Wave Optics # coherent and incoherent sources : The sources of light ,

which emit
# Wavefront : The locus of all particles of the medium vibrating in continuous light waves of the same wavelength ,
same frequency &

same phase at a given instant is known as wavefront -

in same phase or having a constant phase difference are known as

Spherical wavefront : When the source of light is a point source ,

the coherent sources .

wavefront is spherical "grays Two sources of light do not emit light waves with a constant

--
D
J

Navefront phase difference are called incoherent sources

-&
.

source Interference of lights

Cylindrical Havefront : When the light source is linear, the wavefront It is the phenomenon of redistribution of
energy on account of

is Cylindricalwavefront
linear >
-
superposition of light waves from two coherent sources.
Source Interference pattern produce points of maximum and
* minimum intensity. Points where resultant intensity is maximum ,

* Plane Wavefront : When the point source or linear source of light is at interference is said to be constructive and at the points of
very large distance ,
a small portion of spherical or cylindrical wave -
destructive interference , resultant intensity is minimum .

-front appears to be plane Such .

a wavefront is known as Plane wave -

#Intensity distribution
-
front If a b are the amplitudes of interfering waves due to two coherent
-
Light rays
sources and ! is constant phase difference between the two
Plane *

wavefront- D
waves at any point P, then the resultant amplitude at P

will be G b + 2 abcosd
R =
+

According
=

# Huygens principle : to Huygens principle ,

-

Every point on given wavefront (primary wavefront) acts as a Resultant intensity I =

I +
, If + 2 IE,E, Cos
fresh source of new disturbance called , secondary wavelets
. When cosd = I -when cosd = -I

The secondary wavelets spread out in all the direction with Imax /E + +Es)
=

, Imin =
(II +E2)
,
-

the speed of light in the medium primary

Secondary
.

&

wavefront
-

A surface touching these secondary Conditions for sustained interference of light

Wave
wavelets-
*
wavelets tangentially in the forward front ⑭The amplitudes of waves from two sources should preferably
⑭
direction at any instant gives the new be equal .

⑭ I

(secondary) wavefront at that instant ↳ The waves emitted by the two sources should either be
in phase or should have a constant phase difference and
#
Laws of reflection by Huygens principle have frequency
same .

-
H Al ↳ The two sources should be very narrow .

L &

O
p
Sunil Jangra Physicsexperiment
Young's double # slit : was the first to demonstrate
-
I -
t
L
X
r ( the phenomenon of interference of light Using
.
two slits
BI
illuminated by monochromatic light source , he obtained bright
For every point on Wavefront AB , a corresponding point lies on and dark bands bands of equal width placed alternately.
the reflected wavefront A'B' .
These were called interferencefringes .

so , comparing two triangle ABAB' & AB'A'B · screen

4 Dark
We find that ,
AB A'B = =
Ct BB =
common (A = LA go =
3 Bright #

3 Dark
Thus two triangles are congruent ,
hence Li = L
2 Bright C
2 Dark
Laws of refraction by Huygens principle S 1 Bright
- I Dark
air
d ⑭ Central Bright fringe
~ Incident
it
From AABB' and AA'B'B , shell's Dark (or central maximal
wavefront 1 Bright
law can be proved. *

B 1i
Ct
BI o
S2 2 Dark

Sni CtBB'
= =
2 Bright
r g 3 Dark
Vt
glass
- 3 Bright
All
#
V 4 Dark
-
refracted ↑ D D

wavefront
* Intensity
# Effect on
frequency wavelength and speed during refraction
.

M
,

When a wave passes from one medium to another then change in

speed v takes place , wavelength X also changes whereas its

ii it in 2x
,

frequency o remains the same .

O pathe difference
For constructive interference (ie formation of bright fringes) Diffraction of light : It is the phenomenon of bending of

Fornt bright fringe light around corners of an obstacle or aperture in the

Path difference <

<G nx H= 1 2
,..... path of light
= = .
,

The intensity pattern is exactly symmetrical on both side , of #Diffraction due to a

single slit:

*
the intensity graph
. Note : Size of the slit is
~D ark
bright fringe comparable to wavelength
>
where n =
0 for central .
&

n =
1 for first bright fringe n =
2 for second bright fringe & so on
Dark
.

··
-

-
Xp
nx4 3
.
: =
; n 0, 1 2
al
=
, , -

V
⑭ For destructive interference (ie formation of dark tringe)
For nt dark fringe a>

Path difference =<

A (24-1)
=

9
↑ D -
-

-
where n= for first dark fringe n =
2 for and dark fringe 8 so on .
S

= distance of nt dark fringe from the centre.

-

Condition for nth secondary maximum is

(2H 1) Path difference asinon (2n + where
: Xn
4 n = 13
1) n 1 ,2 , 3
, . . .
=
;
= - = =
=

The intensity pattern is exactly symmetrical on both sides of the

-

Condition for nt secondary minimum is

intensity graph
. Path difference =asinon =
nx where n = 1 , 2, 3, 4
,

Fringe width : The distance between any two consecutive -

Width of secondary maxima or minima

bright or dark fringes is known as fringe width B Where a= Width of slit.

xD
=
.

Fringe D distance of screen from the slit

width B
<*
= = .

Angular fringe B= ↳ Width of central maximum

** Width O 2x
:
,
= =

If W, We are widths of two slits , I , Is are intensities of light Angular fringe width of Central maximum 8=
24 a
coming from two slits ; a , b are the amplitudes of light from

these slits ,
then ↳
Angular fringe width of
secondary maxima or minima

Sunil Jangra Physics1

G2
k # late p
; Imax
= =
=
=

T2

Imin (a-b)2
* Fresnel distance : It is the minimum distance a beam of

When entire apparatus of Young's double slit experiment is light has to travel before its deviation from straight line path
immersed in a medium of refractive index u , then fringe becomes significant
width becomes
B
Fresnel distance , If
=
x x 1
= = =

ud el

When a thin transparent plate of thickness to refractive

index u is placed in the path of one of the interfering waves

,

fringe width remains unaffected but the entire pattern

shift by
(n
1)tB
(n 1) +
B
(x = -
= -

Colour of thin films : A soap film or a thin film of oil

spread over water surface , when seen in white light

appears . This effect
coloured can be explained in terms

of Phenomenon of interference·