Aerolab Finals Reviewer

AEROLAB REVIEWER - disadvantage: because of flow characteristics, susceptible to
stall, since first contact yung wing tip. Results to controllability

MODULE 6: HIGH SPEED WINGS AND SURFACE issues
CONTROL, AND HIGH LIFT DEVICES
3. Variable Sweep Wings
WING PLANFORM -Swept wings are mostly suitable for high speeds, like
- Planform refers to the shape and layout of the supersonic and transonic, while unswept wings work best for
fuselage and wing of a fixed wing aircraft. low speeds i.e. subsonic.
- High speed aircraft: fighter jets, supersonic transport, - Variable sweep wings were designed to optimize flight
commercial jet transport (usually swept backwards) experience over a range of speeds
- disadvantage: mechanical and design complexity:
1. Rectangular Wing magkakaroon ng mechanism
- constant chord wings which are the easiest to manufacture
and this is the reason why most of the early aircrafts have such SURFACE CONTROLS
wing planforms -The primary control surfaces of an airplane include the ailerons,
- not tapered – straight wings lang, usually used in small trainer rudder, and elevator
aircraft
- approximately right angle
- disadvantage: not aerodynamically efficient
2. Elliptical Wings
- the most aerodynamically efficient type of wing because of
the elliptical spanwise lift distribution it generates in flight
- induces lowest possible drag
- basis of efficiency of wing planforms
- compared to rectangular – more difficult to manufacture
- history: not made to create to minimize drag but to house the
landing gear and ammunition and guns wherein need thin ung
wings, and yung ellipse yung nag aalllow na thinnest possible
wings
3. Tapered Wings
-were designed to modify the rectangular wing planform where
the chord essentially varies along the span of the wing to
generate an elliptical spanwise lift distribution
- not as efficient as elliptical
- advantageous: efficient and manufacturability (compromises
rectangular and elliptical)
4. Delta Wings Ailerons

- are low aspect ratio wings that are used in all flight regimes - Ailerons controls the aircraft about the longitudinal axis. They
(subsonic, transonic and supersonic) are usually mounted on the outer part of the wing trailing edge
- offers large area – more room for fuel storage (or near the wing tips) and move opposite relative to each other
- improvement in maneuverability - Causes aircraft to roll
- more on war planes - Adverse yaw: tendency for the aircraft to yaw in the opposite
- high perf on supersonic / poor perf on subsonic direction
- disadvantage: complex and difficult to manufacture
Elevators
Swept Wings - It controls pitch about the lateral axis
- reduces the aerodynamic drag as the aircraft fly at high - turns the aircraft up or down (pitch)
speed subsonic or transonic speeds.
Configurations of Elevator in Aircraft Design:
1. Swept Back Wings a.) T-Tail Design
-The aircraft wings whose leading edges are swept back are - No effect of downwash
called swept back wings. - Benefit: reduce noise and vibration inside the aircraft
- used by majority of high speed commercial aircrafts - Compared to conventional tail: more movement of
- Swept back wings reduce drag when an aircraft is flying at control surface is needed to move to raise the nose of
transonic speeds t-tail designed aircraft
- advantage: less area yung contact first, wing root first bago b.) Stabilator
yung wing tip - A stabilator is a movable horizontal surface that acts
as an elevator.
2. Forward-Swept Wings - It functions just like an elevator but a stabilator is
-The aircraft wings whose leading edges are swept forward essentially a one-piece control surface rotated about
are called swept forward wings a central hinge point (pivot point)
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- lighter and produces less drag compared to - single slotted: mostly used
conventional one - can be found on small or large aircrafts
- most commonly found in high-speed military aircraft - increase wing camber
– that enhance maneuverability - when extended: open a slot between the wing and the flap
- high pressure from bottom of the wing, flows through the
c.) Canard slot: increases the energy of wings boundary layer and
- Canard designs utilize concepts of two lifting reduces drag, that results to added lift and acceptable
surfaces. amount of drag
- The canard acts as a control surface near the nose d. Fowler Flap
of the aircraft designed to create lift to pitch the nose - when you need strong lift, you need strong flap
up - when extended: gain in lift, and negligible increase in drag
- function as stabilizer or elevator that is installed in - perfect configuration for take off ng big jet
front of the main wing
2.) Leading Edge High Lift Devices/Leading Edge Devices
Rudder The leading edge of the airfoil can also be equipped with high lift
- The control movement about the vertical axis is controlled by devices. Leading edge devices are great instruments to
the rudder increase the critical angle of attack and, therefore, delay the
- yaw stall.
A common configuration of the vertical surfaces is: Types of Leading Edge Devices:
a.) V-Tail a. Fixed Slot
- V-tail designs combine functions of elevators and - delay airflow separation at higher angle of attack
rudders by employing slanted vertical tail surfaces. - direct airflow to the upper wing surface
- Since it acts as both elevators and rudders, as well - does increase wing camber, but allows higher maximum lift
as horizontal and vertical stabilizers, it is usually called b. Leading Edge Slat (Movable Slat)
ruddervators - functions as a flap
- very high rate of inflight failures: not commonly - forms an unfilled gap or slot, located between the flap and
used leading edge
-consists of leading-edge segments that moves on track
HIGH LIFT DEVICES - can be operated automatically or powered or controlled by
High lift devices are movable surfaces or, in some cases, a pilot
stationary components that are designed to increase lift during - they work by letting the high pressure air beneath the
some phases or conditions of flight surface through the slot to the lower pressure region in the
- Usually used in take-off, initial climb, approach and upper surface of the wing
landing phases of flight - reenergizing the boundary layer and any tendency of flow
- Also used on low speed situations separation is reduced
- Reduces overall size or surface area of wing c. Leading Edge Flap (Droop-snoot)
- Reduces drag thus making the aircraft more fuel - just like trialing edge flap
efficient during cruise - used to increase the lift coefficient and camber
d. Leading Edge Cuff
Three groups of high lift devices are: - used to increase clmax and wing camber
- fixed aerodynamic devices (di nagalaw)
1.) Trailing Edge Flap - advantage for maximum cruise air speed
- Flaps are a high lift device consisting of a hinged panel or - stall speed lower
panels mounted on the trailing edge of the wing e. Kruger Flap
- improve take off and landing performance - mounted on the bottom surface of the wing and hinged at
- help your wing to adapt to your current phase of flight the leading edges
- landing: extending flaps, increases lift, fly at lower speed - actuators extends the flaps down and forward on the
- cruising: retract flaps, reduces the lift, increases the drag undersurface of the wing
- increasing the wing camber, increases the lift
Types of trailing edge flap: - made of thinner profile suitable for thinner wing sections
a. Plain Flap
- most simple flap design 3.) Boundary Layer Control
- hinge back to the wing and pivot down when you extend - Previous discussions for high lift devices focuses on changes
them of wing geometry to produce lift. However, other high lift
- limitation: limited to the amount of lift created devices are based on artificial methods of controlling the
b. Split Flap behavior of the boundary layer
- produces slightly more lift than plain - Purpose: to delay flow separation
- deflects from the lower surface of the wing
- produce more drag Types of boundary layer control
- uncommon but mostly used on war birds a. Boundary Layer Blowing
c. Slotted Flap - instead of forming a slot, a narrow slit is incorporated to
- single, double, or triple slotted blow high speed air in the upper surface
- most commonly used flaps in today’s age
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- high speed air reenergizes the boundary layer preventing
air flow separation
- situated on the leading edge
b. Boundary Layer Suction
- works in the principle of suction
- removes slowly moving air in the boundary layer
- prevent laminar and turbulent separation by removing flow
of low momentum
- incorporate small holes in the surface of the wing upstream
of the separation point, where the air in the boundary layer
is sucked into the wing
c. Jet Flap
- high velocity sheet of air issuing from the trailing edge of
the airfoil at some downward angle to the airfoil chord length
- experiments done with this device that produce very high
lift coefficient when compared to others
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AEROLAB REVIEWER - disadvantage: because of flow characteristics, susceptible to

stall, since first contact yung wing tip. Results to controllability

4. Delta Wings Ailerons

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