University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Electronics Engineering Program

ECE 313
Lesson 2
Pulse Modulation

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 1
Electronics Engineering Program
Contents
A. Pulse Modulation
v PAM
ü Modulation
ü Demodulation
v PTM
a) PWM
b) PPM
v Comparison between PAM, PWM & PPM

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 2
Electronics Engineering Program
 Pulse Modulation

• The process of transmitting signals into pulses using

special techniques.

Dr.J.L Mazher Iqbal https://slideplayer.com/slide/9198142/

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 3
Electronics Engineering Program
PULSE MODULATION: Sampling

• What is sampling?

Ø Sampling is the process of taking periodic

sample of the waveform to be transmitted.

Ø “the more samples that are taken, the more

final outcome looks like the original wave.

Ø However, if fewer samples are taken,

then other kinds information could be
transmitted.”

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 4
Electronics Engineering Program
PULSE MODULATION :Sampling
• Sampling theorem (Nyquist’s theorem)
Ø- is used to determine minimum sampling rate for any
signal so that the signal will be correctly restored at the
receiver.

• Nyquist’s theorem states that,

Ø“The original information signal can be reconstructed
at the receiver with minimal distortion if the sampling
rate in the pulse modulation system is equal to or
greater than twice the maximum information signal
frequency”

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 5
Electronics Engineering Program
 Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
• Amplitude of the pulse carrier varies proportional to the
instantaneous amplitude of the message signal.
• The width and positions of the pulses are constant in this
modulation.
• PAM could be:
Ø (i)Single polarity PAM: A suitable fixed DC bias is added to the
signal to ensure that all the pulses are positive.
Ø(ii) Double polarity PAM: In this the pulses are both positive and
negative

http://www.mmmut.ac.in/News_content/42232tpnews_10162020.pdf

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 6
Electronics Engineering Program
PAM Modulator

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 7
Electronics Engineering Program
 Sampling Types
• Impulse sampling can be performed by multiplying input signal
x(t) with impulse train of period ‘T’.

• Natural sampling is similar to impulse sampling, except the

impulse train is replaced by pulse train of period T

• Flat-top sampling op of the samples are flat with constant

amplitude

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING https://www.tutorialspoint.com/signals_and_systems/signals_sampling_
8
techniques.htm
Electronics Engineering Program
 Natural Sampling Circuit

https://slideplayer.com/slide/12131230/

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 9
Electronics Engineering Program
 Flat-top Sampling

• Using Sample and Hold Circuit

https://electronicspost.com/pulse-amplitude-modulation-pam/

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 10
Electronics Engineering Program
 Transmission Bandwidth in PAM

• Ex. A voice signal with fm=3KHz is being transmitted using PAM,

Compute for the transmission BW if fs=8KHz and pulse duration of
τ=0.1Ts

http://www.mmmut.ac.in/News_content/42232tpnews_10162020.pdf

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 11
Electronics Engineering Program
 Demodulation of PAM
• For a flat topped PAM, a holding circuit followed by a LPF gives
demodulated signal

• Switch S closes after the arrival of pulse and opens at the end of pulse.
• Capacitor C charges to pulse amplitude value and holds this value during interval
between two pulses.
• Holding circuit o/p smoothened in LPF.
• Known as zero order holding circuit, which considers only the previous sample to
decide value between two pulses
http://www.mmmut.ac.in/News_content/42232tpnews_10162020.pdf

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 12
Electronics Engineering Program
Applications of PAM

• It is used in Ethernet communication.

• It is used in many micro-controllers for generating
the control signals.
• It is used as an electronic driver for LED lighting.

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 13
Electronics Engineering Program
Pulse Time modulation

• In PTM, amplitude of pulse is constant while

position or width of pulse is made proportional to
the amplitude of the signal at the sampling
instant.
• It can be PWM and PPM
• In both the cases amplitude constant and does
not carry information so amplitude limiters can be
used ( like in FM) providing good noise immunity

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 14
Electronics Engineering Program
 Generation of PTM

• Generation of PTM signals can be either by:

• (i) Direct method: PTM waveforms generated
without using PAM waveforms
• (ii) Indirect Method: Firstly PAM signals are
generated, Synchronized is generated during
each pulse interval. These two signals are added
and the sum is applied to a comparator whose
reference level is suitably chosen. The second
crossing of comparator level used for PPM

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 15
Electronics Engineering Program
Pulse Width modulation

• The pulse width modulation is the modulation of

signals by varying the width of pulses. The
amplitude and positions of the pulses are
constant in this modulation

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 16
Electronics Engineering Program
 Pulse Position Modulation
• (PPM) is an analog modulating scheme in which the amplitude and
width of the pulses are kept constant, while the position of each
pulse, with reference to the position of a reference pulse varies
according to the instantaneous sampled value of the message
signal.

• Thus, the trailing edge of the PWM signal acts as the beginning point
of the pulses of PPM signal.
University of Southeastern Philippines
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 17
Electronics Engineering Program
Generation of PWM and PPM by Direct Method

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 18
Electronics Engineering Program
 Three types of pulse-width modulation (PWM)
• The leading edge of the pulse being constant, the trailing edge
varies according to the message signal.
• The trailing edge of the pulse being constant, the leading edge
varies according to the message signal
• The center of the pulse being constant, the leading edge and the
trailing edge varies according to the message signal (Symmetrical
PWM)

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 19
Electronics Engineering Program
PWM detector

https://electronicspost.com/generation-and-detection-of-
a-pwm-signal
University of Southeastern Philippines
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 20
Electronics Engineering Program
 Pulse Position Modulation

• The transmitter has to send

synchronizing pulses (or simply sync
pulses) to keep the transmitter and
receiver in synchronism.

• PPM is done in accordance with the

PWM signal.

• PWM signal is used as the trigger input

to a monostable multivibrator.
• Its output remains zero until it is
triggered on the trailing edge of PWM
output of monostable MV switches to
positive saturation value A and
remains high for fixed period then
goes low

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 21
Electronics Engineering Program
 Exercise #1 50Hz sine wave using 700Hz triangular wave

PWM

PPM
 PPM detector

• The noise corrupted PPM waveform is received by the PPM demodulator circuit.
• The pulse generator develops a pulsed waveform at its output of fixed duration and
applies these pulses to the reset pin (R) of a SR flip-flop.
• A fixed period reference pulse is generated from the incoming PPM waveform and
the SR flip-flop is set by the reference pulses.
• Due to the set and reset signals applied to the flip-flop, we get a PWM signal at its
output.
• The PWM signal can be demodulated using the PWM demodulator
https://electronicspost.com/explain-generation-and-detection-of-ppm-signal/

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 23
Electronics Engineering Program
Transmission BW of PWM and PPM
• Both PWM and PPM have DC value.
• Both need a sharp rise time and fall time to
preserve the message information
• Rise time be very less than ts: tr≪ ts
• Transmission BW: BT ≥ 𝟏/𝟐𝒕𝒓
• BW higher than PAM

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 24
Electronics Engineering Program
 BW Sample Problem
• A voice signal with fm=3KHz is being transmitted using PAM, Compute
for the transmission BW if fs=8KHz and pulse duration of τ=0.1Ts

• Using the above PAM signal with rise time =1% of pulse width,
find the minimum transmission BW for PWM and PPM

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 25
Electronics Engineering Program
PWM Applications

ü Use as ADC DC Motors

ü Telecommunications
Voltage regulation
ü RC devices
ü Audio/Video effects
ü Power delivery
ü Amplification

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 26
Electronics Engineering Program
 PPM Applications

ü Use Optical Communications

ü Useful in narrowband FM channel
allocation ex. Radio control, Model
aircraft, boats and cars.
ü Military Applications

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 27
Electronics Engineering Program
SUMMARY

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 28
Electronics Engineering Program
 Difference Between PAM, PWM, and PPM

Parameter PAM PWM PPM

Type of Carrier: Train of Pulses Train of Pulses Train of Pulses
Variable Characteristic Amplitude Width Position
Bandwidth Requirement Low High High
Noise Immunity Low High High
Power efficiency (SNR) Low Moderate High
Need to transmit synchronizing Not needed Not needed Necessary
pulses
Bandwidth depends on width rise time of the pulse rise time of the pulse
of the pulse

Transmitted Power Varies Varies Constant

Complexity of generation and Complex Easy Complex
detection

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 29
Electronics Engineering Program
 Homework (Individual)

• PAM/PWM/PPM modulator/demodulator circuit

- Data Sheet Sheet Specification

University of Southeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 30
Electronics Engineering Program