Before 1400’s – Medieval Period (Dark Ages)

1400’s – Renaissance Period (started in Italy) (Rebirth – revive classical culture: the culture of Greece
and Roman) (They value science and reason i.e. Leonardo Da Vinci, Galileo Galilei, Michelangelo etc.)

• Catholic Church: Center of Solar System is Earth

• Galileo Galilei: Sun is the center

1500 – 1600’s – Exploration which leads to Colonization

• 1521 – Magellan went to the Philippines

• 1565 - Miguel Lopez de Legaspi colonized the Philippines

1700’s – Revolution (American and French)

1800’s – Liberty of Nations (time of Rizal)

• Contextualize - You have to understand a person according to his Milieu/time

• America Revolution (1765 – 1783)
• Colonizer: British

French Revolution (1789 – 1799)

• Their cry: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity)

Spain colonized Philippines from 1565 to 1896 (Miguel Lopez de Legaspi)

Spain was no longer super power; they were only super power on 1500’s – 1600’s

Absolute monarchy – the king and the queen has absolute power, they have the mandate of heaven,
they do not follow a constitution.

Loss of Spanish Colonies – Mostly in Latin America

Cadiz Constitution – absolute monarchs no longer have absolute power over the people.

Constitution – supreme law of the land, no single person is above it

Jose Rizal – Man ahead of his time

Rizal is a product of Spanish society/liberalism across Europe, benefitted from the liberal Spain

Guillotine – for the monarchs, would symbolize beheading of monarchs because it is where they wear
their crown and if the head is removed it means you lost the mandate of heaven (crown – power over
people)

Marie Antoinette – Austrian “Let them eat cake”

The Affair of the Necklace – the execution of Marie Antoinette

Why didn’t they destroy the palace? To remind them that there were extravagant monarchs before

Do you hear the people sing? – Les Miserables

Les Miserables – France after French Revolution

- They were left to Napoleon

During the Spanish period: Milieu of Rizal in the Philippines – union of church and state

- Spain is an indirect colonizer

- Managed by governor general
- Priest (church is directly running the country also along the governor general)
- Philippines was ruled by Raja Sulayman when Miguel colonized the Philippines.
- Islam was introduced as early as 1300’s
- Intramuros is very symbolic: the church, the state (palacio del gobernadora) and school ran by
religious order
- Frai Juan de Plasencia: pagsama-samahin ang kalat kalat na bahay (pueblo) (Leyes de Las Indias)
- Dating kaayusan: pagkakapantaypantay
- Kaayusan ng spain: circular na may sentro (plaza complex)
- Mas malapit sa plaza – mas makapangyarihan
- Mas malayo – nababawasan ang importansya
- Wall symbolizes the social structure (proximity of house to the church symbolizes power/status
symbol)
- Secularization – most of the seculars are filipinos
- Handle parishes – quite powerful
- Spanish priest became accustomed by the fame, power and money
- GOMBURZA: Burgos - Most prominent, parish priest of manila cathedral (Chinese mestizo)
- Spaniards felt threatened kay Burgos (1812 – they will hand over the managing of parishes to
the Filipinos)
- February 15, 1872 – nahatulan ng kamatayan
- (passive) Politically naïve during 1872 but was influenced by Paciano – Jose Rizal
- Marcelo H. de Pillar – talk sa sabungan, close sa common people. – funny way of writing
- Ang Amain Namin, Ang Aba Guinoong Baria – Marcelo wrote Dasalan at Tuksuhan (own version)
- Del Pillar’s writing made the priest a laughing stock
- GOMBURZA influenced the propagandists, katipuneros
- 7th child: Jose Rizal
- Unusual that women finish college
- Paciano Rizal – “The other Rizal”
- Was outshined by Jose Rizal

Pilosopong Tasyo – considered insane in their society. (malayo sa community)

- Too intelligent

Living near the church – you matter in the community

Very far in the church – you’re like an outsider

People who live Inside Intramuros – accepted the Spanish colonization

 - Regarded Filipinos outside as outsider

Ibarra came from Europe to San Diego (fictional place in Noli)

Weaknesses of Filipino: Swatting the Spanish Flies

- Swatting – pinapaalis/ tinataboy

The Spaniards were considered as flies who stayed in the Philippines for 333 years

- Analysis of the book was that there is something dirty/wound in the Philippine Society
- Noli is not just about the abuses of the Spaniards, highlighted: what was wrong with the
Filipinos

1800’s/19th century – sick of cancer:

- When you touch someone with cancer it can be very painful “I would dare to touch that society
even if it’s painful: touch what’s wrong with the society”

Diagnosis: Society is ill with cancer, wanted to address the PH Society.

Characters to represent each and one of us:

Precolonial Philippines – rich, flourishing like Sisa before getting married to (Pedro is like the Spaniard)

Married life of Sisa – Spanish Colonization of Philippines

Sisa stole Crispin and Basilios’s childhood when she asked them to work

Pedro – Sisa = coexist.

No pedro without sisa and vice versa (Pedro: Tyrant, Sisa: Slave) - “You create your own tyrant”

Babaylan – very empowered women then eradicated from the society.

- We were tamed during the Spanish period

- We were introduced to Virgin Mary, changed the concept of Filipinos with regards to what
Filipinas should be
- 20 women who wrote to Rizal - they wanted to learn Spanish
- Rizal doesn’t have a heroine/powerful woman character in Noli Me Tangere
- Your role is not just to bear a child, after bearing them you’re supposed to guide them.
- How will you betray native land: you will create child who just obey and not those who are
brave.

Reason why Rizal was highlighting the weakness:

- he wanted to expose the contributions of the Filipinos why the society was ill.

Maria Clara is very different to Babaylan, similar to Virgin Mary.

You cannot depend on Maria Clara when facing challenges in a relationship.

She is very coward and timid

Worse character: Padre Salvi

Peak of the story:

Maria Clara: was already in monastery (Pueblo – town created by the colonizers)

Highest Structure: Church or Monastery, there was no noise pollution, simboryo

Hinid niya ginusto na magpakamatay:

Punit punit yung damit nung madre, basa, humahagulgol – maria clara was already raped by Padre Salvi

“Death or nunnery” after malaman na patay daw si Ibarra

Nunnery – used to be a red house for the priests.

Aunt Isabel

Sisa died sa last part ng novel: tumakbo sa kagubatan & nahanap ni Elias si Basilio na iniiyakan yung
bangkay ni Sisa

Dona Consolacion – most ugly, used to be a laundry woman

- became a tyrant of Sisa

- (2) they used to be the one being bullied, whenever they get a chance to climb the social
ladder. Alperes will go home with an ugly wife

Dona Victorina – she settled for a fake doctor because he was a Spaniard.

- Like foreigners more than Filipinos

Noli – written in Spanish and more serious

Advantage of Dasalan at Tocsohan: more funny

Rizal thinks Filipinos need to change first before attaining freedom

Father Salvi: Lust addiction to Maria Clara

Ibarra – very sheltered and he doesn’t know what the society needed

Rizal established a school in Dapitan Zamboanga del Norte

For you to have liberty – you have to have education and liberty

Elias – is like Andres Bonifacio

- Rizal isn’t aware of Bonifacio when he wrote Elias

- Willing to change the society
- He regrets that he killed Elias

Contribution of Rizal: Revolution started in the ideas planted by Rizal

- Influenced the Katipuneros Ibarra – Rizal

 El Fili:

Noli – sufferings of filipinos under the Spanish colonization

- Filipinos are also to be blamed because they allow the abuse to happen
- Some characters are considered as willing participants

El Fili – picture a society in the brink of revolution

Brink of revolution – a revolution is about to start (during 1800’s)

Why did we reach that point?

External Factors:

- American Revolution
- French Revolution

Internal Factors:

- Execution of GOMBURZA – which lead to establishment of propaganda & Katipunan

There will be one event that will trigger a revolution

Marcos became a president from 1965 – 1969, ran again from 1969 and ousted on 1986

Things that triggered EDSA Revolution:

- 1983 Assassination of Ninoy

- 1970’s – milieu: revolt against Marcos, we were at the edge of revolution

El Fili – more mature than Noli

El Fili is more superior than Noli

El Fili – dedicated to GOMBURZA

Simoun – is a dark character

- Accepted him because he has money

- Anarchist – he wanted to destroy a system without offering a new plan
- Ibarra – wanted to change the society by putting up a school, Simoun just wanted to destroy the
system
- Machiavelli – political philosopher, agree that rulers can become tyrant as long as their objective
is met, man is naturally evil, yes to disregard morals as long to attain common good, It is
acceptable to kill for the common good, if it is for the common good whether the means are bad
it’s okay.
- Symbolism of El Fili – Lamp
- They needed to get rid of the powerful and rich people.
- Explosive lamp – given to Basilio and asked to put it on Paulita Gomez’ lamp
- Elias helped Ibarra escape
- Basilio was adopted by Kapitan Tiyago (GF: Juli)
 - Basilio was able to identify Simoun sa grave ng mama niya
- Isagani – Bf of Paulita Gomez (she dumped Isagani to marry someone rich, niece of Dona
Victorina)
- Father Florention – Simoun asked advice from him

QUIZ #3:

1. Who is considered the most naïve in terms of the situation of the Philippines during the Spanish
period? JOSE RIZAL

2. Which among the following works triggered the Filipinos to make fun of the friars the most?
DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN

3. During the 19th century Filipino society, an emerging group of Filipino intellectuals set off the
different reforms for the country. Which among the following external factors led to this kind of
development in the country? EXECUTION OF GOMBURZA/FRENCH REVOLUTION

4. Which among the following is in its correct chronological order? MEDIEVAL PERIOD, RENAISSANCE,
AGE OF EXPLORATION, AGE OF COLONIZATION, REVOLUTION, INDEPENDENCE

5. Who among the following was not a major influence in the political orientation of Rizal? ANDRES
BONIFACIO

6. When Rizal was in Paris on April 18, 1889, he wrote a letter to Mariano Ponce saying, “Without 1872,
there would not have been either Plaridel, or Jaena, or Sanciangco; without 1872, Rizal would now be a
Jesuit and instead of writing Noli me Tángere, would have written the opposite.” What was the historical
event that took place on February 17, 1872? EXECUTION OF GOMBURZA

7. Which among the following is NOT considered an occurrence during the 19th century in Europe?
ABSOLUTE REIGN OF MONARCHY

8. According to Rizal “Without 1872 there would not be now a Plaridel”. Who is Plaridel? MARCELO H.
DEL PILAR

9. It is the birthplace of Jose Rizal. CALAMBA

10. It pertains to the placing of the management of parishes under the native clergy. SECULARIZATION

11. One has to look at the 19th century Philippine society in order to understand Rizal’s greatness. TRUE

12. The death of GOMBURZA in 1872, paved the way to the end of Spanish rule in the Philippines. TRUE

13. The Cadiz Constitution in Spain during 1812, signifies? DECLINE OF ABSOLUTE POWER OF
MONARCHY
14. A legacy of the "Age of Enlightenment," the motto during the French revolution are the following,
except. REFORM

15. This political union during the Spanish period became the cause of misery and suffering in the lives
of the Filipinos. CHURCH AND STATE

16. What best described the mental climate of the Philippines when Rizal was born? WIDE GAP IN
PERSPECTIVE BETWEEN THE RICH AND THE POOR / AN ATMOSPHERE OF MEDIEVAL THINKING IDEAS
AS WELL AS IGNORANCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS, FREEDOM, TYRANNY AND OPPRESSION

17. Of the eleven children of Don Francisco and Dona Teodora, Rizal was the __ child. 7TH

18. How does Rizal regard his brother Paciano? MOST NOBLE OF ALL FILIPINO

19. For Rizal, what was the ONLY way to liberate the people from oppression and exploitation?
EDUCATION

20. Which of the following events really inspired Rizal to fight the evils of Spanish tyranny? EXECUTION
OF GOMBURZA