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Design of Nug Oil Extracting Machine: Acknowledgement

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DESIGN OF NUG OIL EXTRACTING MACHINE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and for most, we would like to thank our GOD for everything who done for us. Secondly
our advisor Mr. Wossenu Ali (Lecturer, Mechanical engineering, Wollo University) we would
like to thank him for his long lasting advice. Thirdly a word of thank also goes to teachers and
students of Kombolcha industrial college who help us in different activities of the project.
Lastly but not the list we would like to thank our friends and different persons who shares their
knowledge, time, material and energy for the success of this project.

By:Tadesse Mayet,Gidey Kiros,Habtom Birhanie,Tesfanesh Abay


ITR/1042/03,ITR/099/02,ITR/485/03,ITR/897/03

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DESIGN OF NUG OIL EXTRACTING MACHINE

ABSTRACT
Traditional methods of extracting oil from nug have reduced its usage. These improved
methods of extracting oil from nug will also encourage the poor families who collect the nug in
the village to have incomes from there sources. The previous method of nug oil extraction which
could not meet the demand of domestic and industrial use of the oil led to the development of
nug oil extracting machine. The machine was divided into two units namely; the crushing unit
and the extraction unit. It can be operated either manually. The machine was designed and
constructed to serve small and medium scale industries in the rural and urban areas.

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DESIGN OF NUG OIL EXTRACTING MACHINE

LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE 2.1: TEMPERATURE – VISCOSITY PERFORMANCE OF THE OIL SEED ...................................... 8
FIGURE 2.2: SCHEMATIC ILLUSTRATION OF PERMEABILITY ............................................................. 8
FIGURE 3.1: MANUALLY OPERATED SCREW PRESS MECHANISM...................................................... 11
FIGURE 3.2: DETAILED PICTURE OF SCREW PRESS ......................................................................... 14
FIGURE 3.3: NOZZLE TYPE CHOKE MECHANISM .......................................................................... 155
FIGURE 3.4: CONICAL TYPES CHOKE MECHANISMS .................................................................... 155
FIGURE 4.1: GEOMETRY OF THE SCREW PRESS ................................................................................ 17
FIGURE 4.2: GRAPHS OF HEIGHT DISTRIBUTIONS THROUGH THE SCREW SHAFT………….………18
FIGURE 4.3: GRAPH OF ASSUMED PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION…………………………….………....19
FIGURE 4.4: FORCE DSTRIBUTION………………………………………………………………....21
FIGURE 4.5: SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM………….……………………………………………….....24
FIGURE 4.6: BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM .................................................................................... 244
FIGURE 4.7: GEOMETRY OF HANDLE ............................................................................................. 255
FIGURE 4.8: ILLUSTRATION OF FORCE DIRECTIONS ON THE UNWRAPPED THREAD WHILE PUSHING THE SEEDS
FORWARD ............................................................................................................................... 322
FIGURE4.9: GEAR NOMENCLATURE ............................................................................................. 333
FIGURE4.10: ILLUSTRATION OF INSIDE AND OUTSIDE PRESSURE FOR THE VESSEL ...................... 411
FIGURE 4.11: VS GRAPH ............................................................................................. 422

FIGURE 4.12: PRESSURE CHANGE IN VOLUME OF CAKE AND OIL EXPRESSED VS. TIME GRAPH ... 455

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DESIGN OF NUG OIL EXTRACTING MACHINE

LIST OF TABLE
TABLE 2.1: RANG OF FATTY ACID COMPOSITION (%) OF INDIAN AND ETHIOPIA NIGER OIL .............. 6
TABLE 2.2: AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF WHOLE NIGER FLOUR, NIGER SEED LIPID CONCENTRATE
HIGH TEMPERATURE SOLUBLE (HTS) FRACTION CONCENTRATE, INDIAN NIGER CAKE, AND
ETHIOPIAN NIGER MEAL............................................................................................................ 7
TABLE 4.1: RESULTS OF FORCE ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 233
TABLE4.2: MATERIAL FOR SCREW SHAFT ....................................................................................... 29
TABLE4.3: SCREW PRESS CAPACITY ............................................................................................ 311
TABLE4.4: MINIMUM NUMBER OF TEETH ON THE PINION GEAR..................................................... 355
TABLE 4.5: RELATION BETWEEN EQUIVALENT LENGTH (L) AND ACTUAL LENGTH (L).................. 38
Table 4.6: Volumetric Flow rates of compressed and uncompressed seed…………………..….46
Table 4.7: cost analysis…………………………………………………………………………..50

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DESIGN OF NUG OIL EXTRACTING MACHINE

ABBREVIATION
A annular : Area between inside wall of the vessel and root diameter of the
Screw Shaft
b : Face width
d : Diameter of shaft
d1 : Smallest root diameter of the screw shaft
Dh : Diameter of the oil drainage hole
Ds : Outside diameter of the screw shaft
f : Kinetic friction coefficient between the seed and the machine
Component
Fa : Axial unit force on the threads
Fts : Tangential force on the screw shaft
Fxs : Axial force pushing the seeds forward
H : Taper angle of the cake discharge
H( ) : Function of the thread depth along the thread length
H1 : Height of the thread at the starting point of the turns of the screw
Shaft
H2 : Height of the thread at the end point of the turns of the screw shaft
Kf : Stress concentration factor for threads
Kt : Stress concentration factor for holes on the vessel
l : Pitch of the screw
Lh : Distance between two oil drainage holes
Lt : Thread length for one turn
Moil : Mass flow rate of oil

m : Mass flow rate


n : Factor of safety
N : Shaft speed (rev/min)
N1 : Normal force on the thread of the screw shaft
Nh : Number of oil drainage holes
P : Power
P( ) : Function of the pressure distribution along the thread length
P1 : Pressure at the inlet of the screw shaft
P2 : Pressure at the outlet of the screw shaft
Pmax : Maximum pressure
PS : Shaft power
Po : Outside Pressure
Qcake : Volumetric flow rate of the cake in the screw press
Qcompressed_seed : Volumetric flow rate of the compressed seeds in the screw press
Qoil : Volumetric flow rate of the oil in the screw press

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DESIGN OF NUG OIL EXTRACTING MACHINE

Quncompressed_seed : Volumetric flow rate of the newly fed seeds into the screw press
RA : Reaction force acting on shaft at position A
RB : Reaction force acting on shaft at position B
rvi : Inside radius of the vessel
rvo : Outside radius of the vessel
Sy : Yield strength
T : Torque
Ts : Torque of the screw shaft
VolumeR : Real swept volume of the seeds
VolumeT : Theoretical swept volume of the seeds
: Density of niger seed (kg/m3)
 : Efficiency
 : Filling ratio of screw
 : Allowable bending stress of shaft
 : Allowable shear stress
tangential :tangential stress on the vessel
radial : Principle stresses occur inside the vessel
longitudinal :longitudinal stress on the vessel

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DESIGN OF NUG OIL EXTRACTING MACHINE

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................................................... i

ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................................... ii

LIST OF FIGURE ............................................................................................................................................. iii

LIST OF TABLE............................................................................................................................................... iv

ABBREVIATION .............................................................................................................................................. v

TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................................... vii

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1

1.1-BACK GROUND .................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2-STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ........................................................................................................... 2

1.3-OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT ............................................................................................................... 2

1.3.1-General objective......................................................................................................................... 2

1.3.2-Specific objective ......................................................................................................................... 2

1.4-SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................................. 2

1.5-SCOPE OF THE STUDY ......................................................................................................................... 2

1.6-METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY.......................................................................................................... 3

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE SURVEY ON OIL EXTRACTION ................................................................................................... 4

2.1-LITERATURE REVIEW ABOUT PREVIOUS WORKS ................................................................................ 4

2.2-CHEMICHAL PROPERTIES OF THE SEED .............................................................................................. 5

2. 3-FLIUD PROPERTY OF SEED ................................................................................................................. 7

2.4-THE PREVIOUS OIL EXTRACTING METHODS ....................................................................................... 9

CHAPTER THREE

PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF SCREW PRESS .................................................................................................... 11

3.1- MAIN PARTS OF THE MACHINE ....................................................................................................... 12


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DESIGN OF NUG OIL EXTRACTING MACHINE

3.2-WORKING PRINCIPLE ........................................................................................................................ 13

3.3-COMPARISON OF OIL DRAINAGE SYSTEMS ...................................................................................... 13

3.3.1- Drilled Holes .............................................................................................................................. 13

3.3.2- Lining Bars with Spacers ........................................................................................................... 13

3.3.3- Barrel Rings ............................................................................................................................... 14

3.4-COMPARISION OF THE CHOKE MECHANISM ALTERNATIVES ........................................................... 14

FOR CAKE DRANAGE ............................................................................................................................... 14

3.4.1- Nozzle Type Choke Mechanism ................................................................................................ 14

3.4.2- Conical Type of Choke Mechanism ........................................................................................... 15

CHAPTER FOUR

DESIGN ANALYSIS OF COMPONENTS .......................................................................................................... 16

4.1-PARAMETERS THAT AFFECT DESIGN ANALYSIS ................................................................................ 16

4.1.1- Independent variables .............................................................................................................. 16

4.1.2-Dependent variables .................................................................................................................. 16

4.2- GEOMETRIC ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................................... 17

4.3-STRENGTH ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................ 19

4.4 PART DESIGN ..................................................................................................................................... 25

4.4.1 DESIGN OF HANDLE ....................................................................................................................... 25

4.4.2-DESIGN OF HOPPER ....................................................................................................................... 28

4.43-DESIGN OF SCREW SHAFT ............................................................................................................... 29

4.4.4- SPUR GEAR DESIGN....................................................................................................................... 33

4.4.5- DESIGN OF FRAME ........................................................................................................................ 38

4.4.6-DESIGN OF OIL DRAINAGE ZONE ................................................................................................... 39

4.4.7-REQUIRED OIL RECOVERY RATE..................................................................................................... 43

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CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................... 47

5.1-DISCUSSION ON MANUFACTURING ................................................................................................. 47

5.2-CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................... 48

5.3- RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................................................................ 48

ASSEMBLING PROCEDURE .......................................................................................................................... 49

COST ANALYSIS............................................................................................................................................ 49

PART DRAWING........................................................................................................................................... 51

DARWING OF HOPPER ............................................................................................................................ 51

DRAWING OF SCREW .............................................................................................................................. 52

DRAWING OF HANDLE ............................................................................................................................ 53

DRAWING OF OIL VESSEL ........................................................................................................................ 54

DRAWING OF GEAR MACHANISM .......................................................................................................... 55

DRAWING OF SUPPORT FRAME .............................................................................................................. 56

ASSEMBLY DRAWING .................................................................................................................................. 57

REFERANCE ................................................................................................................................................. 58

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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1-BACK GROUND
Niger (Guizotiaabyssinica(L. f.) Cass, Composite) is an oilseed crop cultivated in Ethiopia
and India. It constitutes about 50% of Ethiopian and 3% of Indian oil seed production. In
Ethiopia, it is cultivated on waterlogged soils where most crops and all other oilseeds fail to
grow and contributes a great deal to soil conservation and land rehabilitation. The genus Guizotia
consists of six species, of which five, including niger, are native to the Ethiopian highlands. It is
a dicotyledonous herb, moderately to well branched and grows up to 2 m tall. The seed contains
about 40% oil with fatty acid composition of 75-80% linoleic acid, 7-8% palmitic and stearic
acids, and 5-8% oleic acid. Niger seed in Ethiopia is widely grown by smallholder farmers on
fragmented land holdings. It is the leading oil crop in production and area coverage in the oil
seeds category. It is cultivated mainly for the production of edible oil and direct consumption
fried and mixed with sunflower seed. The pressed cake from oil extraction is used for livestock
feed especially in and around cities and large fattening and dairy farms.

The extraction of oil from a niger seed has their own shortages like the problems of crude,
time and energy consuming, uneconomical and laborious methods previously. So it needs
improvement upon the design of the oil extracting machine. This Improvement implies an
enhancement in the productivity, efficiency, ergonomics and safety of handling the machine in
order to achieve its cost effectiveness and its operation in amore hygienic, conducive and
environmentally friendly conditions. These conditions will also attract the farmers who produce
the oil manually as well as investors to have a keen interest in investing in the oil producing
industry to revitalize and expand the cultivated area.

The development of this nug oil extracting machine is directly related economic growth the
countries where large cultivation of nug oil takes place. There is the need to modify the design
and manufacture of the existing machine above reasons. Screw type oil presses are advisable oil
processing machinery, characterized by their high oil output rate with good quality, simple
design, easy to use and continuous operation. They can use for various raw materials, such as
peanut, beans, rape seeds, cotton seeds, sesame, sunflower seeds, copra etc.
There has been a target for small and large scale investors, and to follow the trend and
encourage mass and qualitative production of the oil by local farmers as well as supplement
governments. [9]

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1.2-STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM


In our country there is no modern machine which is already designed to extract nug oil except
some traditional techniques. This traditional methods has some draw backs for instance it has
very low efficiency, operates with very low productivity not safe to use, consumes a lot of
energy and not environmentally friendly. So in order to discard above drawbacks it need to
design a modern machine which will increase the production of nug oil.

1.3-OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT


1.3.1-General objective
 To design nug oil extracting machine which increase the oil production of seed oil
extractors.

1.3.2-Specific objective
 To identify simple and suited general mechanism of extracting machine.
 To analyze the geometric and distribution of force of a machine.
 To design and draw the components and assembly of a machine.

1.4-SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY


The main significance of this study is to design a modern machine with in low cost and proper
materials which is use full to the small scale nug extractors.
This study is also important for farmers to save their energy and their time consumption to
extract oil from niger seed because this design consider cost minimization and easy machine
which is not require high professional skill means the machine can operate by anyone who need
to extract oil by following simple instruction of the machine.

1.5-SCOPE OF THE STUDY


The scope of the study do the strength and the working mechanisms of the machine with in
simple and available material which are simple to manufacture, easy to maintain and easy to
assemble and disassemble by oil extractors.

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1.6-METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY


We have used the following engineering methodologies to design this project which helps to
solve the problem of small scale oil extraction.

 Gathering information about previous oil extracting methods.


 Selection of easy pressing mechanism.
 Development of the screw type of oil pressing machine.
 Preliminary design for the parts of pressing machine.
 Design analysis under this geometric and force analysis is done.
 Design of oil drainage.
 Preparation of manufacturing drawing means part and assembly drawing.

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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE SURVEY ON OIL EXTRACTION
2.1-LITERATURE REVIEW ABOUT PREVIOUS WORKS
Aremu A. KandOgunlade C. An oil extractor machine was designed, constructed and tested
to remove and recover oil from kenaf when used for the absorption and clean-up of crude oil
spillage. The machine input capacity of 36.5 kg/hr and oil Extraction Efficiency (percent oil
yield) of 62.2 %. The operation of the machine does not require any technical-know-how and the
machine can be easily maintained as it has the tendency of self-lubricating the extraction
chamber due to presence of oil in the input materials.
S Sreenatha Reddy, Dr V Pandurangadu and I Srinivas A mini oil expeller is fabricated to
find out the effect of variation in compression ratio of the oil chamber and speed of the screw
shaft on oil recovery and energy consumption during oil extraction of Pongamia and other oil
seeds. A mini oil expeller is fabricated by in corpora ting the adjustments for variation in
compression and speed. During the experiment, the compression ratio is changed from 14:1 to
21.5:1, and the speed is altered from 35 rpm to 65 rpm. The interactive effect of these two
parameters on oil expulsion is observed critically and compared with the conventional expeller.
Compression ratio has shown significant impact on oil recovery and energy. [11]
Mehul.K.Modh and J.R.Mevada; In this paper the author have carried out the thrust ball
bearing analysis of oil expeller and results are compared with analytical results to solve the
problem of Thrust ball bearing in to pieces failure in oil expeller once in 2 to 3 months. The
author had calculated the thrust force acting upon the thrust ball bearing, which is quite high
which a bearing can withstand. Calculated life of existing bearing is about 5.2 months. Hence it
was proposed to change the bearing which gives satisfactory life of 2.5 years by calculation.
Further static analysis of the Part of bearing on Pro-E wild Fire 4 and Workbench 11 was carried
out. The analysis results the Principle stress, Principle strain and axial deformation found to be
reduced.
V. S. Khangar and Dr. S. B. Jaju.; the various methodologies used for the failure analysis of
shaft used in different application by various authors are reviewed in this paper. Roll shaft failure
can be prevented primarily by introduction of better material design optimization & by using
correct manufacturing processes. This paper presents the comparison of the different
methodology used, their application & limitation by various authors.
The objective of the present work is to study the various methodologies used for the shaft failure
analysis & to choose the best methodology suitable for the failure analysis of bridle roll shaft
used in continuous steel industry to prevent repetitive failure. Bridle roll failure leads to heavy
loss approximately Rs 80000 per hour due to line stoppage & repairing cost associate with the
breakdown. [11]

Shankar Haldar,Aniruddha Bhatta charjee,Vineet Jain, and Sudhir Singhal; This is the report
submitted by the authors from INSPIRE Network for Environment New Delhi to Department of

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DESIGN OF NUG OIL EXTRACTING MACHINE

Science and Technology Government of India which consist of the detailed information about oil
expellers.
A.Ibrahim and A. P. Onwualu; Reviewed the technologies for oil extraction from oil-bearing
agricultural products and different types of oil- bearing products, pre-processing conditions
including the removal of hulls and shells, pre- conditioning such as size reduction, moisture
content adjustment, heat treatment and pressure application, as well as the methods employed in
the extraction, namely; traditional and modern (improved) methods discussed in this paper.
The improved method includes; oil expeller, screw press, and solvent (chemical extraction).
Problems (technical, socio-economic and institutional) associated with each method and the need
for more research for the improvement of the methods is analyzed. It has been shown that for any
developing country to effectively adopt modern methods in the production of edible vegetable
oils, improvement on the existing traditional methods, environmental factors, government
policies, socio-economic and cultural considerations of the users need to be studied.
Deli S, Farah Masturah, TajulAris, and Wan Nadiah; The effects of physical parameters of a
screw press machine on oil yield of N. sativa seeds were studied using a KOMET Screw Oil
Expeller. Different nozzle size (6, 10, and 12 mm), extraction speed (21, 54, 65 and 98 rpm) and
diameter of shaft screw (8 and 11 mm) were applied in this study. Different nozzle size, diameter
of shaft screw and rotational speed do effects the percentage of oil yield. By using shaft screw
with diameter of 8 mm had resulted to the decrease of oil yield with the increase of nozzle size
and rotational speed. While, by using the shaft screw with diameter of 11 mm had recorded the
highest percentage of oil yield at 65 rpm when using nozzle with the size of 6 and 10 mm. [11]

2.2-CHEMICHAL PROPERTIES OF THE SEED


The chemical composition of niger is indicated in below tables. The oil content of niger seed
varied from 30 to 50%. Niger meal remaining after the extraction of oil contains approximately
30% protein and 23% crude fiber. In general the Ethiopian niger meal contains less protein and
more crude fiber than the niger meal grown in India. The oil, protein and crude fiber contents of
niger are affected by the hull thickness and thick-hulled seeds tend to have less oil and protein
and more crude fiber. Niger oil has a fatty acid composition typical for seed oils of the
Composite plant family (e.g. safflower and sunflower) with linoleic acid being the dominant
fatty acid. The linoleic acid content of niger oil was approximately 55% in seed grown in India
and 75% in seed grown in Ethiopia. [9]

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Fatty acid India1 (range) India2(range) Ethiopia3(range)


Palmitic 8.2-8.7 6.0-9.4 7.6-8.7
Stearic 7.1-8.7 5.0-7.5 5.6-7.5
Oleic 25.1-28.9 13.4-39.3 4.8-8.3
Linoleic 51.6-58.4 45.4-65.8 74.8-79.1
linolenic - - 0.0-0.9
arachidic 0.4-0.6 0.2-1.0 0.4-0.8
Behenic - - 0.4-1.5
No_ of lines 10 5 241

Table 2.1: Rang of fatty acid composition (%) of Indian and Ethiopia niger oil [9]

The lipid composition of three released and three local cultivars of Ethiopian niger. Most of the
total lipid was triacylgly cerides and polar lipids accounted for 0.7-0.8% of the total lipid
content. The amount of total tocopherol was 720-935 μg/g oil of which approximately 90% was
a-tocopherol, 3-5%was g-tocopherol and approximately 1% was ß-tocopherol. As a-tocopherol is
ananti-oxidant, high levels of a-tocopherol could improve stability of niger oil. The total sterol
consists of ß-sitosterol (38-43%), campesterol (~14%), stigmasterol (~14%), D5 venasterol (5-
7%) and D7 avenasterol (~4%).The amino acid composition of niger protein was deficient in
tryptophan (Table 3.2). The protein quality of Ethiopian niger was evaluated using chemical
score and essential amino acid requirement score. Using chemical score and whole egg protein as
a standard, methionine, lysine, cystine, isoleucine and leucine were considered as limiting amino
acids. When essential amino acids were used as a reference, lysine was the limiting amino acid.
A lipoprotein concentrate was isolated from niger seed using hot water/ethanol sodium chloride
solution extraction. The lipoprotein contained 4% moisture, 12% ash, 46% protein, 20% fat, 7%
crude fibre and 11% soluble carbohydrate. From the amino acid composition Eklund calculated
nitrogen to protein conversion ratio of 5.9. The energy content of the niger lipoprotein
concentrate was 400 kcal/100 g. [9]

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Amino acid Whole niger Niger seed HTS Niger Niger meal(%
seed flour lipid protein Fraction Cake2 of protein)3
concentrate
Isoleucine 307 341 201 349 4.66
Leucine 388 505 308 589 6.99
Lysine 294 279 199 335 4.74
Methionine 109 125 216 148 2.06
Cystine 177 97 537 138 1.40
Phenylalanine 327 385 130 378 4.80
Tyrosine 185 225 138 197 -
threonine 237 263 112 278 3.73
Tryptophan 54 85 65 - -
Valine 362 397 273 428 5.76
Arginine 621 627 734 889 9.36
Histidine 162 192 97 190 -
Alanine 281 290 132 335 4.06
Aspartic acid 619 673 427 823 9.49
Glyine 375 357 295 502 5.53
Proline 262 270 222 354 3.86
Serine 347 390 390 456 6.19

Table 2.2: Amino acid composition of whole niger flour, niger seed lipid concentrate high
temperature soluble (HTS) fraction concentrate, Indian niger cake, and Ethiopian niger
meal. [9]

2. 3-FLIUD PROPERTY OF SEED


The main properties of seed are temperature, pressure and moisture continent. The moisture
rise in the seeds has some certain advantages. It decreases the maximum working temperature
which must be maintained under 90ºC to conserve the cake and oil quality. The flow rate of oil is
higher at higher temperatures which means higher oil recovery rate. It is related with the
kinematic viscosity of the oil which changes proportionally with the temperature as represented
in Figure 2.1. Kinematic viscosity of oil is inversely proportional with temperature. As it can be
seen in Figure 2.1, viscosity gradient is very large between -5°C and 30°C. After 30°C, since the
slope of the curve is small, temperature increase slightly affects viscosity. [10]

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Figure 2.1: Temperature – viscosity performance of the oil seed [10]

Temperatures above 90°C adversely affect the cake and oil quality. Temperature increase can
also occur during the compression process, between the compressed seeds and the machine
components. Also, with a temperature rise, not only the oil quality is affected, but also the
maximum yield stress of the materials, which are exposed to frictional heat, decrease. The oil
recovery rate depends on the permeability and consolidation property of the seed assuming that
other environmental conditions are constant. Permeability is a measure of how easily a fluid can
pass through a porous medium.

a) Easy to flow, high permeability b) Difficult to flow, low permeability

Figure 2.2: Schematic Illustration of Permeability

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2.4-THE PREVIOUS OIL EXTRACTING METHODS


a. Hydraulic Press
In 1795, J. Bramah of England invented the hydraulic press for oil extraction. For this press
oilseeds were milled, cooked, and wrapped in filters cloths woven from horse-hair. The oilseeds
wrapped in filter cloths were manually loaded into perforated, horizontal boxes below the head
block and above the ram of the press. The boxes were pressed together using upward hydraulic
pressure on the ram.
The oil was pressed out through the filter cloths surrounding the oilseeds. The filter cloths and
spent cake were manually removed from the hydraulic press. The residual oil in spent cake was
approximately 10%. Since its discovery various modifications and advancements had been made
to hydraulic press from its simplest form to the most advance one. Today, hydraulic press is used
only for Olive oil and cacao butter pressing. In 1900, Alfred French founded the French Oil Mill
Machinery Company in Piqua, Ohio, for the purpose of advancing hydraulic press technology.
He was awarded a patent for the automatic cake-trimming machine for automating the sizing of
the cakes prior to pressing. He also developed and patented the „„change valve‟‟ in1905, which
allowed the hydraulic press to change pressures near the end of the pressing cycle to squeeze
additional oil. [3]
The continuous stacked cooker was patented in1907 along with an innovative cake former.
Two pass pressing was another of French‟s developments, taking final residual oil in cake below
5%. Depending on the type of material, subsequent process, intended use, quality desired, and
efficiency there can be different mechanisms of oil expression from plants (seeds, nuts,
fruits…).Around 1890, oilseeds were pressed in manually loaded batch presses. Oilseed wrapped
in filter cloths, separated by stacked layers of plates in hollow perforated cylinder and applied
pressure through a manually operated jack screw or a hydraulic cylinder. From the compressed
material into the hollow plates and then oozes through the perforated side wall of the cylinder.
Manually operated jack screw has been used for hundreds of years. With the advent of
hydraulic cylinders the presses became more efficient and less labor intensive and also more oil
is liberated due to high pressure. In the early 1900s hydraulic presses dominated the oilseed
crushing industry. The hydraulic press itself was considered to be labor intensive when
continuous screw press was developed. Today, the continuous screw press is the dominant one in
mechanical press. The only application still favoring hydraulic press is cocoa butter from cocoa
beans where the defatted residue is to be fine-ground into cocoa powder and olive oil.
Competition was between limited numbers of companies in the World. [3]

b. Screw Press Extraction


Valerius D. Anderson (Anderson International Corp., Cleveland, Ohio) developed continuous
screw press in 1900. He used a continuous press design in 1876 and tested a serious of screw-
conveyer like devices that had perforated walls and a flapper-type choke at the discharge end. He
later on made a breakthrough discovery providing interruptions to the screw flight i.e. mounted
on a central shaft so as to have some unsighted space between the segments. This solved the

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DESIGN OF NUG OIL EXTRACTING MACHINE

problem of the product spinning with the shaft every time the choke is closed. The shaft is placed
in a cylindrical housing with holes drilled throughout to allow oil to escape upon pressing. [3]

c. Solvent Extraction
Solvent extraction is a process in which a solvent (such as hexane) is used to separate the oil
from the oil-bearing materials. It is a demanding process, using highly inflammable chemicals,
and it is only practiced at a relatively more sophisticated industrial scale. The advantage of
solvent extraction is the high efficiency of extraction that can be obtained economically with this
method (>99wt. %). But can be at the expense of reduced oil quality resulting from residual
solvent chemicals if the technology is not high level. The advantage of solvent extraction is the
high yield/efficiency but this demands high initial investment and skilled technician. Therefore it
is less recommended where the technology is not well refined and the skill is not reliable. [3]

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CHAPTER THREE
PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF SCREW PRESS
Manual screw press mechanism is highly valuable because of the following advantages
relative to other oil extracting methods.
 It has better cake drainage mechanism
 It gives great quality of oil.
 Easily maintainable.
 Easily operated.
 It does not need high initial investment and skilled technician.
 It has good oil drainage system.[3]

Figure 3.1 manually operated screw press mechanism

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3.1- MAIN PARTS OF THE MACHINE


 Bearing:
Bearing permit smooth, low-friction movement between two surfaces. The movement can be
either rotary (a shaft rotating with in a mount) or linear (one surface moving along
another).Bearing can employ either a sliding or a rolling action. Bearing based on rolling action
are called rolling-element bearings. Those based on sliding action are called plain bearings. Plain
bearings are bearings that work by sliding action with or without lubricant. All imported heavy
duty bearings, taper bearings, roller bearings and thrust bearing etc

 Hopper:
Hopper is used to carry and canalize the seeds into the screw press. Feeding does not need any
energy; gravity is sufficient for feeding. It is a stationary part and mounted onto the vessel. The
passage hole of the hopper should be large enough in order to prevent choking of the seeds. In
some conventional screw presses, it has a vibration unit to overcome such situations. But, in this
design no vibration unit will be used to reduce the cost. [2]
 Screw shaft:
Screw shaft rotates inside the vessel. There is a small clearance between the vessel and the
screw shaft. This small clearance is necessary for avoiding the seeds penetrating between the
outside diameter of the screw shaft and the inside surface of the vessel. In such a case, friction
force between the screw shaft and vessel increases, and required torque becomes higher.
Screw shaft is a tapered shaft. The outside diameter is constant whereas the root diameter is
inclined through the screw. Thread depth disappears at the end of the screw. In this type of
screws, pressure increase is much higher compared to straight screws.
The seeds are fed at where the thread depth is Maximum. As the seeds pass through the screw,
swept volume of each turn decreases. Under high pressure, oil is separated from the compressed
seeds and drains back to the previous turns at where the pressure is lower. Since cake has no
such a fluidity property like oil, it continues to the end of the screw shaft and drained out as
flakes. At the end where the cake is drained, the screw shaft and the vessel have conical features
which are concentric. Cake drains out radically between these two conical features. By adjusting
the screw shaft in the longitudinal direction, the gap size of the cake drainage can be reduced or
increased. As the gap size is smaller, the residual oil content of the cake becomes lower, because
the compressed seed is applied higher pressure.
 Barrel:
Chamber Box: This is manufactured from M.S. extra thick plate of 1 1/4 & 1" and suitably
machined for assembly of the tempered cage Bars & Frame Bars.
 Cone and collar:
Cone is placed at the end of extraction of oil on the main shaft. It is mainly use for maintaining
cake thickness. [2]

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3.2-WORKING PRINCIPLE
The expeller consists of a screw rotating inside a cylindrical cage (barrel). The material to be
pressed is fed between the screw and the barrel and propelled by the rotating screw in a direction
parallel to the axis. The configuration of the screw and its shaft is such that the material is
progressively compressed as it moves on, towards the discharge end of the cylinder.
The compression effect can be achieved, for example, by decreasing the clearance between
the screw shaft and the cage (progressive or step-wise increase of the shaft diameter) or by
reducing the length of the screw flight in the direction of the axial movement. The gradually
increasing pressure releases the oil which flows out of the press through the slots provided on the
periphery of the barrel, while the press-cake continues to move in the direction of the shaft,
towards a discharge gate installed at the other extremity of the machine. Many of the refined
seed oil is used for edible purposes such as salad and cooking oils, shortening, margarine and to
a lesser extent in the packing if fish and cured meat. Low grade oil is used in the manufacture of
soaps, lubricants and protective coatings. The by-product of the proposed plant is expeller cake
which is used for animal feed.

3.3-COMPARISON OF OIL DRAINAGE SYSTEMS


There are three typical systems used in commercial screw presses for oil drainage which are
presented in this subsection.

3.3.1- Drilled Holes


The main advantage of this system is no extra parts for oil drainage system are required.
However the oil drainage openings in this system are not adjustable.

In this type of screw press, oil leaks out from the holes. The holes are drilled on the vessel.
The oil drainage hole has a larger diameter outside the vessel and this diameter continues up to
few millimeter thickness of the vessel. This small thickness of the vessel is drilled with a smaller
diameter.

Most probably, the reason for the short length of the smaller hole is to prevent it from choking
with cake. Also, oil drainage zone is far from the cake drainage zone. At the cake drainage zone,
cake pressure is Maximum. So, if the oil drainage holes were drilled close to the cake drainage
zone, then the holes can be choked with cake easily.

Dry cake extrudes from the nozzle. At the cake drainage, there is a heating system. Heat
provides higher oil yield and lower residual oil in the cake. In this type of screw presses,
different kinds of seeds can be compressed by changing the nozzle and the rotational speed of the
screw shaft.

3.3.2- Lining Bars with Spacers


In this type of oil drainage system, lining bars are fixed inside surface of the vessel cage.
Spring type metal spacers are placed between two bars. Different sizes of gaps can be obtained
by using spacers in different thicknesses. Also, in this system, lining bars canalize the
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compressed seeds to forward. They prevent jamming by creating obstacles to the rotating
compressed seeds, so they are pushed forward more strongly. [3]

Figure 3.2: Detailed Picture of Screw Press

3.3.3- Barrel Rings


The vessel is made up of barrel rings with triangular barrels. The barrel rings are separated by
circular spacers, that slide onto the tie bars to form the drained barrel of the press. This
arrangement offers greater flexibility to adjust the drainage gaps of the press and forms a very
simple assembly that can be easily maintained. [3]

3.4-COMPARISION OF THE CHOKE MECHANISM ALTERNATIVES

FOR CAKE DRANAGE


The common property of cake drainage systems in screw presses is the adjustability of the
cake drainage opening. Narrower openings result in low residual oil content in the cake. Also,
the opening size depends on the type of the seed. There are various types of cake drainage
systems are considered. Working principles of these cake drainage systems are presented in the
subsections.

3.4.1- Nozzle Type Choke Mechanism


Generally, in small types of screw presses, nozzle type choke mechanism is used. In nozzle
type choke mechanisms (Figure 3.3), one end of the screw shaft is free and the other end has two
bearings. The screw shaft is short enough to compensate any deformation arising from buckling.

Seeds continue to accumulate at the end of the screw until the maximum pressure has been
reached. During compression, oil part of the seeds leaks from the filter and the left cake starts to
extrude out from the nozzle, at the end of the screw. Besides, the required maximum pressure
can be provided by adjusting the nozzle diameter. [3]

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Figure 3.3: Nozzle Type Choke Mechanism

In this type of choking mechanism, the maximum pressure at the end of the screw pushes the
screw backward. The resultant force is the multiplication of the axial component of the
maximum pressure and the circular area of the screw. [3]

Since the application area of the back force is comparatively larger than in conical type of
choke mechanisms, bearing which carries the axial back force should be larger in this type of
systems. Another disadvantage for this choking system is the probability of a blockage at inlet e
of the nozzle. [3]

3.4.2- Conical Type of Choke Mechanism


This type of a system is both practical and economical when compared with the equivalent
systems. The maximum pressure and the cake thickness can be changed by adjusting axial
displacement of the screw shaft forward and backward in order to achieve the required pressure.
The force pushing the screw backward is relatively less here when compared with the nozzle
type choke mechanism since the effective pressure area is less than the normal cross-section.

Figure 3.4: Conical Types Choke Mechanism

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CHAPTER FOUR
DESIGN ANALYSIS OF COMPONENTS
In this category there is geometric and strength analysis depends on some parameters.

4.1-PARAMETERS THAT AFFECT DESIGN ANALYSIS


A number of variables need to be taken into account to optimize oil production using screw
presses. For quality preservation temperature is an important parameter. The friction inside the
barrel generates heat which is passed on to the oil. For oil recovery and energy consumption
pressure is more interesting to monitor. [10]

4.1.1- Independent variables


 RPM
Higher screw speed means more throughput and higher residual oil content in the press cake
since less time is available for the oil to drain from the solids. At higher speed the viscosity thus
remains lower resulting in less pressure build-up. This again causes the residual oil content to be
relatively. The rpm of the screw can be get by using torque formula.
 Restriction size
When the restriction size is reduced the pressure required to overcome the restriction
increases. A resulting decrease in oil content causes increased viscosity of the paste and further
pressure rise.
 Moisture content
An optimal moisture level for oil expression is expected to exist. In case of flaxseed the
optimal moisture content is expected to be around 6% and for some oil seeds a moisture level
close to 7%.

4.1.2-Dependent variables
Variables treated in this paragraph change as a result of the independent variables treated
previously.
 Oil recovery
This is the most important dependent variable considering the goal of this project. The effect
of the independent variables on oil recovery can be explained by looking at the dependent
variables described below.
 Temperature
The friction inside the barrel generates heat which is passed on to the oil. The temperature
through the barrel used to extract oil from the seed by melting it.
 Pressure
When speaking of pressure radial pressure is meant in this project. Pressure is expected to
change due to changes in all independent variables. Pressure is expected to be a proper measure
for oil recovery. In general higher pressure will mean more oil is recovered.
 Energy requirement

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Energy requirement is probably related to the pressure inside the press head. The viscosity of
the material to be pressed and the rotational speed will also determine the amount of energy
needed. [10]

4.2- GEOMETRIC ANALYSIS


The purpose of this step is to find out the principal dimension of the machine. Screw pressing
is used for oil recovery up to 90-95%.In spite of its slightly lower yield, screw pressing is the
most popular oil extraction method as the process is simple, continues, flexible and safe. Screw
presses exist with raw seed capacities ranging from 10 kg/hr up to tens of tons/hr.

Figure 4.1: geometry of the screw press

The length of the machine is depending on the length of the screw shaft of machine. The length
of the screw shaft of the machine can be getting as follows.

LS =

H is the function of the thread depth which is linearly decreasing along the thread length and
becomes zero at the cake drainage.

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Height (H)

H1

H2

Lt N

Figure 4.2: Graphs of Height Distributions through the Screw Shaft

Length of thread (Lt) and number of turn can determine the length of the screw shaft by using the
following equation.

H(x) = X + H1 ………….................... (1)

Linear equation of the height of the thread through the thread length is given in Equation1. H2 is
equal to zero since the thread depth becomes zero at the last point of the screw as shown in
above figure.

Starting from this equation (equation 2)

LS= ………………………………… (2)

Take the following assumptions from standards

H1 =26and α = 2.5

Therefore the length of the screw shaft will be the following

LS=

LS= 590.9mm

The length of the screw shaft will be 600mm.

From this dimension can be get the length of the machine by adding the plate thickness of the
housing of the machine in this case it is 2.5mm and take clearance5mm.

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Therefore the length of the machine

L = 600 + (2*2.5) +5 = 610mm

Multiplication of plate thickness by two is because of the existing of the plate in both side of the
machine.

And the other target is finding of the preferable clearance. Clearance in the most screw press
machines 6 – 10mm. for niger oil seed 6mm is more preferable.

4.3-STRENGTH ANALYSIS
This strength analysis consists of all the part design and determination of the individual
parameters of the components of the oil extracting machine. The strength analysis stands from
the specification and assumption which are needed to design and solve the problem of the oil
extracting machine. So that it must be designed according to its mechanism or it‟s working
principle to carry the load of the seeds. The various forces which act on the screw shaft will be
determined using the maximum shear stress theory.

Working parameters
 Suitable material for design of screw shaft is stainless steel
and .
 Diameter of the screw assumed to be 50mm.
 P1 is atmospheric pressure it is negligible.

P(ξ) is the function of the pressure distribution along the thread length as represented in Figure
below.

Figure 4.3: Graph of Assumed Pressure Distribution

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In order to calculate P(ξ) , pressure is assumed to increase along the helix length of the screw
in the third order as represented in above figure. The general equation of the pressure distribution
is given in Equation below.

P (ξ) =aξ3
P2, which is the highest pressure occurring at the cake drainage zone, is taken as 60 Mpa and
P1 which is the atmospheric pressure (1 atm) is assumed as 0MPa since it is negligible.
For ξ = ξ = *#turns, P (ξ) =
ξ = Lt*#turns

Thread length (Lt) = *2


Assume lead angle ( =0.15
= l=
l= =23.56mm

Lt = *2 =210mm
To calculate the total thread length, Lt should be multiplied with the number of the turns of
the screw. The number of the turns of the screw can be calculated by dividing the pitch distance
to the axial length of the screw
We have the length of the screw from geometric analysis that is 600mm.
#turns = (5)

#turns = 25.46

Therefore ξ = Lt*#turns

=210*25 =5250

P2 = a*(Lt * #turns) 3

Then, (a) is equal to that Equation 6 can be written as:

P (ξ) = * 52503

P (ξ) =56.8Mpa

We have 56.8Mpa pressure, from this can be get the force applied on the screw shaft as follows

P=

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A= = =1963.5mm2

Therefore force applied

F =P*A =56.8 *1963.5

F =111.53KN

So the diagram which gives clear understanding about applied force becomes as follows.

A B

Figure 4.4: force distribution

The force is divided in to two equally in the concentration of supports so the free body diagram
of the beam will be the following.

111.53KN

A RA RB B

55.765KN 600 55.765KN

After this we can get the moment at different points

1. Section at point near to point A

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A +MX

V1 V

55.765KN

To get shear force on this section take summation of force on the vertical direction.

∑FY = 55.8KN - V1 = 0

V1 = 55.765KN

And to get the moment on the section take summation of moment.

∑MS = MX + 55.765X =0

MX = 55.765X ……………….for (0≤X≤300)

Therefore, MA (X=0) = 55.8* 0

MA =0

MC (X=300) = 55.765KN*300mm

MC = 16729.5Nm

2. Section near to point C 111.53KN

+MX

V3 V2

55.765 X

To get shear force on this section take summation of force on the vertical direction.

∑FY = 55.765- 111.53KN – V2 = 0

V2 = -55.765KN

And to get the moment on the section take summation of moment.

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∑MS = MX + 55.765X – 111.53 (X -300) =0

-MX =55.765X – 111.53 X + 33459KNmm

-MX = -55.765X + 33459KNmm

MX = 33459KNmm-55.765X ………………………. (300≤X≤600)

Therefore, MB(X=600) =33459KNmm-55.765 *600

MB(X=600) = 0

3. section near to point B 111.53KN

+MX

V3 v4 V3

55.765KN 55.765KN

To get shear force on this section take summation of force on the vertical direction.

∑FY = V4+55.765KN +55.765KN - 111.53KN

V3 = 0

Results of the above calculations are the following

Points Bending moment Shear stress

A 0 55.765 N

B 16729.5Nm -55.765N

C 0 0

Table 4.1: results of force analysis

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111.53

RA =55.765KN RB =55.765KN

600

Shear force (KN)

55.765

55.765

55.765KN (Maximum shear force)

Figure 4.5: shear force diagram

Bending moment

16729.5Nm (maximum bending moment)

Fig 4.6: bending moment diagram

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4.4 PART DESIGN

4.41 DESIGN OF HANDLE


The lever can be operated either by a single person or by two persons. This machine needs to
design manually this means the machine operate by the help of human hand. The maximum force
in order to operate the lever may be taken as 400N for single person and the length of the handle
300mm. [1]

Figure 4.7: geometry of handle

The material used for handle should have the following properties;

1. It should have high strength.

2. It should have good mach inability.

3. It should have good heat treatment properties


4. It should have high wear resistant properties. [5]

 Take the following


Length of the handle (l) = 300mm
Length of lever arm (L) = 200mm
Overhang of the journal = 100mm
For the selected material and
 The lever operated by single person.

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 The force(p) applied at 2/3 of handle length


1. Diameter of the handle

Let d =diameter of the handle

M = (1-2/3)p*l

= 1/3 *pl

= 1/3 *400*300 = 40 Nmm

Section modules (Z) = = 0.0982

Resisting bending moment (M)= *Z = 50*0.0982

=4.91 Nmm

From above equations we have

d =20mm

2. Cross section of the lever arm


t = thickness of the lever arm in mm
w =width of the lever arm near to the boss in mm

Maximum bending moment

M =1.25p*l
=1.25*400*200
=100 Nmm

Section modules

Z =1/6(tB2)

Z=1/6(t*(2t)2) …………………………..assuming B=2t [1]

We know the bending stress

= =50 = =

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t= =14.4mm say 15mm

B =2t =2*15 =30mm

After this we can get the bending moment and section modules

M =p*l =400*200 =80

Z =1/6(15*302) =2250mm3

Induced bending stress

= = =35.5Mpa

The induced bending stress is within the safe limit

Twisting moment

T =2/3(p|*l) =2/3(400*200)

=53.3 Nmm

In another way twisting moment

T =2/9(Bt2)

53 = 2/9(30*152)

3. Diameter of the journal

Since the journal of the shaft subjected to twisting and bending moment therefore the diameter is
obtained from the equivalent equation of twisting moment.

Let d= diameter of the journal [1]

Te = +x)2 +L2)

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= +100)2 +2002)

=80

Equivalent twisting moment (Te) =

d=

An applied force which needs a screw to extract oil which gets from maximum pressure is
111.53KN.

4.42-DESIGN OF HOPPER
The hopper of this machine can be designed based on the following parameters

 Capacity of the hopper =2.5kg‟

 Density of niger seed( ) =926

 Inner Radius of the base (r) =10mm/

So the only dimension that is unknown is the height of the hopper. It can be get from the formula
of volume of the cone because the developed hopper of the machine is cone shaped. The volume
of the machine can be getting by using the relation of density of the seed (maximum density
from range because if it can operate at maximum variation it can operate also at below values)
and capacity of the hopper.

After unit conversion

Volume of the hopper (vh) = 2.5/926 =0.0027

And the volume of the hopper can be get by using the formula of cone volume as follows

Volume of cone (vc) =1/3 *π*r2h

So by equating above two results can be get the height of the hopper like the following

0.0027 =1/3 *π*102h

h= 0.2578m say 260mm

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4.43-DESIGN OF SCREW SHAFT


Functional requirement;

 High strength

 High corrosion resistant


 High heat resistant

 Hard and wear resistant and retain its hardness at high operating temperature, and it resist
cracking and distortion during heat treatment.[5]

By considering above criteria‟s can be select the preferable material of this machine element
based on below table.

Material Yield Tensile Yield shear Corrosion Wear


strength in strength stress in resistant resistant
Mpa in Mpa
Mpa

Stainless 600 758 300 resistant resistant


steel(S41600)

carbon 250 360 125 corrodes resistant


steel(FeE250)

Aluminum 120 120 36 resistant wears


alloys(6063)

Table4.2: material for screw shaft

Suitable material for design of screw shaft is stainless steel and

 Assumptions
 Coefficient of friction between the screw and the seeds f=0.3
 Safety factor (F.s=4_8)
 Pitch of the screw(p) =8mm
Core diameter of the screw Ac = , now to find the core diameter of the screw under pure
compression. For the best safety of the machine this machine element need to design by using
the maximum value of factor of safety that is 8.

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W= *Ac
= = =75Mpa and

=18.75Mpa

W= * = *

400N = 9.375

dc=
dc = 7.32 say 10mm
B y using pitch of the screw that is 8 can be getting the dimension of nominal and minor
diameter.
From standard table
P=8mm do (nominal diameter) =50mm
dc(minor diameter) =42mm

Mean diameter of the screw shaft


dm =

= =46mm

Torque required rotating (move) the screw in the vessel


T =p*d/2 …………………since d=dm
T =w

For screw as a coefficient of friction


=p/
=8/ =0.055

T=

T=4096Nmm
Torque transmitted by the screw

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T= ………………since d=dc=10mm

4096=
= (16*4096)/(
=20.86Mpa
Compressive stress due to axial load
= =55.41Mpa and

According to maximum shear stress theory, we have;


=
=
=

Therefore, since 30.911Mpa < 75Mpa then the design is safe.

By using the value of torque can be calculate the value of RPM that the screw need to rotate in
order to extract oil from preferable mass of seed per hour. For small scale 12Kg of seed/h and its
correspondent power ( 2000w) is preferable. The main target is that to get 2Kw motor power by
using manual operation by replacing motor by handle.[11]

Table4.3: Screw Press Capacity

Capacity (kg seed/ h) (screw press can Motor power (kw)


operate start from 10Kg/hr capacity)

10-20 2

30 – 40 4

70 – 100 7.5

120 – 200 15

220 – 300 22

400 – 500 30

700 – 900 45

1500 – 1800 110

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So by using the value of torque from above calculation and power (2000w) that selected by
using above table can be get the rotation of screw shaft in order to extract oil from 12Kg of
seed/hr (average capacity).
T=

T= = 58. 5Nm

After this can be calculate the RPM of the screw shaft as follows

P=

N= =
N =53.29rpm say 60rpm (for exact extraction of oil from selected capacity)
Generally screw shaft have to rotate 60rpm so as to extract oil from Kg of seed per hour.
Finally we need to check where the design is safe by using maximum shear stress theory.
The determined volumetric flow rates are used to calculate the unknown parameters as the
thread depth, pitch and the radius of the screw shaft. Initially, torque on the screw shaft is
determined. The screw shaft is a single square-threaded power screw having an increasing root
diameter. In below figure, l is the pitch, f is the coefficient of friction between the seeds and the
screw shaft and taken as 0.3, N is the normal force, Fxs is the axial force that pushes the seeds
forward and Fts is the tangential force. If pressure is assumed to apply on the surface of the
threads as perpendicular, then Fxs and Fts are the two components of the overall pressure on the
screw shaft. [12]

.
Figure 4.8: Illustration of Force Directions on the Unwrapped Thread While Pushing the
Seeds Forward

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4.44- SPUR GEAR DESIGN


A Gear can be defined as the mechanical element used for transmitting power and rotary
motion from one shaft to another by means of progressive engagement of projections called
teeth. Spur gear; Gear having straight teeth cut on the rim, parallel to the axis of rotation. Most
common & cost-effective type of gear designed to transmit motion & power between parallel
shafts, which rotates in the opposite direction.

Spur Gears use no intermediate link or connector and transmit the motion by direct contact.
The two bodies have either a rolling or a sliding motion along the tangent at the point of contact.
No motion is possible along the common normal as that will either break the contact or one body
will tend to penetrate into the other. Thus, the load application is gradual which results in low
impact stresses and reduction in noise. Therefore, the spur gears are used in transmitting power
with very less friction losses. Modern gears are a refinement of the wheel and axle. Gear wheels
have projections called teeth that are designed to intersect the teeth of another gear. When gear
teeth fit together or interlock in this manner they are said to be in mesh. Gears in mesh are
capable of transmitting force and motion alternately from one gear to another. The gear
transmitting the force or motion is called the drive gear and the gear connected to the drive gear
is called the driven gear. [1]
Gear nomenclature

Figure4.9: Gear Nomenclature

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Calculation of Gear Terms

Assumption for gear design


 Number of teeth of the small gear(T1) =18
 Common standards of human Average of force in (N) = [400-500N) the capacity
in [N]
 Assumed Gear ratio in order to reduce Rpm of screw =1/2
 Common standard of human average power =75w
 Module of gear(m) =3
 Rpm of gear one=60rpm
 Number of teeth and diameter of teeth

Velocity ratio

D =m*T
D1=3*T1=3*18= 54mm

= but T1 =0.5T2
18 =0.5*T2
T2 = 36
D2=3*T2=3*36 =108mm

 Diametric Pitch (P)


The Diametric Pitch describes the gear tooth size. The Diametric Pitch is expressed as the
number of teeth per inch of Pitch Diameter.

= =0.33mm
For the smallest gear
P= =0.33mm
Pitch Diameter (D)
The Pitch Diameter refers to the diameter of the pitch circle.
D= where D, pitch diameter
T, no of teeth
P, diametric pitch calculated above the value of D.
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 Module: It is the ratio of the pitch circle diameter in millimeters to the number of teeth. It
is usually denoted by m. mathematically,
Module, m = D / T but we can take from this recommended standard
Note: The recommended series of modules in Indian Standard are 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6,
8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40 and 50.
The modules 1.125, 1.375, 1.75, 2.25, 2.75, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 18, 22, 28, 36 and 45 are of
second choice.

 Circular pitch It is the distance measured on the circumference of the pitch circle from a
point of one tooth to the corresponding point on the next tooth. It is usually denoted by
pc.
Mathematically,
Circular pitch, pc = D/T
=
=

Where D = Diameter of the pitch circle, and


T = Number of teeth on the wheel.
A little consideration will show that the two gears will mesh together correctly, if the two wheels
have the same circular pitch.
Note: If D1 and D2 are the diameters of the two meshing gears having the teeth T1 and T2
respectively; then for them to mesh correctly,

Table4.4: minimum number of teeth on the pinion gear [1]

3S.NO System of gear teeth Minimum number of teeth on the pinion

1 14.5 composite 12

2 14.5 full depth in volute 32

3 20 full depth in volute 18

4 20 stub in volute 14

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 The Pitch Circle


The pitch circle is the geometrical starting point for designing gears and gear trains. The pitch
circle is an imaginary circle that Contacts the pitch circle of any other gear with which it is in
mesh. The pitch circle centers are used to ensure accurate center-to-center spacing of meshing
gears.
 Addendum (A)
The addendum refers to the distance from the top of the tooth to the Pitch circle
A= 3mm
 Duodenum (B) The Duodenum refers to the distance from the Pitch circle to the root
circle.

B= = 3.471mm

 Clearance (C)
Refers to the radial distance between the top and bottom of gears in mesh some machinists and
mechanics refer to clearance as “play” or the degree of looseness between mating parts.

 Whole Depth (WD)


Refers to the distance from the top of the tooth to the bottom of the tooth the whole depth is
Calculated using this formula:
WD = = =6.471mm

 Pressure Angle (PA) (Choose either 14.5 or 20 degrees)


The pressure angle figures into the geometry or form of the gear tooth. It refers to the angle
through which forces are transmitted between meshing gears. 14.5-degree tooth forms were the
original “standard” gear design. While they are still widely available, the 20-degree PA gear
tooth forms have wider bases and can transmit greater loads.
Note: 14.5-degree PA tooth forms will not mesh with 20-degree PA teeth. Be certain to verify
the pressure angle of the gears you use.

 Center Distance
The center distance of 2 spur gears is the distance from the center shaft of one spur gear to the
center shaft of the other. Center to center distance for two gears in mesh can be calculated with
below formula.
Center-to-Center Distance =

= =81mm

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 Outside Diameter (OD) The overall diameter of the gear1 and gear2

OD1 = = =60mm

OD2= = = 114mm

 Root Diameter (RD) The diameter at the Bottom of the tooth

RD1 = = =48mm

RD2 = = =102mm

 Base Circle (BC) The circle used to form the involute section of the gear tooth

BC1 = D1 * Cos PA =54mm*Cos20 =50.74mm


BC2 = D2* Cos PA= 108mm*Cos20 =101.48mm

 Circular Pitch (CP)


The measured distance along the circumference of the Pitch Diameter from the point of one tooth
to the corresponding point of an adjacent tooth

CP1 = OR CP1 = = = 9.4248mm

CP2 = = =9.4248mm
Circular Thickness (TC) Thick1ness of a tooth measure along the circumference of the Pitch
Circle
TC = OR

TC =

 Rotation
Spur gears in a 2-gear drive system (Gear 1 and Gear 2) will rotate in opposite directions.

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 Backlash
Backlash refers to the distance from the back of the drive gear tooth to the front of driven
gear Tooth of gears mated on the pitch circle. Standard gears are designed with a specified
amount of backlash to prevent noise and excessive friction and heating of the gear teeth.

4.45- DESIGN OF FRAME


From the material that we select for support frame should have full fill the following
properties;

 Initial cost-cheaper
 Shock absorption –better
 Maintenance-low
 Good resistance to applied load.
 Use for long period of time

We select steel because it full fill above criteria‟s which has = 540mpa and = 540mpa and
E =210Gpa.Consider the support as column with one end free and the other end fixed [12].

 The critical load (crippling) load is given by;

Wcr = =

Where = crushing or yield stress in compression

a = rank in constant; a =

L = equivalent length of the column and

K = least radius of gyration; K =

Table 4.5: Relation between Equivalent Length (L) and Actual Length (L)
[1]

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 L from table Assume one end free and the other end fixed;
 L=2*l

Cases for buckling to occur

1, if Wcr < Wapp or

2, > all

The weight applied on the support frame; assume it is the weight of the shaft, bearing, screw,
flange, oil drainage, crash head casing and crash head to be or total weight of the machine
(490.5N)

 Factor of safety for steady load is given as; F.S = (5-6) therefore, the critical load;

Wcr = Fs *122.625N =613.25N

Assume the support is angle iron type steel with dimensions of b=t. Assume the length of the
frame to be L= 250mm.

 From Euler‟s formula of crippling load the polar moment of inertia I is given by;

I = Wcr *

I = 613.25 * 0.252 /π2*210*109

I = 0.05 * 10-9m4

 Where I for square cross section is given by I = , subsisting the above values and we
get;

0.11 * 10-9m4 =

a = 22.33mm say 20mm

Therefore the dimensions for the selected cross section will be 20mm *20mm.

4.46-DESIGN OF OIL DRAINAGE ZONE


In this system holes are machined on to vessel so this holes should be far enough from the
cake drainage zone at where the pressure is maximum unless and otherwise the holes can be
choked with the high pressurized cake it implies that holes should take the place where seeds are
not compressed.

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The diameter of the holes (Dh) is assumed 1.5mm because minimum diameter of because
minimum diameter of niger seed is 2mm based on different researches. Depending on the
maximum stress which occurs inside the vessel, maximum number of holes at a cross-section can
be determined. The inside pressure at the oil drainage zone should be determined in order to
calculate the maximum stress inside the vessel. [3]

 Assumed that the holes are not choked with cake which are 70mm or more far
from the cake drainage.

 Distance between holes are 5mm

 The selected material is steel tensile strength=385Mpa,compressive stress


=665Mpa and shear stress =308Mpa

 Assumed factor of safety(fs) =2

 Maximum pressure(pmax) =60Mpa from screw design

 Atmospheric pressure(po) =10.325Mpa

 The pressure can be taken as;

P (ξ) (Lt (# turns – ))

P (ξ) =56.8Mpa from screw design

 Pressure in the vessel.

=56.8Mpa (210mm (25.46- – ))

= 43.871Mpa

 Is negligible compared to

 Longitudinal stress exists when the end reactions to the internal pressure are
taken by the pressure vessel itself. In this design, the end reactions are not taken
by the pressure vessel itself. They are carried by the bolts which are used in
fastening the frame and the vessel. Then, = 0Mpa.

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Figure4.10: Illustration of Inside and Outside Pressure for the Vessel

Root diameter of the vessel

= outside diameter of the vessel

r is taken as the root diameter of the vessel, since the maximum stress will develop inside the
vessel.

nom = ……………………………….1

max = * nom ……………………………………………………………………..2

Since, nom =nominal stress

Stress concentration factor can be calculated by using Equation below for 0 1.

=3-3.095( )+0.309( )2+0.786( )3

By using equation 1 and 2 that is the relation between and max is given in Equation
below. [3]

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DESIGN OF NUG OIL EXTRACTING MACHINE

max = ………………………………………..3

Is constant

Figure 4.11: Vs graph

=3 where 5-20mm

After this can be calculate maximum and tangential stress

From equation 1

max = t/fs =385/2 =192.5Mpa

From equation 3

max = =192.5

=192.5*3 =577.5Mpa

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DESIGN OF NUG OIL EXTRACTING MACHINE

r= ……………………………..since maximum stress developed inside the vessel.

577.5*106 =

577.5*106 - 577.5*106 * = + 60*106

517*106 =637.5*106

= 1.11

So the clearance of the vessel is calculated as 6 mm where the outside pressure, Po, is taken as
101.325 Kpa. Circumference of the inside vessel is equal to 2. .rvi .where (6+6+50) mm is the
Diameter of the inside vessel. The maximum number of holes at one cross section can be
determined by using Equation below.

Nhi = = =38.9 say 40 holes

4.47-REQUIRED OIL RECOVERY RATE


To calculate oil required oil recovery rate we need to follow the following specifications.

 Capacity of extracting oil(C) =12kg/hr


 Density of niger seed( ) in g/ 0.9250-0.9270
 Oil content of the niger seed = 40%

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There are some pretreatment that directly affect the oil recovery rate such as the moisture
content and temperature of the seeds. The seed capacity is given in terms of mass flow rate,
however it should be converted into the unit of volumetric flow rate, since one of the important
inputs to the design calculations is the volumetric flow rate of the seed. Weight of the
uncompressed seed is measured per 100ml as a standard. [11]

=0.926g/ =m/v

926kg/ =

m= =0.0926kg =92.6g

As you understand from above calculation 100ml 0f uncompressed seed is 92.6g.

12000g/h* = 12959.96ml/h

= 12.96 l/h

The theoretical volume which is the swept volume by the feeding turns and the real volume that
is transferred forward by the feeding screws are calculated below. Feeding efficiency, ç is taken
as 90%.

= VolumeR

VolumeR = =1 4.4 l/h

Under sufficient pressure and no drainage condition, the total volume of certain of seeds drops
half of it as given in figure below. t is total applied pressure, i is seed cake pressure and U is
fluid pressure.

The volumetric flow rate at the inlet section of the oil expeller will drop to half of it at the outlet
section. After compression without /drainage, the total volumetric flow rate, Qcompressed _
seed, which is composed of the flow rate of the compressed cake, Qcake, and the oil content,
Qoil, becomes7.2 L/h.[11]

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Figure4.12: Pressure Change in Volume of Cake and Oil expressed vs. Time graph

Qcompressed _ seed = Qoil + Qcake

 Then volumetric flow rate of the cake can be determined by;


Qcake = Qcompressed _ seed – Qoil

 To determine Qcake, first Qoil should be determined moisture and oil content of niger
seed.
Then the corrected seed capacity becomes 12kg/h. Oil content, is 40% and efficiency in the screw
press is 80-90% . Then, oil recovery rate, Moil, is calculated as;

Moil = SC = 12kg/h*0.4*0.9

= 4.32kg/h

Volumetric oil recovery rate =Qoil (m3 / h) =

Qoil= 0.0047 m3/h = 4.7L/h

Then, volumetric flow rate of the cake, containing residual oil, can be determined by

Qcake = Qcompresed _ seed - Qoil

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DESIGN OF NUG OIL EXTRACTING MACHINE

Qcake = 7.2 L/h – 4.7L/h

Qcake = 2.5 L/h

Table 4.6: Volumetric Flow rates of compressed and uncompressed seed

Condition of seed Volumetric flow rate (L/h)

12.96

14.4

7.2

Qoil 4.7

Qcake 2.5

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CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The main criteria of this thesis are the required seed capacity which is 12 kg/h and the
maximum required power which is 2kw. During the thesis, various alternatives were generated
depending on the previous studies. Different screw configurations, oil and cake drainage systems
were developed for this design.

5.1-DISCUSSION ON MANUFACTURING
There are different problems which can serve as a question at a time of manufacturing by
manufacturer. The most important ideas which require great attention at a time of manufacturing
are as follows.

1. Grooves profile

The groove profile is the main thing on oil drainage. At a time of manufacturing using of
alternative geometry is use full for the ease manufacturing of the groove profile.

2. Rotational speed

Rotational speed is another important factor which affects the flow of the seeds. If the
rotational speed is higher than the required, then the system can be jammed. Or if the rotational
speed is lower than the required, and then seeds cannot be pushed forward effectively.

3. Temperature of the whole system

Temperature is essential for increasing the oil recovery rate. During the study, temperature
increased the fluidity of the oil. So oil could be able to move faster and easily penetrated into the
gaps of the cake easily. A heating mechanism also can be used to increase the temperature at the
cake drainage. But it may result in higher oil recovery rates and very thin cake flakes. So there
was no need for a heating mechanism since the temperature of the whole system increased
naturally because of the friction between the compressed seeds and the machine components.

4. Eccentricity between the screw shaft and the vessel


Depending on the tolerances of the manufacturing machines and manufacturing methodology,
eccentricity problems may occur since there was small clearance between the screw shaft and the
vessel and the vessel was mated to the flange with bolts, slope at the mating surface of the vessel
and the flange or at the bottom surface of the flange might cause eccentricity. Any small
eccentricity resulted in locking of the system arising from the contact of the metal parts. The
problem was overcome by supporting the free end of the vessel with a block in order to make the
axes of the vessel parallel to the platform surface.
5. Oil drainage holes
Manufacturing of the oil drainage holes was a difficult and time consuming process there were
120 holes drilled on the vessel since it was determined as sufficient.
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6. Assembly and disassembly of the machine components.

Assembly and disassembly of the machine components was another important problem during
the study. The screw press was left to be cooled down before the disassembly process of the
machine components for cleaning. At high temperatures, compressed seed could easily penetrate
through the clearance between the vessel and the screw shaft by the expansion of the material at
high temperatures. After cooling down, the dry seeds caused high friction force between the
vessel and the screw shaft. In order to overcome this problem, after each operation of the screw
press, the cake drainage cone can be moved forward before cooling down. As a second
alternative solution to prevent locking of the mechanism, the vessel can be composed of two
parts which are separated in the axial direction after each operation. Furthermore, by this
configuration, the disassembly can be performed by only separating the vessel easily.

5.2-CONCLUSION
We got some results from design analysis of components for instants seed capacity of the screw
press (12kg/hr), cake thickness (0.8mm), extraction of efficiency of the screw press (80 -90%),
power (2kw) and 80 rpm.

To increase the seed capacity of the present screw press is increasing the capability of the
grooves inside the vessel. This can be achieved by adjusting the groove profile, depth and length.
The efficiency of the system was assumed as 95%; however the efficiency of the machine is 80-
90%. Since lower oil recovery rate was obtained, the maximum pressure inside the vessel has
never reached to 60 Mpa. The maximum temperature of the recovered oil should be preserved
under 90 for the best quality of oil.

5.3- RECOMMENDATION
The machine can manufacture by different manufacturers but after manufacturing can have some
problems so the following ideas should be considered at a time of manufacturing.

 After the oil is extracted from the oil seed, there is a waste or cake. So at the first time
there is a possibility to get less amount of oil than what we are required due to
temperature fluctuation or other means. Therefore, we should recover the waste or cake
product again so we can get some amount of oil.
 As a design criterion it was aimed to produce a screw press that can easily be assembled
for cleaning purposes. However, it was hard to reassemble due to the need to readjust the
concentricity of the shaft and vessel after every disassembly.

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ASSEMBLING PROCEDURE
1. Prepare the main support frame and attach the handle and the gear.
2. Insert the bearing into the bearing support and attach them on the main frame.
3. Placed the screw shafts on the upper of supporting frame through the bearing by using key.
4. Fix the screw shafts on the upper of supporting frame using bearing bolts.
5. Attach the sheet metal and fix it using bolt with the support frame.
6. Attach the supports in order to load the screw, vessel and other parts of the machine.
7. Connect the oil drainage
8. Connect first the crash head casing with the crash head and then connect both to the oil
drainage. In this assembly also both the crash head casing and crash head must be concentricity.
9. Connect the supports by using bolts.
10. Finally attach the hoppers.

COST ANALYSIS
To analyze the cost of the machine need to get the mass of each parts of the machine by
calculating the volume of each parts of the machine.

Volume of screw (vs) =πd2/4 *LS = π0.052/4 *0.6 =9.243m3

Volume of the gear-1(vg1) = πd2/4 *w*T1 = π0.0542/4 *0.006471*18= 2.09m3

Volume of the gear-2(vg2) = πd2/4 *w*T2= π0.1082/4 *0.006471 *36= 16.744m3

Volume of the handle (vh) = πd2/4 *L= π0.022/4 *0.3 = 0.739m3

Volume of the lever (vl) =l*w*t =0.4*0.015*0.030 =1.3m3

Volume of hopper (vh) = m/ρ =2.5/926 =0.0027m3 = 21.195m3

Volume of the vessel (vv) = πd2/4 *L = π0.0622/4 *0.2 = 4.7374m3

Volume of frame (vf) = no of frame*lbt =4*0.25*0.02 *0.02 = 4*10-4

After this can be done the cost of the machine by finding the mass of the machine by using the
density of material which each parts of the machine are made.

Table 4.7: cost analysis table

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DESIGN OF NUG OIL EXTRACTING MACHINE

Part name Volume Material Material Mass Assumed Total


(m3) made of density (kg) Cost of cost in
(kg/m3) Material per birr
kg in birr

Screw 1.1775 * 10- Stainless 7850 9.243 117 1081.43


3
steel

Gear -1 2.66* 10-4 Milled 7850 2.09 92 192.28


steel

Gear -2 2.133*10-3 Milled 7850 16.744 92 1540.45


steel

Handle 9.42*10-5 Stainless 7850 0.739 117 86.463


steel

Vessel 6.035*10-4 Stainless 7850 4.7374 117 554.28


steel

Lever 1.8*10-4 Cast iron 7250 1.3 78 101.4

Hopper 27*10-3 Stainless 7850 21.195 117 2479.82


steel

Ball Bearing - Carbon 7850 - 142 142


(d=54mm) steel

Frame 4*10-4 Milled 7850 3.14 92 288.88


steel

Other costs 2500 Tcm


(welding, etc. =8967

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PART DRAWING
DARWING OF HOPPER

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DRAWING OF SCREW

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DRAWING OF HANDLE

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DRAWING OF OIL VESSEL

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DRAWING OF GEAR MACHANISM

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DRAWING OF SUPPORT FRAME

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ASSEMBLY DRAWING

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REFERANCE
[1]. Khurmi, R. S. & Gupta, J.K. (1997). Machine Design 1st Edition. Schonm‟s
Outlines, San Francisco, Washington D.C
[2]. Khan, L.M and Hanna, M.A. (1983). Expression of Oil from Oilseeds – A Review. Journal
of Agricultural Engineering Research.Vol. 28.
[3]. The Manual Screw Press for Small Scale Oil Extraction, K.H.Potts and K. Machell, 1993, IT
Publications, 103-105 Southampton Row, London, WC1B 4HH, UK.
[4]. Shirley‟s Mechanical Engineering Design, Eighth Edition McGraw_-Hill
[5]. Callister,William D., 1940-Materials science and engineering : an introduction / William D.
Callister, Jr-7th ed. p. cm.
[6]. R.S.Khurmi and J.K Gupta (2005), Theory of machines, (chnda) &coltd, New Delhi , India

[7]. Dr. Jagdishwarsahay, Elements of agricultural Engineering, 4th edition, and lomus offset
press, 2004.

8]. FAO (2012) Oilseeds market summary (Trade and Markets Division.) Food Outlook,

http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/est/COMM_MARKETS_MONITO

RING/Oilcrops/Documents/Food_outlook_oilseeds/Food_outlook_Nov_12.
pdf.

[9]. Niger,Guizotia abyssinica (L. f.) Cass by A. Getinet an S.M. Sharma


[10]. http://clementdoyer.tumblr.com/post/304251294/oil-extraction-from-niger-seeds-on-
extrait).
[11]. Webpage of ATTRA - National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service,
“Oilseed Processing for Small-Scale Producers”,
www.attra.ncat.org, Accessed at 23.9.2004
[12] J. E. Shigley, C. R. Mischke, “Mechanical Engineering Design, 6th
edition”, Mc Graw – Hill, USA 1988

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