¥:±¥

"
 Geometrical
-__s
2
source
→ -
: -

⇐ÉTÑE%¥÷3
A
body which emits lights is caltedsoirce .

⑨ Self luminous : -
The source which
posses light
of its Owen .
For example sun .

⑤ Non -
luminous : -
It is a source of
light
which does not
possess light of its

own

Ray : - The
straight line path along which the

light generous medium

travels in a homo

called
is
Ray .

BOB

Ray
Beam : A bundle bunch of is called
or
rays
-

a beam .

Three types of Beam

(a) Convergent beam : - In this case diameter

decreases in direction of
of beam the
Ray .

I
>
 (b) Divergent beam : -
It is a beam in which

all the
rays meet at a point when

produced backward and the diameter of

beam goes on
increasing as the rays

proceed forward .

(c) Parallel beam : -

It is a beam in which all

the
says constituting the beam move

parallel to each other and diameter

of the beam remain same

i :>
Object object is decided by Incident
:
rays
- .

→
It is
point of intersection of incident rays
.

type-of-bie.dz

(1) object → An object 4.) II.object

is real if
two or more
incident >
rays

7¥ actually spread
-

Virtual
-
-
-

> →•

out or seem object

to spread out >

Real 5 from
f- optical
a

object optical point .

element
Element .

→ A virtual object that

appears to be behind
the optical element .

7ma_gf : -

Image is decided
by reflected
stays or

refracted It is point of intersection of

says
.

reflected or oefoated rays .

two types of Image .

-

① Real Image
→ Real images are foamed
1-
Reflected or

Refracted Rays when the reflected

>

•n, or refracted says

→ Real
actually meed or

Image
(
→
converge to a point .

ptical Element .

→ If a screen is placed at

that will
point a bright spot
be visible on the screen .
 (Reflected Refracted)
(2) IE Image : - or

if
-

the ndo not meet

rays
> Reflected or at a
point but appear
to

Refracted rays
"
- meet at a
point then
e-
• a virtual image is
>
- -
- -

virtual
formed .

Image

object /Image Criteria

Real object when incident

rays are of
diverging nature .

Virtual object Hilton incident of

converging
rays are

Nature . Incident rays converge

to a
point
behind the optical element .

Real image when

rays
After interacting with optical
instrument of nature
are
converging
.

Virtual
image when
rays
After interacting with optical
instrument are of diverging nature .
.

Reflection
-

L-awoE.R-ete.tk : -

incident Reflected and

(f) the
Ray ,
the
ray
Normal

to the surface of reflection at the point of

incidence lie in the same plane .

 Normal
i.
IR I

if
.

☐
RR .

,
y ,

I
______---- mirror
-

incidence angle
(2) The
angle of and of reflection

are equal .

/ Li = or

And:f
.de#i:ation-CI:f--18o-2i--
*

180-26

.
Normal

IR .

→ y
RR for Smax
;
r i→o
ri
8 Foo Normal incidence
----÷----

8ma✗=180(wÉ
"
'

'

'

②
.

"
"

for 8min ÷ Sr
180°
.

y=mx+c
i. go

s=-2i-l8ow-
=

→
For ( Gracing Incidence )
on

⇐i
S od -

die If the dish of the incident is kept constant and

ray
the mirror is rotated through an
angle 0 about

an axis in the plane of mirror ,

then the

reflected rotates through what angle ?

ray
5¥ : -
 i. i+O+r+O '
20
RR
I. R
i→ ,

-1 Eri ! >
?
:i+0

¥÷E
r
×
RR
>
-1

IF

i' i -10
=
in

"

Rotates angle zo
"

RR
by an
 80 C -
W .

8=8 -182 ,

180 so >
= 80 -160m
new
-

160
=
-

⑧ = 800
A¥
 2i
IR RR
NI
N
RR satiates by
i. za
7
aino 20 angle
!
=

I -10
-1
'

(Rp )
.

i
.

A=_== 1,1;
,
"

☐
initial
,

A ------_=¥---¥A
'
=

_==
A'

* IF mirror is kept fixed and incident is rotated

ray
then reflected ray will rotate in opposite sense
by
angle .IR
"

same , RR

IR
% !
7 RR
Ly
'
→
i
-1 >

- --------±____ → mirror

Regular Reflection Diffused Reflection

( specular Reflection )

"
" ~
" 7
×
77
, ×

→
>

________----

Smooth
irregular surface .

surface
 lm-gefo.am#Egom-ptane-miozors.-

{pÑTÉ3 e

>
- - - -
-
;
-
-

-
-
image
→ virtual image

image
=

f- Distance of object
.

•
• > e- -

object l
-

5
-
-
>
from mirror
-
-

=
i -

'

of
-

5 ! Distance image
l l
i←d→⇐d→ form mirror
:
!
→ the size of image is

the same as that of object

Foo real object virtual
→
, image is .

→ For virtual object image ,

is real

"
" find i that

oxy,,yT
so

the reflected
ray
will coin side with

hi <

m
incident ray .

¥ : -

"

i -150=90
,
y so :( Étni '
<
-
i = 400
ME .

m
,

one
"
"
② - if i -50° then

__÷÷¥;÷
find total
A. cw .

incident
deviation
ray .

angle of =
?
740°
--- - -- mi
consider two reflection )
 ¥ ?
82=180-2 iz
-

8, = 180 -
2i ,

180-2150 ) = 180-240)
=

Cw it
( c. ) 180-20
→
-

= 180 -
too = 80 w

ACW -

=
-
go
= 160 ( A- Ew .

)
= -1160
S= 8 -182
,

= -80+160 = -180 |A_

Fields? : -

d①
^ ¥50
length of mirror

f
⑥ (
②
I
- - - -

< -

}?
-

FOV •
• image
object I
-

.É÷=
> _
-
-

, -

⊕ '

f e
=

i
i←d→←d→
:
I
④ £-30

① i②,③,④,⑤ can notable to see

image
able to
- can view
image
⑦
>
in the
region of
LFOV Fou
image
r
can

r
iii.
iz
be seen .

% 1
I

ix. 1- .
\
'
i. ii '
\

il
'

i ,
7 I 1

I '
'

'
\ '

I i.
: ii.
i '

•
← d→i←d-•i .

image
object
.

I-mageof-Ext-nd.ed-b.to .
-

→ size of image
%
3- -
I - - -
-

g-
-

---- •
will be
equal
E-
f- to of
-

= --→-
-

s -

size

g object
-
-

uiobject
-

f-
-

The image
-

is
laterally
'
-
-
-
- -
- - -
inverted .

- -
-

3
object
÷,
-

i :

÷
Oye object is horizontal
object
☒• image should be virtical .

where and at what angle

mirror should be placed .

¥ : -

object
'
☒• .

'

:
90-0
vii. EEE :#
*
D= so -

- ¥¥•É± '

:
image
O-
y :
-

dye find out the minimum size of plane mirror required

to see the full image of an observer ( man
) ?
'
E
'

¥ Ink
i

✗
1 -142
-

fi x+y=h

µIf
. - .
-

E i '

:| : /
,

% required
- -
-
-

÷ .

A-
2

I
p -
Age if able to full
observer can see
image
of wall then find out the

minimum
length of
mirror
Sol
.

=
wall

F•÷:± ¥
i

" :|

I
1-

n
-

EYE - - - - -
-

1
' ,
; Xo 1
,
<
i "

tri -

,
-
-

:B
-

d-
.

@ n%÷=a?÷ ?

1mm :÷ } #
'
=

Xo = distance of eye
from mirror

D= distance of wall from mirror .

 No of formed by two plane mirror
image ? -
,

e.) Parallel ①
r→ ②
/
/

( /
ri
/

1 T -

s i
"
-

•⇐¥•4É←•←y→±÷•E;
.

, I '

l 7 '

y f '

Zy

*
.
-

"
É
'
:}
II
-

1
-

't
-

object
'

- ,

I3
-

1
of
-

No

)
- I
- < , -

(
µ
-
1 Total image
%
°

/ .

will be
-

i s
infinite .

*! d=¥y
i
M, M2 \ ,

4
Distance from Distance from
M
,
Mz

☒
x

ytd x+d

oc -124 Y -12cL
octsd
Y -13A

-
(2) Perpendicular :
- -
-

object
'

Ii ,
- r

;=¥→←.•,y
y

I
E. g-
×
.
.

I 1

y ,

I i
3
Image
!
.

doo -
x -
1

,
-
so --•é

I Iz
}

③
at
any angle : -

•
In

÷
¥ :*
'

.
• object
'

i
i
-
-

I ma
-
\ !

¥29
'

i•
-

Iz

'

I:•Iz
 Angle from Angle Foom Mz
M ,

B
2
0+2
O+B
20-14 201-13
Number of formed two inclined
images by mirror .
: -

angle
find =m 0 -

degree bisector
-

-
-
-

-
-
-

, -
-

→ if m= even number a-
==-- - = - -

no , of images =
m -
I

→ if m= odd number

no .
of image =
rm -

,
,
if the object is

placed on the angle

bisector
→ if m= odd number

no .
of image =
m
,
if the object is not
angle
-

placed on the
bisector
→
if m # integer then count the of
,
no .

images
as explained above .

IEEE .
-

1
m

Let
4
co-ordinate of object cont mirror
Xolm = ✗
%
•• I> f- a ••
co-ordinate of
•
-
- -
-

✗ Ink = ✗
image O l I

co - v. 2- .
mirror I

Y co-ordinate object cart 1

Yolm = of mirror
,

co-ordinate of !
Yim =
✗ image
co - v. 2- .
mirror
 For plane mirror

✗
01m = -
✗ Ilm 401m = YIIM

Diff
CHmty-YImlymwomx-TVI.mx
"
"
.
w.at .
t

{ Vo ;Vm×=
-
( V±×_×m)✗ }

Ott Clef
:
.

;→v ' find

vimage .= ?
§
•

rest
rest €
find
vimage .= ?
"
•

mirror

Sol
I V±m= -

No -
Vm )

VIM =
Vom -

( Vm )
-

UI Vm
o
-
-

-
=

YI Vm =
( Vo Vm)
( w)
- - -

VI
-
fzv ) = -

VI =
-

(V -
O )
VI UV
f-
-

VI = -
v
f- .
.

Oye
252m15
, 5¥ : -

v. =
Ii -12J
1
T¥ , Vm= -2^1
It ?
•
/ find
vimage .= ?
HIM )×=-µom)x
0
g
£ VI -

Um = -

Votvm
2m / s
CVI / ✗ -12=-21-1-2 )
*✗
-6indragging
= .

✗ Gi -12J
image direction
-
=
 R-efieden.fo-m.cm#ed.Sv-f.ac-e:yaPpoakso
(1) Centre of curvature :-( e)s -
- - o

=p ?±
o - o

It is the centre of sphere i 9

of which the mirror is a

,
•8 •
4 ¥86
&
,

Fi
(2) R☐f.ahIeR) a#
fo
✓

It is the radius of the sphere de☒gth

i.
of which the mirror is a part .
.

Concave mirror
(2) Pok#
It is the
geometrical centre of the spherical
reflecting surface .

a.)
P-oincip-d.ae#
line centre of
It is the straight Joining the

curvature to the
pole .

(5) FIFI
when a narrow beam of light parallel to
rays ,

the principal axis and close to it .

is incident

on the surface of a mirror , the reflected

beam is found to
converge or appear
to

diverge from a
point on the
poicipal axis .

The
point is called focus .

(6) Faocalleugthff )
It is the distance btn the pole and the

principal focus .

(7) A- perales : - The size of the mirror is called aperture .

sign-o.nu#on:-
incident +

light
>
(1) All distances are measured
p
From the pole .
I +

(2) Distances measured in the direction of

-

incident
rays are taken as positive .

(3) Distances measured in the opposite direction of

incident
rays are taken as
negative .

(4) distance above the principal axis is + ive and

below the
principal axis are
negative .

(5) Angle measured from the normal in the A- C. w

.

Sense are c- ive a while that in the CW .

Sense are
-
ive .

Note : -

'
i
,
→
→ 1
,
=-←f→
3 p E- F
F IP -

•
,
=
f ,

y ==
/

Convex
concave mirror

mirror

focal
focal length → + ive

length -e
-

-
 Focal length for spherical mirror : -

÷
-
A
CF AF > > =
→ =

.
.

==
-

Fil
g-
•

→ FO -1 CA =p
L
F =

→ Ccs = QA= Rlz I

=

Cosi =

cF=£÷i pF=R-¥imÑ
Paraxial approximation
→ BA
Ray is
very near to principal axis

i→o
PF - R -

¥
Cosi → I

PF =
Rk

lfocallength-R-Tf.fr
paraxial rays
Fconiaie
-

% Fconvex
- + Rts

IEo.IO?mu1-a:-Cv,uandf )
✗+ i =p '
Normal
¥A_
[( BY
-
i

; ÷¥÷÷;:÷
-
.

-
✗
•
is
( p 2)
•

= -

o
E- v -1
'
=P

> o= CY B) -

← a
.←R-I
 (B- 2) =/ Y B) -

2B =
✗ + ✗

tanx-I-Y-tanp-n.it#-tanY=A.n-f-
If 2
,
B ,
and Y are small ,
then
K
2B -

✗ +2 A'→ p

f-any + tans
stamp -

41¥/ =
:# +1¥
= + ÷

tutti &
-

put v. u and
* it =
f- f along with

sign .

U = is the object distance from the pole

distance from the pole
v= is the
image
f- focal of mirror
= is the
length .
 R=2ocm
↳
find position of ?
I image __

-0
. - - - - -
-
É - -
-

← 15cm → -

I
feone.cn = -

( PE)
¥ : -

¥=÷+tu = -
⇐
2

÷o= } -1¥
= -10cm

f- =
:-, to -

@bjectreal_)
v='÷÷
v = -

so ( real image]
Oye B- 20am
find position of
?
•
- image
4- Isan

I f- = -110

SI :
f- I
-

¥ _÷+÷
÷=÷+÷s ( IÉt)
f- =

v=¥g =6_om Niimge .

 R= 20am
OF ÷ find the
-

- •
position of
E.
image
-

p -
.

=
-

-
-
-10cm >
-
- →

€1 ? -

u=+io -1=-10
( virtual object)
f- =&+&
÷=÷+&
↳ =
-

to -

to
v=
-

son
Great image

Oye - f- 10cm
,
find position - of image
←① 4 successive
after 3.
4 considers
ooo

→ 15am →
reflections .

1st reflection from

yocm concave misses

¥ : -

cons-axemi-ro.ee
f- 15cm -10cm
f- =/ 0cm
= - =
-

f- =1u+I E.EE#.t----E--1k-i.--=-15an-s
-30 →
1
÷
.
+
I ,
40cm -
v = -300mL Real)

Plane
-
mirror Co mirror
←

☒o = -10cm U = - 50

f =
-
10
DCI =
-110cm

f- -

¥+4 -1-0=1+-1-0
f- -

÷+±o t=¥
 V = -12.5

In

find position of image

÷f=iocm
f-
-

loan

¥=
after 3 successive
°
/
← 15am →
• reflections .
consider
1st reflection from
concave misses
zoom -1

¥ : -

concave
-
F- 10am
> =f -10cm

'
-

Ii E
¥-1T '_tu
o
,
← sun →
-
• •

U= -15 .

f- = -10 F- 20am -1

-1-0=-4 ,-
+
g- Convex
-

f- =

÷ -1¥
,
4=+10

f- =
-110
=

v 30 ÷+÷=¥
Cmt
= -

=0

C axe V=

€-10=-0
linear
-
/ lateral / Transverse
-
magnification
o
- o
-
: -

heightofmoy =
hi
height of object
m =
ho

BE
,# =
,

A -7A '
_•%P
¥☐
-

F >

< ÷
:<
÷
'
→ Put value of
In DA B' P and D ABP
wand u with

E
'

!n÷
'

A B
=
sign .

-÷=÷ h÷=-÷=m
*
÷+± -

f- m=-÷
9

1- +
1u=¥
E- +
E- =¥
Em
e- +
)=¥
-1m -11 =

m= i
¥
-

Lm =
1-
¥
m=f-¥
m = f-
f-
put value
u
of
of
put value f- and v
u and f with
with
sign .

sign .
 m=÷
m=-s Invested i Erect
Image image

Eo-raydiagra-m.
Array
. )
C I ,

initially parallel to the principal axis

focus of
is reflected through the the mirror .

A
(2)
ray , initially passing through the focus

is reflected parallel to the principal axis .

4) A incident at the pole is reflected

ray
symmetrically .
Li __ Lr .

4.) incident
if
ray passing through centre of

curvature then after reflection it retrace

its path .

Image formation from concave mirror -

When object is at as .

'
1
> ,

!
' ,

> ; ,

/ % -
• i ,
=
if.•I 's -

"
q
focal plane .

Size →
very small location → Focal plane .

Nature → invested
?⃝
?⃝
 (2) when object is btn as and o

'

"

B
Api >

•
>

B
'
•
<
i

'

s
object a F
A
' s
r
y

real object
image → real
image
→ inverted

→ small

(3) Villon object is at Coe

A "
n > i

É¥,
.

'
A

real
Image =

= same size

=
inverted

= at e

4.) Hilton object is btn f- and c

A I
>

B
'

•
f •
I
I =
B
,
C F > I
A =
"
< s
f I
 Image = real

=
large
= inverted
=
bt" C and as

⑤ when
object is at focus .

3
÷
f-
.

> 1
• • ,

c F l

2 2
Lf
as

image =
real
=

very large
= inverted

=
at a
"

¥⑥ object at btn

poky
f- and
A
'
. B
•

E
-

0
FB ,

I
L
virtual
Am=age →

L
→
large
→ erect

→ behind concave
mirror .
 Graph btn u and V
- o -
o -
o -

ro
eonca-ve.mir.ro#
←••µ.
C
:
VI
i -
Ro

¥
c
FI °
• >
?
RI.ro
,

= - - - - -

,
- f- - -
-
-
-
-

!•• -1 • a
- -
-

RO 1

PI I

I
1

7-Ymationf-omcon-ex.MIL : -

A I
✗ > I

÷:* ?
←

>
• •
'

☐ object P -

B
F c
L
I
=

Position of btn F and Pole

image =

Diminished
image →

- Erect

→ virtual
 Out can convex mirror form real
a
image
.

Yes
€1 : -

H
-

Ie É
it

ibj-ed-%ef.EE?...-I---------
-

is
=
.

virtual and
only when the object is is

"
placed bt F- and P . .

Graph btn u and V

- o -
o -
o -

ro
EE mirror . i
I V0
VI
f
c. -1--1 .

I 1

-
- -
F- ←
- -

t - -
-
-

RµÉ
1

'
RE ←

V0 !
?⃝
Letoya of_Image
•

÷
,

o•→
/

1
←u ¥¥
( Vtm ) ✗
=
-

÷~ (Vom) ,,

A¥=.a✗is_ ✗Im )× = - M2 ( Vom) ✗

f- &=¥ +

magnification
"

diff
"

.
w.ro . 1- t m =

÷d÷ ÷d =o.
-

dug I. 1¥)
-

11¥
axim
-

heightofmago
=

¥ =

height of object

¥
Yo
.

=+¥I
YI =

,¥_u Yo

d£¥1=dµ-(¥¥-)
Manly =

+1¥ ( vom )
y
+ Yom ¥-7 ¥
¥-74m)×
*
**
Him )y =

,¥u ( vom )
y
1- Yom
Aye find image
the
velocity of in situation as

shown in figure .

2.am/sec1s-cm/sea
✓ 1

_==¥
:

K-3.am/-TIf--2ocmE:(VIm)x=-M2(Vom)x m ,
f-
f- U

-2£
C- 2) 4156553 )
"
= -

+ z =

20 -730

(4) (9+12)
_÷
= -

=
-44cm /sect = -2
-

Him )y=+¥u ( vom

)y -1 Yom ¥-924m)x
I

?÷,z (15%530) + 0

'
-7-1135×1--1
=
-24cm /see
Hui zuj
Vimage
- -

/ mirror
=

Vmioror
-
-

Uui -

2yj
Vinge
-

C- 2i ) = -44 i
-

zyj
Vinay
-

Ubi
Vimage/ ground
=
24J
-
-
¥
*

Efoo : -

IF the
object and image distances are

measured from the focus instead of the

of the then
pole mirror .
the mirror

formula reduces to a simple form

called the Newton 's formula

2
Xo -
Xi = f-

oco =
object distance from the focus .

Xi =
image distance from the focus .

longitudinal magnification
- o - o -
: -

du =
-

B
'
'
FI =
A
re
-

• •
E- -

f =

I
c

=
=

÷+tu=¥
_d÷ date .
- __o

longitudinal magnification -_
G- #
I

=
-

¥1
-

ive
sign shows that the image is

lognitudinallg inverted .

-
 →

¥_→ ⊕

④
- - -
- -
- - - -
- - -
-
- -

÷:*
.

"

a
Image (30*51.4)
__

←•
÷+±=±, image
m=-÷=ᵗn :
f- + =
-4s
_±÷◦=÷mm
◦

4- =
-

E- to
+

hi = -6mm
÷=-
1v=

÷+÷=± m=-÷=ʰ÷
tu +
to ¥20
: %
=

;ᵗ÷=÷mm
f-
-

=
-

f- =
|hi=-%m_)
V= -20

msup=A¥:¥
-
-
m

Flat-out magnified
✗ .

* * ↑•:¥E*
"
.

"¥a=ᵗ!;!→y=mr =
M .
M
 Refraction
- o
- o -

Law of Refraction : -

incident
(f) The
ray ,
the normal to the
refracting
surface at the point of incidence and the

refracted
say
all lie in the same plane
called plane of refraction .

incident
ray ;Noomal
'
medium ①
> i M '

surface 7
H
ihr
'

> refuted
i.
U2 ray
medium ②

Retroactively .de:-( a)
The refractive index ( m ) of a medium is

defined as the ratio of the speed of light in

vacuum (C =
3×108 mlsec ) to the speed of light

in the medium (v)

↳ =
speed of light in vacuum

medium
=
I }
speed of light in

* The relative refractive index of two medium

is equal to ratio of their absolute refractive

index .
 RI of medium ②
%,-
-

Ilz Ilz , = =

medium ①
=

I RI . of
t = I
refractive index V2

of medium ② with

respect to medium ①

llglass =
3-2 illwater =
§

(2) 5m¥?Iaw_ freq .

of
t light
u,sinu=UzsinrwÉ V=fd←y
T

[ velocity
wave

length
of

§?÷=¥?=É÷=÷z=¥÷z=÷= #a light

frequency of
light is
property of source

does refraction
so it not
change during .

¥É=E¥*¥¥¥É¥ÉÉ "

B-tbgre-I-noens-to.ro# R←to Dense .

It
ii. Mi > M2
Il ,
, → MPU ,
y i ;
>
T
'

i¥
' ; ¥ :-.
Us th
.
.

i tf I j
i
s -
-
-

,
-

Deviation @ i) A- cow
Deviation =( i )
.

= -

r cow .
did find met angle of

deviation
solid
-
- - -
- -
-
•

chair
Gool C -_ to

air
>
It =
,T3

"
§? -

% 18in 60=-1-3 sins

I30 '

i ' sink
35
.

>
go

'
did
.IE 8=30
'
=

-
-
±

[
_

C
60°
air
>
It =
,T3 '

11-381 'n3O= 1- sing

a' =

8--81+82

30+30 C W

t
-

= . .

= 60° C. w .

'

=
①
 if
Que
object is find the position
× × Air
at !
¥ ×

↑
of image .

a-
g- loan

=
: ←
f-
_
-

= 20cm →

¥ ✗=
÷ =
G- ✗ 3 =
3% =
7.51

slab due to Refraction

Image formation by a

For Real
OIbj.tt
-

7 AI , =
Uxo
- -
=

≥ " BI = AI , + t
,
-
_

-
-
"
-
-
-
-
-
.
-

B
-

• •

A
Iz
IX. →
BIa=(A¥
u

←+ →
BIZ =

Mʰµ°
optical
Element BIZ =

@ t) +

01--2 = BO -
-

BIZ

=
C- + Xo
) -

( motte )
oI⇐t( 1-
tu )
independent of distance
shifting : - It is

of object from stab . It depend on

 and
" "
" "
t W

.to#-bject:?.- - - - -i
rr

→ •

0 ¥
→

it
OI =
t f -

ut )
← + →

F- 10cm
←3am-5

dye

.PE?E-.--.-IE--i;-Inalimage-
Find the

→
position of
-1
It

¥
,

!
F-
l6cm↳µ=BL-S
i

SI : -

shift
=t( -

to ) =
3ft § )
-

=3 (1/3) = fan

4=-15 f- = -

lo v =
?

f- +
ta -

§ ¥+1T
V= -30

Again it will shift

by 1cm
through
slab so , position of final image -

.
-31
an
* clue based of Reflection
- -

11 : 60
I
' 1

a
,
"

• -

= •
"

%
.
,
,
Time =
00135-150
mirror
image = 11:59 : 60 -
00:35 :50
= 11:24:10
Critical Reflection ( TIR)
angle and Total Internal

Rarer
Mz
1
,
dhsini =
Masino
:X >

7
Denser M1

as i increases
,
or increases

when 0=900 then ⇐ Critical angle

Sini llzsinso
,÷ggjiÑ2
'

ii. ,
=

'

sinic = Ia :
5

It >
,
It ,
1-
sinic
=µ÷ Deviation
=

, Noel = go -
I,

when i > ic No .
Refraction
100% Reflection
"

180-20
"
-

g.
.
⇐
.

µ
Total internal
ily
<
µ
> -1 reflection
i > io
 s-i-gr.ph

8↑
it-2 ic
^

- -
-
-
- -

I
- -
-
-
-
-
-

£*}÷aig①TIR
line .

ie
go
¥0
- -
- -
-
-
- -
-
- -
- - - - -
-

•
>

i=ic Tyzi
Refraction

Lumina
8 = r -
i
Msini=uzsinr
dlrsini = sins

nil

> >
a

→ ti
-

I ÷ ?÷
,
>

7
ha
> u

|••e• tonic :

ellsini 1- sin
.

= 90

tonic
Sini _
=
fee =

,-,=I
⇐÷-I
dye Draw the path of refracted incident
ray % air
.

ray >
E
air Il=Hz

E- "
air
air
%
sinic =L
all
> -
- -
/
us?
i'
y,
y
sin
'ic=}- = 0.67

yell -7¥ 45C

✗ Ñn45°=¥z = 0.7

☐ → go

Sino A

45° > ie
so TIR

↳
find value of 20 so that

light does not cross

→ -
- -
-
- - - -

surface
"

refracting
"

AC
It 312
Of
.

=
ygo

§: -

i >
ic
→ -

90-0=9
- -
-
- - - -

(90-0) > ie
It -1312
Of
.

ygo

sin (90-0) > sinic

Coro >
Ie
cord >
-3 foe cos -14s)
Aye solid cylinder Find the min value
g. of u so that
- - - - - -
- - - -
- - - -

incident
-

7 It any ray
on flat surface

does not refract

¥ : -

from curved surface

solid cylinder .

e
¥•* - - -
-
- -
- - -
- -
-

7 It

1- Sini using
(90-8) > ie
-

sina.L
Ee ① Y#r > -

"
¥
"
corr __
' -
②

s¥ >
Ex
m2 -
sinai > I

did > 1- + Sinai

u > É i= 90

m > ¥ sina )

It > V2

Minin =
-13
R-efoadie.nl#gh.-as.phe-id.s-aee:-
Normal
⇐
It , llz
F-
' -

-1¥
-
-
-

>

it ! " "
÷
• •

I
P
object ← r →

← u → -
-v

Snell 's law

ill , sin 0 , = It a sin Oz
0 ,
= ✗+ B -
④
if 0 is small
B =
✗ +02 -
④
It O ,
,
=
Uzo - -
①

It ,
Ht B) =
Ilz (B -

Y )

It , ✗ + It , B = It 2B -

It #

It , ✗ 1- allay = @ z
-
th) B

@ a- Ui )PRm_
It
,Imu- + Uz
Prud =

YI -

Gu =

lk¥
1T¥.cn#-.aIgk-s.urfa-ce
① ' ÷÷
It
,

f'
. -

÷
u= -

f #
V= to
UI UI Il2¥
'
-
=

¥ F- MII
=
-

,
 |f,=µ',
1-
PF , = -
f ,

Refill
-
⇐

z
-
It
,

② second
-
focus
o -
.
: -
 12=20 Crn
clef find position ,
size
'

¥→M= ¥4☒#¥Émm and nature of

-1-2-3 :→A Also draw
an
image .

ray diagram .

E- 1 : -

R= -20
It
,
= 2 dlz=1 U =
-

30

ho 1mm
f- 2-0-3-0
=

3--4
¥ ME MeR#
=

-
= Go

1v=m#
f- -
=
virtual image

+ + =
-
20
'
B

* hi
20cg
¥-5
a- e- -

É*#¥÷É '

±÷÷Ia A
.

|_6o→
-

<
L
2 an

<

and similar triangle

'
DOAB DOA 'B are two .

:n÷ ¥÷=±±
BA
*
=

40cm

B' A '
=
4mm
 Thin lens : -
* Thickness is
neglected .
- O -

Convex lens
-
-
'
'

lens ¥

converging R, R2
principal axis
⑥ • n

ca 9
^

→
double convex .
:\ convex
.

× lens
→ converso convex

→
bi -

convex .

→ if R and Rz are then

, same equi -

convex .

② Plano -
convex
_ -

RFA R2
-

•
- - - - -
-
- - - - - - -
-

C2

③ Con Connie ⑥ C°ole#

R
R,
Diverging
-

R , R2 lens
-

a-
-

-
-

•
Cz
a
l
C)
Cz

Concave - concave

a → bi -
concave

⑤
Ri ⑥ R, R2
Plano concave
R=P
-

E
•

,
C 2

Convexo -
concave .
?⃝
 Eiotfous : -

concave
=

Co#e× ^
> >
.

>
-
-
-
>
-
-

••
> >
=p
•
-
-

>
-
-

>
-

F
-

>
, > n -
,

-
y

-
Second
.
focus
-

7
✗
n
> "
>
:÷E
"

SEE
"

S
> -
- - -

=
-

'

'
-

>
> I n
s

11¥69 .
If medium on both side of lens is

then its first focal

same
length is

numerically equal to second focal length .

Ep0?fI food . -
length
-

?:* ?¥_
'

-
-

.
-

> -
-

-
•
-

- Ii
object
-
v -④

u-su-v.us
←

Us

first Refraction : -

-
o -

ell
g-
Is
wa
=

u-¥- -
⑨
IndRe-tion_ -

¥ -_usp¥
-

②
,
atb

¥-¥_u-¥_p¥
III.
fought = -

f, V = A

÷É¥ =

u¥- 1-
HI - ①

foodie
sd .

= - as V = + f-
2

①
M¥
÷ ①
:# -

¥9s a-
MII -
①

¥÷t¥÷ = e-

Hi-FI ⑦

F- E- -
= @ -

ur
)( ¥ If -

f- -

tu =
libel -

1) Frits )

¥=@oe÷-t
lens maker formula
 HOMI .
word
-

⑦Len.foomIa

I
-

d- =

tf
f- =
@ -111¥ -

E)
lensmaterfoomua I:-( E- 1) ¥) }+
1f-=@→f&it ¥ -4-41%0 -

%) -

clue
R convex
find : -

= 20cm air air

focal length
R Goan
concave
light is
=

ci ,
( incident from left
a-
312
light is

incident from Right .

IE R R find : -

It ,
M3
focal length
cis light is

me
incident from left

light is

incident from Right .

object =
-
as

image =
+ F
¥÷%°uT¥ -
①

-00 f%u÷_
¥ =

!;¥
¥ * ( Mz It , llztllz
)
-
-

=
?⃝
?⃝
?⃝
f- =
÷ -

I =
Goa 1) -

(¥ ,
-

¥2)

I ± } tens

↳ f- = loan

^ Find position
of
image
;←1s-an→ z→•I ⇐ : -

U =
-
15
I E- f--

?
f- f- f-
y v= = +

f- = -110

Que
F- F=
v

10cm V=+3①
←
v=§÷☐
10cm
y
^

Find
position of
-

final
image
-

• •
→ .

0 ← 15cm → ← 10cm →

\'
'
after two refraction .

n -

V1 =
-130
"
|
Ll = -120

f- =
-
10

fu_
v=
1- + u
=

II- = -20cm

F= 10cm

nF= 10cm
y

°
-

Is

final image
¥ Fz 20cm
nf
=

,
__
10cm
a

>

>
← d >
✗ \ /

find d
"

that
"

so
emergent rays
are

parallel to
principal axis .

%
nFz=
-

20am
nf room
-

>
,

⑨ to >

¥
=÷#÷T⑦ >

D= +30
refracted
Incident
intensity
intensity -_¥=÷p
1-
in

Ir2Iinm) IJ÷①
F=
Ago at 6cm
-_
10am
\,

# ← d- on

find d for which emergent

"
"

rays are

parallel to principal axis .

?⃝
¥
af=10fyF= 6cm

÷=÷>
>
*
man
-

←
4am ¥

Ñ_i
one ^

I
É
°• =
=
← 15an→
-

← d
11
=

F= loan D= 20am

"

find d
"

so that final image is formed

on the object itself .

€: -

ca ①
^
I

°•
>
<
a-e
⑤ ←
isan ;←Eam→<É←#¥
→÷ .

f- loan
R
=

-
20cm

"
=§÷ v= =
-5--0-1=+30

Ld}
Case
- -
o

÷
15am> > -

¥→#É→
<
•÷
' T <
I
I
→

Answer D= Ioan or
d- 3Eur .

Ta?se.nl#iFicat-ion:-

RHgoi-ma.gem-fj.Y-Y.fi?;I-d----
hi
formation
-
-
o -

⊕
af
• → ②
↑
him 01 > v→B
'

↑
- - -

>

Y
' F
-

B °
% u
hi
← u→

VA
"
③

↑
\,

'

DAOB and DA 'oB

g-

¥7s ,
=

:* .

÷=÷ ¥T¥-
on
→
⊖ - real image .

virtual
m→⊕ -

image
-

⇐
g- -1=+1 1-
¥ = m

l→
 Efoo.mationf-m.com#.xlens-
② if object btn and zf
① object at is as
as .

:;÷¥¥ A -
A

B
A
→

zf
-

-
µ
>

small
^

f. ¥
y,
F
is

?2F
'

very small →
invested
→ Real image .

1m41
btn F- and zf .

m →

From noctule
Ciii ) object
Civ ) object btn ZF and F

⑦
n
=

T e.

f
→ ⑨
image
⑤
✗

←
I
as
f
image -

%éctb°^§-
itnage # f)
Object
J
J
?⃝
 •

ÉÉa= image

t.g-Graphbtnvar.cl#
F-

i
① Convextens I
!
Ro ,
RI •
I -

2F
I

← -
- - - -
- - -
- - - - -
H¥→ - - - -
-
-
- -

l
V0 ,
RI
n I > u

TF ft

1 IF
I
RO
VI

(B) Co tens : -
v
> V0

if
^
RI
I

:
IF
• * >
,
u
Ro VI ,
,

= - - - - - -
- - - - -

E.in -

-
-
- -
-

I V0
,
VI
1

I
case
f- = 10cm
F- 20am
n n,

Find the final

position of
1mm
T • image and

÷
'
•

height
Isan →
its and
-

Nature .

✗
in
¥ : -

con=veX V =
+30cm u

hh÷= I =

13¥ = -2mm ] inverted

concave

fulfil
=

v=

=%¥1-=→÷= -120

h÷=I=I÷ -2

hi = 2h .

=2f2mm ) =
-

Umm
} inverted
 af
-_ 10cm

→
F- 20am

÷→ai→€g?m→
"

2mm Final
¥ .
. Umm
image
>
S
✗

GEIN .
tenses
* *

D)
-

]
*

f Fz
-
,
f, FcFzF_

equivalent focal
- length
-

Fi Fz and Fs
÷ =

¥ ,
+
¥ -1¥ ,
-1 - - -
-
.

} Put ,

along with sign .

P = P, + Pz +
Pg -1 - -
-

clef
g-
-

find position and

'

1am T height of image .

ۃ

F Fz = 20cm
In
__
,
 Ed :
÷=¥ -1¥ v=¥÷
-

,
,

÷ +
÷ =

20 -
15

f- =

-20
=
-30¥
V Go
_¥
-

F-
=
=

hi =
4h0
IF = -120 m=
÷ =

=¥- = + y
¥m

Combination of lenses and Mirror

-
- o - o - o - o

I've.g
←
i. If

[
=
É ,
lens

=¥
,
=
-

= /

=
-

÷
=
.
I
Fe Fm

focal is
of combination given
Equivalent length

|÷g=÷m-?r Fm and Fe should

by be with sign
,

1÷=¥÷+
DE Finch
fz -40cm
E- Find position and
tant E size of image .

→
I
15am -

¥"
¥,=¥m_ ¥ r÷,=÷+t
¥g=÷
2-
%-)
+
-

10
-

to -

f-
Real
1-
To (v -30cm ) image
-

=
.

Feg
?⃝
 m =
-

÷ =

-1,3¥ =
-2

m=%- hi =
C- 2) (1) =
-

inverted
2am

image .

⊕
Equivalent focal
R, length ? =

↓
iiiirrz
"
-
-

-
- - - -

2 lens →
¥ ¥ =

,
+
¥2
1 mirror

↳
¥i¥m_r
Fz
⊕ ✗
F
n

← d-

Y ×

¥,=¥ᵗ¥i¥+ ,
 Home wook
↳ nF=
- o -
15cm

f- =
30cm
%
1am

p
TB
← 20cm -5
•
,

9 Principal
cg
axis for tens
A Itam 's s
R for
'

5 Principal axis mirror

← 30cm →
✗

image formed from

"

refraction
"
A B is the
by one

lens and one

reflection than

and
"
find the position of image distance of A
"
and B

from axis PQ
\

*
lens cut : -

- o -

R
↳ R
c)
f- =cu- " (¥ ± )
-

-
-
-
- -
- -
- - - -
-

u 1-
t
= @→ (E)
f- ¥;
①
R
R
← same
m
- - - - -
-
-
-

¥i¥+¥
Feg=
1 -

¥, ÷ -1¥
-

③
- -
- - -
-

'
f- =D

- P -
o
Rt .
I ✗
R

I F-
2¥ ,

I
:
:

☒
① I i←R= as ③ "

i
⇐ a- nite -

±) ¥1k
1¥÷-¥
t
-
- -
-

i. ÷=*→¥ )
|fi=÷#
② i

¥
-

; ⇐ +
¥
-

I OT

f
=
+2¥
I F'
¥ -
¥ = F
*

:-.
± ☐ñ±÷i

E- : -

✗
=¥¥u m=Iu=
+6£
-
20

y=
¥-20 ) =
3

15-20

£+6.0

-
62¥
o.sm.sk#-HsanI2an
1m¥
B
"

'
B

f- + tu -

¥ m=_Vu-

f- 1-+3-0=-1-30 f- =

-3-0 Cv= )
-15 =

-10¥
= 0.5
 hi =
0-5
To

hi =
@ 5) (2) = I

Disp-aer.n.e-I-r.me#od:-
lens lens
converging → convex

a
- →
:-<
-

;
É ④
object m
← D -
u →

E- u -

← →

moveable
ten screen

here D > uf
of lens
f- = focal length

f- Lu -

f- u ⇐ ul

¥
-
- -

¥,
÷ ÷ f-
-
-

£
/ U2 -
Dut DF = 0 -
①

=+D±iFÉTJF
=
d- to ±FÉf)
4-

for ☐< Uf ,
u will
imaginary .
for III →
for
u=±G=t→)m#Df
a > af

u
, -18 -

¥8 )

42--1=4+1*-5)
if a > yf
:-D >

object
1=4-3
4←u
F☒→l←va→ →
'
screen
← V ,

I =
Uz -

Un

Ii taut ) )
2-10-1,0%-1)
-

=
i¥fJ
U
E- ( Uf ) V. =D -

,
☐ D-

D2 4Df
=D -

1- ( a- ¥-4T)
x2 =
-

=£(a+iÉ ) )
|f=¥T_④⇐→*
µz- ✗-
 ① D= U
-14
=
Uztvz -20
2=-4-2-4 ,
-

D= U -142
-
,
-
③
D=
V2 -

⑨
① + ③
✗ + D = 242 Uz =
⇐ %) +
= V
,

③ -

①
U
, -142 -

( 42-4 ) ,
=
D- Dc

24 ,
= D -
N

U ,
=
¥4 =
V2

( Hink )
③ =¥= ¥2 -33in
⇐ -2412
ma -
¥= É
-

¥¥n

④ lm.me#
⑦/÷.¥÷}T
mm
-¥×¥¥ -
e-

Mimz =
Chien hiz) - Choi)2
 -

Pismo .
-
Prism is a transparent medium

surfaces
whose refracting are

parallel but are . inclined to

not

each .

Basic Terms
-
o -

be

→
A ① angle of prism
✗
or

reflecting angle
LA

faces
→ The angle btn the on

incident and from which

which light is

it emerges .

②
angle
-
of
o
-
deviation
o
-
(8)

It is the angle -

btn the emergent

and the incident ray .
 .o- °
3127¥
28 →

YKEy } firstbook
/
→
Example
↳ Exercise

Solie
submit
→

.
-
-
LA -110=180 -

①
-

i -
-

'

20=180
> - Zz >
T
, -1oz -1 -

②
incident -
'
:-, emergent
ray
in
MY 1A=y+rI
L

8. = I -0
,
c. w .
8=8,1-82
=
i -

rite -02
82=8 -

Tz
C. w .

= (ite ) (01+02)
-

8- ( ite ) -
A *¥

sandier
Gh
It is not
Smax - -
←

i
- - -

f- a parabolic
I
1 Curve .

8min
I
- - -

ii. i
1
! I

:(i=e)
'

i. I >

imine
imin
/ [ / = IT
z
e-
= IT
2
For minimum deviation ? -

ite
i=CT S= -
A

fmi-noi-n-wdlsinrz-1sine.i-smizn-n.it
tsini-us.hr

(
,

i=e

o
,= , r ,+z=A

Reheated
→ in
:÷ .
u=•IuT:!÷÷*
f.
Refractive index of poison .

⑦ if prism angle (A) is

very
small .

(thin
-
prism )

i small
→
very

A -18min -

sinO=O
U= if 0 is small

UA = A -18min
prism

i→
④ A
minimum
incase of
a- the
devotion , ray
" "" inside prism
-

is

> of
*
>
parallel to base

XP Cf if base angles
C
prism ,

B same
are
B=c
. .

I
 Foo Max deviation

i or e = 11-12

li=ñI ②
at surface AB

4) sincñk) =
using sins
, =L - Sini ,

at surface Ac 0
,
__
ic trz= A- r
,

eusinrz it sine

iae-isin-ifus.ir#--i/S--i-e-
= -
A -

A → 8=(90+0) -

8=8,1-82

= (90-0,7+6-02)
=
90 -

& ,
+ a) +e

18=9o-A-→
1ma×_
 Condition of
-
-
no
-
Emergence -
: -

I > ie
Ta
t-sini-usn.no
'

¥ (7+02)
,
-_ A
using = g-sine

r~=A -0
,

if i = so } ← max

0
,
-_
ie } ← max

v2 A ie } ← min

µ
-

sinks > sine

A ie > io
Tz
¥4k) In
-

-
>

A > 2ic i
ee > cosecctk)
A-z > ic

clue find the value of i to

get minimum

deviation and also find 8min

yA=6o '

7
all =3 / 2

Aye find min possible value of angle i ,

so that
is refracted from 2nd surface also find
ray .

deviation =A=6o .

)u=FthFs