SUBJECT: BIOLOGY DATE: MARCH 2023

LEVEL: GRADE 10 DUE DATE:

UNIT: 2_GENETICS NAME -SURNAME:
BOOKLET 5 CLASS - NO:

TEST CROSS
A test cross is a cross between a person with an unknown genotype and another person with a
homozygous recessive genotype. A test cross can assist in determining if a dominant phenotype is
homozygous or heterozygous for a certain trait. When the tall heterozygous plants (Tt) are crossed with the
homozygous recessive plants (tt), the cross yields 50% tall and 50% dwarf plants. This type of cross has
become known as a test cross. If the offspring produced had all been tall then we would have known that
the tall plants under test were homozygous plants (TT). Of course, sufficient plants have to be used to
obtain these distinctive ratios.

Q1: In fruit flies, red eyes are dominant over brown eyes. You manage to capture a red-eyed fruit
fly and desire to learn more about its genotype.
a) Give the phenotypes (physical eye color) of the flies involved in your test-cross:
___________ X ___________
b) If the two flies have 400 offspring that all turn out to be red-eyed, what would be the genotypes of the
flies used in your test-cross? (Use “R” and “r”)
___________ X __________
What percentage is heterozygous? =
What percentage shows the dominant trait? =
c) If you performed the same experiment but this time 200 of the 400 flies had brown eyes, what would be
the genotype of the red-eyed fly?
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 ACTIVITY-1
1. Parents with the AaBBCcdd x aaBbCCDd genotypes are crossed. How many different phenotypes and
genotypes are possible in the offspring? (Genes are unlinked)

2. Parents with the AaBbCcDd x AabbCcdd genotypes are crossed. What is the possibility to produce a, b,
C, D phenotyped individual? (Genes are unlinked.)

3.When two yellow and smooth shaped pea plants are crossed, the following below data is obtained.
Yellow – smooth shaped : 1875
Yellow – wrinkled shaped : 545
Green - smooth shaped : 621
Green– wrinkled shaped: 198
Find the genoype of the parent plants?

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 ACTIVITY-2

According to the human pedigree chart. State:

a) who are the female grandchildren of Richard and Judith?

b) who are Alan’s

i) grandparents:
ii) uncles:

c) how many people in the chart have parents unknown to us?

CODOMINANCE
In codominance, both alleles have an effect on the phenotype.
the heterozygote displays the phenotypic characteristics of both alleles.

Both codominant alleles are shown with upper case letters in genetic diagrams, but the letters used are
different. For example, feather colour in hens may be white, black or speckled (it has both white feathers
and black feathers).
The alleles can be shown as W for white and B for black.
There are three possible genotypes: WW, BB and BW.
There are also three possible phenotypes: WW = white, BB = black, and BW = speckled.
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an example is seen in the MN blood group system of human beings.
MN blood type is governed by two alleles, M and N. Individuals who are homozygous for the M allele have
a surface molecule (called the M antigen) on their red blood cells. Similarly, those homozygous for the N
allele have the N antigen on the red blood cells. Heterozygotes—those with both alleles—carry both
antigens.
Phenotype Genotype Antigen Antibody
M MM M -
N NN N -
MN MN M and N -

Q1. a MN blood group male is married with a N blood grouped female. Find the possible genotypes and
phenotypes of their children.

Q2. In some cattle, the genes for red hair and for white hair are codominant. Cattle with alleles for both red
and white hair have both red and white hairs. This condition is referred to as roan.
If a roan colored cattle is crossed with a red cattle,
a) what genotypic ratios are possible for the offspring?

b) For the same cross what phenotypes are possible for the offspring?

Monohybrid cross Dihybrid cross Codominance

Example Aa x Aa AaBb x AaBb AB xAB

Phenotype number (2n) 21 = 2 22 = 4 3

Genotype number (3n) 31 = 3 32 = 9 3

Phenotypic ratio 3:1 9:3:3:1 1:2:1

Genotypic ratio 1:2:1 (1:2:1) x (1:2:1) 1:2:1

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 MULTIPLE ALLELES
Mendel's work suggested that just two alleles existed for each gene. Today, we know that's not always, or
even usually, the case! Although individual humans (and all diploid organisms) can only have two alleles for
a given gene, multiple alleles may exist in a population level, and different individuals in the population may
have different pairs of these alleles.
There are traits in humans and other organisms that have three or more different types of alleles (genes).
When a trait has three or more distinct alleles, we refer to it as having multiple alleles inheritance. The
human ABO blood type alleles/trait is an example of a trait with multiple alleles.
Three distinct alleles exist: allele A (IA), allele B (IB), and allele i (IO or i).
If the allele A is present on the chromosome, protein A is produced, and the red blood cells of that
individual contain protein A on their membrane.
If the chromosome contains the allele B, protein B will be produced, and the red blood cells’ membranes
will contain protein B.
Finally, if allele i is present on the chromosome, neither protein A nor protein B will be synthesized. These
three alleles make up the ABO blood group trait.
The inheritance pattern of allele A and allele B shows codominance. Codominance occurs when neither
allele is dominant over the other, and a heterozygous individual expresses both phenotypes. That is, if an
individual possesses allele A on one chromosome and allele B on the second homologous chromosome,
both proteins are expressed and red blood cells contain both protein A and protein B on their cell
membranes.

The ABO human blood groups is an example of both

codominance and multiple alleles.
There are three alleles – IA, IB and i.
IA and IB are codominant and both are dominant to i.
This results in four different phenotypes or blood groups.

Genotype number:

Use this formula

5
 WATCH-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9O5JQqlngFY

ACTIVITY-3
1. Fill in the blanks given in the table about multiple alleles.
Allele type Genotype number Phenotype number

A1 = A2 > A3

A1 > A2 > A3 >A4

A1 = A2 > A3 =A4

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2. In rabbits, the fur color is controlled by 4
different alleles and is an example of
multiple alleles. The allele causing dark
gray fur color is shown by C. Chinchilla
color is close to gray. The chinchilla fur
color allele is shown by Cch. The rabbit
only ears, nose, tail, and feet are dark is
called Himalayan and its fur color is shown
by Ch, and the albino rabbit whose fur
color is white is shown by Ca. The allele is
C is dominant to all alleles. The alleles Cch and Ch is dominant to Ca allele. Alleles Cch and Ch are
codominant and the Cch Ch rabbit has a light gray fur color. Figure shows the genes and phenotypes of
rabbits.
a) How many different genotypes of fur color character can be seen in a rabbit population?

b) What can be the genotypes of dark gray, chinchilla, light gray, himalayan and albino rabbits?

c) As a result of the mating of a dark gray rabbit and a Himalayan rabbit, dark gray, Himalayan and albino
fur-colored offspring are formed. Accordingly, what should be the genotypes of the parent rabbits?

d) When two different rabbits with different coat colors mate, a different phenotype offspring is born from
the parents. What is the fur color genotype of the parents and a newborn rabbit? Show your answer by
drawing a pedigree.

3. Celia is blood group A and her husband Sanjeev is blood group B. Their daughter Sally is blood group O.
Determine the genotypes of Celia and Sanjeev.

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4. A man with AB blood is married to a woman with AB blood. What blood types are possible in their
subsequent children?

5. A man who has type B blood (genotype: BB) is married to a woman with type O blood. What blood types
are possible in their subsequent children?

6. A woman with type A blood (genotype: AO) is married to a type B person (genotype: BO). What blood
types are possible in their subsequent children?

7.The pedigree given aside shows the blood groups of mother,

father and the child 1 and 2. What is the probability that the third
child’s blood group genotype is BO?

8. Ali and his cousin Emre (his uncle's son) begin to prepare a research for the biology class.The subject is
to learn how some inherited traits are transferred to them. They begin their research by comparing some
hereditary characteristics of two families.
Table 1: Ali’s family
Trait Mother Father Ali His brother
Eye color Brown Brown Blue Brown
Blood group B A O A
Table 2: Emre’s family
Trait Mother Father Emre His sister
Eye color Blue Brown Brown Blue
Blood group A O O O
a) What is the aim of the research?
b) How should Ali study to learn the genotype of his brother's eye color and blood type?

c) What concepts about heredity do Ali and Emre learn during this study?
d) Which individuals genotype in relation to eye color and blood group traits in Ali and Emre's families can't
be determined?

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 COAGULATION

In living donation, the following blood types are compatible:

 Donors with blood type A... can donate to recipients with blood types A and AB
 Donors with blood type B... can donate to recipients with blood types B and AB
 Donors with blood type AB... can donate to recipients with blood type AB only
 Donors with blood type O... can donate to recipients with blood types A, B, AB and O

Q1. Figure shows the coagulation of blood of

the mother and the father, when AntiA and Anti
B is added on their blood samples.
This family has a child with O blood group.

a) Find the genotype of mother and father.

b) What is the probability that this family having a girl who has antigen A on the red blood cell membrane?

9
Q2. The blood groups of a mother and four children are showed on the pedigree chart below.

What are the possible blood groups of the father?

Q3. The pedigree chart below shows the blood types of three
members of a family. Find the blood types of individuals 1 and 2?

Rh blood group system, system for classifying blood groups according to the presence or absence of the
Rh antigen, often called the Rh factor, on the cell membranes of the red blood cells (erythrocytes).
The designation Rh is derived from the use of the blood of rhesus monkeys in the basic test for determining
the presence of the Rh antigen in human blood.
The Rh factor genetic information is also inherited from our Phenotype Genotype
parents, but it is inherited independently of the ABO blood Rh (+) RR, Rr
type alleles. There are 2 different alleles for the Rh factor Rh (-) rr
known as Rh+ and Rh-.
Someone who is "Rh positive" or "Rh+" has at least one Rh+ allele, but could have two. Their genotype
could be either Rh+/Rh+ or Rh+/Rh-. Someone who Rh- has a genotype of Rh-/Rh-.
Since that time a number of distinct Rh antigens have been identified, but the first and most common one,
called RhD, causes the most severe immune reaction and is the primary determinant of the Rh trait.
The Rh antigen poses a danger for the Rh-negative person, who lacks the antigen, if Rh-positive blood is
given in transfusion. Adverse effects may not occur the first time Rh-incompatible blood is given, but
the immune system responds to the foreign Rh antigen by producing anti-Rh antibodies. If Rh-positive
blood is given again after the antibodies form, they will attack the foreign red blood cells, causing them to
clump together, or agglutinate. The resulting hemolysis, or destruction of the red blood cells, causes
serious illness and sometimes death.

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A similar hazard exists during pregnancy for the Rh-positive offspring of Rh-incompatible parents, when the
mother is Rh-negative and the father is Rh-positive. The first child of such parents is usually in no danger
unless the mother has acquired anti-Rh antibodies by virtue of incompatible blood transfusion.
During labour, however, a small amount of the fetus’s blood may enter the mother’s bloodstream. The
mother will then produce anti-Rh antibodies, which will attack any Rh-incompatible fetus in subsequent
pregnancies. This process produces erythroblastosis fetalis of the newborn, which can be fatal to the
fetus or to the infant shortly after birth. Treatment of erythroblastosis fetalis usually entails one or more
exchange transfusions. The disease can be avoided by vaccinating the mother with
Rh immunoglobulin after delivery of her firstborn if there is Rh-incompatibility. The Rh vaccine destroys any
fetal blood cells before the mother’s immune system can develop antibodies.

Q4. Rhesus factor is an antigen present on the surface of red blood cells of Rhesus positive individuals.
Rhesus positive (Rh+ ) is dominant to Rhesus negative (Rh– ). A mother with Rhesus negative blood gives
birth to a baby with Rhesus positive blood and there are concerns that subsequent pregnancies will trigger
an immune response. What are the genotypes of the mother and her first baby?

Q5. A woman of blood group genotypes is AOrr and man of blood group genotype is ABRr.
a) What is the chance of them having a child with blood group A girl?

b) What is the probability of erythroblastis fetalis?

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Q6. A woman of blood group A Rh(+) and a man of blood group B Rh(+) have a ORh(–)child.
a) Find the genotype of mother and father.

b) What is the chance of them having a child with blood group ABRh(+) girl?

c) What is the chance of them having a child with BORR genotype?

Q7. In a family, mother’s blood group is B Rh(+), the father’s blood group is AB Rh(−), and the first child’s
blood group is A Rh(−).
a) Find the all possible genotypes of the 2nd child.

b) What is the probability of having AB Rh(−) child?

Q8. The pedigree chart given aside shows the blood types of
members of a family.
Which one (s) blood genotype can not be determined?

Q9. Antigen A is found in Ahmet’s red blood cell membrane, but antigen B and Rh are not. Accordingly;
a) Find the blood group of Ahmet.

b) What is the probability that Ahmet’s genotype is AOrr?

Q10. Which one is TRUE for the family that has erytroblastis fetalis?
I. Mom’s genotype is rr.
II. Dad’s blood group is Rh(+).
III.The blood genotype for the child that has erytroblastis fetalis is Rr.

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 ACTIVITY 4
Pedigrees show blood of the Güler, Aslan, Korkmaz and Yaşar families are given below. Fill-in
individuals are Rh negative.

a) In which families there is a possibility of erythroblastis fetalis? Explain with justification.

b) How do you explain Rh(-) phenotype in a child of the Güler family even if the mother and father is Rh(+)?

c) What is the probability that indiviuals 5 and 7 have Rh(-) children?

d) Does the ABO blood group system have an effect on Rh incompatibility?

e) When jaundice seen in the new born to a couple with blood incompatibility, the baby's blood will be
changed. State the reason briefly.

f) Which families children have only one type of blood group, in terms of ABO blood group?

HOMEWORK 1
1. Find the erytroblastis fetalis percentage for the families that are shown by numbers I, II, III and IV in the
given table.
Family number Father Mother Percentage
I Rr rr
II RR Rr
III RR rr
IV rr Rr

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2. The pedigree in figure shows the ABO groups of three generations of a family.

a) Deduce the genotype of each person in the family.

b) Deduce the possible blood groups of individual III 5, with the percentage chance of each.

c) Deduce the possible blood groups and the percentage chance of each blood group:
i) of children of individual III 1 and his partner who is also in blood group O

ii) of children of III 2 and her partner who is in blood group AB.

Parent phenotypes AB B
3.A man of blood type AB and a woman of blood
type B are expecting a baby. The woman’s Parents genotypes

mother had blood type O. Deduce the possible

Parent gametes
phenotypes of the offspring from the cross
shown below.

F 1 genotypes

F 1 phenotypes

4. If a man has blood group O and a woman has blood group AB, what is the probability that their child will
be blood group O?

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5. Tables show the blood groups of families 1, 2, and 3, and the children K, L and M. Find the families of
the children K, L, and M.
Families Mother Father
1 A Rh (-) B Rh(-)
2 B Rh (+) O Rh (-)
3 AB Rh (+) A Rh(+)

Children Blood groups Family

K O Rh (+)
L A Rh (+)
M B Rh (-)

6. The blood groups of 4 families is given below. Erytroblastis fetalis

will be seen in which family? Use “+” to determine erytroblastis
fetalis.

7. Find the genotype of individuals 1,2,3,4, and 5 given in the pedigree below.

8. A woman of blood group A Rh (+) and a man of blood group B Rh (+) have ORh (+) and AB Rh (–)
children respectively. Find the genotype of family members.

Watch sample problems:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i7y2puYX_cA

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 SEX DETERMINATION

Humans have one pair of chromosomes that determine whether the person is male or female. These
chromosomes are called the sex chromosomes.
Each person has one pair of sex chromosomes, either XX or XY, along with 22 other pairs known as
autosomes. The X chromosome is longer than the Y and carries more genes. Human females have two X
chromosomes and males have one X and one Y.
Sex chromosomes are inherited in the same way as other chromosomes.
there is always a 50% chance that a child will be a boy and 50% that it will be a girl.

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Q1. Determine the autosome and gonosome chromosome number for the organism that has 16
chromosomes in its diploid cell.
Autosome Gonosome

Female

Male

Genetic diseases can be caused by recessive, dominant or co-dominant alleles

An autosomal recessive genetic disease will only occur if both alleles are faulty
Heterozygous individuals will possess one copy of the faulty allele but not develop disease symptoms (they
are carriers). An example of an autosomal
recessive genetic disease is cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive
disorder caused by a mutation to the CFTR
gene on chromosome 7. Individuals with cystic
fibrosis produce mucus which is unusually thick
and sticky. This mucus clogs the airways and
secretory ducts of the digestive system,
leading to respiratory failure and pancreatic
cysts. Heterozygous carriers who possess one
normal allele will not develop disease
symptoms

An autosomal dominant genetic disease only requires one copy of a faulty allele to cause the disorder

17
Homozygous dominant and heterozygous individuals will both develop the full range of disease symptoms
An example of an autosomal dominant
genetic disease is Huntington’s disease.
Huntington’s disease is an autosomal
dominant disorder caused by a mutation to
the Huntingtin gene on chromosome 4.This
usually occurs in late adulthood and so
symptoms usually develop noticeably in a
person’s middle age .Symptoms of
Huntington’s disease include
uncontrollable, spasmodic movements and
dementia

Autosomal Dominant
One altered copy of the gene in each cell is sufficient for a person to be affected by an autosomal dominant
disorder.
If both parents are affected and an offspring is unaffected, the trait must be dominant (parents are both
heterozygous)
All affected individuals must have at least one affected parent
If both parents are unaffected, all offspring must be unaffected (homozygous recessive)

Autosomal Recessive
If both parents are unaffected and an offspring is affected, the trait must be recessive (parents are
heterozygous carriers)
If both parents show a trait, all offspring must also exhibit the trait (homozygous recessive)

18
Q2. Huntington’s disease (Huntington’s chorea) is caused by a
dominant allele that we will refer to by the letter H. It is due to a
dominant allele that is not sex linked. Deduce the genotype for each
individual.

Q3. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that causes the excessive
production of thick sticky mucus. It is due to a recessive allele that is not
sex linked. The pedigree chart shows two generations of a family.
A filled-in symbol represents an individual who has cystic fibrosis.
Deduce the genotype for each individual.

Q4.The pedigree chart below shows the inheritance of a particular genetic condition in a family. A filled in
circle or square means that the individual is affected – that is, shows the genetic condition. The condition is
not sex linked. Deduce whether the characteristic is dominant or recessive.

WATCH:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h2xufrHWG3E

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 SEX LINKED INHERITANCE
Human X and Y chromosomes determine the biological sex of a person, with XX specifying female and XY
specifying male.
Sex linkage refers to when a gene controlling a characteristic is located on a sex chromosome (X or Y)
The Y chromosome is much shorter than the X chromosome and contains only a few genes
The X chromosome is longer and contains many genes not present on the Y chromosomes
Hence, sex-linked conditions are usually X-linked - as very few genes exist on the shorter Y chromosome
The human Y chromosome plays a key role in determining the sex of a developing embryo.

Sex-linked inheritance patterns differ from autosomal patterns due to the fact that the
chromosomes aren’t paired in males (XY)
This leads to the expression of sex-linked traits being predominantly associated with a particularly gender
As human females have two X chromosomes, they can be either homozygous or heterozygous
X-linked dominant traits are more common in females
Human males have only one X chromosome (and therefore only one allele) for X-linked traits
X-linked recessive traits are more common in males, as the condition cannot be masked by a second allele

Thomas Hunt Morgan provided a key contribution to our current understanding of gene linkage by
discovering non-Mendelian ratios in Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies)
His breeding experiments involving fruit flies clearly demonstrated that linked genes were not independently
assorted

When cross-breeding red-eyed wild types with white-eyed mutants, he discovered a clear sex bias in
phenotypic distribution. All female offspring of a red-eyed male were red-eyed, whereas all male offspring
of a white-eyed female were also white-eyed. Morgan described this distribution as 'sex-limited’ inheritance
and inferred it was caused by the gene for eye colour being located on a sex chromosome (i.e. X-linked)

20
Q1.In fruit flies, eye color is a sex linked trait. Red is dominant to white.
a) What are the sexes and eye colors of flies with the following genotypes:
X R X r _______________ X R Y _______________
X R X R _______________ X r Y _______________

b) Show the cross of a white eyed female X r X r with a red-eyed male X R Y .

c) Show a cross between a pure red eyed female and a white eyed male. What are the genotypes of the
parents:
_______________& ______________
How many are:
white eyed, male_______________ white eyed, female _______________
red eyed, male ________ red eyed, female _______________

A. X-LINKED RECESSIVE CONDITIONS

Red-green colour blindness and hemophilia are both examples of X-linked recessive conditions
 Consequently, they are both far more common in males than in females (males cannot mask the trait as
a carrier)
When assigning alleles for a sex-linked trait, the convention is to write the allele as a superscript to the sex
chromosome (X)
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 Hemophilia: XH = unaffected (normal blood clotting) ; Xh = affected (haemophilia)
 Colour blindness: XB = unaffected (normal vision) ; Xb = affected (colour blindness)

WATCH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3CtM4AaOxQ0

Red–green colour blindness

This condition is caused by a mutation to the red or green retinal photoreceptors, which are located on the
X chromosome.
This is because a female with normal colour vision may by homozygous for the normal colour vision allele
(XBXB) or she may be heterozygous for normal colour vision (XBXb).

22
For a female to be red–green colour blind, she must be homozygous recessive for this allele (XbXb) – this
occurs extremely rarely.
On the other hand a male with a single recessive allele for red–green colour vision (XbY) will be affected.
Red-green colour blindness can be diagnosed using the Ishihara colour test

Genotype ratio: 1:1:1:1( XB XB, XB Xb, XBY, XbY)

Phenotype ratio: 2:1:1 ( Normal female, Normal male, colour blind male) (Half of the females is a carrier.)

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 ACTIVITY 5
1. A colour-blind man marries a woman who is homozygous for normal colour vision. What is the
probability of their son being colour-blind?

2. A colour-blind woman marries a man who is normal for colour vision. What will be the genotypes and
phenotypes of their children?

3. A colour-blind man marries a woman who is carrier for colour vision. What will be the genotypes and
phenotypes of their children?

4. A male and female with normal colour vision each have a father who is colour blind. They are planning to
have children. Predict, showing your working, the possible phenotypes and genotypes of male and female
children.

Key
male
female
affected male
affected female
?

5. The diagram below shows the pedigree of a family with red green colour-blindness, a sex-linked
condition.

Key
1st generation
1 2 normal male

normal female

male with condition

2nd generation
1 2 3 4 5 female with condition

3rd generation
1 2 3 4
a) Determine all the possible genotypes of the individual (2nd generation–1) using appropriate symbols.

b) Determine all the possible genotypes of the individual (3rd generation–4) using appropriate symbols.
24
NOTES:
1. Only females can be carriers (a heterozygote for a recessive disease condition), males cannot be
heterozygous carriers
2. Males will always inherit an X-linked trait from their mother (they inherit a Y chromosome from their
father)
3. If a female shows a trait, so too must all sons as well as her father.
4. An unaffected mother can have affected sons if she is a carrier (heterozygous)
5. X-linked recessive traits tend to be more common in males.

Hemophilia is a genetic disorder whereby the body’s ability to control blood clotting (and hence stop
bleeding) is impaired
The formation of a blood clot is controlled by a cascade of coagulation factors whose genes are located on
the X chromosome. When one of these factors becomes defective, fibrin formation is prevented - meaning
bleeding continues for a long time.
 Different forms of hemophilia can occur, based on which specific coagulation factor is mutated (e.g.
hemophilia A = factor VIII)
WATCH: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_DjmWS_9cg

= female, normal
= male, normal

= female, carrier
= male, hemophiliac

= female, hemophiliac

ACTIVITY 6
1. A hemophiliac man marries a normal woman who is homozygous. What is the probability of their son
being hemophilia?

25
2. Show the cross of a man who has hemophilia with a woman who is a carrier. What is the probability that
their children will have the disease?

3. Hemophilia is caused by an X-linked

recessive allele. Which two individuals in the
pedigree must be carriers of hemophilia?

4. Hemophilia is X-linked recessive disease in humans. A carrier mother with A Rh (+) mother and
hemophiliac father with B Rh (-) have a child with O Rh(-) blood type. What is the possibility to have a
hemophiliac male child with AB Rh (-) boold type.

Muscular dystrophy: is a group of diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass. In
muscular dystrophy, abnormal genes (mutations) interfere with the production of proteins needed to form
healthy muscle. Although girls can be carriers and mildly affected, it's much more common in boys.
Features of X-linked recessive inheritance that you may see on a family tree include:
 males affected almost exclusively
 the gene alteration can be transmitted from female carriers to sons
 affected males cannot transmit the condition to their sons.

B. X LINKED CODOMINANT
In cats, the gene for calico (multicolored) cats is codominant. Females that receive a B and an R gene
have black and orange splotches on white coats. Males can only be black or orange, but never calico.
Here’s what a calico female’s genotype would look like. X B X R
a) Show the cross of a female calico cat with a black male?

What percentage of the kittens will be black and male? _______________

What percentage of the kittens will be calico and male? _______________
What percentage of the kittens will be calico and female? _______________

26
b) Show the cross of a female black cat with a male orange cat.

What percentage of the kittens will be calico and female? ________________

What color will all the male cats be? _______________

HOMEWORK 2
1. Brachydactyly, abnormal shortness of the fingers, was the first human genetic disorder found to be
caused by a dominant allele. Examine the pedigree. What are the genotypes of the father and the mother in
the first generation, using the symbol B for the dominant allele, and b for the recessive allele.

2. In the following pedigree the inheritance of hemophilia in a family

is given. A shape, which is filled-in, means that individual has the
trait. Find the genotypes of the numbered individuals.

3. In the following pedigree the inheritance of colour blindness in a family is

given. A shape, which is filled-in, means that individual has the trait. Find the
genotypes of the numbered individuals.

4. Neurofibromatosis type 1 is one of the most common autosomal dominant disorders. A woman with
neurofibromatosis type 1 has an unaffected partner. Which of the following is correct regarding their
children?
A. The probability that each of their children will be affected is 1 in 4.
B. The probability that their second child will be affected if their first child is affected is 1 in 4.
C. The probability that their third child will be affected if their first two children are affected is 1 in 2.
D. If their first child is affected then their second child will not be affected.
27
5. Achondroplasia shows autosomal dominant inheritance with complete penetrance. A man with
achondroplasia has an unaffected partner of normal height. Their first two children are not affected. Which
of the following is correct?
A. The probability that their next child will be affected is 1 in 2.
B. The probability that each of their children will be affected is less than 1 in 2 because the parents of the
man with achondroplasia are not affected.
C. The mother of these children has a sister with achondroplasia. This increases the risk that the children
could be carriers.
D. If their third child is unaffected, then the probability that their fourth child will be affected is 1 in 8.

6. Hemophilia A is a severe coagulation disorder that shows X-linked recessive inheritance. Red-green
colour blindness also shows X-linked recessive inheritance. A man with both hemophilia A and colour
blindness is referred for genetic counseling. Assume that his partner is not a carrier of either of these
conditions. Which of the following is correct?
A. The probability that each of his daughters will be a carrier of hemophilia A is 1 in 2.
B. The probability that each of his daughters will be a carrier of colour blindness is 1 in 2.
C. The probability that each of his daughters will be a carrier of both conditions is 1.
D. The probability that each of his sons will be affected with hemophilia A is 1 in 2.

7.The fruit fly, Drosophila, has sex chromosomes X and Y, the same as humans. ‘White eye’ is caused by a
sex-linked allele, which is recessive. In the pedigree chart shown, which two individuals must be carriers of
the white allele?

A. I4 and II3
B. I4 and II2
C. II1 and II2
D. II2 and III2

8.Hemophilia is X-linked and is caused by a recessive allele. A healthy woman’s father has hemophilia, but
her husband does not. What is the probability of the women and her husband having a child with
hemophilia?

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 C. X-LINKED DOMINANT

 If a male shows a trait, so too must all daughters as well as his mother
 An unaffected mother cannot have affected sons (or an affected father)
 X-linked dominant traits tend to be more common in females

1. Consider the following pedigrees, all involving a single trait. Briefly explain for each case whether any of
the following modes of inheritance can be excluded: X-linked dominant, X-linked recessive, autosomal
dominant, autosomal recessive.
a)

X-linked dominant: X-linked dominant:

X-linked recessive: X-linked recessive:
autosomal dominant: autosomal dominant:
autosomal recessive: autosomal recessive:

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b)

X-linked dominant:
X-linked recessive:
autosomal dominant:
autosomal recessive:

Y-LINKED INHERITANCE
Y linkage, also known as holandric inheritance,describes traits that are produced by genes located on the
Y chromosome. It is a form of sex linkage.Traits on the Y chromosome are only found in males, never in
females.
• The father’s traits are passed to all sons.
• Dominance is irrelevant: there is only 1 copy of each Y-linked gene.
An example is the SRY gene in humans, is involved in causing development of male sex characteristics.

Y-linked inheritance is passed on from father to son.

1.In the pedigree, Individual A show a trait which is controlled by a gene on Y

chromosome. Which individuals will have this trait?

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 HOMEWORK 3
1. The pedigree given below shows the inheritance of a disease. What can be said about inheritance of
this disease? On which sex chromosome is the gene that causes this disease carried? (Individuals
showing the phenotype are given in filled in.)

2. In the pedigree given below shows blood group phenotypes of some individuals. According to this;
Which individuals in the pedigree donot have the probability of O blood group?

3. In a family with three boys and two girls, one of the boys is red-green colorblind, and one of the girls is a
carrier for red-green color blindness. What is the genotype of mother and father in this family in terms of
color blindness? Show by drawing pedigree.

4. In the given pedigree, filled in individuals show the trait hemophilia. What is the genotype of mother and
father?

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 SOURCES
 Dr. Tülay YILDIZ SOYAL, Tuna Yayınları, 2019, “10. sınıf Biyoloji ders kitabı”
 Elif AKTAŞ, Fatma DEMİRAY, MEB Yayınları, 2019, “10. sınıf Biyoloji ders kitabı”
 Brent Cornell. BioNinja. (n.d.). Retrieved January 28, 2023, from https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-
level/topic-3-genetics/34-inheritance/sex-linked-genes.html

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