1.

The basic structural,

functional unit and
biological unit of
all organisms.
2. All organisms are
composed of one or
more of cells
iii.Organisms can
be made up of
a single cell or
millions of them.
iv. Inside each
organism, cells
are the smallest
unit of life
4. Each cell has an
outer covering
called a cell
membrane, and
internal structures
that allow them to
grow, use energy,
produce new cells,
and some cells can
even move on their
own.
4. The new cell arises
only from pre
existing cell.
 • Smallest/ Basic unit of an organism
CELLS • Eg: Nerve cells, Epithelial cells

• Group of cells
TISSUE • Eg: Muscle, Bone

• Group of tissues
ORGAN • Eg: Heart, Stomach, Brain

• Group of organs
SYSTEM • Eg: Digestive system, Urinary system
 CELL
FUNCTIONS
i. Two different types of cells can be found in
organisms

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Microorganisms All other forms of life

1. Two different types of cells can be
found in organisms
2. Scientists have divided the prokaryotes into two
groups, the Bacteria and the Archaea.
 Prokaryotes

Bacteria Archaea
Exist in most environments Exist in extreme environments
(hot and salty)

They are differing in some other structural,

biochemical and physiological characteristics
• Archaea.
– Any of a group of
microorganisms that resemble
bacteria but are different from
them in their genetic and
certain aspects of their cell
structure, such as the cell
walls.
– Archaea usually live in very
hot or salty environments, such
as hot mineral springs or deep-
sea hydrothermal vents , but
some are also found in animal
digestive systems.
• Bacteria.
– Bacteria are single-
cell organisms that
are neither plants
nor animals.
– They usually
measure a few
micrometers in
length and exist
together in
communities of
millions.
1. Most prokaryotes
are made up of just
a single cell
(unicellular)
amoebas, yeast,
and so on.
2. usually smaller
and simple than
eukaryotic cells
3. Prokaryotes are
single cellular
organisms and
are one of the
simplest living
organisms known
to humans.
4. Prokaryotes are
organisms made
up of cells that
lack a cell
nucleus or
organelles.
5. Genetic material
DNA in
prokaryotes is not
bound within a
nucleus.
5. DNA is less
structured in
prokaryotes
6. Prokaryotic DNA
can be found in a
coiled loop
floating in the
cytoplasm in a
region called the
nucleoid
1. Eukaryotic cells are
generally larger and
more complex than
prokaryotic cells.
2. They also contain a
variety of cellular bodies
called organelles.
3. The organelles function
in the activities of the
cell and are
compartments for
localizing metabolic
function
4. Eukaryotes are organisms made up of cells that
have a membrane-bound nucleus (that holds
genetic material) as well as membrane-bound
organelles.
4. Eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more
complex than prokaryotic cells
5. contain a variety of cellular bodies called
organelles
6. In eukaryote
cells, the
chromosomes
are contained
within a
membranous
nuclear
envelope.
7. The region
between the
nucleus and the
plasma membrane
is the cytoplasm.
8. All the material
within the plasma
membrane of a
prokaryotic cell is
cytoplasm.
9. Within the cytoplasm
of a eukaryotic cell is
a variety of
membrane-
bounded organelles
of specialized form
and function.
10. These membrane-
bounded organelles
are absent in
prokaryotes.
11. Organelles:-
• mitochondria
• chloroplasts,
• endoplasmic reticulum,
• Golgi apparatus
• lysosomes.
12. Eukaryotic cells are more complex and are
about 10 times larger than prokaryotic cells.
13. The organelles
function in the
activities of the
cell and are
compartments for
localizing
metabolic
function
14. The logistics of carrying
out metabolism set limits
on cell size.
• At the lower limit,
the smallest
bacteria,
mycoplasmas, are
between 0.1 to 10
micron.
• Most bacteria are 1-
10 microns in
diameter.
• Eukaryotic cells are
typically 10-100
microns in diameter.
i. Eukaryotic cells are
generally larger and more
complex than prokaryotic
cells
ii. contain a variety of
cellular bodies called
organelles
iii. The organelles function in
the activities of the cell
and are compartments for
localizing metabolic
function
i. Different sizes,
shapes, Colors and
functions
ii. Consists of 3 parts:
a) Cell
membrane@
plasma
membrane
b) Nucleus
c) Cytoplasm
i. Is the outer boundary of the cell
( inner layer of protection surrounded)
ii. It selectively allows substances to pass
into and out of the cell.
iii. Thin, flexible, elastic
iv. Consists of 2 layers:
a. Outer surface
• Have electrical charge
• Hydrophilic (attracting water)
b. Inner surface
• No charge
• Hydrophobic (repelling water)
v. Is a fluid double layer
(bilayer)
vi. Composed mainly of
protein and
phospholipids.
i. Is the control center of the cell.
ii. Within the nucleus are the chromosome,
which contain the GENES that direct
reproduction and hereditary of cells
iii. Separated from the surrounding cytoplasm
by double nuclear envelope
iv. Spherical structure
v. Others structure at nucleus :
a) nuclear envelope
b) nucleolus
c) chromatin
i. Selectively
permeable
double
membrane
barrier containing
pores
ii. Encloses jellylike
nucleoplasm,
contains essential
solutes
iii. Outer membrane - continuous with
rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough
ER) & is studded with ribosomes
iv. Inner membrane is lined with nuclear
lamina, which maintains the shape of
the nucleus.
v. Pore complex regulates transport of
large molecules into & out of the
nucleus
i. Dark-staining
spherical
bodies within
the nucleus
ii. Site of
ribosome
production
iii. Composed of
RNA & protein
i. Composed
of
continuous
DNA
molecules
wrapped
around 8
proteins
called
histones
The transmission electron microscope (TEM)
i. Is the portion of the cell
outside the nucleus and within
the plasma membrane
ii. Clear sol/gel  called
Cytosol
iii. Membranes &
organelles are
suspended in a protein
rods & tubules form the
cytoskeleton, a
supportive framework
iv. Organelles perform
specific cellular
functions
i. Organelle-“little organ”
ii. Found only inside eukaryotic cells
iii. Divided into:
a) Permanent cellular components (Permanent
cells are cells that are incapable of regeneration)
b) Temporary components (Inclusions)
a) Permanent cellular
components
i. Membrane
bound,
contains
enzyme
ii. Non-
membrane
bound
i. Membrane bound and
contains enzyme Eg:
– Lysosomes,
contain digestive enzymes

– Mitochondria produce
the energy ,

– Peroxisomes enzymes, such

as D-amino acid oxidase and uric acid oxidase

– Endoplasmic
reticulum protein enzyme
– Golgi Apparatus
enzyme to act with carbohydrate
ii. Non-membrane bound Eg:
– Centriols- help with cell
division
– Cytoskeleton- gives a
cell its shape
– Ribosomes.
b) Temporary components
– Membrane/Non-membrane bound
– Nutrients (Lipid, Carbohydrate),
Pigments, vesicles
 Chromatin Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus Nucleus

Plasma
Smooth endoplasmic membrane
reticulum

Lysosome

Mitochondrion

Centrioles Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum

Ribosomes

Golgi apparatus

Microfilament

Microtubule

Intermediate
filaments Peroxisome
i. Connected to
nuclear envelope
ii. Highway of the
cell
a) Rough ER:
studded with
ribosomes, it
makes proteins
b) Smooth ER: no
ribosome, it
makes lipids
i. large complexes of
protein and ribonucleic
acid (RNA), are the
cellular organelles
responsible for protein
synthesis.
ii. Site of protein synthesis
iii. Found:
– attached to rough ER
– or floating free in
cytoplasm
iv. Produced in nucleolus (in
nucleus)
i. a complex of
vesicles and folded
membranes within
the cytoplasm o
ii. Function in stores,
modifies &
packages proteins
iii. Transport vesicles
(contain a proteins)
from the ‘ER fuse’ to
the ‘cis face/ convex
face) of the Golgi
apparatus.
iii. Proteins (in side of
vesicles) then pass
through the Golgi
apparatus to the
‘trans face’
iv. Vesicles leave the
‘trans face’ of the
Golgi stack &
move to
designated parts
of the cell
 Rough ER
Cisterna Proteins in cisterna

Role of the Golgi Apparatus Membrane

Phagosome

Vesicle

Lysosomes containing acid

hydrolase enzymes

Vesicle incorporated
Pathway 3 into plasma membrane
Coatomer
coat

Golgi
apparatus Pathway 2
Secretory vesicles

Pathway 1
Plasma membrane
Proteins

Extracellular fluid

Secretion by exocytosis
i. Garbage disposal
of the cell
ii. Contain digestive
enzymes that
break down wastes
iii. Cell breaks down if
lysosome explodes
i. Digest ingested bacteria, viruses & toxins
ii. Degrade non-functional organelles
iii. Breakdown glycogen & release thyroid
hormone
iv. Breakdown non-useful tissue
v. Breakdown bone to release Ca2+
vi. Secretory lysosomes are found in white
blood cells, immune cells & melanocytes
i. “Powerhouse of the cell”
ii. Cellular respiration occurs here to release
energy for the cell to use
iii. Controls level of water & other materials in
cell
iv. Recycles & decomposes proteins, fats &
carbohydrates
v. Bound by a double membrane
vi. Has its own strand of DNA
i. Membranous
sacs containing
oxidases &
catalases
ii. Detoxify
harmful or
toxic
substances
iii. Neutralize
dangerous free
radicals
– Free radicals –
highly reactive
chemicals with
unpaired
electrons (i.e.,
O2–)
 CHLOROPLAST
• Found only in
plant cells
• Contains the
green pigment
chlorophyll
• Site of food
(glucose)
production
• Bound by a
double membrane
 VACUOLES
• Large central
vacuole usually in
plant cells
• Many small
vacuoles in animal
cells
• Storage container
for water, food,
enzymes, wastes,
pigments, etc.
• Help plants
maintain shape
i. Act as tracks or
supports for motor
proteins that move the
organelles.
ii. Acts as skeleton and
muscle
iii. Provides shape &
structure-Interacts with
extracellular structures
iv. Helps move organelles
around the cell
v. Made of three types
of filaments
i. Located within
centrosome
"microtubule
organizing center“
ii. Contain nine
group/triplet of
microtubules
iii.Aids in cell
division
iv. Usually found
only in animal
cells
v. Form basal
body of cilia &
flagella
i. Cilia have two
main purpose.
Some cilia are
used for
locomotion,
while others are
used as sensory
organs, like bug
antennae.
i. Flagella are longer & much less numerous than
cilia, but serve much the same purpose. Most
eukaryotic cells have only one or two, while
prokaryotes & bacteria can have many more, &
use them to move about.
Parameter Prokaryotic Eukaryotic cell
cell
Size Generally small Generally large
(1-10m) (5-100m)
Nuclear region Not surrounded Surrounded by
by nuclear a nuclear
membrane membrane
Chromosome Single circular More than one
linear
Nucleolus Absent Present
Cell Organelles Absent Present
Cell division By fission or Mitotic or
budding meiotic
CHARACTERISTIC PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
Nucleus Absent Present with nuclear
1 membrane
DNA structure Single circular chromosome Multiple linear chromosome in
nucleus
Membranes Cell membrane only Cell and organelle membranes
Organelles Absent Present in variety of forms
Ribosomes Smaller than eukaryotic Larger than prokaryotic
ribosomes. Free in cytoplasm. ribosomes.

Cytoskeleton Absent Present

Cell walls Generally present. Complex Present in fungi, algae, plants.
chemical composition Complex chemical
composition.
Flagella Rotating movement Whipping movement
Cilia Absent In some cells
Examples Eubacteria, Archea Fungi, protista, plants,
animals, including humans.