Copar Lecture

SYSTEMS PLUS COLLEGE FOUNDATION
Angeles City
COLLEGE OF NURSING
Nursing Care Management 113: COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING 2 (Community and Population Group
as Clients)
2nd Semester, S.Y. 2020-2021
HANDOUT: COPAR
I. CONTENT
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH(COPAR) AS A TOOL FOR

DEVELOPMENT
Definition:
COPAR
⮚ A social development approach
⮚ aims to transform the apathetic, individualistic and voiceless poor into dynamic, participatory and
politically responsive community
⮚ A collective, participatory, transformative, liberative, sustained, and systematic processof building
people’s organizations by mobilizing and enhancing the capabilities andresources of the people
⮚ for the resolution of their issues and concerns towards effective change in their existingoppressive and
exploitive conditions
⮚ A process by which a community identifies its needs and objectives, develops confidence to take action
in respect to them and in doing so, extends and developscooperative and collaborative attitudes and
practices in the community.
⮚ A continuous and sustained process of educating the people to understand and developtheir critical
awareness of their existing conditions, working with the people collectivelyand efficiently on their immediate
needs toward solving their long-termproblems.
Importance of COPAR
✔ Helps the community workers to generate community participation ✔ Prepares people to
eventually take over the management of development program/sinthe future
✔ Maximizes community participation and development
✔ Mobilization of resources for health development services
Principles of COPAR
✔ People, especially the most oppressed, exploited and deprived sectors are opentochange, have the
capacity to change and are able to bring about change. ✔ COPAR should be based on the interests of
the poorest sectors of society. ✔ COPAR should lead to self-reliant community and society
Processes used in COPAR

❖ A PROGRESSIVE CYCLE OF ACTION-RECLECTION-ACTION– issues areidentified by people
and the evaluation and reflection of and on the action takenbythem
❖ CONSCIOUSNESS-RAISING – through experiential learning ❖ COPAR is PARTICIPATORY AND
MASS-BASED – primarily directed andbased in favor of the poor, the powerless and the oppressed
❖ COPAR is GROUP-CENTERED and not leader-centered – leaders are not appointedbut
identified, emerge and are tested trough action.
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING (CO) PROCESS 1. PRE-ENTRY PHASE
⮚ Gathering important data in the community before entering it ⮚ Knowing the people
⮚ Conducting preliminary social analysis
SOURCES OF INITIAL DATA:

⮚ Written community profile
⮚ Vital statistics consolidated and updated at the RHC ⮚ Reports from the Field Health Service and
Information System (FHIS) of the coveredbarangay
⮚ Descriptions of the barangay from RHU workers, barangay health workers, andvolunteers
2. ENTRY PHASE
⮚ Do not create false hopes
⮚ We should maintain a “low profile”
⮚ Based on the information we have gathered, we must adapt our clothing and mannersto the people’s way
of life
⮚ We do not create the impression of becoming “superstars” or “saviours”
COURTESY CALL
✔ Visiting the leaders in the community to present our intentions and to come toanagreement with the
scope of our work
✔ Contact with the leaders will be continuous and often.
3. SOCIAL INTEGRATION OR “PAKIKIPAMUHAY” ⮚ Arranging period where we can live with them
and experience what they do ⮚ We must become family members, neighbors, co-workers, co-church
members, andfriends
❖ We integrate specifically to achieve the following:
∙Empathy
work because of “pang-unawa” (understanding) rather than “awa” (pity) ∙Trust
mutually gaining comfort and revealing reality
∙Truth
people reveal their true sentiments, concerns and aspirations.
Tips on how to integrate well in the community:
a) Live their lives.
b) Get out of your comfort zones.
c) Cultural exchanges.
d) Be one of the crowd.
4. SOCIAL ANALYSIS/COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS or

“PAGSUSURINGPAMPAMAYANAN”
⮚ The usual participation of the people in the investigation of their situation throughanswering survey
questionnaires or interview questions.
⮚ People must have “kamalayan” or deeper understanding of their reality. ⮚ Community
diagnosis must be done by the people.
⮚ People reflect on their present health conditions and identify individual and commonproblems.
⮚ Investigate on the readiness and willingness of the community to remove barriers totheir health and
contribute for the improvement of their healthy systems
5. CORE GROUP FORMATION
❖ Core group is composed of individuals who possess abilities to lead the communityinhealth care.
❖ Criteria for the core group:

✔ Indigenous
✔ Multisectoral
✔ Social awareness
✔ Commitment
✔ People chosen
❖ By creating a core group, the organization will not be leader-centered but people-centeredwhere
all sectors will be represented.
6. SETTING UP THE ORGANIZATION
∙ Readiness of the community to form organization

∙ Start of establishing their organization
∙ Election of officers
∙ Every sector should have seat in the organizational leadership.
7. STRENGHTENING THE ORGANIZATION ⮚ Investigate deeper into their situations and find
possible solutions as a whole ⮚ Formulation of mission, vision and goals.
⮚ Strengthen leadership and membership by training.
8. WORKING WITH OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

⮚ Involvement with higher level of health issues not only affecting their own community but their
municipality, province, region or even the country ⮚ Need to be supported and support other
organizations
⮚ Joining not only an organization, but coalition or alliance, or later even network.
PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH (PAR) PAR

• Community-directed process of gathering and analyzing information or issues for theprocess of taking
actions and making changes
• Guided and continuous process that will chart present and future directions • Involves research,
education and action to empower the people
❖ FOCUS – generate knowledge to generate actions

❖ DRIVING FORCE – Positive Social Change
❖ ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF PAR – Participation
❖ MAIN ACTORS in THE RESEARCH PROCESS – People (Beneficiaries) ❖ Activities
✔ Investigate health conditions
✔ Determine the causes of the problem
✔ Analyze the problems
✔ Identify factors affecting their level of functioning
✔ Act by themselves in responding to their own problems
• Identify their strengths and weaknesses
• Determine ways for improvement or changes in action
❖ Characteristics:
✔ Research seeks social transformation
✔ Problems are defined by the community members themselves ✔ The people (community groups)
undertake the investigation fromdata collection to analysis
✔ The community formulates recommendation and an action plan based onresearch outcome
PAR IN THE CO PROCESS

• PAR is an integral part in community organizing
•Through PAR the organization is strengthened and continued • PAR is the strategy used
in social analysis
PAR METHODS:
❖ Review existing documents
- Vital Statistics
❖ Participant observation as basis for social analysis
❖ Community mapping
-Analyze the relationships of the community’s resources
❖ Case studies and stories
- Models for community actions
❖ Seek those who are experts about specific issues
- Knowledge and skills handed on by tradition have been long validated andcannot be questioned
❖ Group encounters
- Joining “umpukans” with the community people
❖ Transect walks
-Systematic walk with key informants while discussing significant informationabout the community
❖ Shared presentation and analysis
- Presentation, checking, correction, and discussion of findings and data bylocal people at community
meetings
PARTNERSHIP and COLLABORATION NETWORKING

• Organizations exchange information about each other’s goal, objectives, services or facilities
•Results in the organizations’ awareness of each other’s worth and capabilities andhowto contribute
to the accomplishment of the network’s goals and objectives •Requires small amount of time
• Has great potential in terms of joint action
COORDINATION
• Organizations modify their activities in order to provide better service to the target beneficiary
•Becomes time consuming as it requires more involvement and trust fromthe committedorganization
COOPERATION
• Organizations share information and resources to make adjustments in one’s ownagenda to
accommodate their organization’s agenda
• Organizations share ownership of the success, rewards as well as problems and hasslesthat go along with
working together
COLLABORATION
• Organizations help each other enhance their capacities in performing their tasks as well as in the
provision of services
• People become partners rather than competitors
•Entails a lot of work, but the potential for change can be great
COALITION or MULTI-SECTORAL COLLABORATION • Organizations and citizens form a

partnership
• All parties give priority to the good of the community
•Requires great investment in terms of effort, time, trust and the will to make a change
ADVOCACY
• Promotes community participation
• Helps people attain optimal degree of independence in decision-making in assertingtheir rights to a
safe and better community
• Places the client’s rights as priority
• Helps empower the people to make decisions and carry out actions that have the potential to improve
their lives
CHN- According to Dr. Aracelli Maglaya

 Utilization of Nursing Process to the different level of clientele
I- Individual- Point of entry/ first receiving of intervention

F-Family- Center delivery of care/ focal point
G- Group- point of specific care/ Per group there is a different intervention
C- community- point of entire care/ Client of CHN
Concepts of CHN- EUROPE

E- Emphasis of CHN according to PAMORCA
 Health Promotion-
o tools (Health Education)- the focus of nurse
o In 1986 started the OTTAWA charter for health promotion
 International conference on health promotion
 focus process of enabliny people to increase control over and improve the health
 Disease Prevention
U-Ultimate Goal of CHN-

 Increase the level of health of citizenry
 Increase the wellness of the people
R- Read the Primary goal of CHN

 Enhance people’s capabilities
O- Objective of CHN
 PROCOPAR
o PRO- Provide Quality Services, Education and Research
o CO- Coordinate nursing services
o PAR- Participate, Development and Evaluation plan
PE- Pen- Philosophy of CHN according to Dr. Margarette Shetland

 Based on the worth and dignity of man

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SYSTEMS PLUS COLLEGE FOUNDATION

COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH(COPAR) AS A TOOL FOR

Processes used in COPAR

SOURCES OF INITIAL DATA:

❖ We integrate specifically to achieve the following:

4. SOCIAL ANALYSIS/COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS or

5. CORE GROUP FORMATION

❖ Criteria for the core group:

6. SETTING UP THE ORGANIZATION

∙ Readiness of the community to form organization

8. WORKING WITH OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH (PAR) PAR

❖ FOCUS – generate knowledge to generate actions

PAR IN THE CO PROCESS

PARTNERSHIP and COLLABORATION NETWORKING

COALITION or MULTI-SECTORAL COLLABORATION • Organizations and citizens form a

CHN- According to Dr. Aracelli Maglaya

I- Individual- Point of entry/ first receiving of intervention

Concepts of CHN- EUROPE

U-Ultimate Goal of CHN-

R- Read the Primary goal of CHN

PE- Pen- Philosophy of CHN according to Dr. Margarette Shetland

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