Heat Treatment Process-1

COURSE CONTENTS
Sr No. Description Page
CHAPTER (I)
1. Heat-treatment Process 1 to 7
2. Heat-treatment Parameter 8 to 15
3. Steel Equilvalent 16 to 22
4. Chemical Composition of Steel 23 to 28
CHAPTER (II)
5. Kinds of Heating Salts 29 to 30

CHAPTER (III)
6. Kinds of Quenching 31
CHAPTER (IV)
7. Stainless Steel and Their Heat Treatment Process 32 to 39
CHAPTER (V)
8. Aluminium and Aluminium Alloy Their Heat Treatment 40 to 42

Process
9. Aluminium Alloy Equilvalent and Mechanical Properties 43 to 44
CHAPTER (VI)
10. Heat Treating Furnace 45 to 49

11. Furnace Control Instrumentation
12. Steel Pot for Salt Bath Furnace
CHAPTER (VII)
13. Common Hardness Test 50 to 51
CHAPTER (VIII)
14. Copper and Copper Alloy 52 to 58

CHAPTER (I)
HEAT TREATING PROCESS
1. What is the definition of heat treatment ?
Heat treatment is defined as heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in such away as to
obtain desired conditions or properties.
1.1 Typical mechanical properties of Heat treatment.

a) Hardness (trmowå)d
b) Toughness (ysif;wGo
J wå)d
c) Tensile Strength (qGq
J efUtm;)
d) Compression Strength (tzdcHEi
dk t
f m;)
e) Impact Strength (aqmifch EH kdiftm;)
f) Fatigue Strength (anmif;usrItm;)
g) Elongation (&SnfxGufrI&mcdi k Ef eI f;)
h) Reduction of Area ({&d,musKHUrI)
i) Yield Point (,Gif;rSwf)

1.2 Detail of Heat treatment Process.
a) Annealing
b) Normalizing
c) Hardening
d) Tempering
e) Hardening Process
1.2.a) Annealing
i) Stress Relieving
Application - After thermal operation (e.g welding, soldering)
- After machining operation (e.g rough turning, rough milling)
- After cold forming (e.g cold drawing, bending, rolling)
- After Straightening
- Before hardening.
Process - Heat at a temperature A1 or 40-50°C below tempering

temperature , slow cooling.
ii) Spheroidizing or soft annealing
Application - Applied to steels with more than 0.5% Carbon generally
- Before machining operation (e.g turning, milling)

2
It is not applicable to low carbon steel (less than 0.2%C)

Process - Heat at a temperature around (below and or above) the A1 for
hypoeutectoid steels or at a temperature between A1 and A2 for
hyperruutectoid steels, holding for long hours before slow cooling to
room temperature.
iii) Full annealing
Application - For Cr Mo or Cr Mn case hardening steel (e.g 34 Cr Mo 4,
16 Mn Cr 5)
Proces - Heat to above A3 Temperature by slow cooling.
iv) Recrystallization annealing
Application - After cold forming

Process - Heat at a 500 to 650 °C by air cooling.
1.2.b) Normalizing
Application - After hot forming (e.g forging, rolling)
- After thermal operation (e.g welding, casting)
- To homogenize coarse – graind and uneven structure
- To Improve toughness and yield strength

- To improve machining properties
Process - Heat at a above A3 temperature for hypoeutectoid steels, or
at a above A1 temperature for hypereutectoid steels, follow

by air cooling.
1.2.c) Hardening
i) Through Hardening
Direct Quench, Slective Quench, Time Quench
Application - Applicated to don't carburized
Process - Heat at a austenized temperature by rapid cooling

quenching media (oil, water, air, brine solution)
ii) Surface Hardening (Case Hardening) for low carbon steel (0.20 % C)
Tempering
a) Liquid carburizing (t&nfo;kH umAGefoGif;jcif;)
Salt - Applicated to sodium carbonate (Na2 CO3 80%) + sodium chloride
(Na Cl 10%) + silicon carbide (Si C 10%) solution
Process - Heat at a 850 °C temperat
3
𝑆𝑖 𝐶 + 2𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑖 𝑂3 + 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 + 2𝐶𝑂 + 𝐶
Carburizing Time 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0
Case Depth(mm) 0.2 0.25 0.35 0.4 0.5
b) Gas Carburizing ("gwfaiGUok;H umAGefoGif;jcif;)
Gas - Applicated to methane gas (CH4)or propane gas (C3H8)

Process - Heat at a 930 to 950 °C
𝐶𝐻4 = 𝐶𝑎𝑡 + 2𝐻2
Carburizing Time 5 10 15 20 25
Case Depth(mm) 1.4 2.3 2.8 3.3 4.0
c) Solid or Pack Carburizing

Carburizer - Applicated to KG-6, KG-30
Process - 900 to 930 °C
Formular (1) Charcoal (xif;rD;aoG;) - 90%

Na2 CO3 (qd'k ,
D rfumAGefedwf) - 10%
Formular (2) Charcoal (xif;rD;aoG;) - 90%
BaCO3 (aA&D,rfumAGefedwf) - 10%

Formular (3) Charcoal (xif;rD;aoG;) - 74 to 78%
BaCO3 (aA&D,rfumAGefedwf) - 12 to 15%

Na2 CO3 (qd'k ,
D rfumAGefedwf) -1.0 to 1.2%
Ca CO3 (u,fpD,rfumAGefedwf) - 3 to 5%
Fuel (avmifpmqD) - 4.5 to 5.0%
Carburizing Time 1 2 4 6 24
Case Depth(mm) 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 2.4

4
d) Carbonitriding
- Typically carbonnitriding is carried at a lower temperature and for a
shorter time than gas carburizing.
- Carbonnitriding is a modified gas carburizing process.

- Carbonnitriding is used primarily to impart a hard, wear-resistant case,
generally from 0.075 to 0.75 mm deep A carbonitrided case has higher
hardenability than a carburized case.

- Less distortion of the work piece.
- Carbonitrided cases are more brittle and less resistant to impact (by 50%
or more) than carburized cases.

e) Nitriding (After Hardening and Machining Process)
Gas - Ammonia gas (NH3)
Process - Heat at a 600 to 650 °C
- Applicated to AISI 4140 , 4340 , 6140 steels are widely
used. Type 300 austenitic stainless steel are commonly
nitride.
- Hardness 65 to 70 HRc on surface.
- After nitriding process to no heat treatment.
Nitriding Time 10 20 30 40
Case Depth(mm) 0.4 0.53 0.64 0.72
f) Flame Hardening
-Applicated to Case Harden (Surface Hardening

-Heat at a surface layer above the upper transformation temperature (910
°C)
-Heating gas flame

-Spray quench
-Commonly used for hardened of cast iron

g) Induction Hardening (Localize Hardening)
-Surface hardening process
5
-Heating by electromagnetic to above upper critical temperature (910 °C)

-Spray quench
h) Laser Hardening
-Surface hardening process
-Heating by laser gun to above upper critical temperature (910 °C)

-Spray quench
1.2.d) Tempering
i) Low temperature tempering (150 ~ 250 °C)

ii) Medium temperature tempering (350 ~ 450 °C)
iii) High temperature tempering (500 ~ 600 °C)
Typical mechanical properties of tempering

a) Tensile strength
b) Bending strength
c) Residual internal stress
** After hardening must be at least 3 times tempering process (e.g,. 1 st , 2nd, 3rd
Tempering)
1.2.e) Hardening Process

i) Preheating
ii) Hardening
iii) Quenching
iv) Tempering
2. REQUIREMENT OF HEAT TREATING FACILITYES

How to purchase a furnace for operation? How to qualify a heat treating vendor?
2.1 Describe the heat treatment processes required
a) Max.. temperature /normal operating temperature

b) Chamber uniformity
c) Part size/Quantity/Weight of parts/heat treating cycle
Total production
How big of a working chamber?
Type of furnace?
Heat/cooliong rate?
6
d) Loading – Fixturing – basket – hearth type – door type – front vs top vs bottom
loading
Manual / Mechanical aid
e) Computer control or Program Control vs single set point control – services to
instruments
f) Recorder
No. of points
No. of parameters
g) Atmosphere
h) Quenching
- Oil, water, gas, polymer

- With heating & cooling
- Type of gas / pressure
2.2 Other supporting facilities or supplies
a) Water supply
b) Ventilation
c) Straightening press
d) Testing equipment
e) Tempering/ pre-heating furnace
f) Degreasing unit
g) Storage of spares
h) Handling equipment
i) Air-conditioning room for control panel or computer

j) Others
2.3 Other inspection
a) Mircro-structure
b) Grain size
c) Tensile strength & elongation

d) Retained austenite
e) Impact strength
f) Crack detection (DP/MPI/FPI)
2.4 Major Problems in Heat Treatment

a) Low hardness
7
b) High hardness
c) Under-case
d) Over-case
e) Un-acceptable Structure
f) Distortion
g) Cracking after treatment
2.5 How to minimize distortion?
a) Design part simple and symmetrical in shape whenever possible

b) Remove machining stresses by stress relieving process before heat treatment.
c) Heat part slowly in hardening operation
d) Select suitable steel grade

e) Quench part as slowly as possible
f) Temper part at suitable temperature
2.6 Cracking after heat Treatment
The cracking is generally caused by:
a) Sharp corner
b) Surface defects
c) Unsuitable grade of steel
d) Sharp changes in section thickness at adjacent areas
e) Incorrect heat treating process

f) Incorrect quenching medium
g) Part was not temper (immediately) after hardening
8
HEATTREATMENT PARAMETER
Heattreatment Parameter
Sr AISI/ASTM/
DIN GB/YB JIS Hardening Quenching Tempering HRC Remark
No. SAE
Temp; Media Temp;
560~590°C 63
1 S 18-1-2-5 W 18 Cr 4 V CO 5 AISI T4 SKH 3 1270~1310°C Oil
Air Cool min
560~590°C 64
2 S 18-10-04-02 W 18 Cr 4 V CO 8 AISI T5 SKH 4A 1280~1330°C Oil
Air Cool min
550~580°C 62
3 S 18-0-1, SRE W 18 Cr 4 V AISI T1 SKH 2 1260~1300°C Oil
Air Cool min
540~570°C 62
4 S 6-5-2 W 6 Mo 5 Cr 4 V 2 AISI N2, M2 SKH 9 1200~1250°C Oil
Air Cool min
540~570°C 63
5 S 6-5-3 W 6 Mo 5 Cr 4 V 3 AISI M3-1 SKH 52 1200~1250°C Oil
Air Cool min
W 6 Mo 5 Cr 4 V 2 CO 530~570°C 63
6 S 6-5-2-8 AISI M3-6 SKH 56 1220~1260°C Oil
8 Air Cool min
150~200°C 59
7 C 70 W 1 T 7, T 7 A ASTM W1-7 SK 6, SK 7 760~820°C Water
Air Cool min
CKC 3, SK 5, 150~200°C 56
8 C 80 W 2 T 8, T 8 A - 760~820°C Water
SK 6 Air Cool min
ASTM W1- 150~200°C 61

9 C 85 W 2 T 9, T 9 A SK 4 760~820°C Water
0.9C Air Cool min
ASTM W1- 150~200°C 63

10 C 105 W 2 T 10, T 10 A SK 3, SK 4 760~820°C Water
1.0C Air Cool min
ASTM W1- 150~200°C 63

11 C 125 W T 12, T 12 A SK 2 760~820°C Water
1.2C Air Cool min
9
AISI/ASTM/
Sr No. DIN GB/YB JIS Hardening Quenching Tempering HRC Remark
SAE
Temp; Media Temp;
150~200°C 59
12 C 85 W 5 T 8 Mn A - - 760~820°C Water
Air Cool min
100~150°C 63
13 140 Cr 3 Cr O 6 ASTM W 5 SKB 8 780~820°C Water
Air Cool min
150~200°C 63
14 X 130 W 5 Cr W 5 ASTM F 3 SKS 1 830~880°C Oil
Air Cool min
150~200°C 63
15 100 V 1 Cr W 5 ASTM W 2 SKS 43 770~820°C Water
Air Cool min
150~200°C 61
16 105 W Cr 6 Cr W Mn ASTM O 7 SKS 2, SKS 3 830~880°C Oil
Air Cool min
150~200°C 60
17 90 Mn V 8 9 Mn V ASTM O 2 - 830~880°C Oil
Air Cool min
550~650°C 53
18 55 NiCrMoV6 5 Cr Ni Mo ASTM l 6 SKT 4 820~880°C Oil
Air Cool min
550~650°C 53
19 40 Cr Mn Mo 7 5 Cr Mn Mo - SKT 5 820~880°C Oil
Air Cool min
600~650°C 50
20 X 30 W Cr V 93 3 Cr 2 W 8 V ASTM H-21 SKD 5 1050~1100°C Air
Air Cool min
600~650°C 50
21 X 38 Cr Mo V 51 4 Cr 5 Wo V Si ASTM H-11 SKD 6 1050~1100°C Air
Air Cool min
600~650°C 50
22 X 37 Cr Mo V 51 - ASTM H-12 SKD 62 1050~1100°C Air
Air Cool min
10
Sr AISI/ASTM/
No. SAE
Temp; Media Temp;
X 40 Cr Mo V 600~650°C 50
23 4 Cr 5 Mo V 1 Si ASTM H-13 SKD 61 1050~1100°C Air
51 Air Cool min
150~200°C 61
24 X 210 Cr 12 Cr 12 ASTM D- 3 SKD 1 930~980°C Oil
Air Cool min
X 165 Cr Mo
150~200°C 61
25 V 12, KNL, Cr 12 Mo V ASTM D- 2 SKD 11 1000~1050°C Air
Air Cool min
RCC
X 100 Cr Mo 150~200°C 61
26 - ASTM A- 2 SKD 12 930~980°C Air
V5 Air Cool min
150~200°C 60
27 140 Cr V 4 Si Mn Mo ASTM 06 - 830~880°C Oil
Air Cool min
AISI 4130 SCM 432, 550~650°C 55

28 34 Cr Mo 4 30 Cr Mo, 35 Cr Mo 850~900°C Oil
AISI 4135 SCM 2/3 Rapid Cooling max;
550~650°C 55
29 42 Cr Mo 4 - AISI 4140 SCM 4 850~900°C Oil
Rapid Cooling max;
550~650°C 55
30 50 Cr Mo 4 - AISI 4145 SCM 5 850~900°C Oil
Rapid Cooling max;
570~670°C 55
31 - - AISI 4337 SNCM 1 820~870°C Oil
Rapid Cooling max;
570~670°C 55
32 - - AISI 8640 SNCM 6 820~870°C Oil
Rapid Cooling max;
40 Ni Cr Mo
6 SNCM 439 570~670°C 55
33 - AISI 4340 820~870°C Oil
34 Cr Ni Mo SNCM 8 Rapid Cooling max;
6
21 Ni Cr Mo SNCM 220(H) 150~200°C 61 Carburizing
34 AISI 8620 800~850°C Oil
2 SNCM 21 Air Cool max; 890~900°C
11
Sr AISI/ASTM/
No. SAE
Temp; Media Temp;
150~200°C 23~35
35 - AISI 4315 SNCM 22 800~850°C Oil Carburize
Air Cool min
150~200°C 23~35
36 - AISI 4320 SNCM 23 800~850°C Oil Carburize
Air Cool min
550~650°C 29~37
37 25 Cr Mo 4 30 Cr Mo AISI 4130 SCM 430 850~900°C Oil
Rapid Cooling min
AISI 1518, 150~200°C 60

38 20 Mn Cr 5 20 Cr Mn S Mn Cr 5 730~880°C Oil
AISI 1022 Air Cool max
150~200°C 60
39 9 S Mn Pb 36 AISI 12 L 14 SUM 24 L 880~920°C Oil (OR) Water Carburize
Air Cool max
60
40 9 S 20 K - AISI 1212 SUM 21 Tensile 540~780 N/mm2
max
540~680°C 55
41 35 S 20 - AISI 1204 - 850~880°C Water
Air Cool max
150~200°C 60
42 9 S Mn Pb 36 AISI 1215 - 880~920°C Water Carburize
Air Cool max
150~200°C 60
43 - Y-12 ASTM C1211 - 880~920°C Water Carburize
Air Cool max
ASTM B1113, 150~200°C 60

44 9 S Mn 28 Y-12 SUM 22 880~920°C Oil (OR) Water Carburize
ASTM 1213 Air Cool max
150~200°C 60
45 10 S 20 ASTM 1108 - 880~920°C Oil (OR) Water Carburize
Air Cool max
12
Sr AISI/ASTM/
No. SAE
Temp; Media Temp;
Oil (OR) 150~200°C
46 9 S Mn Pb 28 ASTM 12L 13 SUM 22 L 880~920°C Carburize
Water Air Cool
S Cr 440, 550~650°C 34
47 42 Cr 4 40 Cr SAE 5140 830~880°C Oil
S Cr 4 Rapid Cooling min
S Cr 435(H), 550~650°C 34
48 37 Cr 4 - SAE 5135 830~880°C Oil
S Cr 430(H), 550~650°C 34
49 34 Cr 4 35 Cr SAE 5132 830~880°C Oil
S Cr 415(H), Oil (OR) 150~200°C 30

50 15 Cr 3 15 Cr SAE 5015 800~850°C Carburize
S Cr 21 Water Air Cool min
550~650°C 34
51 45 Cr 2 - SAE 5045 - 830~880°C Oil
Rapid Cooling min
S Cr 420(H), Oil (OR) 150~200°C 34

52 20 Cr 4 20 Cr SAE 5120 820~860°C Carburize
S Cr 22 Water Air Cool min
Oil (OR) 60
53 - 65 Mn AISI 1566 - 820~850°C 500~660°C
Water max
AISI 1320/ Oil (OR) 60

54 20 Mn 5 20 Mn 2, S Mn 420 820~850°C 550~660°C Carburize
3321 Water max
AISI 1040/ Oil (OR) 50

55 40 Mn 4 40 Mn S 40 C 820~850°C 550~660°C
1036/1039 Water max
AISI
Oil (OR) 60
56 14 Mn 4 15 Mn 1115/1016 SB 46 880~920°C 550~660°C Carburize
Water max
/1019
C10, CK10, Oil (OR) 62
57 08 1006 S 09 CK 880~920°C 150~180°C Carburize
(1.1121),(1.0301) Water max
13
AISI/ASTM/
SAE
Temp; Media Temp;
60
58 CK10 08, 10, 10F 1010 S 10 C, S 9 CK 880~920°C Oil (OR) Water 150~180°C Carburize
max
150~180°C 60
59 CK15 15 1015 S 15 C, S 15 CK 880~920°C Oil Carburize
Air Cooling max
150~180°C 60
60 CK22 20 1020, 1023 S 20 C, S 20 CK 880~920°C Oil Carburize
Air Cooling max
540~680°C 60
61 CK25 25 1025 S 25 C 860~890°C Water Carburize
Air Cooling max
540~680°C 55
62 CK 35, CM 35 35 1035 S 35 C 830~860°C Oil
Air Cooling max
CC 45, CM 45, 540~680°C 55

63 40 / 45 1040 / 1045 S 40 C / S 45 C 830~860°C Oil
CK 40, CK 45, Air Cooling max
540~680°C 55
64 CK 53 50 1050 S 50 C 830~860°C Oil
Air Cooling max
540~680°C 55
65 CK 55, CN 55 55 1055 S 55 C 815~845°C Oil
Air Cooling max
540~680°C 60
66 C 60 60 1060 S 58 C 810~840°C Oil
Air Cooling max
60
67 CK 67 - 1070 - 810~840°C Oil
max
540~680°C
Air Cooling
60
68 C 75 75 1074 - 810~840°C Oil
max
14
Sr AISI/ASTM/
No. SAE
Temp; Media Temp;
540~680°C 60
69 CK 75 80 1080 - 810~840°C Oil
Air Cooling max
60
70 - 85 1084 SUP 3 820~890°C Oil 540~700°C
max
(1.0114)
71 A 3 F, AY 3 F ASTM-A-36 SS 41 - - - -
RR St-37-2
(1.0116)
72 A 3, AY 3, A 3 B ASTM-A-36 SM 41 B/A - - - -
RR St-37-3
U St-37-2
73 C 3 F, C3 ASTM-A-36 SM 41 A - - - -
(1.0116)
(1.0532)
74 A 5, AY 5 - SS 50 - - - -
St-50-2
St-W23, St-
AISI 1008,
75 W22, - SPCD, Fe P O 2 - - - -
ASTM-A-619
St-13, St-W24
A 366,
76 St- 12 - SPCD, Fe P O O - - - -
AISI 1012
St- 14 SPCEN, Fe P O
77 - AISI 1006 - - - -
CK 10 4
100 Cr 6, 62
78 GCR- 15 AISI 52100 SUJ-2 830~870°C Oil (OR) Water 170~230°C
K 150 max
AISI 3415, 62
79 14 Ni Cr 14 12 Cr Ni 3 A SNC 815 (H) 830~860°C Oil 200~350°C carburize
3310 max
80 RTC 14 GCR- 15 AISI 52100 SUJ-2 830~870°C Oil (OR) Water 170~230°C Old trade
15
AISI/ASTM/
SAE
Temp; Media Temp;
81 58 Cr V 4 58 Cr V 4 ASTM 6152 SUP 820~850°C Oil 200~300°C 60
max
60
82 67 Si Cr 5 60 Si 2 Cr A/ VA ASTM 9260 SUP 830~860°C Oil 150~200°C
max
60
83 60 Si 7 60 Si 2 Mn ASTM 9260 SUP 830~860°C Oil 150~200°C
max
62
84 105 Cr 2 GCR- 6 ASTM 50100 - 830~870°C Oil (OR) Water 150~170°C
max
62
85 105 Cr 4 GCR- 9 ASTM 51100 SUJ-1 830~870°C Oil (OR) Water 150~170°C
max
62
86 100 Cr 5 - ASTM L 3 - 830~870°C Oil (OR) Water 150~170°C
max
61
87 X 110 Cr Mo 15 9 Cr 18 Mo ASTM 440 C SUS 440 C 1000~1080°C Oil 100~300°C
min
61
88 X 45 Cr 13 9 Cr 18 ASTM 440 C SUS 440 C 1000~1080°C Oil 100~300°C
min
740~640°C 60
89 X 30 Cr 13 3 Cr 13 ASTM 420 SUS 420 J2 980~1030°C Oil
Air Cooling max
60
90 60 Si Cr 7 - ASTM 9260 - 830~860°C Oil 350~550°C
max
60
91 16 Mn Cr 5 AISI 5115 S Cr 810~840°C Oil 170~210°C Carburized
max
92 56 Ni Cr Mo V 7 - ASTM 6 F 2 - 840~870°C Oil 400~650°C

16
Chemical Composition
Sr Material No Standard W Co
Nomenclature C% Si % Mn % P% S% Cr % Mo % Ni % V%
No (DIN) Design % %
0.13 0.05 0.60~ 0.100 0.18~

1 Automatic Steel 1,0711 9S20K
Max; Max; 1.20 Max; 0.25
0.01~ 0.15~ 0.40~ 0.550~ 3.25~
2 High Quality Steel 1,5752 14NiCr14 0.035 0.035
0.17 0.35 0.70 0.95 0.95
0.15~ 0.40 0.40~ 1.50~ 0.25~ 1.40~
3 High Quality Steel 1,6587 17CrNiMo6 0.035 0.035
0.20 Max; 0.60 1.80 0.35 1.70
0.15~ 0.15~ 0.40~ 1.80~ 1.80~
4 High Quality Steel 1,5920 18CrNi8 0.035 0.035
0.20 0.40 0.60 2.10 2.10
0.30~ 0.40 0.60~ 0.90~ 0.15~
5 High Quality Steel 1,7220 34CrMo4 0.035 0.035
0.37 Max; 0.90 1.20 0.30
0.30~ 0.40 0.40~ 1.40~ 0.15~ 1.40~
6 High Quality Steel 1,6582 34CrNiMo6 0.035 0.035
0.38 Max; 0.70 1.70 0.30 1.70
0.45~ 0.15~ 0.40~ 0.90~ 3.00~
7 High Quality Steel 1,2721 50CrNi13 0.035 0.035
0.55 0.35 0.60 1.20 3.50
0.50~ 0.10~ 0.65~ 0.60~ 0.25~ 1.50~ 0.07~
8 Tool Steel Hot Work 1,2713 55CrNiMoV6 0.030 0.030
0.60 0.40 0.95 0.80 0.35 1.80 0.12
0.50~ 0.10~ 0.65~ 1.00~ 0.45~ 1.50~ 0.07~
9 Tool Steel Hot Work 1,2714 56NiCrMoV7 0.030 0.030
0.60 0.40 0.95 1.20 0.55 1.80 0.12
0.60~ 1.50~ 0.70~ 0.050
10 Tool Steel, Spring 1,0906 65Si7 0.050
0.68 1.80 1.00 Max;
0.65~ 1.50~ 0.60~
11 Tool Steel, Spring 1,2823 70Si7 0.030 0.030
0.75 1.80 0.80
0.85~ 0.15~ 0.20~ 0.70~
12 Tool Steel 1,2056 90Cr3 0.030 0.030
0.95 0.30 0.40 0.90
17
Material
Sr Standard
Nomenclature No C% Si % Mn % P% S% Cr % Mo % Ni % V% W% Co %
No Design
(DIN)
13 Tool Steel 90MnCr6 0.90 1.50 0.30
Tool Steel 0.85~ 0.10~ 1.90~ 0.20~ 0.05~

14 1,2842 90MnCrV8 0.030 0.030
(For Gauge) 0.95 0.40 2.10 0.50 0.15
0.95~ 0.15~ 0.25~ 1.35~

15 HSS 1,2067 100Cr6 0.030 0.030
1.10 0.35 0.45 1.65
0.95~ 0.15~ 0.25~ 1.35~

16 Tool Steel 1,2067 100Cr6 0.030 0.030
1.10 0.35 0.45 1.65
0.90~ 0.15~ 0.25~ 1.35~ 0.30

17 Tool Steel 1,3505 100Cr6 0.030 0.025
1.05 0.35 0.45 1.65 Max;
0.90~ 0.15~ 1.00~ 0.50~ 0.05~ 0.50~

18 Tool Steel 1,2510 100MnCrW4 0.035 0.035
1.05 0.35 1.20 0.70 0.15 0.70
Tool Steel 0.90~ 0.15~ 0.15~ 0.10~

19 1,2833 100V1 0.025 0.025
(Forming Die) 1.05 0.25 0.30 0.15
Tool Steel 0.90~ 0.15~ 0.15~ 0.10~

20 1,2833 100V1 0.025 0.025
(Forming Die) 1.05 0.25 0.30 0.15
1.00~ 0.10~ 0.80~ 0.90~ 1.00~

21 Tool Steel 1,2419 105WCr6 0.030 0.030
1.10 0.40 1.10 1.10 1.30
1.00~ 0.10~ 0.80~ 0.90~ 1.00~

22 Tool Steel 1,2419 105WCr6 0.030 0.030
1.10 0.40 1.10 1.10 1.30
1.00~ 0.10~ 0.80~ 0.90~ 1.00~

23 Tool Steel 1,2419 105WCr6 0.030 0.030
1.10 0.40 1.10 1.10 1.30
1.10~ 0.15~ 0.20~ 0.50~ 0.07~

24 Tool Steel 1,2210 115CrV3 0.030 0.030
1.25 0.30 0.40 0.80 0.12
1.10~ 0.15~ 0.20~ 0.50~ 0.07~

25 Tool Steel 1,2210 115CrV3 0.030 0.030
1.25 0.30 0.40 0.80 0.12
18
Sr Material No Standard
Nomenclature C% Si % Mn % P% S% Cr % Mo % Ni % V% W% Co %
No (DIN) Design
1.35~ 0.15~ 0.25~ 0.20~ 0.10~

26 Tool Steel 1,2206 140CrV1 0.025 0.025
1.45 0.35 0.40 0.40 0.15
1.40~ 0.15~ 0.50~ 1.30~

27 Tool Steel 1,2063 145Cr6 0.035 0.035 0.10
1.60 0.30 0.70 1.50
1.40~ 0.15~ 0.50~ 1.30~

28 Tool Steel 1,2063 145Cr6 0.035 0.035 0.10
1.60 0.30 0.70 1.50
0.12~ 0.40~ 0.30~

29 Steel, Low Carbon 1,0401 C-15 0.045 0.045
0.18 Max; 0.60
0.22~ 0.40~ 0.40~

30 Steel, Medium Carbon 1,0406 C-25 0.045 0.045
0.29 Max; 0.70
0.32~ 0.40~ 0.50~

0.39 Max; 0.80
0.37~ 0.40~ 0.50~

0.44 Max; 0.80
0.42~ 0.40~ 0.50~

0.50 Max; 0.80
34 Tool Steel 1,1730 C45W3 0.45 0.40 0.80 0.035 0.035
35 Tool Steel 1,1730 C45W3 0.45 0.40 0.80 0.035 0.035
0.55~ 0.15~ 0.60~ 0.035

36 Tool Steel 1,1740 C60W3 0.035
0.65 0.40 0.80 Max;
19
No (DIN) Design
0.80~ 0.25~ 0.50~

37 Tool Steel 1,1830 C85W 0.025 0.020
0.90 0.40 0.70
0.78~ 0.10~ 0.27~ 0.025

38 Tool Steel 1,1530 C85W1 0.025
0.82 0.15 0.33 Max;
39 Tool Steel 1,1630 C85W2 0.85 0.30 0.35 0.030 0.030
40 Tool Steel 1,1630 C85W2 0.85 0.30 0.35 0.030 0.030
0.40 0.60
41 Tool Steel 1,1760 C90W3 0.90 0.035 0.035
Max; Max;
0.40 0.60
42 Tool Steel 1,1760 C90W3 0.90 0.035 0.035
Max; Max;
0.98~ 0.10~ 0.27~

43 Tool Steel 1,1540 C100W1 0.025 0.025
1.02 0.15 0.33
44 Tool Steel 1,1640 C100W2 1.0 0.30 0.35 0.030 0.030
45 Tool Steel 1,1640 C100W2 1.0 0.30 0.35 0.030 0.030
1.08~ 0.10~ 0.27~

46 Tool Steel 1,1550 C110W1 0.025 0.025
1.12 0.15 0.33
1.08~ 0.10~ 0.27~

47 Tool Steel 1,1550 C110W1 0.025 0.025
1.12 0.15 0.33
20
No (DIN) Design
48 Tool Steel 1,1650 C110W2 1.10 0.30 0.35 0.030 0.030
49 Tool Steel 1,1560 C125W1 1.25 0.25 0.25 0.025 0.025
C=0.26,W=8.5,
50 Tool Steel 0.26 3.0 0.25 8.50
Cr=3, V=0.25
C=0.65,W=15,
51 HSS 0.65 4.0 0.5 15.0
Cr=4, V=0.5
C=0.75,W=18,
52 HSS 0.75 4.25 1.1 18.0
Cr=4.25, V=1.1
C=0.8,W=18,
53 HSS 0.8 4.5 1.75 18.0 5.0
Cr=4.5, V=1.75, Co=5
C=13, W=1,
54 Tool Steel 1.3 1.5 1.0
Cr=1.5
C=1.5, W=4,
55 Tool Steel 1.5 0.5 4.0
Cr=0.5
Steel, Low Carbon, 0.07~ 0.40 0.30~ 0.035

56 1.1121 CK-10 0.035
Low Sulphur 0.13 Max; 0.60 Max;
0.42~ 0.40 0.50~ 0.030

57 Carbon Steel 1.1191 CK-45 0.035
0.50 Max; 0.80 Max;
0.57~ 0.40 0.60~ 0.030

58 Carbon Steel 1.1221 CK-60 0.035
0.65 Max; 0.90 Max;
21
No (DIN) Design
0.86~ 0.45 0.40 3.80~ 4.70~ 1.70~ 6.00~

59 HSS 1.3343 S-6-5-2 0.030 0.030
0.95 Max; Max; 4.50 5.20 2.00 6.70
0.88~ 0.45 0.40 3.80~ 4.70~ 1.70~ 6.00~ 4.50~

60 HSS 1.3243 S-6-5-2-5 0.030 0.030
0.96 Max; Max; 4.50 5.20 2.00 6.70 5.00
1.20~ 0.45 0.40 3.80~ 4.20~ 3.00~ 9.00~ 9.50~

61 HSS 1.3207 S-10-4-3-10 0.030 0.030
1.35 Max; Max; 4.50 5.90 3.50 10.0 10.5
0.70~ 0.45 0.40 3.80~ 1.00~ 17.5~

62 HSS 1.3355 S-18-0-1 0.030 0.030
0.78 Max; Max; 4.50 1.20 18.5
0.70~ 0.45 0.40 3.80~ 1.00~ 17.5~

63 HSS 1.3355 S-18-0-1 0.030 0.030
0.78 Max; Max; 4.50 1.20 18.5
0.70~ 0.45 0.40 3.80~ 1.00~ 17.5~

64 HSS 1.3355 S-18-0-1 0.030 0.030
0.78 Max; Max; 4.50 1.20 18.5
0.70~ 0.45 0.40 3.80~ 1.00~ 17.5~

65 HSS 1.3355 S-18-0-1 0.030 0.030
0.78 Max; Max; 4.50 1.20 18.5
0.70~ 0.45 0.40 4.50 0.50 2.20 18.5

66 HSS 1.3357 S-18-0-2 0.020 0.020
0.78 Max; Max; Max; Max; Max; Max;
0.72~ 0.45 0.40 3.80~ 0.50~ 1.40~ 17.5~ 9.00~

67 HSS 1.3265 S-18-1-2-10 0.030 0.030
0.82 Max; Max; 4.50 0.80 1.70 18.5 10.0
0.72~ 0.45 0.40 3.80~ 0.50~ 1.40~ 17.5~ 9.00~

68 HSS 1.3265 S-18-1-2-10 0.030 0.030
0.82 Max; Max; 4.50 0.80 1.70 18.5 10.0
0.75~ 0.45 0.40 3.80~ 0.50~ 1.40~ 17.5~ 4.50~

69 HSS 1.3255 S-18-1-2-5 0.030 0.030
0.83 Max; Max; 4.50 0.80 1.70 18.5 5.00
22
No (DIN) Design
0.75~ 0.45 0.40 3.80~ 0.50~ 1.40~ 17.5~ 4.50~

70 HSS 1.3255 S-18-1-2-5 0.030 0.030
0.83 Max; Max; 4.50 0.80 1.70 18.5 5.00
0.36~ 0.90~ 0.30~ 4.80~ 1.10~ 0.25~

71 Tool Steel Hot Work 1.2345 X38CrMoV51 0.030 0.030
0.42 1.20 0.50 5.50 1.40 0.50
0.37~ 0.90~ 0.30~ 4.80~ 1.20~ 0.90~

72 Tool Steel Hot Work 1.2344 X40CrMoV51 0.030 0.030
0.43 1`.20 0.50 5.50 1.50 1.10
0.90~ 0.20~ 0.40~ 4.80~ 0.90~ 0.10~

73 Tool Steel 1.2363 X100CrMoV51 0.035 0.035
1.05 0.40 0.70 5.50 1.20 0.30
0.90~ 0.20~ 0.40~ 4.80~ 0.90~ 0.10~

74 Tool Steel 1.2363 X100CrMoV51 0.035 0.035
1.05 0.40 0.70 5.50 1.20 0.30
Tool Steel, High 1.55~ 0.25~ 0.20~ 11.0~ 0.50~ 0.10~ 0.40~
75 1.2601 X165CrMoV12 0.030 0.030
Carbon, High Cr 1.75 0.40 0.40 12.0 0.70 0.50 0.60
Tool Steel, High 1.55~ 0.25~ 0.20~ 11.0~ 0.50~ 0.10~ 0.40~
76 1.2601 X165CrMoV12 0.030 0.030
Carbon, High Cr 1.75 0.40 0.40 12.0 0.70 0.50 0.60
Tool Steel, High 1.55~ 0.25~ 0.20~ 11.0~ 0.50~ 0.10~ 0.40~
77 1.2601 X165CrMoV12 0.030 0.030
Carbon, High Cr 1.75 0.40 0.40 12.0 0.70 0.50 0.60
Tool Steel, High

78 X200Cr13 2.0 13.0
Carbon, High Cr
Tool Steel, High 1.90~ 0.10~ 0.15~ 11.0~

79 1.2080 X210Cr12 0.030 0.030
Carbon, High Cr 2.20 0.40 0.45 12.0
23
STEEL EQUIVALENT
Sr
AISI/ASTM/
STEEL GROUP DIN GB/YB JIS
SAE
No.
1 Stainless Steel X 5 Cr Ni 189 0Cr19 Ni 9 AISI 304 SUS 304
2 Stainless Steel X 5 Cr Mo 1810 0Cr17 Ni 12 Mo 2 AISI 316 SUS 316
X 2 Cr Ni Mo
3 Stainless Steel 0Cr17 Ni 14 Mo 2 AISI 316 L SUS 316 L
1810
4 Stainless Steel X 2 Cr Ni 189 00Cr 19 Ni 11 AISI 304 L SUS 304 L
5 High Speed Steel S 18-1-2-5 W 18 Cr 4 V CO 5 AISI T4 SKH 3
6 High Speed Steel S 18-10-04-02 W 18 Cr 4 V CO 8 AISI T5 SKH 4A
7 High Speed Steel S 18-0-1, SRE W 18 Cr 4 V AISI T1 SKH 2
8 High Speed Steel S 6-5-2 W 6 Mo 5 Cr 4 V 2 AISI N2, M2 SKH 9
9 High Speed Steel S 6-5-3 W 6 Mo 5 Cr 4 V 3 AISI M3-1 SKH 52
W 6 Mo 5 Cr 4 V 2 CO
10 High Speed Steel S 6-5-2-8 AISI M3-6 SKH 56
8
11 Carbon Tool Steel C 70 W 1 T 7, T 7 A ASTM W1-7 SK 6, SK 7
CKC 3, SK 5, SK
12 Carbon Tool Steel C 80 W 2 T 8, T 8 A -
6
ASTM W1-
13 Carbon Tool Steel C 85 W 2 T 9, T 9 A SK 4
0.9C
ASTM W1-
14 Carbon Tool Steel C 105 W 2 T 10, T 10 A SK 3, SK 4
1.0C
ASTM W1-
15 Carbon Tool Steel C 125 W T 12, T 12 A SK 2
1.2C
16 Carbon Tool Steel C 85 W 5 T 8 Mn A - -
17 Alloy Tool Steel 140 Cr 3 Cr O 6 ASTM W 5 SKB 8
18 Alloy Tool Steel X 130 W 5 Cr W 5 ASTM F 3 SKS 1

24
Sr AISI/ASTM/
No. SAE
19 Alloy Tool Steel 100 V 1 Cr W 5 ASTM W 2 SKS 43
20 Alloy Tool Steel 105 W Cr 6 Cr W Mn ASTM O 7 SKS 2, SKS 3
21 Alloy Tool Steel 90 Mn V 8 9 Mn V ASTM O 2 -
22 Alloy Tool Steel 55 NiCrMoV6 5 Cr Ni Mo ASTM l 6 SKT 4
23 Alloy Tool Steel 40 Cr Mn Mo 7 5 Cr Mn Mo - SKT 5
24 Alloy Tool Steel X 30 W Cr V 93 3 Cr 2 W 8 V ASTM H-21 SKD 5
X 38 Cr Mo V
25 Alloy Tool Steel 4 Cr 5 Wo V Si ASTM H-11 SKD 6
51
X 37 Cr Mo W
26 Alloy Tool Steel - ASTM H-12 SKD 62
51
X 40 Cr Mo V 1
27 Alloy Tool Steel 4 Cr 5 Mo V 1 Si ASTM H-13 SKD 61
Si
28 Alloy Tool Steel X 210 Cr 12 Cr 12 ASTM D- 3 SKD 1
X 165 Cr Mo V
29 Alloy Tool Steel Cr 12 Mo V ASTM D- 2 SKD 11
12, KNL, RCC
X 100 Cr Mo V
30 Alloy Tool Steel - ASTM A- 2 SKD 12
5
31 Alloy Tool Steel 140 Cr V 4 Si Mn Mo ASTM 06 -
Chromium AISI 4130 SCM 432,

32 34 Cr Mo 4 30 Cr Mo, 35 Cr Mo
Molybdemum AISI 4135 SCM 2/3
Chromium
33 42 Cr Mo 4 - AISI 4140 SCM 4
Molybdemum
Chromium
34 50 Cr Mo 4 - AISI 4145 SCM 5
Molybdemum
Nickel Chromium
35 - - AISI 4337 SNCM 1
Molybdmum Steel
Nickel Chromium
36 - - AISI 8640 SNCM 6
Molybdmum Steel
Nickel Chromium 40 Ni Cr Mo 6 SNCM 439

37 - AISI 4340
Molybdmum Steel 34 Cr Ni Mo 6 SNCM 8
25
Sr AISI/ASTM/
No. SAE
Nickel Chromium Carburizing SNCM 220(H)

38 21 Ni Cr Mo 2 AISI 8620
Molybdmum Steel 890~900°C SNCM 21
Nickel Chromium Carburizing

39 - AISI 4315 SNCM 22
Molybdmum Steel 900°C
Nickel Chromium Carburizing

40 - AISI 4320 SNCM 23
Molybdmum Steel 900°C
Chromium
41 25 Cr Mo 4 30 Cr Mo AISI 4130 SCM 430
Molybdemum
Magnese Chromium AISI 1518,

42 20 Mn Cr 5 20 Cr Mn S Mn Cr 5
Steel (Caburizing) AISI 1022
Resulpherized Carbon Carburizing

43 9 S Mn Pb 36 AISI 12 L 14 SUM 24 L
Steel 950°C
Resulpherized Carbon
44 9 S 20 K - AISI 1212 SUM 21
Steel
Resulpherized Carbon
45 35 S 20 - AISI 1204 -
Steel

46 9 S Mn Pb 36 AISI 1215 -
Steel 950°C
Resulpherized Carbon Y-12 Carburizing

47 - ASTM C1211 -
Steel 950°C
Resulpherized Carbon Y-12 Carburizing ASTM B1113,

48 9 S Mn 28 SUM 22
Steel 950°C ASTM 1213

49 10 S 20 ASTM 1108 -
Steel 900°C

50 9 S Mn Pb 28 ASTM 12L 13 SUM 22 L
Steel 900°C
Hardenablity Band for S Cr 440,

51 42 Cr 4 40 Cr SAE 5140
Alloy H-Steel S Cr 4
Hardenablity Band for S Cr 435(H),

52 37 Cr 4 - SAE 5135
Alloy H-Steel S Cr 3
S Cr 430(H),
53 Chromium Steel 34 Cr 4 35 Cr SAE 5132
S Cr 3
S Cr 415(H),
54 Chromium Steel 15 Cr 3 15 Cr (Carburizing) SAE 5015
S Cr 21
55 Chromium Steel 45 Cr 2 - SAE 5045 -
S Cr 420(H),
56 Chromium Steel 20 Cr 4 20 Cr (Carburizing) SAE 5120
S Cr 22
26
Sr AISI/ASTM/
No. SAE
57 Spring Steel - 65 Mn AISI 1566 -
AISI 1320/
58 Heat treatable Steel 20 Mn 5 20 Mn 2, (Carburizing) S Mn 420
3321
AISI 1040/
59 Heat treatable Steel 40 Mn 4 40 Mn S 40 C
1036/1039
AISI
60 Heat treatable Steel 14 Mn 4 15 Mn (Carburizing) 1115/1016 SB 46
/1019
Carbon Steel for M/C C10, CK10,
61 08 F (Carburizing) 1006 S 09 CK
Structural Use (1.1121),(1.0301)
Carbon Steel for M/C 08, 10, 10F

62 CK10 1010 S 10 C, S 9 CK
Structural Use (Carburizing)
Carbon Steel for M/C

63 CK15 15 (Carburizing) 1015 S 15 C, S 15 CK
Structural Use

64 CK22 20 (Carburizing) 1020, 1023 S 20 C, S 20 CK
Structural Use

65 CK25 25 (Carburizing) 1025 S 25 C
Structural Use

66 CK 35, CM 35 35 1035 S 35 C
Structural Use
Carbon Steel for M/C CC 45, CM 45,

67 40 / 45 1040 / 1045 S 40 C / S 45 C
Structural Use CK 40, CK 45,

68 CK 53 50 1050 S 50 C
Structural Use

69 CK 55, CN 55 55 1055 S 55 C
Structural Use

70 C 60 60 1060 S 58 C
Structural Use

71 CK 67 - 1070 -
Structural Use

72 C 75 75 1074 -
Structural Use

73 CK 75 80 1080 -
Structural Use
74 Spring Steel - 85 1084 SUP 3
Rolled Steel for (1.0114)

75 A 3 F, AY 3 F ASTM-A-36 SS 41
General Structure RR St-37-2
27
Sr AISI/ASTM/
No. SAE

76 A 3, AY 3, A 3 B ASTM-A-36 SM 41 B/A
General Structure RR St-37-3
Rolled Steel for U St-37-2

77 C 3 F, C3 ASTM-A-36 SM 41 A
General Structure (1.0116)

78 A 5, AY 5 - SS 50
General Structure St-50-2
St-W23, St-
Cold Rolled Carbon AISI 1008,
79 W22, - SPCD, Fe P O 2
Steel Sheet & Strip ASTM-A-619
St-13, St-W24
Cold Rolled Carbon A 366,
80 St- 12 - SPCD, Fe P O O
Steel Sheet & Strip AISI 1012
Cold Rolled Carbon St- 14 SPCEN, Fe P O

81 - AISI 1006
Steel Sheet & Strip CK 10 4
High Carbon
100 Cr 6,
82 Chromium Bearing GCR- 15 AISI 52100 SUJ-2
K 150
Steel
AISI 3415,
83 Nickel Chromium Steel 14 Ni Cr 14 12 Cr Ni 3 A SNC 815 (H)
3310
RTC 14
84 Alloy Tool Steel GCR- 15 AISI 52100 SUJ-2
W 150
85 Spring Steel 58 Cr V 4 58 Cr V 4 ASTM 6152 SUP
86 Spring Steel 67 Si Cr 5 60 Si 2 Cr A/ VA ASTM 9260 SUP
87 Spring Steel 60 Si 7 60 Si 2 Mn ASTM 9260 SUP
High Carbon
88 Chromium Bearing 105 Cr 2 GCR- 6 ASTM 50100 -
Steel
High Carbon
89 Chromium Bearing 105 Cr 4 GCR- 9 ASTM 51100 SUJ-1
Steel
High Carbon
90 Chromium Bearing 100 Cr 5 - ASTM L 3 -
Steel
91 Stainless Steel X 110 Cr Mo 15 9 Cr 18 Mo ASTM 440 C SUS 440 C
92 Stainless Steel X 45 Cr 13 9 Cr 18 ASTM 440 C SUS 440 C
Heat Resistance
93 X 30 Cr 13 3 Cr 13 ASTM 420 SUS 420 J2
Stainless Steel
94 Spring Steel 60 Si Cr 7 - ASTM 9260 -

28
Sr AISI/ASTM/
No. SAE
95 Case Hardening steel 16 Mn Cr 5 Carburized AISI 5115 S Cr
GNME Hot Work Die

96 56 Ni Cr Mo V 7 - ASTM 6 F 2 -
Tensile Tool Steel
29
CHAPTER (II)
Kinds of Heating Salts
1. Five kinds of heating salts-
a) Preheating Salts
b) Hardening Salts
c) Quenching and Tempering Salts
d) Carburizing Salts
e) Nitriding Salts
1.a) Preheating Salts
i) PS-760 (Melting Point 760 °C, Working Range (760 ~ 900 °C)
ii) GS-540 (Melting Point 540 °C, Working Range 540 ~ 900 °C)
1.b) Hardening Salts
i) GS-540 (Melting 540 °C, Working Range 540 ~ 900 °C)
ii) KCL (Melting 540 °C, Working Range 540 ~ 900 °C)
iii) BaCl2 (Melting 910 °C, Working Range 910 ~ 1350 °C)
iv) GS-750 (Melting 750~1100 °C)

v) GS-960 (Melting 960 ~ 1260 °C)
vi) HS-970 (Melting 970 ~ 1400 °C)
vii) Carbon-neutral (Melting 970 ~ 1400 °C)

viii) NC-660 (Melting 660 ~ 900 °C)
1.c) Quenching and Tempering Salts
i) GS-430 (Melting 430 ~ 800 °C) for quenching

ii) QS-495 (Melting 495 ~ 800 °C) for quenching
iii) AS-140 (Melting 140 ~ 400 °C)
iv) TS-150 (Melting 150 ~ 400 °C)

v) TS-220 (Melting 220 ~ 550 °C)
1.d) Carburizing Salts
i) C-3 (Melting 540 ~ 900 °C)

- These contains NaCN 12%
- Carburizing (C3 (1) : GS-540 (10))
e.g,. GS-540 : C3 , NC 660 : C3, GS-750 : C3
10 : 1 10 : 1 10 : 1
30
ii) Rapideed 'S' (Melting 540 ~ 900 °C)

-Same as C3
iii) Rapideed 'H' (Melting 540 ~ 900 °C)
-These contains NaCN 20%

-Carburizing (GS- 540 : Rapideed 'H')
10 : 1
-For low carbon steels, low alloy steels)

iv) Regenerator 'A'
-This is insertor salts (NC-660 + …..)
v) R2
-Same as regenerator 'A'
1.e) Nitriding Salts
i) TF-1 (Basic Salt, Melting 480 ~ 700 °C)
-These contain NaCN 60% + KCL 40%
-For Nitriding of high speed steel (e.g,. S-6-5-2, S-18-0-1)
ii) Reg-1 (Regeneration Salt) Melting 480 ~ 700 °C

-These contain NaCN 36% + KCL 64%
-For Nitriding of Cr-Mo steel and austenitic stainless steel

31
CHAPTER (III)
Kinds of Quenching
1. Kinds of quenching are as follow-
a) Water
b) Brine Solution
c) Oil
d) Air
e) AS-140, GS-430 + Water
1.a) Water
-Applicate to water hardening steels and carbon tool steels

(e.g,. C90W1, C100W2, SK5, SK7, …)
-Heat at (20 ~ 40 °C)
-Circulated to water or work piece
1.b) Brine Solution
-These contain (NaCl + NaOH 10% + H2O)
-Circulated to salts solution
1.c) Oil
-Applicated to hot work steel, cold work steel , CrMo, CrNi steels, high alloy steels, H.S.S
steel, oil hardening steels
(e.g,. O1, O7, H11, H13, SKD11, S-6-5-2, …)
-Circulated to oil (or) work piece
1.d) Air
-Applicated to air hardening steels (e.g,. A1, A2, …)
1.e) Salt Bath (or) Hot Quenching
These contain AS140 + H2O, GS430 + H2O)

-For martempering (Hot quenching)
-Less distorition, crack
-High hardness
-Heat at (140 ~ 200 °C)
Tempering for ductile cast iron, CrMo, CrNi, steels, plain carbon steel
32
CHAPTER (IV)
Stainless Steels And Their Heat treatment Process
1) What is Stainless steel.
A large family of heat and corrosion resisting alloys bas been devekioed ti safisty many
requirements for resistance to corrosion, heat, or both. They are known as the stainless
steel .
2) Three kinds of stainless steels-

a) Austenitic stainless steels (Non- hardended by quench)
b) Ferritic stainless steels (Non hardended by quench)
c) Martensitic stainless steels (hardended by quench)

(All Grades of stainless steels contain a minium of 11.5% Chromium. This is
approximately the minimum amount required for a stainless steel.)
2.a) Austenitic Stainless Steel
Austenitic stainless steel may be divided into five groups-
i) Conventional grades
ii) Stabilized grades

iii) Low carbon grades
iv) High nitrogen grades
v) High alloy grades

(Austenitic stainless steel cannot be hardened by heat treatment but will harden as
a result of cold working. These steels are usually purchased in and annealed or
cold work state.)

-Only Heat treatments that are used these grades-
a) Full annealing by rapid cooling from elevated temperature: (650 °C)
b) Stree-relieving
c) Surface hardening by nitriding
2.b) Ferritic Stainless Steels
- Ferritic stainless steels divided into two groups-

i) Coventional grades
ii) Low-interstitial ferritic grades
(Ferritic Stainless steels are not harden by quenching.)
-Only Heat treatments that are used these grades, as follow.
33
-Annealing
2.c) Martensitic Stainless Steels
-Heat treading of Martensitic stainless steels is essentially the same as plain carbon or low
alloy steels.
-Corrosion resistance of the martensitic grades are lower than Austenitic grades.
(All of the martensitic stainless steels are fully hardened by quenching in still air
from their austenizing temperature.)
3) Precipitation Hardening (age harden) Stainless Steels , Solution Heat Treatment

a) Homogenization
- Heat at a 1175 ±15 °C
- Time, 2½ hrs per 25mm (1 inch)

- Quenching media (oil, air, water)
- Aging temperature – 650 ~ 850 °C
- Aging time 4 hrs to 24 hrs.
b) Austenite- Conditioning (Solution Treatment)
Heat at a 1040 ±15 °C
- Time, 1 hrs per 25mm (1 inch)

- Quenching media (oil, air, water)
- Aging temperature – 650 ~ 850 °C
- Aging time 4 hrs to 24 hrs.

c) Precipitation Hardening (age-hardening)
- To obtain minimum tensile strength
Tensile Strength (N/mm2) Treatment
1310 1 hr at 480 ± 5 °C
1170 4 hrs at 495 ± 5 °C
1070 4 hrs at 550 ± 5 °C
1030 4 hrs at 565 ± 5 °C
1000 4 hrs at 580 ± 5 °C
930 4 hrs at 620 ± 5 °C
Solution heat treatment , precipitation hardening (or ) age hardening process are commonly used
for heat treating aluminium alloy, copper and nickle alloy.
34
Specification For Ferritic Stainless Steels

Mechanical
Sr; Chemical Composition
Properties
No Material Annealing Temp; Remark
Tensile
. C% Si% Mn% P% S% Cr% Ni% Mo% Elongation
N/mm2
1 AISI-405 0.08max 1.0max 1.0max 0.040 0.030max 11.5~14.5 - - 650~815 °C 900max 35%
4 AISI-439 0.07max 1.0max 1.0max 0.045 0.030max 17.0~19.0 0.5 - 870~925 °C 900max 35%
Two Types of Ferritic Stainless Steels
Conventional Ferritic Grades `
(a) 405,409,430,430F,446,434
Low - interstitial Ferritic Grades

(b)
439,444
Ferritic Stainless Steels are not hardened by quenching but rather develop minimum hardness & maximum ductility, toughness and corrosion
resistence in
the annealed and quenchend condition.

35
Specification For Austenitic Stainless Steels

Chemical Composition Mechanical Properties
Sr; Annealing
Material Tensile Remark
No. C% Si% Mn% P% S% Cr% Ni% Mo% Temp; Elongation
N/mm2
1010 ~1120
1 AISI-301 0.15max 1.0max 2.0 max 0.040 0.030max 16.0~18.0 6.0~8.0 - 700~900 45%
°C
1010 ~1120
°C
AISI-303 1010 ~1120
3 0.15max 1.0max 2.0 max 0.20 0.06max 17.0~19.0 8.0~10.0 - 900~1000 40%
se °C
1010 ~1120
°C
1010 ~1120
°C
1010 ~1120
°C
1040~1065
7 AISI-310 0.25max 1.5max 2.0 max 0.045 0.030max 24.0~26.0 19.0~22.0 - 1200max 35%
°C
AISI-310 1010 ~1120
8 0.08max 1.5max 2.0 max 0.045 0.030max 24.0~26.0 19.0~22.0 - 900max 35%
S °C
1010 ~1120
9 AISI-316 0.08max 1.5max 2.0 max 0.045 0.030max 16.0~18.0 10.0~14.0 2.0~3.0 1100max 35%
°C
AISI-304 1010 ~1120
10 0.03max 1.0max 2.0 max 0.045 0.030max 18.0~20.0 8.0~10.5 - 500~700 45%
L °C
AISI-304 1010 ~1120 N 0.10 ~
11 0.03max 1.0max 2.0 max 0.045 0.030max 18.0~20.0 8.0~10.5 - 500~700 45%
LN °C 0.16
AISI-316 1010 ~1120 N 0.10 ~
12 0.03max 1.5max 2.0 max 0.045 0.030max 16.0~18.0 10.0~14.0 2.0~3.0 1100max 35%
LN °C 0.16
AISI-317 1040~1110
13 0.03max 1.0max 2.0 max 0.045 0.030max 18.0~20.0 11.0~15.0 3.0~4.0 - -
L °C
1010~1120
14 AISI-201 0.15max 1.0max 5.50~7.50 0.060 0.030max 16.0~18.0 3.5~5.50 - - -
°C
36
Five Types of Austenitic Stainless Steels
Convetional Grades Stabilized Grades

(a) (b)
301,302,302B,303,303Se,304,305,308,309,309S,310,310S,316,317 321,347,348
Low Carbon Grades High Nitrogen Grades
(c) (d)
304L,304LN,316,316LN,317L 201,202,304N,316N,
High Alloy Grades
(e)
317LM,317LX,317LPLUS,317LMO,904L
Austenitic Cannot be Hardened by heat-treatment but will harden as a result of cold working . These steel are usually purchased in an anneal or cold
work state.
37
Heat - treatment Parameter For Martensitic Stainless Steels
Heat - treatment Parameter

Sr;
Material HRC Remark
No.
Austenizing Temp; Quench Medium Tempering
1 AISI-403 925~1010 °C ( 30min~90min ) Air or Oil 205~605 °C 25~47

4 AISI-416 925~1010 °C ( 30min~90min ) Oil 230~650 °C 25~45
5 AISI-416se 925~1010 °C ( 30min~90min ) Oil 230~650 °C 25~45
8 AISI-440 A 1010~1065 °C ( 30min~90min ) Air or Oil 150~370 °C 49~60
9 AISI-440 B 1010~1065 °C ( 30min~90min ) Air or Oil 150~370 °C 49~60
10 AISI-440 C 1010~1065 °C ( 30min~90min ) Air or Oil 150~370 °C 49~60
11 AISI-440 F 1010~1065 °C ( 30min~90min ) Air or Oil 150~370 °C 49~60
Heat Treating of Martensitic Stainless Steel is Essentially the Same as for Plain Carbon or low alloy
Steels.
Carburizing Condition Should be avoided Because an increase in the Carbon Content of the Surface of
the Steel will
Lower the Resistence to Corrosion of Stress Relieving After Hardening.
38
Annealing For Martensitic Stainless Steels
Annealing Temperature
Sr;No. Material Remark
Annealing Full Annealing Isothermal Annealing
1 AISI-403 650~760 °C 830~885 °C 830~885 °C ( 6 hours) Hold at 705 °C
3 AISI-414 650~730 °C Not Recommended Not Recommended
5 AISI-416se 650~760 °C 830~885 °C 830~885 °C ( 2 hours) Hold at 720 °C
8 AISI-440 A 675~760 °C 845~900 °C 845~900 °C ( 4 hours) Hold at 690 °C
9 AISI-440 B 675~760 °C 845~900 °C 845~900 °C ( 4 hours) Hold at 690 °C
10 AISI-440 C 675~760 °C 845~900 °C 845~900 °C ( 4 hours) Hold at 690 °C
11 AISI-440 F 675~760 °C 845~900 °C 845~900 °C ( 4 hours) Hold at 690 °C

39
Specification For Martensitic Stainless Steels
Chemical Composition Mechanical Properties

Sr;No. Material Remark
Tensile
C% Si% Mn% P% S% Cr% Ni% Mo% Elongation
N/mm2
1 AISI-403 0.15max 0.50max 1.00max 0.040 0.030max 11.5~13.0 - - 760~1515 20%
2 AISI-410 0.15max 1.0max 1.0max 0.04 0.030max 11.5~13.5 - - 760~1515 20%
3 AISI-414 0.15max 1.0max 1.0max 0.04 0.030max 11.5~13.5 1.25~2.50 - 760~1515 20%
4 AISI-416 0.15max 1.0max 1.25 max 0.060 0.15 12.0~14.0 760~1515 -

AISI-
5 0.15max 1.0max 1.25 max 0.060 0.060 12.0~14.0 760~1515 -
416se
6 AISI-420 0.15max 1.0max 1.0max 0.040 0.030 12.0~14.0 1550~1930 -
7 AISI-431 0.2 max 1.0max 1.0max 0.040 0.030 15.0~17.0 1.25~2.50 1210~1515 -
AISI-440 0.75
8 0.60~0.75 1.0max 1.0max 0.040 0.030 16.0~18.0 - -
A max
AISI-440 0.75
9 0.75~0.95 1.0max 1.0max 0.040 0.030 16.0~18.0 - -
B max
AISI-440 0.75
10 0.95~1.20 1.0max 1.0max 0.040 0.030 16.0~18.0 - -
C max
AISI-440
11 0.95~1.20 1.0max 1.25 max 0.06 0.15 16.0~18.0 - -
F
40
CHAPTER (V)
Aluminium Alloys and Their Heat Treatment
1. There are two kinds of Aluminium Alloys-

a) Heattreatable alloy
b) Non-heattreatable alloy
1.a) Heat-treatable Aluminium alloys are as follow-
i) Aluminium Copper alloy (2219, 2021, 2014, 2024, …)
ii) Al – Mg – Si alloy (6063, 6062, …)
iii) Al – Mg – Zn alloy (7005, 7039, 7075, 7178, 7079)
How Aluminium Designates Tempers of Heat-treatable Alloys
F - As Fabricated (For Wrought Product)
O - Annealed (For Wrought Product)
H - Strain-hardened (For Wrought Product and Pure Al Alloy)
W - Solution Heat treated.
T - Thermally treated to produce stable tempers other than F,O (or) H
T1 - Partially solution heat-treated and nuturally aged to a sub stantially stable
condition. (e.g., casting (or) extrusion)
T2 - Annealed ( Cast product only)
T3 - Solution Heat treatment and Cold Work.
T4 - Solution Heat treatment and Naturally Aged to a Substantially Stable Condition.
T5 - Partially Solution Heat treated and Artificially Aged.
T6 - Solution Heat treatment and Artificially aged. (Not cold work)
T7 - Solution Heat treatment and Stabilized
T8 - Solution Heat treated, Cold Worked and Artificially Aged. (For cold worked)
T9 - Solution Heat treated and Artificially Aged (For cold work)
T10 - Partially Solution Heat treated Artificially Aged. (For cold work)
TX51 - Stress Relieved by Stretching (After Solution H.T)
- TX510 (Extruded rod, bars)
- TX511 (Extruded rod, bars)
TX52 - Stress Relieved by Compress (After Solution H-T)
TX53 - Stress Relieved by Thermal Treatment (For Wrought Products Heat Treated by
the User)
- T42 (Some Alloy Solutuin H-T by User)
- T62 (Solution H-T and Artificially Aged by User)
41
Heat Treatment Parameters For Heat-treatable Aluminium Alloy
Alloy Designation Solution Temper Grate Aging Temp; Remarks

Treatment Temp;
Al-Cu T3, T8, T31

2011 T351, T62, T81,
2219 T851, T87, T8
2021 493
Al-Cu-Mg To T4, T451 177 ~ 210 °C
2017 529 °C T4
2117 T61
2018 T3, T4, T351
2218 T6, T651, T351
2618 TT6,T651, T81
2024
Al-Cu-Si-Mg) T851,T86
2014
Al-Mg-Si
6951
6061 521 T1, T4, T5, T6
6262 To T651, T832 177 ~ 218 °C
6066 538 °C T913, T9
6101
6003
6151
6053
6063
6463
Al-Zn-Mg-Cu T6, T75,T73

7001 T6, T76
7049 415 T736
7075 To
7175 471 °C
7178
7079 110
7179 To
7080 162 °C
Al-Zn-Mg 454
7005 To T5
7004 471 °C T7
7007 T6
7011 T61
7039
** Forgings and Rings boiling water (for quenching)
** Forgings and Ring boiling 72 to 90 °C (For quenching)

42
** Temp; 493 °C for sheets less than 0.051 inches.

** 472 °C for extrusions
2.b) Non-Heattreatable Aluminium Alloy
i) Pure Aluminium Alloy (1050, 1060, 1100, 1175, …)
ii) Al – Mn Alloy (3003, 3004, 3005, …)

iii) Al – Si Alloy (4032, 4043, 4045, …)
iv) Al – Mg Alloy (5005, 5050, 5052, …)
-Only Strain-hardening for Non-Heattreatable Al Alloy,

-H Series temper grades (eg,. 1100 H114, 3003 H12, 5005 H14, …)
Typical Mechanical Properties of Wrought Aluminium Alloy at Various Temperature
Mechanical Properties
Alloy and Temper Temperature
Tensile N/mm2 Yield N/mm2 Elongation %
2014-T6-T651 -195 580 495 14
-80 510 450 13
25 485 415 15
100 435 395 15
370 30 24 72
 2024-T3(Sheet) -195 585 425 18
-80 505 360 17
25 485 345 17
100 455 330 16
370 34 28 100
 2024-T6-T651 -195 580 470 11
-80 495 405 10
25 475 395 10
100 450 370 10
370 34 28 100
 6061-T651 100 290 260 18
 6063-T1 100 150 95 18
 6063-T5 100 165 140 18
 6063-T6 100 215 195 15
 7075-T6 100 485 450 14

25 570 505 11
-195 705 635 9
 7075-T73 100 435 400 55
 7050-T7452 100 460 420 17
43
Aluminium and Aluminium Alloy

Sr Tensile Brinell
Nomenclature DIN JIS AISI GB/YB ISO Chemical Elongation Typical Uses Remark
No Strength Hardness
Compositions 2 %
(N/mm ) (HB)
Al 99.7% min;,
Si 0.2%, Fe
0.25%,
Pure A Cu 0.04%, Mn
1 Al 99.70 1070 L1 Al 99.7 55 min; 25
Aluminium 1070 0.03%,
Mg 0.03%, Zn
0.04%,
Serviceable To
Ti 0.03%
Welding Strings,
Al 99.5% min;,
Etc;
Si 0.25%, Fe
0.4%,
A Cu 0.05%, Mn
Al 99.5 1050 L3 Al 99.5 65 min; 23
1050 0.05%,
Mg 0.05%, Zn
0.05%,
Ti 0.03%
Al 99.00% min;, Serviceable to
A
Al 99 1100 L5 Al 99 Si + Fe 0.95%, 75 min; 18 Heat Exchanger
1100
Cu 0.2%, Zn 0.1%, Parts, etc;
Al Remainder,
Serviceable to
Si 0.5%, Fe 0.5%,
Material for
Aluminium A Al Cu Mg Cu 4.9%, Mn
2 Al Cu Mg 2 2024 LY 12 390 min; 12 Aircraft, Spindles,
Alloy 2024 2 0.9%,
Material for Bolts,
Mg 1.8%,Cr 0.1%,
etc;
Zn 0.25%,Ti 0.15%
Al Remainder,
Serviceable to
Si 1.2%, Fe 0.7%,
Aircraft Parts,
A 2014 Al Cu Si Cu 5.0%, Mn
Al Cu Si Mn LD 10 410 min; 7 Parts for
2014 T6 Mn 1.2%,
Hydraulic
Mg 0.8%,Cr 0.1%,
Devices, etc;
Zn 0.25%,Ti 0.15%
Al Remainder,
Si 0.5%, Fe 0.5%, Serviceable to
Cu 2.0%, Mn Aircraft Parts
Al Zn Mg Cu A 7075 Al Zn Mg
LC 4 0.3%, 560 min; 7 (One of the
1.5 7075 T6 Cu 2
Mg 2.9%,Cr Strongest
0.28%, Aluminium Alloys)
Zn 6.1%,Ti 0.2%
44
Sr Tensile Brinell
Nomenclature DIN JIS AISI GB/YB ISO Chemical Elongation Typical Uses Remark
No Strength Hardness
Compositions 2 %
(N/mm ) (HB)
Al Remainder,
Serviceable to
Si 0.8%, Fe 0.7%,
Spindles, Material
A Al Cu 4 Mg Cu 4.5%, Mn 275
Al Cu Mg 1 2017 LY 8 16 for Aircraft and for
2017 Si 1.0%, max;
Automobile Parts,
Mg 1.0%,Cr 0.1%,
etc;
Zn 0.25%,Ti 0.25%
Al Remainder,
Si 0.8%, Fe 0.7%, Serviceable to
Cu 0.4%, Mn Material for
A 205
Al Mg Si 0.5 6061 LD 2 Al Mg Si 0.15%, 18 Rivets,
6061 max;
Mg 1.2%,Cr Automobile Parts,
0.35%, etc;
Zn 0.25%,Ti 0.15%
Si 11.0~13.0%,
Fe 0.6%, Cu 0.1%
ASTM
Aluminium Mg 0.3%, Mn
ADC B-85- YZ Al Si 37000
3 Alloy GD-Al Si 12 Al Si 12 Fe 0.5%, 1.80%
1 46T 12 psi
(Casting) Zn 0.5%, Ni 0.1%,
(A305)
Impurities 2.0% Application where
max; Excellent
Si 9~10%, Castability and
Fe 0.6%, Cu 0.3% Resistance to
YZ Al Si Mg 0.6%, Mn Corrosion are
ADC 42000
GD-Al Si 10 Mg A 360 10 Al Si 10 Mg 0.5%, 1.80% Required.
3 psi
Mg Zn 0.5%, Ni 0.1%, Miscellaneous
Impurities 2.0% Thin-Walled and
max; Intricately
Si 9~10%, Designed Casting
Fe .10%, Cu 3~4% are Typical.
Mg 0.1%, Mn
GD-Al Si 6 Cu ADC Al Si 8 Cu 3 45000
A 380 - 0.5%, 2%
3 10 Fe psi
Zn 1.0%, Ni 0.5%,
Impurities 2.0%
max;
45
CHAPTER (VI)
Heat Treating Furnaces
Three kinds of heat treatment furnaces-

a) Salt Bath Furnace
b) Muffle Furnace
c) Electrode Furnace
- Representative applications of 36 different types of heat treatment furnaces-
1. Soaking Pit Furnaces - Carburizing

- Carbonitriding
- Normalizing
- Stress relieving - Carbon restoration
- Reheating - Bluing
2. Batch or In-and-Out Furnaces - Nitriding
- Solution heat treating
- Normalizing
- Annealing 6. Bell and Hood Furnaces
- Aging - Hardening
- Carbuizing (diffusion phase) - Nitriding
- Stress relieving - Aging
3. Box Furnaces - Bluing
- Annealing
- Tempering
- Tempering
- Stress relieving
- Hardening
- Solution heat treating
- Normalizing
- Stress relieving 7. Elevating Hearth Furnaces
- Aging - Solution heat treating
- Carburizing - Hardening
- Malleabilizing - Aging
- Solution heat treating - Malleabilizing
4. Carbon Bottom Furnaces - Tempering
- Annealing
- Annealing, i.e., coatings
- Stress relieving
- Hardening
- Lab work
- Normalizing
- Malleabilizing 8. Integral Quench Furnaces
- Stress relieving - Case Hardening
- Carburizing - Neutral hardening
- Tempering - Clean hardening
- Spheroidizing - Normalizing
- Homogenizing - Carbonitriding
5. Pit Furnaces - Annealing
- Carbon restoration
- Annealing, including long cycle
- Stress relieving
annealing of ferrous parts
- Austenitizing
- Hardening
- Tempering 9. Tip-Up Furnaces
- Normalizing - Annealing, i.e., wire, long bars, rods,
- Stress relieving pipe
- Steam treating - Hardening
- Homogenizing - Spheroidizing
46
- Normalizing 16. Roller Hearth Furnaces

- Malleabilizing - Solution heat treating
- Tempering
- Stress relieving
- Stress relieving - Bluing
10. Wraparound and Split Furnaces - Spheroidizing
- Annealing - Tempering
- Stress relieving - Normalizing
- Malleabilizing
11. Vertical Furnaces - Hardening, i.e., clean hardening
- Hardening - Carburizing
- Normalizing - Carbonitriding
- Malleabilizing - Carbon restoration
- Tempering 17. Conveyor Hearth Furnaces
- Stress relieving
- Austempering - Tempering
- Carburizing - Hardening, i.e., cleaning hardening
- Carbon restoration
12. Continuous Slab and Billet Heating - Annealing, i.e., bright annealing
Furnaces - Carnoitriding
- Solution heat treating - Austempering
- Homogenizing - Carburizing
- Carburizing - Shperoidizing
- Homogenizing
13. Walking Beam Furnaces

18. Humpback Furnaces
- Hardening Annealing
- Tempering - Applications requiring hydrogen cover
- Stress relieving gas
- Normalizing - Heat treating stainless steel
- Sintering stainless steel compacts - Annealing
- Stress relieving
14. Rotary Hearth Furnaces
- Carburizing
- Hardening - Hardening
- Annealing
19. Shaker Hearth Furnaces
- Carburizing
- Carbonitriding - Hardenig, i.e., neutral hardening carbon
- Carbon restoration steel and light case hardening
- Malleabilizing - Carburizing
- Tempering - Carbonitriding
- Austempering - Stress relieving
- Normalizing
15. Pusher Furnaces
- Annealing
- Carbonitriding - Austempering
- Carburizing
20. Rotary Hearth Furnaces
- Hardening
- Normalizing - Small ferrous parts
- Clean hardening - Process and production testing
- Ferritic nitrocarburizing - Small volume production
- Malleabilizing - Hardening
- Solution heat treating - Tempering
- Tempering - Austempering
- Stress relieving - Annealing
- Carbon restoration - Annealing
- Spheroidizing - Carburizing
- Carbonitriding
47
21. Screw Conveyor or Furnaces - Carbonitriding

- Hardening - Nitrocarburizing
- Normalizing
- Tempering
- Annealing - Neutral hardening
- Stress relieving 28. Salt Bath Furnaces: Mesh Belt
22. Slotted Roof, Monorail Conveyor Austemper System
Furnaces - Austempering, i.e., ductile iron, steel
- Annealing, i.e., large casting, crank- - Carboaustempering steel
shafts, chains, and other long and 29. - Neutral Salt Based Furnaces
usually shaped parts
- Hardening - Austempering
- Tempering - Martempering
- Annealing - Hardening
- Normalizing 30. Cyanide Based Salt Type Furnaces
- Stress relieving
- Carburizing
23. Ion Nitriding/Carburizing Furnaces - Case Hardening
- Nitriding, i.e., extrusions and D2 tool 31. Barrel Furnaces
steels
- Heat Treating, continuous long lengths of
- Carburizing steel parts
pipe, turbine, bars, rods, billets
24. Vacuum Furnaces - Included in quench and temper lines for
- Annealing, i.e., bright annealing high grades of oil country tubind
- Hardening 32. Cloverleaf Furnaces
- Tempering
- Hardening
- Stress relieving
- Normalizing
- Carburizing
- Tempering
- Carbonitriding
- Carburizing
- Degassing
- Annealing
- Carbon deposition
- Carbonitriding
25. Fluidized Bed Furnaces - Carbon restoration
- Nitrocarburizing 33. Electron Beam Surface Treating
- Nitriding
Equipment
- Carbonitriding
- Steam oxidizing - Surface hardening primarily, i.e.,
- Carburizing martensitically hardenable ferrous metals
- Hardening, bright type 34. Laser Heat Treating Furnaces
- Tempering
- Annealing
26. Salt Bath Pot Furnaces
35. Quartz Tube Fqurnaces
- Austempering
- Martempering - Sintering
- Hardening - Heat treating
- Tempering 36. Rotating Finger Furnaces
- Carburizing
- Hardening
- Cyaniding
- Normalizing
27. Salt Bath Furnaces: Batch Austemper - Tempering
System - Annealing
- Stress relieving
- Austempering, i.e., ductile iron, steel
- Carburizing
48
Furnace Control Instrumentation
1. Temperature Control
a) Temperature Instrumentation and control system-
- Use in heat treating include temperature sensors, controllers, final control elements,
measurement instruments and set-point programmers.
- A basic control loop include a temperature sensor, a controller and a final control
element.
b) Comparison of thermocouple types
- Straight type
- Angle type
Type Temperature Advantages

Range (°C)
J (iron-constanton) -185 to 870 Suitable for continuous service to 870 °C in neutral or
reducing atmospheres.
K (Nickle, Cr-Ni, Al) -20 to 1370 Suitable fo oxiding atmospheres
T (copper- -185 to 370 Resists atmospheres corrosion
Constanton)
E (Ni, Cr-constanton) -185 to 870 Resists atmospheres corrosion
S (platinum 10%,
rhodium-platinum) -20 to 1480
R (Pt 13%,
rhodium-Pt) Suitable for ceramic pot type furnace. (salt bath furnace)
B (Pt 30%, rhodium- 870 to 1650
Pt, rhodium 6%)
49
Steel Pots For Salt Bath Furnace
1. Kinds of Salt Pots-

a) Low-carbon steel pot
b) Iron-nickle-chromium alloy steel pots
1.a) Low-Carbon Steel Pot
- Welded construction
- Service life
Max; Operating Temp; Service Life, Month

840 °C 9 to 12
870 °C 6 to 9
900 °C 3 to 6
920 °C 1 to 3
1.b) Iron-Nickle-Chromium Alloy Steel Pots

- Welded construction
- Service life
Max; Operating Temp; Service Life, Years

840 °C 2 to 3
870 °C 1.5 to 2
900 °C 1 to 1.5
920 °C 1
50
CHAPTER (VII)
Common Hardness Testing
(1) Rock Well Testing Rock Well (Hardness Rock Well)

HRC Scale NRB Scale
HRC Scale Dioment Cone 150 Kgs
NRB Scale Ø 16" Steel Ball 100 Kgs Load

HRC
Core
Lock 150 Kgs
Diamond 120°C Load 62.5 Kgs H.R Scale
Conversation (62.5 Load)
H.R H.R.C H.R H.R.C H.R H.R.C

54 10 64 27 76 51
55 12 65 29 77 53
56 14 66 32 78 57
57 16 67 34 79 61
18 68 36 80 63
59 18 70 40
60 20 71 42
61 22 73 46
62 23 74 47
63 25 75 49
Load 62.5 Kgs Test Piece 80±1

H.R H.R.C H.R
H.R.C
(2) Brinell Hardness Testing H.B
Teat Piece
Ball
5 m2 Ball 10 m2 Ball Load
500-Kgs
51
750-Kgs
1000-Kgs
1500-Kgs
2500-Kgs
2000-Kgs
3000-Kgs
(** (10m2 Ball Load 3000-Kgs **)
(3) Potable Hardness Testing

Diamond 120°C Load 90-Kgs H.V H.R.C
(4) Vicker Hardness Testing Brinell Hardness Testing

H.V H.R.C Load 0.977 to 187.5 Kgs
H.V Diamond 186° H.B Scale Ball
0.62mm, 1.25mm, 2.5mm, 5mm
(5) Shore Hardness Testing H.S
CHAPTER (VIII)
Copper and Copper Alloy

52
Copper and Copper Alloy
Sr
Nomenclature DIN JIS AISI GB/YB ISO Chemical Tensile Brinell Typical Uses Remark
No Elongation
Compositions Strength Hardness
2 %
(N/mm ) (HB)
Cu 99.90% Min, Phosphorus
C12
1 Copper SW-Cu F-20 C12000 TVP1 Cu-DLP P 0.004 ~0.015% 200~250 20 min; 55 Deoxidized
01
max Copper Applicable
Cu 99.90% Min, to Bath Boiler,
C12 Water Heaters,
SW-Cu F-30 C12000 TVP1 Cu-DLP P 0.004 ~0.015% 290~360 20 min; 95
01 Gaskets, Pure
max
Cu 99.90% Min, Buildings, Copper
C12 Chemical
SF-Cu F-22 C12100 TVP1 Cu-DLP P 0.015~0.040% 220~250 30 min; 55
20 Industries,
max
Cu 99.90% Min, Electrical,
C12 Conductivity
SF-Cu F-37 C12100 TVP1 Cu-DLP P 0.015~0.040% 360 Max; 30 min; 105
20 Wires, etc;
max
Cu 94.0~96.0,
Cu Zn 5 F- C21 Pb 0.03,
2 Brass C21000 H96 Cu Zn 5 260~320 33 min; 85 Buildings, MS 95
27 00 Fe 0.05,
Zn Residual Personal
Accessories,
Cu 78.5~81.5, Cosmetic Cases,
Cu Zn 20 F- C24 Pb 0.03, etc;
C24000 H80 Cu Zn 20 320~390 44 min; 100 MS 80
33 00 Fe 0.05,
Zn Residual
Cu 68.5~71.5,
Cartridge Brass,
Cu Zn 30 F- C26 Pb 0.03,
C26000 H70 Cu Zn 30 420~520 35 min; 130 Terminal MS 70
43 00 Fe 0.05,
Connectors, ect;
Zn Residual
Cameras,
Cu 64.0~68.0, Thermos Bottles,
Cu Zn 33 F- C26 Pb 0.03, Terminal
C26800 H68 Cu Zn 33 530 Max; 40 min; 160 MS 67
54 80 Fe 0.05, Connectors,
Zn Residual Wiring
Appliances, etc;
Cu 62.0~64.0,
Applicable to
Cu Zn 36 C27 Pb 0.07,
C27000 H65 Cu Zn 36 610 Max; 50 min; 180 Shallow Drawing MS 63
F62 00 Fe 0.07,
Works, etc;
Zn Residual
53
Sr
No Elongation
%
(N/mm2) (HB)
Bullet Jacket
Cu 89.0~91.0, Cups, Buildings,
Pb 0.07, Personal
Cu Zn 10 C2200 C22000 H90 Cu Zn 10 240~530 35 min; - MS 90
Fe 0.07, Accessories,
Zn Residual Cosmetic Cases,
Electronic, etc;
Cu 76.2 % max;,
Aluminium Brass,
Al 1.75~2.50 %,
High Strength H Al 77- Cu Zn 20 340 Uses-Condenser,
3 Cu Zn 20 Al F-35 C6870 C68700 Pb 0.06 %, 30 85
Brass 2 Al2 max; Evaporapor Heat
Fe 0.06 %,
Exchanger Tubes
Zn Residual
Maraine
Cu 68 % max;,
Hardware Bolts, Cu Zn
Cu Zn 31 Si F-45 - - - - Si 1.05 %, 440~510 15 115
Nuts, Rivets, 31 Si
Zn Residual
Cable Lamp.
Aluminium Brass,
Cu 60 % max;,
H Sn Cu Zn 39 340 Uses-Condenser,
Cu Zn 39 Sn F-35 C4640 C46400 Sn 1.07 %, 30 110
60-1 Sn max; Evaporapor Heat
Zn Residual
Exchanger Tubes
Cu 58.1 % max;,
Aluminium Brass,
Al 1.75~2.50 %,
H Al 60- Uses-Condenser,
Cu Zn 40 Al 2 C6782 C67800 Cu Zn 37 Al Pb 0.06 %, 550~650 30 160
1-1 Evaporapor Heat
Fe 0.06 %,
Exchanger Tubes
Zn Residual
Cu 57.06 % max;,
H Pb Cu Zn 38 Watch and Clock
Cu Zn 40 Pb 2 C3603 C36000 Pb 1.95 % max;, 390~670 20 -
60-2 Pb2 Parts, Gear, etc;
Zn Residual
Cu 57.06 % max;,
H Pb Cu Zn 39 Watch and Clock
Cu Zn 42 Pb 2 C3603 C36000 Pb 1.95 % max;, 390~680 20 -
58-2 Pb2 Parts, Gear, etc;
Zn Residual
54
Sr
No Elongation
%
(N/mm2) (HB)
Cu 59.6 %
max;, Name Plate,
Cu Zn 40 F-42 C2800 C28000 H 62 Cu Zn 40 Fe 0.07 %, 420~480 35 130 Instrument MS 62
Pb 0.10 % max; Panels, etc;
Zn Residual
Welding Rods,
Marine
Hardware,
Cu 60 % max;,
B 60 Propellel
Cu Zn 40 Sn Cu Zn 39 Al Sn 0.8%, Zn 70000
4 Naval Brass C6782 C67820 Hfe 59-1-1 17 (Rockwell Shafts, Piston
Grade I Fe Mn 39.13%, Pb psi
Hardness) Rods and Valve
0.04%
Stems, Airplane
Turnbuckle
Barrels, etc;
Welding Rods,
Marine
Hardware,
Cu 59 % max;,
B 78 Propellel
Cu Zn 40 Sn Cu Zn 39 Al Sn 0.8%, Zn 69000
C6782 C67820 Hfe 59-1-1 20 (Rockwell Shafts, Piston
Grade II Fe Mn 40%, psi
Hardness) Rods and Valve
Pb 0.04%
Stems, Airplane
Turnbuckle
Barrels, etc;
Electrical
Contacts,
Phosphor Cu 98.5% min;, 260
5 Cu Sn 2 F-26 C5101 C51100 QSn4-0.3 Cu Sn 4 50 60 Flexible Hose,
Bronze Sn 1.0~1.5%, max;
Trolley Wire,
etc;
Beater Bars,
Fuse Clips,
Sn 3.5~5.8%
Lock Washers,
max;,
Cu Sn 6 F-35 C5191 C51900 QSn6.5-0.4 Cu Sn 6 340~400 55 85 Springs, Wire
P 0.35 max;,
Brushes,
Cu Residual
Welding Rods,
etc;
55
Sr
No Elongation
%
(N/mm2) (HB)
Beater Bars,
Fuse Clips,
Sn 7.0~9.0 %, Lock Washers,
Cu Sn 8 F-53 C5212 C52100 QSn7-0.2 Cu Sn 8 P 0.35% max;, 520~590 23 165 Springs, Wire
Cu Residual Brushes,
Welding Rods,
etc;
Screw
Cu 88%, Zn
Machine
Cu Sn 6 Zn - - - Cu Sn 6 Zn 6%, 620~770 15 -
Products,
Sn 6%
etc;
Cu 64%, Zn
Nickel Silver BZn15- Cu Ni 15
6 Cu Ni 12 Zn 24 F-35 C7521 C75400 24%, 340~410 45 85
Alloy 20 Zn 21
Ni 12%
Cu 57%, Zn
Cu Ni 12 Zn 30 Pb F-
30%, 490~590 12 155 Spring for
50
Ni 12%, Pb 1% Electronic
Cu 62%, Zn Or Electric
Cu Ni 18 Zn 20 F-38 20%, 370~430 40 90 Appliances,
Ni 18% Switches and
Cu 62%, Ni Relays,
610 Lead Frames
Cu Ni 18 Zn 20 F-62 18%, 185
max; and
Zn 20%
Cu 60%, Zn Connectors,
Cu Ni 25 Zn 15 F-47 15%, 460~540 40 130 etc;
Ni 25%
Cu 62% max;,
Cu Ni 18 Zn 19 Pb Zn 19%, 440~530 25
Ni 18%, Pb 1%
56
Sr
Nomenclature DIN JIS AISI GB/YB ISO Chemical Tensile Brinell Typical Uses
No Elongation
2 %
(N/mm ) (HB)
Copper Cu Ni 10
BFe 10-1- Cu 89%, Ni 10%,
7 Nickel Cu Ni 10 Fe C7060 C70600 Fe 1 280~360 30
1 Fe 1%
Alloys Mn
Cu Ni 20
Cu Ni 25 C7100 C71000 B 19 Cu 75%, Ni 25% 400~460 35
Mn 1 Fe
Applicable to
Tube Plates for
Cu 94%, Ni 5%,
Cu Ni 5 Fe F-24 - - - 240 30 65 Heat Exchangers
Fe 1%
and Welded
Tubes, etc;
Cu Ni 20 Cu 79%, Ni 20%,
Cu Ni 20 Fe F-30 C7100 C71000 B 19 290 35 85
Mn 1 Fe Fe 1%
BMn 43- Cu Ni 44
Cu Ni 44 F-45 Cu 56%, Ni 44% 440 25 95
0.5 Mn 1
Aluminium
8 Cu Al 5 F-45 C60600 QAl 5 Cu Al 5 Cu 95%, Al 5% 440 10~25 130
Bronze
Spindle Bearings,
Bushings, Gear
Cu 91%, Al 8%, Wheels, Pinions,
Cu Al 8 Fe F-45 C61000 QAl 8 Cu Al 8 440 10~25 110 Worm Wheels,
Fe 1%
Roller Bearings
Cages, Locking
Cu Al 10 Nuts, Cam
Cu Al 10 Ni F-56 C63200 QAl 10-4-4 Fe 5 Cu 89%, Ni 10%, 550 10 160 Supports, etc;
Ni 5
Condenser,
Evaporator and
Aluminium ASTM Cu 76%, Zn 22%, 60000 Heat Exchanger
9 Cu Zn 22 Al 2 55 F 77
Brass B-111 Al 2% psi Tubes, Distiller
Tubes, Ferrules,
etc;
57
Sr
Nomenclature DIN JIS AISI GB/YB ISO Chemical Tensile Brinell Typical Uses
No Elongation
2 %
(N/mm ) (HB)
Be 1.90~2.15%,
Ni 0.15%, Co B 93
Beryllium Q Be- 95000
10 Cu Be 2 Co 0.25 C1720 C17200 Cu Be 2 0.25%, 12 (Rockwell Springs,
Copper 2 psi
Fe 0.05% max; Hardness) Diaphragms,
Cu Residual Contact Bridges,
Be 1.90~2.15%, Surgical
Ni 0.15%, Co B 93 Instruments,
Q Be- 95000
Cu Be 1.7 C1700 C17000 Cu Be 1.7 0.25%, 12 (Rockwell Bolts and Screws
1.7 psi
Fe 0.05% max; Hardness)
Cu Residual
Leaded Tin Cu 86~90%,
ASTM 66
Bronze G-Cu Sn 6 Pb 2 Zn Cu 88 Sn 6 Sn 5.5~5.7%, 38000
11 B-30- 35 (500 Kg
(Casting 5 Pb 2 Zn 5 Pb 1%, Zn psi
45T Load)
Alloy) 3.0~5.0%
Leaded Tin
Cu 85~89%,
Bearing ASTM 68
G-Cu Sn 8 Pb 1 Zn Sn 7.5~9.0%, 36000
12 Bronze BC 7 B-143- 30 (500 Kg Valve Bodies,
4 Pb 1%, Zn psi
(Casting 46T Load) Subject to Medium
3.0~5.0% Pressure, Oil Pump,
Alloy)
Gears, Bushings,
High Leaded Cu 83~86%, High Duty Bearings,
ASTM Backing for Babbitt-
Tin Bronze Cu 85 Sn 5 Sn 4.5~6.5%, 30000
13 G-Cu Sn 5 Pb 9 Zn BC 6 B-114- 15 60 Lined Bearings,
(Casting Pb 9 Zn Pb 8.0~10.0%, psi
46T Bolts, Nuts, etc;
Alloy) Zn 0.5~2.0%
ASTM Cu 75~79%,
Cu 78 Sn 7 30000
G-Cu Sn 7 Pb 15 B-114- Sn 6.2~7.5%, 15 55
Pb 15 psi
46T Pb 13.0~16.0%
58
Sr
No Elongation
%
(N/mm2) (HB)
Hydraulic
ASTM Pressure Line,
Silicon Cu 95%, Si 3.5%,
B-96 68000 Marine
14 Bronze Cu Si 3 Cu 95 Si 3 Mg 1.5%, Zn 30 B75
Type- psi Hardware,
(Forging Rod) 1.5%
A Bolts, Nuts,
Rivets, V Bolts,
Cap Screws,
Machine
ASTM Screws,
Cu 98.17%,
B-97 Cu 98 Si 57000 Electrical
Cu Si 1.5 Si 1.7%, Sn 25 B 90
Type- 1.7 psi Conduit Heat
0.21%
B Exchanger
Tubes, Welding
Rods, etc;
Clutch Disks,
Cu 57~60%,
ASTM Cu 58 Zn Pump Rods,
Manganese Fe 0.8~2.0%,
Cu Zn 39 Fe 1 Sn 1 B-138 39 45000 Shafting Rods,
15 Bronze Sn 0.5~1.5%, 23 B 83
Mn Type- Fe 1.5 Sn 1 psi Valve Stems,
(Forging Rod) Mn 1.5%, Zn
A Mn 0.5 Welding Rods,
Residual
etc;

Heat Treatment Process-1

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COURSE CONTENTS

Sr No. Description Page

5. Kinds of Heating Salts 29 to 30

7. Stainless Steel and Their Heat Treatment Process 32 to 39

8. Aluminium and Aluminium Alloy Their Heat Treatment 40 to 42

10. Heat Treating Furnace 45 to 49

13. Common Hardness Test 50 to 51

14. Copper and Copper Alloy 52 to 58

obtain desired conditions or properties.

1.1 Typical mechanical properties of Heat treatment.

i) Yield Point (,Gif;rSwf)

- After cold forming (e.g cold drawing, bending, rolling)

Process - Heat at a temperature A1 or 40-50°C below tempering

- Before machining operation (e.g turning, milling)

It is not applicable to low carbon steel (less than 0.2%C)

hyperruutectoid steels, holding for long hours before slow cooling to

Application - For Cr Mo or Cr Mn case hardening steel (e.g 34 Cr Mo 4,

iv) Recrystallization annealing

Application - After cold forming

- To Improve toughness and yield strength

Process - Heat at a above A3 temperature for hypoeutectoid steels, or

at a above A1 temperature for hypereutectoid steels, follow

Application - Applicated to don't carburized

Process - Heat at a austenized temperature by rapid cooling

𝑆𝑖 𝐶 + 2𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑖 𝑂3 + 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 + 2𝐶𝑂 + 𝐶

Carburizing Time 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0

Case Depth(mm) 0.2 0.25 0.35 0.4 0.5

b) Gas Carburizing ("gwfaiGUok;H umAGefoGif;jcif;)

Gas - Applicated to methane gas (CH4)or propane gas (C3H8)

𝐶𝐻4 = 𝐶𝑎𝑡 + 2𝐻2

Case Depth(mm) 1.4 2.3 2.8 3.3 4.0

c) Solid or Pack Carburizing

Process - 900 to 930 °C

Formular (1) Charcoal (xif;rD;aoG;) - 90%

BaCO3 (aA&D,rfumAGefedwf) - 10%

BaCO3 (aA&D,rfumAGefedwf) - 12 to 15%

Case Depth(mm) 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 2.4

shorter time than gas carburizing.

- Carbonnitriding is a modified gas carburizing process.

generally from 0.075 to 0.75 mm deep A carbonitrided case has higher

hardenability than a carburized case.

or more) than carburized cases.

- After nitriding process to no heat treatment.

Case Depth(mm) 0.4 0.53 0.64 0.72

-Applicated to Case Harden (Surface Hardening

-Heating gas flame

-Commonly used for hardened of cast iron

-Heating by electromagnetic to above upper critical temperature (910 °C)

-Surface hardening process

-Heating by laser gun to above upper critical temperature (910 °C)

i) Low temperature tempering (150 ~ 250 °C)

iii) High temperature tempering (500 ~ 600 °C)

Typical mechanical properties of tempering

1.2.e) Hardening Process

2. REQUIREMENT OF HEAT TREATING FACILITYES

2.1 Describe the heat treatment processes required

a) Max.. temperature /normal operating temperature

e) Computer control or Program Control vs single set point control – services to

- Oil, water, gas, polymer