• Is the process of controlling the properties of moist air

(includes noise control), to suit specific purpose at the

expense of energy.

• Classification of Purposes:
1. Thermal Comfort
2. Industrial Application (textile, printing, manufacturing of
semi-conductors, etc)
3. Space crafts (special)
Is the study of the properties of moist air

Thermodynamic properties of air:

Enthalpy, Humidity, Temperature, Pressure,
Specific volume, etc.
Includes the study of exchange of heat and mass of
occupants.
Heat:
1. Sensible – heat dissipated with the
change in temp.
2. Latent – heat transferred without
any change in temp.
Air-con units – dehumidifying or condensing
the unwanted moisture content in air.
Graph or chart of the heat load or cooling
load of a certain place with respect to time.

Load (Sensible, Latent) – coming from

lightings, heat transmission from equipment,
occupants, solar, etc.
PSYCHROMETRIC CHARTS:
Two types:
1. Carrier Type – the chart has a coordinates humidity ratio (W) v.s. dry bulb temp. (t), and
they are orthogonal (at right angles)

t
2. Mollier Type – has the basic coordinates as humidity ratio v.s. specific enthalpy (h), and
they are in oblique position

Ø h
W
• Mollier type of charts can be easily used because most processes are
represented by a straight line for exact solutions. Also, in this chart,
we can make some sketches of the process lines and the basic
coordinates are used for energy balances. The mollier charts are
more accurate.

Two reasons why we should be concerned with the development of

the chart.
1. To become aware on the basis of the chart.
2. To be able to calculate properties at new set of conditions (non-
standard barometric pressure)
 • First consider the chart to represent
water alone
Water–
• Coordinates chosen: temp. t (abscissa)
vapor
Pressure and temporarily the water-vapor
A Pw
press.(ordinate)
B
• If superheat vapor, it is cooled at
constant pressure and eventually reach
the saturation line where it begins to
condense.
• No air has been present with the water
vapor. What is the effect on the figure, if
air is present?
The water vapor continues to behave the same as
though no air were present. At a given water-vapor
pressure (which is now a partial pressure),
condensation occurs at the same temp. as if no air
were present.
There is slight interaction between the molecules of
air and water vapor.
Table A-2 presents the properties of air saturated
with water vapor and Table A-1 for pure water, the
two table reveals practically no difference in
pressure at a given temp.
 - is the mass interspersed in each kilogram of dry air.
𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑤
𝑊≜ =
𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑀𝑎

BY PERFECT GAS MODEL and DALTON’S LAW

02
MOIST AIR N2
WATER-
C02 DRY AIR
M= Mα + Mw VAPOR
Mα
V = total volume
Ar Mw
MW= 28.966
T= temp. = + MW= 18.016
Vα = V
P= barometric Vw = V
Tα = T
press. Tw = T
Pα < P
Pw << P
Using perfect gas Law: PV = MRT

Pa V = Ma Ra T (1) PwV = MwRwT (2)

where:
Ṝ 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
R= =
𝑀𝑤 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

for air:
Ṝ
Ra =
28.966

for Water-Vapor:
Ṝ
Rw =
18.016

By Dalton’s rule of partial pressures:

Pa + Pw = P (3)
• when: Va= Vw= V (4)
Ta= Tw= T (5)

Mw= mass of water vapor, changes at any time, because vapor content
may be condensed during a process
Ma= mass of dry air, constant during process.

Since mass of dry air (Ma) is constant

Moist Air
during any process, that’s why all
AIRCON
(1) (2) thermodynamic properties of air are
Mα = Mα1 = Mα2 based on unit mass of dry air
Mw1 ≠ Mw2
 𝑀𝑤 𝑃𝑤𝑉 𝑅𝑎 𝑃𝑤 Ṝ 𝑃𝑤
𝑊≜ = 𝑅𝑤𝑇 = x = 28.966 x
𝑀𝑎 𝑅𝑤 𝑃𝑎 (𝑃−𝑃𝑤)
𝑃𝑎𝑉
𝑅𝑎𝑇
Ṝ
18.016

𝑃𝑤
W = 0.622 Eqtn 3.2
𝑃 −𝑃𝑤

-EQUATION SHOWS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMIDITY RATIO

AND THE WATER- VAPOR PRESSURE.
 *defined as the ration of the mole fraction of
water vapor in the moist air to mole fraction of
water vapor in the saturated air at the same temp.
Pw and pressure.
sat
Water-vapor
Pressure ∅≜ xw t, p
xw, s
t, oC For perfect gas, it reduces to:
𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟
∅= 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝

Where Pw = Psat @ tdp

∅= Pw Pw,s = Psat@ tDB
Pw,s
 SPECIFIC ENTHALPY (h) : the enthalpy of the mixture of fry air and
water vapor is the sum of the enthalpy of the dry air and the enthalpy of
the water vapour. Enthalpies are always based on some datum plane, and
the zero value of the dry air is chosen as air at 0°C (PSUEDO – ABSOLUTE)
The zero value of the water vapour is saturated liquid water at 0 oC, the same datum plane that is
used for tables of steam.

𝐻 𝐻𝑎+𝐻𝑤 Where: Ha = maCpt + K

ℎ= =( )
ma ma K = 0 at t = 0
𝐻 𝑚𝑎𝐶𝑝𝑇+𝑚𝑤ℎ𝑔 Hw = mwhg
ℎ= =( )
ma ma
h = Cpat + Whg -> Eqt’n 3.3
Where: 1.8 𝑜𝐹
𝐵𝑡𝑢 1.055 𝐾𝐽
Cpa = Specific of air 0.24 to 0.245 lb F x Btu x 2.205
x hg = hg at dry-bulb temp., t
kg 𝑜
𝐶
= 1.0 kJ/kg-°C or Approx., hg = (2500 + 1.88*t), kJ/kg-C
SPECIFIC VOLUME (v):
𝑉 𝑅𝑎 𝑇
ʋ≜ =
ma Pa
𝑅𝑎 𝑇 Eqt’n 3.4
V≜ where: Ra = 53.3 ft-lb/lb-R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K
(P−Pw)
 • To define the state of moist air a minimum of 3
independent properties are required ( Ex: if tα & tα*
are the only given items, we assume P as standard,
14.696 psia or 101.325 Kpa)
• At sea level : P = 1 atm = 760 mmHg (Torr) = 14.696
psia = 1.0332 kg/cm2 = 101.325 KPa = 29.92 in Hg
h • In the Philippines (w/c is a few meters above sea
level) can use the standard P atm, unless otherwise
t dp
specified.
W T= dry- bulb temp, the actual or correct temp. of air
h
t*= wet-bulb temp, it is a measure of what water can
do to change the properties of the air.
t*
t For ordinary condition: t > t*
For saturated air : t = t*
Degree of Saturation (µ)

µ≜ 𝑊
Ws
Saturated Air – when water vapor in the air is saturated vapor.
1. It contains maximum amount of water vapour that can hold, µ = ∅ = 100%
2. t=t*= tdp (dew point temp.)
3. Super saturated air – like fog condition, saturated air containing liquid water and this saturated
liquid can be mechanically separated.
 Humidification
Cooling & Humidification Heating & Humidification

Sensible Cooling Sensible Heating

Cooling & Dehumidification Heating & Dehumidification

Dehumidification
DRY AIR:
1. Contains no water vapor
2. ∅ = 𝜇 = 0
ADIABATIC SATURATION and THERMODYNAMIC WET – BULB TEMP.

Thermometer indicates thermodynamic

wet-bulb temp at equilibrium condition

• During the process: W increases, t decreases, t* constant

• After the adiabatic saturator has achieved a steady-state condition, the temperature indicated by an
accurate thermometer immersed in the samp is the thermodynamic wet-bulb temp.
• When air becomes saturated, t2*= t2, ∅ = 100%
 BY ENERGY BALANCE:
h1 = h2 – (W2 – W1) hf

Where: hf = enthalpy of saturated liquid at the

sump or themodynamic wet – bulb temp.

Neglecting ( W2 – W1) hf:

h1 = h2 ADIABATIC HUMIDIFICATION
IS CONTANT ENTHALPY.
MIXING OF AIR STREAMS

(1) h
(3) 1
W
3
2
(2)
t
(a.) By energy balance:
M1h1 + M2h2 = M3h3
M1h1+M2h2
h3 =
M3
Where: M3 = M1 + M2, by mass balance on dry air
( b.) By water balance:
M1W1 + M2W2 = M3W3
M1W1+M2W2
W3 =
M3

( c.) Solving for t by weighted mean.

3

M1t1 + M2t2 = M3t3

M1t1+M2t2
t3 =
M3