Jovielyn B.

Ballentos BSFi-4B
Assignment #1
“Brief report about fish processing plant management”

Fish processing plant management is the main key factor to maintain the quality of fish food

products. The process involves the use of capital and human resources to manage and operate

fisheries plant effectively and efficiently. Fish processing Plant needs a maximize sanitation

to avoid loss or waste fish product. They have also an inspection before and after processing

to ensure the product is under a good condition and to ensure that the raw material

availability is enough for the growth rate of fish production. The purpose of fish processing

Plant converts fresh or frozen fish into various types of products. it can be labor intensive or

highly automated. They are used to process single or multi species on low or large volumes

depending on the capacity of the facility and availability of raw material. Fish processing

plant involves canning as well as by product utilization. They are facilities of fish processing

where the amount of fish product generates that could be an important source of energy, food,

fertilizer, or industrial feedstock. it will be good to manage the fish processing plant to

assured that the fish good product is become safety and valued.

Jovielyn B. Ballentos BSFi-4B

Assignment #1

1. AQUATIC RESOURCES (FRESHWATER & MARINE)

a. NON-FISH AQUATIC MARINE RESOURCES OF COMMERCIAL VALUE.
b. SPONGES
c. ECHINODERMS
d. MOLLUSKS
e. CNIDARIANS
f. CORALS & CORAL REEFS
g. CRUSTACEANS

A. NON-FISH AQUATIC MARINE RESOURCES OF COMMERCIAL VALUE.

 This section presents select non- fish aquatic marine resources,
including plant species, of commercial value. Aquatic animals are
represented by sponges (poriferans); echinoderms such as
holothurians (sea cucumber), sea urchin, starfish, and brittle star;
mollusks (gastropods, cephalopods, and bivalves); coelenterates (coral,
sea anemone, jellyfish, and hydra); and crustaceans (shrimp, prawn,
crab and lobster). The more advanced species of animals such as
reptiles (snakes, crocodiles, turtles) and mammals such as reptiles
(snakes, crocodiles, turtles) and mammals are briefly discussed

A1. IDENTIFY ITS CHARACTERISTICS AND ENUMERATE EACH.

SPONGES

 Poriferans are non- fish aquatic resources represented here by

sponges,
 Sponges are the simplest many celled animals with two cell layers
usually supported by calcareous or siliceous spicules.
 They are hermaphroditic animals and multiply by fertilizing their own
eggs.
 The skeleton of commercial sponge species is composed of spongin
tissues and contains no siliceous spicules.

5 Species of Commercially Useful Sponges in the Philippines.

Wool Sponge looks like an inverted pineapple, but has a regular outline and
is voluminous in form. It is soft and absorbent and grows to a size of 18
inches in diameter or more.
Bath Sponge relatively large and cake- shaped. It is less durable, less
resilient, and easily loses elasticity.
Grass Sponge grows to a size as large as that of the wool and bath sponges. It
is dirty brown in color, highly resilient, elastic, and softer in texture.

Yellow Sponge is attractive in appearance due to its yellow or yellow- brown

color. It has the most elastic and resilient body among the five sponges of
commercial value. However, it is less durable, less fine, and less absorbent
compared to other sponges.
Velvet Sponge is spherical in shape, smooth, soft to touch, fine and durable.
This sponge can absorb and retain a large volume of water in its body.

Uses of Sponges
 Bath and toilet purposes
 Cleaning
 Decoration Furniture purposes
 Industrial purposes
 Mattress
 Padding dresses
 Pillow
 Washing dishes
 Washing vehicles

Echinoderms
 Echinoderms (scientific name Echinodermata) are a major group of
only marine animals. The name comes from the Greek word for "spiny
skin".
 There are about 7,000 species found usually on the sea floor in every
marine habitat from the intertidal zone to the ocean depths.
 They have a wide variety of colours.
 There are at least 800 species of echinoderm on the Great Barrier
Reef.
 Echinoderms have radial symmetry, many having five or multiples of
five arms.
  They have a shell, made mainly of calcium carbonate, which is
covered by skin. The skin contains cells to help support and
maintenance the skeleton, pigment cells, cells to detect motion on the
animal's surface, and sometimes gland cells which secrete sticky
fluids or even toxins.

Seastars
 Sea stars (or starfish) (scientific name Asteroidea) are a major group
of the Echinoderms. There are about 2,000 species of sea stars living
in the world's oceans in habitats from tropical coral reefs, kelp forests
to the cold deep oceans (greater than 6 km), All sea stars are marine
animals.
 Most sea stars have five arms extending from a central body but some
species can have up to 50 arms. They have an internal skeleton
consisting of small bony plates, mainly made from calcium carbonate,
covered with spines and granules. The skeleton is covered with skin
and has holes in it for the tube feet, mouth and anus.
 The larger species can live for over 30 years. Most species are
predators eating molluscs (eg. clams, oysters, mussels and some
snails) or other animal too slow to escape them (eg. other
echinoderms or dying fish).

Other species are detritivores, eating decomposed animal and plant

material. Others consume coral polyps, sponges or even plankton.
  Despite having complex nervous systems sea stars do not have a true
centralized brain. They have senses to detect touch, light,
temperature, orientation and chemicals in the water.

Brittle stars
 They consist of two major groups - brittle stars and basket stars.
Most are found at depths greater than 500 metres to greater than six
kilometres although some species can tolerate brackish water which
is very unusual for Echinoderms.
 Most Brittle stars have five long slender, whip-like arms which can 60
centimets in length on the largest species although most are under
25 cm in diameter.
 Brittle stars have a skeleton made of calcium carbonate, found as the
mineral calcite which forms small bone-like structures. These "bones"
are fused together to form an armour- like shell.
 Brittle stars have no brain, eyes or any other specialized sense
organs. However, they have several types of nerve ending in their skin
and can sense chemicals in the water, touch, and even the presence
or absence of light.

Sea Urchins
 Sea urchins are small, globe-shaped animals with well- developed
spines. They are very closely related to Sand dollars. The name
"urchin" is an old name for the round spiny hedgehogs that they look
like.
  They are found on the sea floor in all oceans, most commonly in
intertidal habitats and on shallow reefs. They are nocturnal, hiding
in crevasses during the day and coming out at night to feed.

 Sea urchins have tube feet between their spines which are attached
to the animal's water vascular system. Their tube feet allow them to
move about slowly looking as if they are walking on stilts.
 They are usually from 3 to 13 centimeters with the largest species up
to 36 centimeters in diameter.
 The internal organs are enclosed in a hard "shell" made of fused
plates of calcium carbonate covered by a thin skin. The spines, often
long and sharp, serve as protection from predators. The spines can
cause a painful wound to humans.
 The largest spines can be 10 to 30 centimeters long They are
attached to the "shell" with ball-and-socket joints (as in human
shoulders) and can point in any direction.
 Sea urchins are sensitive to touch, light, and chemicals in the water.
They do not have a brain. Most sea urchins have five pairs of
external gills, placed around the mouth. Their mouths are generally
made up of five calcium carbonate teeth or jaws containing a fleshy
tongue-like structure.

SEA URCHIN
Sand Dollar
 The Sand Dollar is a spiny, hard-skinned Echinoderm shaped like a
flattened disk. They are green, blue or purple with a velvet-like
texture and appearance caused by their spines. They live on the
sandy or muddy sea floors, from the intertidal zone to the subtidal
zone, usually at depths of 9 to 12 m. They burrow under the sand
with an edge poking up out. They are often found in large numbers
living together.

 They have five sets of pores arranged in a petal pattern. The pores
are used to move sea water into its internal water-vascular system
 which allows them to move. The spines on the underside of the
animal allow it to burrow or to slowly creep through the sand. Fine,
hair-like cilia cover the tiny spines. These cilia, in combination with
a mucous coating, move food to the mouth opening which is in the
center of the star shaped grooves on the underside of the animal.
The anus is toward the rear of the animal rather than on the top.

SAND DOLLARS

Sea Cucumber
 Sea cucumbers are Echinoderms with a leathery skin and a sausage-shaped body. There are
about 1,150 species of sea cucumbers. They are found in most oceans and at depths that
range from the shallows to the deep sea lying directly on the bottom or burrowing through
the sediments on the bottom.
 Most sea cucumbers range in length from 10 to 30 centimeters although the smallest
species is only 3 millimeters long and the largest can reach 100 cm in length. They do not
have arms like many other Echinoderms but do have tube feet, often with suckers, that
allow the animal to crawl.
 They move using their tube feet found on their lower surface, and rhythmic contractions of
their fleshy bodies. Some deep-sea species can swim. The outer body has a tough, leathery
texture, although a few species have hardened regions of calcium carbonate for additional
protection from predators. The head region is surrounded by a 10 to 30 feeding tentacles
surrounding a simple mouth.
 Sea cucumber
Mollusks
 Mollusca is one of the most diverse groups of animals on the planet,
with at least 50,000 living species (and more likely around 200,000).
It includes such familiar organisms as snails, octopuses, squid,
clams, scallops, oysters, and chitons.
 Mollusca also includes some lesser-known groups like the
monoplacophorans, a group once thought to be extinct for millions of
years until one was found in 1952 in the deep ocean off the coast of
Costa Rica.
 Molluscs are a clade of organisms that all have soft bodies which
typically have a "head" and a "foot" region. Often their bodies are
covered by a hard exoskeleton, as in the shells of snails and clams or
the plates of chitons.
 A part of almost every ecosystem in the world, molluscs are
extremely important members of many ecological communities. They
range in distribution from terrestrial mountain tops to the hot vents
and cold seeps of the deep sea, and range in size from 20-meter-long
giant squid to microscopic aplacophorans, a millimeter or less in
length, that live between sand grains.

MOLLUSCA
Bivalvia
(Scallops, clams, mussels, etc.)
Monoplacophora
(Limpet-like “living fossils”)
Gastropoda
Lophotrochozoa ( Snails, slugs, limpets, sea hares)
Cephalopoda
(Squids, octopuses,
nautilus, ammonites)
Scaphopoda
(Lusk shells)
 Aplacophora
(Spicule-covered, worm-like animals)
Polyplacophora
(chitons)

MOLLUSKS
Cnidarians
 The name Cnidaria comes from the Greek word "cnidos," which
means stinging nettle.
 Cnidarians are incredibly diverse in form, as evidenced by colonial
siphonophores, massive med usae and corals, feathery hydroids, and
box jellies with complex eyes. nervous
 Cnidaria do not have a brain or groups of nerve cells ("ganglia"). The
system is a decentralized network ('nerve net'), with one or two nets
present.
 They do not have a head, but they have a mouth, surrounded by a
crown of tentacles. The tentacles are covered with stinging cells
(nematocysts).
 Cnidaria have no organs like hearts or lungs. They have an internal
cavity used for respiration and a gastrovascular cavity (a "stomach")
with a mouth but they do not have an anus. They possess a body
wall made from two layers (the ectoderm and the endoderm)
separated by a jelly-like layer called the mesoglea. Other important
functions like respiration and excretion occur by diffusion.

There are four major groups of cnidarians:

Anthozoa : which includes true corals, anemones, and sea

pens;

Cubozoa : the amazing box jellies with complex eyes and

potent toxins;
Hydrozoa : the most diverse group with siphonophores,
hydroids, fire corals, and many, med usae; and

Scyphozoa : the true jellyfish.

Corals and Coral Reefs Coral reefs

 are the most diverse of all marine ecosystems. They teem with life,
with perhaps one-quarter of all ocean species depending on reefs for
food and shelter.
 Corals are related to sea anemones, and they all share the same
simple structure, the polyp. The polyp is like a tin can open at just
one end: end has a mouth surrounded by a ring of tentacles. The
tentacles have stinging cells, called nematocysts, that allow the coral
polyp to capture small organisms that swim too close. Inside the body
of the polyp are digestive and reproductive tissues, Corals differ from
sea anemones in their production of a mineral skeleton.

Functions and Uses of Coral reefs

Functions sustainable uses non-sustainable uses

  Global  Offshore fisheries  Coral and sand
biogeochemical  Reef fisheries (fin- extraction for lime
cycles fish, invertebrates, production,
 Breeding, marine reptiles, building blocks,
spawning, marine algae) other construction
nursery, feeding  Marine tourism materials.
and foraging  Mariculture  Destructive
habitats for  Biotechnology and fisheries
marine organisms bioprospecting  Large scale
 Coastal protection (source of collection of reef
(self-repairing bioactive organisms
breakwaters that substances for  Largescale
provide coastal medical and aquarium trade
protection pharmaceutical  Development on
 Source of sand for uses) reefs for landfill
beaches and  Aquarium trade expansion or other
dunes that  Coral sand mining construction
support complex  Smale-scale
ecosystems. souvenir
 Source of manufacture
information for
medical,
agricultural or
industrial uses
 Natural recorders
of past climate
and environmental
variation
 Educational
opportunities

Crustaceans
 Crustaceans (make up a very large group of the Arthropods which
include the crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill, barnacles brine
shrimp, copepods, ostracods and mantis shrimp.

 Crustaceans are found in a wide range of habitats most are free-
living freshwater or marine animals, but some are terrestrial (e.g.
woodlice), some are parasitic (eg, fish lice) and some do not move
(e.g. barnacles). Crustaceans are invertebrates with a hard
exoskeleton (carapace), a segmented body that is bilaterally
symmetrical, more than four pairs of jointed appendages ("legs") and
an open circulatory system (the "blood" does not flow in a closed
loop).
  They also have eyes usually on stalks, a primitive ventral nerve cord
and "brain" (ganglia near the antennae), a digestive system which is
a straight tube for grinding food and a pair of digestive glands.
 Gills are used for respiration and they have a pair of green glands to
excrete wastes (found near the base of the antennae).
 Their bodies are composed of three body segments- the head, the
thorax and the abdomen. In some species the head and thorax are
fused together to form a cephalothorax which is covered by a single
large carapace.
As a crustacean grows, its exoskeleton does not, so the animal must moult
its old exoskeleton in order to house its expanding body. To prepare for
moulting, the tissue layer under the exoskeleton detaches and secretes a
new exoskeleton below the hard outer one. When the new exoskeleton is
completely formed, the old exoskeleton splits along weak points and the
animal pulls out, leaving its old exoskeleton intact except for the split.
After a moult the animal must wait and often hide until the new
exoskeleton hardens.