenaH.
2>1> kic©snüalk;TMnij (The sales contract)
CabzmGñkTij nigGñklk;eFVIkic©snüalk;TMnij. ]bmafa Gñklk;yl;RBmRbKl;TMnijmYycMnYn
dl;GñkTijCafñÚr nwgkarbg;R)ak;tamry³lixit\NTan. CaEpñkmYyénkic©snüa GñkTijyl;RBmebIklixit
\NTanenAÉFnaKarmYyedIm,IeGaysgeTAGñklk; edayFnaKarsnüafanwgbg;R)ak;eGayGñklk;Rbsin
ebIl½kçx½NÐEdlEcgTukRtUv)anbMeBj. kic©snüaRtUvEcgbBa¢ak;eGay)anc,as;GMBIRbkarepSg²énlixit\N
Tan CaBiessÉksarEdlGñklk;RtUvpþl;. k¾b:uEnþenAkñúgGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg kic©snüaGacEcgCasamBaØfa
GñkTijyl;RBmebIklixit\NTanedIm,ICaKuNRbeyaCn_dl;Gñklk;. FnaKarEdlebIkliixit\NTan eBl
enaHeRbIEbbbTsþg;darénlixit\NTan EdlmanEcgbBa¢ak;rYcCaeRscnUvÉksarnanaEdleKTamTareGayman.
CaFmμtaÉksarEdltMrUveGaymantamlixit\NTanenaHrYmman³
109
1> ÉksardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij EdlCaTUeTAKWCab½NÑdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijEdlbgðajeGaydwgfa TMnij)an

bBa¢ÚneTAeGayGñkTijrYcehIy b¤RtUv)anTTYledayRkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnrYcehIy edIm,IepJIeTA
eGayGñkTij.
2> vik½áybR½tTMnij ehIynig
3> viBa¢abnbR½tFanara:b;rg
ÉksardéTeTotGactMrUveGaymanpgEdrtamlixit\NTan. ]TahrN_ CarYmmanGaCJab½NÑnaMecj
ÉksarsþIBIkarCMrHKy ehIynigviBaØabnbR½tGFikarkic©EdlecjedayTIPañk;garGFikarkic©EdlbBa¢ak;fa
TMnijTaMgenaHRtwmRtUvtamkic©snüaenaHehIy. ÉksarTaMgenHmanBiPakSalMGitenAEpñkeRkay²eTot.
2>2> karebIklixit\NTan (Opening the Letter of Credit)
eRkayBIGñkTijyl;RBmebIklixit\NTan EdlCaEpñkmYyénkic©snüalk;TMnijmk GñkTijdak;
BaküsMueTAFnaKarrbs;xøÜn FnaKarebIklixit\NTanedIm,IeGay)anlixit\NTan. RbsinebIFnaKaryl;
RBmcMeBaHBaküsMurbs;GñkTij eBlenaHFnaKarecjlixit\NTanCaKuNRbeyaCn_dl;Gñklk;. eFVIdUecñH
mann½yfa BitCamankic©snüadac;edayELkmYyrvagGñkTij ehIynigFnaKarebIklixit\NTan. enAkñúg
karecjlixit\NTan FnaKarebIklixit\NTansnüafanwgbg;nUvcMnYnTwkR)ak;énlixit\NTaneRkayBI
FnaKarenHTTYlÉksarnanaEdlEcgbBa¢ak;enAkñúglixit\NTanenaH.
2>3> FnaKarebIklixit\NTanR)ab;FnaKarbBa¢ak;GHGag b¤FnaKarCUndMNwgGMBI\NTan
(The issuing bank tells the confirming or advising bank of the credit )
eRkayBIFnaKarebIklixit\NTanecjlixit\NTanmk FnaKarenHCUndMNwgFnaKarTIBIr Edltam
FmμtasßitenAkñúgRbeTsrbs;Gñklk; EdlnwgedIrtYrnaTICaFnaKarbBa¢ak;GHGag b¤CaFnaKarCUndMNwg. kic©
snüalk;TMnijrvagGñkTij nigGñklk;EcgbBa¢ak;faetIRtUveRbIFnaKarbBa¢ak;GHGag b¤FnaKarCUndMNwg.
kic©snüalk;TMnijGacEcgbBa¢ak;fa etIGñklk;nwgeRCIserIsykFnaKarbBa¢ak;GHGag b¤FnaKarCUndMNwg.
karxusKñarvagFnaKarbBa¢ak;GHGag ehIynigFnaKarCUndMNwgKWsMxan;Nas;. dUcEdl)ankt;sMKal;
xagelI FnaKabBa¢ak;GHGagyl;RBmbg;R)ak;eGayeTAGñklk;nUvcMnYnTwkR)ak;RtUvsg tamkic©snüalk;
TMnij eGayEtGñklk;bgðajnUvÉksarRtwmRtUvTaMgGs;dl;FnaKarbBa¢ak;GHGag. pÞúyeTAvijFnaKarCUn
dMNwgnwgCYyeGayGñklk;RbmUlkarR)ak;BIFnaKarebIklixit\NTan tamlixit\NTanedaybBa¢ÚnÉksar
rvagPaKI k¾b:uEnþFnaKarCUndMNwgminmankatBVkic©ÉkraCkñúgkarbg;R)ak;eGayGñklk; enAeBlEdl)anTTYl
ÉksarRtwmRtUvBIGñklk;enaHeT. ]TahrN_ FnaKarCUndMNwgGacCYyGñklk;edayepJIÉksarEdltMrUveGay
tamlixit\NTaneTAeGayFnaKarebIklixit\NTantamry³bNþajKmnaKmn_GnþrCatiEdlehAfa SWIFT
110
(Society for Worldwide Inter-Bank Financial Telecommunications) smaKmnTUrKmnaKmn_sMrab;

kic©karhirBaØvtßúrvagFnaKarTUTaMgBiPBelak.
2>4> FnaKarbBa¢ak;GHGagGMBI\NTan b¤FnaKarCUndMNwgGMBI\NTandl;Gñklk;
(The confirming bank confirms the credit or the advising bank advises
the seller of the credit)
bnÞab;mkFnaKarCUndMNwg b¤FnaKarbBa¢ak;GHGagpþl;eGayGñklk;nUvÉksarEdlbBa¢ak;GHGag
BI\NTan b¤CUndMNwgdl;Gñklk;GMBI\NTan edayGaRs½yelIfaetItYnaTINamYyrbs;FnaKarEdl)anRBm
eRBogKñaenaHy:agNa.
2>5> Gñklk;RbmUlÉksarEdllixit\NTantRmUveGayman ehIybBa¢ÚnTMnij
(The seller collects the dicuments that the letter of credit requires and
ships the goods)
enAeBlEdlGñklk;)anTTYlesckþIbBa¢ak;GHGag b¤karCUndMNwgGMBI\NTanBIFnaKarbBa¢ak;GHGag
b¤BIFnaKarCUndMNwg ehIyGñklk;manRKb;ÉksarTaMgGs;EdltMrUveGaymantamlixit\NTan ehIyGñk
lk;bBa¢ÚnTMnijsmRsbtamkic©snüa. dUcEdl)ankt;smÁal;xagelIÉksarEdltRmUveGayman CaTUeTA
manvik½áyb½RtTMnij viBaØabnbR½tFanar:ab;rg ehIynigÉksardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijEdlCaTUeTA KWCab½NÑdwkCBa¢Ún
TMnijEdlGñklk;nwg)anTTYlBIRkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún.
2>6> Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnecjÉksardwkCBa¢Ún CaFmμtaKWCab½NÑdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij dl;Gñklk;
(The carrier issues a transport document usually a bill of lading to the
seller)
enAeBlEdlGñklk;RbKl;TMnijeTAeGayRkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnedIm,ICBa¢Ún Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢Únpþl;Éksar
dwkCBa¢ÚnEdlCaTUeTA KWCab½NÑdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijEdlbgðajeGaydwgfa Gñklk;BitCa)anbBa¢ÚnTMnijrYcehIy.
Éksard¾sMxan;enHmanBiPakSaEfmeTotenAEpñkbnÞab;enH.
2>7> Gñklk;bgðajÉksardl;FnaKarbBa¢ak;GHGag b¤FnaKarCUndMNwg
(The seller gives the documents to the confirming or advising bank.)
eRkayBIGñklk;)anRbmUlÉksarEdllixit\NTantMrUveGaymanrYcehIy rYmTaMgb½NÑdwkCBa¢Ún
TMnijpgGñklk;k¾ykÉksarenaHeTAkan;FnaKarbBa¢ak;GHGag b¤FnaKarCUndMNwgehIyesñIsMueGaybg;R)ak;
eGayxøÜnnUvcMnYnTwkR)ak;EdlRtUvbg;tamkic©snüalk;TMnij.
2>8> FnaKarbBa¢ak;GHGag b¤FnaKarCUndMNwgRtYtBinitüÉksar. FnaKarbBa¢ak;GHGag
ecjR)ak;eGayGñklk;. RbsinebImanEtFnaKarCUndMNwgeT FnaKarenHepJIÉksareTA
111
eGayFnaKarebIklixit\NTan. (The confirming or advising bank checks the

documents; a confirming bank pays the seller; if there is only an
advising bank, it forwards the documents to the issuing bank.)
bnÞab;mkFnaKabBa¢ak;GHGag b¤FnaKarCUndMNWgBinitüemIlÉksar edayepÞógpÞat;CamYynwgl½kç
x½NÐtMrUvénlixit\NTan. RbsinebIÉksarRtUvtamlk½çxNÐ½TaMgenaH ehIyeBlenaHFnaKarbBa¢ak;GHGag
ecjR)ak;eGayGñklk;. k¾b:uEnþFnaKarCUndMNWgminyl;RBmeFVIdUecñHeT KWfaFnaKarCUndMNwgRKan;EtbBa¢Ún
ÉksareTAeGayFnaKarebIklixit\NTanenAkñúgRbeTsrbs;GñkTij.
manviFankarxus²KñasþIBI faetIÉksarenaHRtUvEtRtwmRtUvdac;xatb:unNaeTAnwglk½çxN½ÐtRmUvenAkñúg
lixit\NTan. cemøIyKWsßitenAelIc,ab;NaEdlGnuvtþcMeBaHlixit\NTanenaH. RbsinebIGnuvtþRbBn½§c,ab;
Common Law CaTUeTAFnaKarbBa¢ak;GHGagnwgecjR)ak;eGayGñklk; luHNaEtÉksarTaMgenaHBitCa
RtwmRtUvdacxat;eTAnwgesckþIEcgénlixit\NTan. cMeBaHFnaKarKμanCYbbBaðaGVITaMgGs; RbsinebITMnijTaMg
enaHEbrCaminRtwmRtUvTal;EtesaHeTAnwgkic©snüalk;TMnijeTAvij. ParHkic©rbs;FnaKar KWRtUvFanafaÉk
sarTaMgenaHBitCaRtUvKñadac;xateTAtam esckþIEcgénlixit\NTan.
k¾b:uEnþ PaKIGacyl;RBmfanwgGnuvtþn_enAkñúgkic©snüalixit\NTan nUvviFanÉkPaBxagTmøab;nigkar
GnuvtþsþIBIlixit\NTanedayÉksar qñaM 1993 Uniform Customs and Practices for Documentary
Credits Rules (UCP Rules). viFan UCP KWCakRmgTmøab; nigkarGnuvtþEpñkFnaKarGnþrCatisþIBIlixit
\NTan. viFan UCP RtUv)anbegáIteLIgeday sPaBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati (ICC) nigFnaKarPaKeRcInenA

kñúgBiPBelakGnuvtþviFanenH. RbsinebIviFan CUP GnuvtþenaH karBiBN’naGMBITMnijenAkñúgviká½ybR½tRtUvEt
Cak;lak;cM² ehIyRtUvEtRtUvKñay:agdac;xatCamYynwgkarBiBN’naGMBITMnijenAkñúglixit\NTan. k¾b:uEnþkar
BiBN’naGMBITMnijenAkñúgÉksardéTeTot EdltRmUveGaymanlixit\NTancaM)ac;RKan;EtsIusgVak;KñaeTAnwg
karBiBN’naenAkñúglixit\NTan)anehIy. dUecñHenAkñúgviFIenH viFan UCP minsUvdac;xatdUcc,ab; Common
Law enaHeT.
2>9> FnaKarbBa¢ak;GHGagepJIÉksareTAeGayFnaKarebIklixit\NTan. RbsinebImanEt

FnaKarCUndMNwgeTenaH eBlenaHFnaKarebIklixit\NTanBinitüÉksar ¬ EdlFnaKarenH
manrYceRsc¦ ehIyepJIR)ak;eTAeGayFnaKarCUndMNwg. (A confirming bank
forwards the documents to the issuing bank; if there is only an advising
bank, then the issuing bank checks the documents (which it already
has) and forwards payment to the advising bank.)
eRkayBIBinitüepÞógpÞat;eXIjfa ÉksarBIGñklk;RtUveTAnwgl½kçxN½ÐtRmUvenAkñúglixit\NTan ehIy
FnaKarbBa¢ak;GHGagbBa¢ÚnÉksarTaMgenaHeTAeGayFnaKarebIklixit\NTan. k¾b:uEnþRbsinebImanEt
112
FnaKarCUndMNwgmYyeTenaH FnaKarCUndMNwgRtUvepJÉI ksareTAeGayFnaKarebIlixit\NTan. enAkñúgsßan

PaBenH KWFnaKarebIklixit\NTaneTEdlRtUvepÞógpÞat;ÉksarenAeBlenH ehIyepJIR)ak;eTAeGayFnaKar
CUndMNwgsMrab;sgeTAeGayGñklk;.
2>10> FnaKarebIklixit\NTanbg;R)ak;eGayFnaKarbBa¢ak;GHGag. RbsinebImanEt
FnaKarCUndMNwgeT enaHFnaKarCUndMNwgepJIR)ak;eTAeGayGñklk; b¤eTAdak;kñúgKNnI
rbs;Gñklk; (The issuing bank pays the confirming bank; if there is only
an advising bank, it forwards payment to the seller or the seller’s
account.)
eRkayBIFnaKarbBa¢ak;GHGagepJIÉksareTAeGayFnaKarebIklixit\NTan FnaKarebIklixit\N
TanBinitüÉksarTaMgenaH. RbsinebIÉksarTaMgenaHRtUveTAtaml½kçxN½ÐtRmUvénlixit\NTan eBlenaH
naKarebIklixit\NTanecjR)ak;sgdl;FnaKarbBa¢ak;GHGag. k¾b:uEnþRbsinebImanEtFnaKarCUndMNwgeT
naH FnaKarCUndMNwg)anTTYlkarbg;R)ak;rYcCaeRscBIFnaKarebIklixit\NTansMrab;Gñklk;ehIyeBlenH
FnaKarCUndMNwgepJIR)ak;enHeTAeGayGñklk; b¤eTAdak;kñúgKNnIrbs;Gñklk;enAFnaKar.
2>11> GñkTijbg;R)ak;eGayFnaKarebIklixit\NTan (The buyer pays the issuing
bank)
eRkayBIFnaKarebIklixit\NTanbg;R)ak; edaysmRsbtamlixit\NTanxøÜnmk FnaKarenHesñIr
sMueGayGñkTijbg;R)ak; ehIyk¾)anR)ak;BIGñkTij. FnaKarebIklixit\NTanGacepJIlixit TarR)ak;BIGñkTij
b¤cuH\NBn§enAkñúgKNnIrbs;GñkTijenAFnaKar edayGaRs½yelIkarRBm eRBogKñarvagFnaKar nigGñkTij.
2>12> FnaKarebIklixit\NTanpþl;Éksardl;GñkTij (The issuing bank provides
the documents to the buyer)
eRkayBIFnaKarebIklixit\NTan)anTTYlkarbg;R)ak;BIGñkTijehIy FnaKarenHpþl;Éksardl;
GñkTij. kareFVIdUecñHnwgeFVIeGayGñkTijGacTTYlkarRKb;RKgTMnijBIRkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún)an.
2>13> GñkTijRbKl;b½NÑdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijdl;Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún (The buyer provides
the bill of lading to the carrier)
eRkayBIGñkTijTTYlÉksarBIFnaKarebIklixit\NTanehIy GñkTijRbKl;bN½ÐdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijeTAeGayRkumh‘un
dwkCBa¢ÚnEdlRKb;RKgTMnijEdlGñklk;)anbBa¢Únmk.
2>14> Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnRbKl;TMnijdl;GñkTij (The carrier gives the goods to the buyer)
enAeBlEdlRkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnTTYlbN½ÐdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijBIGñkTijehIy Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnRbKl;TMnijeTAeGayGñk
Twj. kic©karenHKWcb;eBjeljenAdMNak;karenH.
CakarsMxan;KYrcgcaMlkçN³CaKnøwHCaeRcInénlixit\NTan nigkarlk;TMnijGnþrCati
113
TImYy tamRbB½n§lixit\NTan karbg;R)ak;eGayeTAGñklk;RtUv)aneFVIeLIgPøamenAeBlEdlÉksarRtwmRtUv RtUv

RbKl;eGayeTAFnaKarbBa¢ak;GHGag b¤FnaKarebIklixit\NTanminEmnenAeBlRbKl;TMnijeTAeGayGñkTij b¤enAeBlGñk
Tijbg;R)ak;enaHeT. karRbKl;RtwmEtÉksarRtwmRtUv edayminmanGVIepSgeRcIneTotenaH KWpþl;dl;Gñklk;nUvsiTi§TTYlkar
bg;R)ak;. dUecñH FnaKarebIklixit\NTan nigFnaKarbBa¢ak;GHGag ¬nwgGñkTij¦ bg;R)ak;sUm,IEteKminTaMg)aneXIjTMnij
enaHpg.
rUbPaBTI 7³ lixit\NTanEdlmankarbBa¢ak;GHGag
GñkTij Gñklk;;
1kic©snüalk;
5 TMnij
2 BaküsMu\NTan
11bg;R)ak; 7Éksar
14TMnij
12Éksar
8 bg;R)ak;
4 CUndMNwgGMBI\NTan
3 CUndMNwgGMBI\NTan
9 Éksar
10 bg;R)ak;
114
rUbPaBTI 8³ lixit\NTanEdlKμankarbBa¢ak;GHGag
GñkTij Gñklk;;
1kic©snüalk;
5 TMnij
2 BaküsMu\NTan
11bg;R)ak; 7Éksar
14TMnij
12Éksar
10bg;R)ak;
4 CUndMNwgGMBI\NTan
3 CUndMNwgGMBI\NTan
8 Éksar
9 bg;R)ak;
edIm,IeGay)anTTYlnUvkarFanar:ab;rgy:ageRcIn EdlfaTMnijBitCasmRsbeTAnwgkic©snüa GñkTij
GactRmUveGaymankareFVIGFikarkic©ÉkraCeTAelITMnij munnwgTMnijRtUvbBa¢ÚneTAeGayGñkTij. edIm,IeFVI
eGayerOgenH)anseRmc GñkTijGacrYmbBa¢ÚlviBaØabnbR½tGFikarkic©TMnijeFVICaÉksarmYykñúgcMeNam
ÉksardéTeTot Edllixit\NTantRmUveGayman. enAkñúgkrNIenH munnwgGñklk;GacTTYlkarbg;R)ak;
115
Gñklk;RtUveFVIy:agNaeGayFnaKarEdlmanktBVkic©bg;R)ak;eGayGñklk; bnÞab;TTYlÉksarGFikarkic©
TMnijRtwmRtUvehIy.
TIBIr GñkTijGacTTYlTMnij)anluHRtaEtxøÜn)anbg;R)ak;rYcehIy. edIm,IeGayGñkTijGacTTYl
TMnij)anBIRkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún CadMbUgGñkTijRtUvTTYlÉksarEdltRmUveGaymanBIFnaKarebIklixit\NTan
ehIybnÞab;mkRtUvbBa¢ÚnÉksardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijeTAeGayRkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún. ehIyluHRtaEt GñkTijbg;R)ak;
eTAeGayFnaKarebIklixit\NTaneTIbGñkTijTTYlÉksarBIFnaKar.
TIbI tamRbB½n§bg;R)ak;tamry³lixit\NTanedayÉksar mankic©snüaCaeRcInEdldac;eday
ELk²BIKña. kic©snüaTaMgenHCarYmmankic©snüalk;TMnijrvagGñkTijnwgGñklk; kic©snüarvagGñkTij
nwgFnaKarEdlebIklixit\NTankic©snüarvagGñklk; b¤GñkTijCamYyRkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnEdlyl;RBmdwk
CBa¢ÚnTMnijehIynigkic©snüadéTeTot.
TIbYn FnaKarNamYyEdl)anyl;RBmbg;R)ak;CafñÚreTAnwgÉksarnwgsuxcitþbg;R)ak; RbsinebI
FnaKarenaHTTYlÉksarEdlRtwmRtUvtamlk½çxN½ÐtRmUvénlixit\NTan. RbsinebIGñklk;min)anpþl;nUv
ÉksarRtwmRtUvenaHeT b¤RbsinebIxVHÉksarNamYyEdltRmUveGayman b¤RbsinebImankarPab;RcLMeTAelI
ÉksarNamYyenaH CaTUeTAFnaKarnwgminbg;R)ak;eGayeLIy.
k¾b:uEnþcUrcg;caMfaviFansþIGMBI faetIvaRtwmRtUvb:unNaEdlÉksarTaMgenaHBitCaRtUveTAnwglk½çxN½Ð
tRmUvenAkñúglixit\NTan KWmanPaBxusKñarvagviFanRbBn½§c,ab; Common Law ehIy nigviFansþIBITmøab;
nigkarGnuvtþCaÉkPaBsþIBIlixit\NTanedayÉksar (viFan UCP) . dUc)an Bnül;xagelIviFanRbB½n§c,ab;
Common Law CaTUeTAmanPaBdac;xatCagviFan UCP sþIBIkarBiBN’naGMBITMnijenAkñúgÉksardwkCBa¢Ún
TMnijRtUvsmRsbeTAnwgkarBiBN’naenAkñgú lixit\NTankMritNaEdr. tamviFan UCP FnaKarnwgyl;RBm
TTYlykÉksar eTaHbICaÉksarmankarERbRbYltictYcxøHk¾eday d¾rabNakarBiBN’naGMBITMnijenAkñúg
viká½ybR½tRtUvKñadac;xateTAnwgkarBiBN’naGMBITMnijenAkñúglixit\NTan.
3> etIÉksarNaxøHEdlCaFmμtalixit\NTantRmUveGayman?
( What Document Are Usually Required by a Letter of Credit? )
CaerOy² lixit\NTantRmUveGayGñklk;RtUvbgðajÉksardUcteTAenH munnwgFnaKarbBa¢ak;GH
Gag b¤FnaKarebIklixit\NTanedIm,Ibg;R)ak;³
3>1> viká½ybR½t (Invoice)
CaTUeTAGñklk;RtUv)anTamTareGaybgðajviká½ybR½tmYyc,ab; ¬b¤eRcInc,ab;¦ EdlBiBN’naGMBI
RbePT brimaN nigéføTMnijEdlkMBugpÁt;pÁg;tamkic©snüa.
116
3>2> ÉksardwkCBa¢Ún (Transport Document)

tamTsSn³rbs;GñkTij ÉksardwkCBa¢Ún KWsßitenAkñúgcMeNamÉksarsMxan;bMputEdltRmUveGay
man. ÉksardwkCBa¢ÚntamFmμta KWCabgáan;édTTYlTMnijBIRkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnecjeGayGñklk;Edlbgðaj fa
TMnijTaMgenHBitCaRtwmRtUv)anbBa¢ÚnsmRsbtamesckþIEcgénkic©snüaenaHEmn. ÉksardwkCBa¢ÚnGac
manTMrgepSgKñaGaRs½yelImeFüay)aydwkCBa¢ÚnEdleKeRbI. ÉksarTaMgenHnwgmanBiPakSalMGitenACMBUk
bnÞab;.
xageRkamenHCa]TahrN_xøH²énbN½ÑdwkCBa¢Ún
bN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijtamsmuRTEdlGacepÞr)an³ bN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij tamsmuRTEdlGacepÞr)an
tageGayTMnijehIymanmuxgarsMxan;CaeRcIn. TImYy b½NÑdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijtamsmuRTmancuHesckþIEcgén
kic©snüa rvagGñklk; nigRkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnsMrab;dwikTMnijtamsmuRT. CagenHeTot vaCabgáan;édecjeday
Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚneTAeGayGñklk;Tak;Tg nwgTMnijEdlkMBugdwkCBa¢Ún. bNÑ½dwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijtamsmuRTEdl
GacepÞr)an k¾CaÉksarkmμsiT§ipgEdrEdlpþl;eGayGñkkan;bN½ÑenHnUvkmμsiT§ielITMnij. ehtuEdleKeFVI
dUecñHeRBaHfabN½ÑdwkTMnijGacepÞr)an. dUecñHGñkTijGacykTMnijBIRkumh‘undwkCBa¢Únmkkan;kab; luHRtaEt
GñkTijBitCabgðajbN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij. FnaKarcUlcitþbN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijEdlGacepÞr)an BIeRBaHbN½ÑenH
GnuBaØateGayFnaKarRtYtRtaelI karRbKl;TMnijeTAeGayGñkTij EdlGacTTYlbN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnehIybnÞab;
mkTMnijkñúgkrNIEdlGñkTijbg;R)ak;eGayFnaKar.
bNÑ½dwkCBa¢ÚnEdlminGacepÞr)an ¬b£ Sea Waybill¦³ Sea Waybill mancuHesckþIEcgénkic©snüa
dwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijrvagGñklk; nigRkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnsMrab;TMnijdwktamsmuRT. Sea Waybill k¾Cabgáan;édTTYl
TMnijpgEdrBIRkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚnCaGñkecjCUneTAGñklk;. k¾b:uEnþ Sea Waybill mintMNageGayTMnij ehIy
k¾minGacepÞr)anpgEdr. CamUldæan Sea Waybill KWCabN½ÑbBa¢aeGayRbKl;TMnijdl;GñkTTYlbeBaØI
TMnijmñak;EdleKR)ab;eQμaH. GñkTTYlbeBaØITMnij KWCaPaKIEdleKRtuvepJITMnijeTAeGay mann½yfaPaKIEdl
eKRtUvRbKl;TMnijeGay. GñkTTYlbeBaØITMnijmincaM)ac;pþl; Sea Waybill enHdl;Rkumh‘undwkCBa¢ÚneT
edIm,I)ankan;kab;TMnijTaMgenH.
bN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚvGakas ¬b¤ Air Waybill¦³ KWCabN½ÑmYydUcKñanwg Sea Waybill Edr elIk
ElgEt Air Waybill mancuHesckþIEcgénkic©snüadwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijrvagGñklk; nigRkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún ehIyk¾
Cabgáan;édTTYlTMnijpgEdr k¾b:uEnþ Air Waybill mintMNageGayTMnijehIyk¾minGacepÞrEdr.
bN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijtampøÚvEdk tampøÚvfñl; b¤tampøÚvTwkkñúgRbeTs³ bN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijTaMgenH
KWRbhak;RbEhlKñanwg Air Waybill nig Sea Waybill Edr.
117
bN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijRbePTdéTeTot³ RbePTdéTeToténÉksardwkCBa¢Ún CarYmmanbgáan;édTTYl

rbs;éRbsNIy_ nigTIPañk;garrt;sMbuRtÉksardwkCBa¢ÚnecjedayRkumh‘undwkCBa¢Ún kic©snüaCYl k)a:l;
nigÉksardwkCBa¢ÚntammeFüa)ayeRcInEbbEdlGacmaneLIg enAeBlEdleKeRbImeFüa)aydwkCBa¢ÚneRcIn
EbbedIm,IRbKl;TMnij.
ÉksarFanara:b;rg³ bN½ÑFanara:b;rg b¤viBaØabnbR½tFanara:b;rgRKbdNþb;elIPynþraycMeBaHkar)at;
bg; b¤xUcxatdl;TMnijenAeBldwkCBa¢ÚnTMnijTaMgenaH. esckþIEcgénkic©snüalk;TMnij Cajwkjab;nwg
kMNt;fa etIPaKINaEdlmankatBVkic©TTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarFanara:b;rgcMeBaHTMnijEdlkMBugdwk. karFanara:b;
rgmanBiPakSapgEdrenACMBUkbnÞab;.
viBaØabnbR½tGFikarkic©³ lixit\NTanGactMrUveGaymanviBaØabnbR½tGFikarkic©pgEdr viBaØabnbR½t
GFikarkic©RtUvecjedayTIPñak;garGFikarkic©enAkñúgRbeTsrbs;Gñklk;EdlbBa¢ak;fa TMnijEdldwikCBa¢Ún
enaHRtUveTAtamesckþIbBa¢ak;énkic©snüaenaHehIy. ]TahrN_ RbsinebIGñkTij)aneGayeTAGñklk;nUv
sMBt;mYybnÞHehIysMueGayGñklk;plitKMrUsac;sMBt;enaHeGayxøÜnenaH Rkumh‘unGFikarkic©nwgepÞógpÞat;
emIlRkNat;sMBt;TaMgenaH faetIvadUcKñaeTAnwgsMBt;KMrUEdrrWeT?. GñkTijRtUvEcgbBa¢ak;eGay)anc,as;
las;nUvesckþIEcgsþIBIGFikarkic©EdltMrUveGaymanenAkñúgkic©snüa.
ÉksardéTepSgeTot³ ÉksardéTepSgeTotEdlGactRmUveGaymanCarYmmanGaCJabN½ÑnaMecj b¤
ÉksarCMr³Ky.
118

Shiping Mamagement 9e82e19f92e1

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saklviTüal½yebolR)ay muxviC¢a³ karRKb;RKgkardwkCBa¢ÚnTMnij

eRKOgbnøas;³ bnøas;m:asIun bnøas;rfynþ bnøas;CYsCul….

IV. briyakasfμIkñúgkareFVIGaCIvkmμ (The New Business Environment)

1> WTO bound tariff ¬GRtaBn§naMcUlGtibrmanrbs;WTO¦-Bn§KykMritx<s;bMputEdleK )anFana nigGac

MFN ¦ b¤GRtaGnuvtþ. GRtaenaHk¾GacCaGRtamYyEdlsmaCitnana énkic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmμ RbcaMtMbn;

kMNt; ¬]TahrN_ AFTA ¦ cMeBaHédKUBaNiC¢kmμTaMgGs; enAeRkARkumenHpgEdr.

CEPT TaMgenHKWCaGRtaEdleKGnuvtþCak;EsþgcMeBaHTMnijnaMcUl. karcrcarrbs; WTO KWsþI

GRtaGtibrmarbs; WTO mankMritx<s;CagtictYcebIeFobnwgGRtaGnuvtþ. cMeBaHplitplEdlgayman

mansar³sMxan;. ehIyenAkñúgkMritEdlBn§KyelITMnijeRbIR)as;CamUldæan RtUvrkSa[mankMritTab GtifiCn

edayehtufa \T§iBlénkarcUlCasmaCik WTO mkelIkarebIkcMhrbEnßménTIpSarkm<úCamankMrit

Bn§KyGtibrma[mankMritRbhak;RbEhlnwgGRtaGnuvtþ. kñúgkarcUleTAkan; WTO RbeTscin)an

kMNt;Bn§KyTaMgRsugrbs;xøÜnkñúgkMritmFümesμInwg15° ¬Gti brma 65°¦ cMeBaHplitplksikmμ nig

mkelIlT§plGnuvtþrbs;km<úCacMeBaHkarnaMecjplitplkñúgRsuk. AFTA nwgtMrUv[ Rb‘uyeN ma:eLsIu

edaymanry³eBlGnþrkalxus²Kña GnuvtþcMeBaHplitplEdlgaymanplb:HBal;rhUtdl;qñaM 2015

eTAkan;TIpSarxus²KñaenAkñúgBiPBelak. kic©RbtibtþikñúgeBlknøgeTA CaTUeTAKWCakardwkplitplminTan;

tamFmμtakic©RBmeRBogGnþrCatiTTYlsÁal;nUvPaBxusKñarvagbTdæankatBVkic© nig bTdæansμR½Kcitþ.

karbBa¢ak;pgEdrnUvkarGnuelamtambTdæanCatiGMBIKuNPaB nigsuvtþiPaB k¾dUc CapøaksBaØaBaNiC¢kmμelI

2> shRbtibtþikarvis½yBaNiC¢kmμ (Cooperation on Business Sector)

karGnueRKaHelIBn§Ky (MOP) bc©úb,nñ sMrab;plitpl Edlmankñúg PTA KW 50° énGRtaTUeTAénRbeTs

connectivity) énEpñkTUrKmnaKmn_ nigkareFVIeGaysIuKñanUvc,ab; nigbTbBaØatiþdwkCBa¢ÚnpøÚveKakEdl)ancab;

GgÁRbCMuesdækic©GasIuxagekIt. Gas‘an)anepþImTMnak;TMngCamYy CER ¬kic©RBmeRBogBaNiC¢kmμsþIBITMnak;

saFarN³mkBIRbeTsCb:un nig Gas‘an)anBRgIkviFankarCaeRcInedIm,IsMrbsMrYlGnþrkalrbs;km<úCa Lav

elIviesaFnkmμcMeBaHsMeNIrbs;éf Edl)anyl;RBmedaykarCYbRbCMurdæm®nþIesdækic©Gas‘an ¬ASEAN

1992 GñkdwknaMkMBUlGas‘anénrdæaPi)al)anRBmRBogpøÚvkar kñúgkarbegáIttMbn;BaNiC¢kmμesrIGas‘an

KMnitén CEPT-AFTA CakarsamBaØ³ RbeTsTaMgLayénGas‘anbnßytaragBn§enAépÞkñúgtMbn;eTA

cUrBicarNaGMBIkrNIrbs;elakeBC EdlCaGñkpliteRmcenAe)a:yEb:t. eBClk;plitpleRmc

sMeNI). karxusKñaenHGacminEmnCaerOgtUctaceT RbsinebIPaKIEdleFVIsMeNIBüayamdksMeNIenaHvij

Ggár }sMrit} dl;GñkTij k¾b:uEnþmin)anpþl;Gtßn½yeBjeljdl;Bakü }Ggár} teTAeToteLIy. PaKITaMgBIr

eLIgkñúgrvag 60 éf¶ ehIykarbg;R)ak;nwgRtUveFVIeLIgenAeBlEdlRbKl;TMnij. enAeBleFVIkic©snüaenaH 1

VII. nItüanukUlPaB (Legality)

eRcIn dUcCa PaBminGaceFVIeTAekIt (b¤GlT§PaB) PaBminGacRbtibtþi)antamkarCak;Esþgb¤dMeNIrxkbMNg

mCÄtþkrGacRbtibtþitamnItiviFI EdlmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab;rbs;mCÄtþkr b¤viFanmCÄtþvinicä½yEd;;leK

c,ab;xøH² EdlGacGnuvtþelIkic©snüaBaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati. karsMxan;PaKIRtUvBicarNabBaðaTaMgenHmunnwgeFVI

minfaeLIykic©snüamYyRtUveKKitfaCakic©snüa {GnþrCati} b¤minEmnenaHeT kic©snüaEdlPaKI)an

tulakarGnuvtþviFanc,ab;GnþrCatiÉkCn edIm,IedaHRsayCemøaHenAeBlEdlc,ab;smtßkic© b¤sal

GnusBaØasþIBIkic©snüalk;TMnijGnþrCati (CISG) b¤edaykRmgviFandéTeTot dUcCaeKalkarN_énkic©snüa

XI. karFanara:b;rg (Insurance)

PN½ÐKW³ xFanara:b;rg A xFanara:b;rg B nig xFanara:b;rg C . xFanara:b;rg A ecjR)ak;cMeBaHPynþray

ecjR)ab;sgR)ak;cMeBaHPynþraymYycMnYntUc. PynþrayTaMgenHCarYmmankar)at;bg; b¤karxUcxat

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kEnøgpÞúkTMnijkñúgnava edaymeFüa)aydéTeTotenAkñúgRbeTsEtmYy CaTUeTAKWRtUvRKb;RKgedayc,ab;rbs;

- eQμaH RbePT ynþehaH

- House AWB KWCaRbePTb½NÑdwkCBa¢ÚnEdlecjeday Forwarder EdlminEmnCaPñak;gar

Barcode KWCasBaØasMKal;GnþrCatiEdlgayRsYlemIleXIj nigkarsnñidæanc,as;las;.

TMnijTaMgGs;RtUv)anx©b;Ca 20RbGb;. kñúgmYyRbGb;manTMhMbeNþayRbEvg 50 Cm TTwg 50 Cm kMras;

3> kardwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚvTwk (Transport of Goods by Water)

pÞúkelInavarYcehIy. bN½ÑdwkCBa¢ÚnRbePTenH pþl;nUvkarFanara:b;rgEfmeTotEdlfa TMnijBitCaRtUv)andwk

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tamtémøNamYyk¾)anEdlx<s;Cag. niyayeGaygayyl; SDR KWCaRbePTmYyénrUbiyvtßúGnþrCati.

BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati 2000¦ kñúgtémø 1>50 dulaørshrdææGaemrickñúgmYy RbGb;} .

¬vaküsBÞ½BaNiC¢kmμGnþrCati 2000¦ kñúgtMélø 0>10 duløarshrdæGaemrickñúgmYylIRt}.

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kEnøgkMNt;enAkñúgRbeTseRkA. dUecñH Gñklk;RtUvFanara:b;rgTMnijenAeBlEdlTMnijenaHkMBugdwkCBa¢ÚneTA

FOB (+ kMBg;EppÞúkTMnij ) GkñTijnwgTTYlrgkar)at;bg;TMnij edayehtufaTMnijRtUv)anRbKl;eTA

eTAdl;kMBg;EpTisedAk¾eday. dUecñHtamkic©snüa CIF bN½ÑFanara:b;rgEdlGñklk;TMnijedIm,ITb;Tl;nwg

Bakü CIP tMNageGayBakü {éfødwkCBa¢ÚnnigéføFanar:ab;rgbg;edayGñkepJI}. Bakü CIP Casarv½nþKW