48-E-Greek and Roman Civilization

Department of Examinations - Sri Lanka Confidential
Greek and Roman Civilization

Summary: Distribution of marks
Paper 1
Part I - Greek and Roman History
MCQ 30 (2 marks each)
Part II - Greek and Roman Literature
Short questions 20 (2 marks each)
Total for Paper 1 100 marks ( 50 x 2 marks each)
Paper 2 - Structured questions
PART I - Greek and Roman History

Question 1 – Short notes ( compulsory ) need to write 5 notes
4 marks per note: 4x 5 = 20 marks
Section – A: Greek History
2 questions (2nd , 3rd )
e.g. 2. i. (3 marks)
ii. (5 marks)
iii. (7 marks)
Section – B: Roman History
2 questions (4th, 5th )
ii. (5 marks)
iii. (7 marks)
PART II - Greek and Roman Literature
Question 6 – context questions ( compulsory ) need to answer 5 contexts
4 marks per note: 4x 5 = 20 marks
03 more structured questions on 03 prescribed texts
ii. (5 marks)
iii. (7 marks)
i.e. 15 marks per structured question
 Questions 1 and 6 are compulsory
 Answer four more questions taking two from Part 1(selecting one question from
Section A and one question from Section B) and 2 questions from Part II
Paper 02 (brief summary)

Part I:
Compulsory Q. 1: 20 marks
Section A 15 marls
Section B 15 marks
Total for part I: 50 marks
Part II:
Compulsory Q. 6: 20 marks
02 out of questions 7-9 : 15x 2 = 30
Total for part II: 50 marks
Total for paper 2 100 marks
48 - Greek and Roman Civilization (Marking Scheme) (New & Old) / G.C.E. (A/L) Examination - 2019 / Amendments to be included. 1
Common Techniques of Marking Answer Scripts.

It is compulsory to adhere to the following standard method in marking answer scripts and entering
marks into the mark sheets.
1. Use a red color ball point pen for marking. (Only Chief/Additional Chief Examiner may use a mauve
color pen.)
2. Note down Examiner's Code Number and initials on the front page of each answer script.
3. Write off any numerals written wrong with a clear single line and authenticate the alterations with
Examiner's initials.
4. Write down marks of each subsection in a and write the final marks of each question as a rational
number in a with the question number. Use the column assigned for Examiners to write down
marks.
Example: Question No. 03

(i) …………………...................................
……………………................................ √ 4
……………………................................ 5
(ii) ……………………................................
……………………............................... 3
…………………...............................… √ 5
(iii) ……………………............................... 3
……………………...............................
…………………...............................… √ 5
4 10
03 (i) + (ii) 3 + (iii) 3 =
5 15
5 5
MCQ answer scripts: (Template)

1. Marking templets for G.C.E.(A/L) and GIT examination will be provided by the Department of
Examinations itself. Marking examiners bear the responsibility of using correctly prepared and
certified templates.
2. Then, check the answer scripts carefully. If there are more than one or no answers Marked to a
certain question write off the options with a line. Sometimes candidates may have erased an option
marked previously and selected another option. In such occasions, if the erasure is not clear write off
those options too.
3. Place the template on the answer script correctly. Mark the right answers with a '√' and the wrong
answers with a 'X' against the options column. Write down the number of correct answers inside the
cage given under each column. Then, add those numbers and write the number of correct answers in
the relevant cage.
Structured essay type and assay type answer scripts:
1. Cross off any pages left blank by candidates. Underline wrong or unsuitable answers. Show areas
where marks can be offered with check marks.
2. Use the right margin of the overland paper to write down the marks.
3. Write down the marks given for each question against the question number in the relevant cage on
the front page in two digits. Selection of questions should be in accordance with the instructions
given in the question paper. Mark all answers and transfer the marks to the front page, and write off
answers with lower marks if extra questions have been answered against instructions.
4. Add the total carefully and write in the relevant cage on the front page. Turn pages of answer script
and add all the marks given for all answers again. Check whether that total tallies with the total
marks written on the front page.
Preparation of Mark Sheets.
Except for the subjects with a single question paper, final marks of two papers will not be calculated
within the evaluation board this time. Therefore, add separate mark sheets for each of the question paper.
Write paper 01 marks in the paper 01 column of the mark sheet and write them in words too. Write paper II
Marks in the paper II Column and wright the relevant details. For the subject 51 Art, marks for Papers 01, 02
and 03 should be entered numerically in the mark sheets.
***
48 - GREEK AND ROMAN CIVILIZATION I- August 2019

Time: two hours
Answer all questions
Each question carries two marks
There is a total of 50 questions in this paper
Part 1- Greek and Roman History
Select the appropriate answer
01. Which one of the following statements refers to the four chief divisions of the Greek
people?
(1) Illiriyans, Dorians, Ionians, Scythians

(2) Spartans, Laconians, Athenians, Thebans
(3) Dorians, Aeolians, Acheans, Ionians
(4) Dorians, Thesselians, Aeolians, Argives
(5) Laconians, Aryans, Aeolians, Aegeans
02. Which one of the following statements is not correct regarding the Greek political system
in the Heroic Age as described by Homer?
(1) Greece was divided into a number of independent states governed by a hereditary king.
(2) The king acted as the commander in chief in times of war, as the chief judge in times of
peace, and was the high priest of the nation.
(3) The Boule or the council of chiefs controlled the powers of the king.
(4) The king sought the advice and approval of the Boule and of Agora.
(5) There were many laws that regulated the powers of the king.
03. Which two of the following statements refer to the Ampictyonic Council?
A – It held its meetings at the temple of Apollo at Delphi.
B – It was composed of deputies sent from Persia
C - It met annually and discussed all questions about all political matters in Delphi.
D – It met twice a year and discussed all questions regarding the temple of
Delphi.
E – It was a secular union of non-Greek states under Athenian leadership.
(1) A, B (2) A, D (3) B, D (4) C, E (5) D, E
04. Match Column 1 with Column 2 in identifying the correct location where the games were
held.
Column 1 Column 2
The Olympic games. A – held at Argolis
The Isthmian games B - held at Corinth
The Pythian games C - held at Delphi
The Nemean games D - held at Olympia at Elis
(1) A, B, C, D
(2) B, C, A, D
(3) B, D, A, C
(4) C, B, A, D
(5) D, B, C, A
Read the following statements and answer questions 05 and 06.

A - It consisted of thirty members who were Spartan citizens above sixty years of age.
B - Members were elected by the people but not from the people.
C - It consisted of Spartan citizens above the age of thirty.
D - It passed laws and determined questions of peace and war.
E - It functioned as a legislative as well as an advisory body.
05. Which of the above statements describe the Spartan Gerusia?

(1) A, B, C (2) A, B, E (3) B, C, D (4) B, D, E (5) C, D, E
06.Which of the above statements describe the Spartan Apella?

(1) A, B (2) B, C (3) B, D (4) C, D (5) D, E
07. Select the appropriate answer to complete the following sentence.
'Thesmothetai' was the common name used to refer to the……………………………..
(1) the first three Archons who controlled the government of Athens before Solon
(2) the body of the six Archons who managed the judicial system of Athens before Solon
(3) free people of Athens who had the right to attend the Assembly
(4) Athenian citizens without political rights
(5) the body of ex-Archons who controlled the Archons
08. Read the following assertion and reason about Solonic reforms, and select the correct answer.
ASSERTION: Social reforms of Solon removed the distress of the people.
REASON: Solon introduced Seisachtheia.
(1) The Assertion is correct, but the Reason is incorrect

(2) Both the Assertion and Reason are correct and are connected with each other.
(3) Both the Assertion and Reason are correct but are not connected with each other.
(4) Both the Assertion and the Reason are incorrect
(5) The Assertion is incorrect, but the Reason is correct
Read the following statements on the Persian Wars and answer questions 09 to 11.
A – The stratagem of Themistocles induced Xerxes to direct Persian ships to the straits near
Salamis.
B - The burning of Sardis infuriated Darius who took vigorous steps to
suppress an Ionian revolt.
C – In 490 BC Athenians marched under the leadership of Militiades and defeated the
Persians.
D – Joint forces of Spartans and Athenians fought under Leonidas against the Persians
E – The Persians were defeated and the Persian navy was destroyed.
09. Which one of the above statements refers to the immediate cause of the Persian
War?
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E
10. Which two of the above statements refer to the Battle of Marathon and the battle
of Thermopylae respectively?
(1) A, C (2) A, E (3) C, D (4) C, E (5) D, E
11. Which two of the above statements refer to the battle of Salamis?
(1) A, B (2) A, D (3) A, E (4) C, D (5) D, E
12. Read the following assertion and reason about the Delian League and select the correct answer.
ASSERTION - A voluntary league of the maritime states of the Aegean Sea was formed
under the leadership of Athens.
REASON - Insolence of Pausanias led to the appointment of Aristides to command the
allied fleet.
(6) The Assertion is correct, but the Reason is incorrect

(7) Both the Assertion and Reason are correct and are connected with each other.
(8) Both the Assertion and Reason are correct but are not connected with each other.
(9) Both the Assertion and the Reason are incorrect
(10) The Assertion is incorrect, but the Reason is correct
13. Hellenotamiae were ………………………………………

(1) The Spartan officers who commanded the fleet of the Delian League
(2) The Athenian officers who punished the unlawful members of the Delian League
(3) The members who furnished ships to the common fleet of the Delian League
(4) The members who paid an annual sum to the common treasury of the Delian
League
(5) The Athenian officers who collected the membership contribution of the
Delian League.
Read the following statements and answer questions 14 and 15.

A – Founded a town called Philippi
B – Captured Amphipolis
C – Captured Elatea
D - Amphictyonic Council declared the town of Amphissa guilty of sacrilege
E – Macedonian victory at Chaeronia in 338 BC
14. Which two of the above statements are connected with Philip of Macedonia's ambition to
secure the gold mines of Mt. Pangaeus?
(1) A, B (2) A, D (3) B, C (4) B, E (5) C, D
15. Which one of the above statements refers to an incident which drew Philip of Macedonia into the
affairs of the Greeks?
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E
16. Read the following statements and answer the question.

A- The Roman people were formed by fusing the Latins, the Sabines and the Etruscans.
B- It was founded by the Etruscans as a colony to guard their frontier against Latins.
Out of these two statements,
(1) A is correct and B is incorrect
(2) A is incorrect and B is correct
(3) Both A and B are correct
(4) Both A and B are incorrect
(5) Only B is correct and A happened as a result of B
17. Which two of the following statements are correct regarding the constitutional reforms
introduced by Servius Tullius?
A- The objective was to limit the burdens of taxation and military service to aristocrats.
B- The principle adapted was that power and political privileges should depend upon
wealth and not birth.
C- People were divided into 21 tribes according to their place of residence.
D- The tribes contained only Patricians
E- Following a census the entire population was again divided into 10 classes.
(1) A, B (2) A, D (3) B, C (4) C, E (5) D, E
Read the following statements that refer to the laws that alleviated Plebeian grievances and
answer the questions 18 to 20.
A – Lex Canuleia 445 BC
B – Lex Hortensia 287 BC
C– Lex Ogulnia 300 BC
D – Lex Valerio de Provocatione 509 BC
E - Valerio – Horatian laws 449 BC
17. Which one of the above laws secured protection for the Plebeians from the arbitrary exercise
of powers by the Patricians?
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E
18. Which one of the above laws sanctioned the marriages between the Patricians and the
Plebeians.?
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E
19. Which one of the above laws gave the Plebeian assembly the complete legislative
independence and made the Comitia Tributa the supreme legislative power in the state?
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E
20. Which one of the following statements is incorrect regarding the conditions in Italy shortly
prior to the reforms introduced by the Gracchi brothers?
(1) The small landed proprietors were selling up their lands as cultivation brought no
profit to them.
(2) Wealthy landowners have introduced large-scale farming.
(3) Free Roman population was voluntarily migrating to the provinces.
(4) More and more farmers were becoming soldiers.
(5) Strict observance of the Licinian laws
21. Which one of the following statements refers to the unconstitutional conduct of Tiberius
Gracchus?
(1) No individual was allowed to posses more than 500 jugera of land.
(2) Individuals possessing lands beyond the legally accepted amount were requested to
surrender the surplus to the state on receipt of fair compensation.
(3) The surplus lands obtained by the state were distributed among the poor citizens in lots of
30 jugera.
(4) Three commissioners were elected annually to carry out the laws.
(5) Octavius, who vetoed the agrarian bill of Tiberius was caused to be deposed by a vote of
the people in the Assembly of the Plebs.
22. Which one of the following statements is incorrect with regard to a reform of Caius Gracchus?
(1) Renewed the agrarian laws of his brother.
(2) Proposed to sell corn to citizens at a price below the market value.
(3) Increased the powers of the Roman Senate.
(4) Declared that soldiers should be equipped at the expense of the state.
(5) Proposed to establish colonies in Italy and in the provinces.
24. Which two of the following statements refer to Leges Cornelae.

A - The laws passed by Marius
B - The laws passed by Sulla.
C - The laws known by this name were intended to weaken the power of the Senate.
D - The laws known by this name were intended to weaken the power of the Tribunate.
E - The laws known by this name strengthed the authority of the Roman magistrates.
(1) A, B (2) A, C (3) A, D (4) B, D (5) B, E
25. Which one of the following statements does not refer to the administrative reforms of Sulla?
(1) The separation between the duties of civil and military authorities.
(2) The law that was passed forcing consuls and praetors to stay in Rome and discharge duties
during their year of office.
(3) The increase of the number of magistrates.
(4) The Establishment of the criminal jurisdiction of the Popular Assemblies.
(5) The prohibition of the provincial governors from waging war of their own accord.
26. Select the correct answer and fill the blank.

Pompey ……………………………………………………. .
(1) fought the Civil War against Sulla
(2) suppressed the pirates and defeated Mithridates.
(3) was sent to Sicily and Africa to reinforce Marius
(4) supported Lepidus in his revolt.
(5) sent to Spain to join Sertorius.
27. Which one of the following statements is correct regarding Cicero

(1) He belonged to the Roman aristocracy
(2) All his ancestors have held a curule office in the Roman government
(3) He started his military career serving in the Civil War
(4) He was renowned for his impeachment of Verres for his extortions in Sicily
(5) He became Censor in 63 BC
28. Which one of the following statements is incorrect regarding the circumstances that favoured
the conspiracy of Catiline?
(1) The veterans of Sulla were ready for acts of violence.
(2) Those who suffered under Sulla's proscriptions were ready to welcome revolutionary
movements.
(3) Youths of needy Roman aristocrats longed for a change that would free them from debt.
(4) The executive government in Rome was weak.
(5) The rich and powerful had earned the love and respect of general public in Rome.
Read the following statements about the First and Second Triumvirates and answer
questions 29 and 30.
A - Julius Caesar, Pompey and Crassus formed the Triumvirate.
B – Octavius, Pompey and Crassus formed the Triumvirate.
C - Octavius, Mark Antony and Lepidus formed the Triumvirate.
D – Settled a large number of needy citizens on the public lands in Campania.
E – Enemies of the Triumvirs were killed and their property was confiscated.
29. Which two of the above statements refer to the First Triumvirate.
(1) A, D (2) A, E (3) B, D (4) C, D (5) C, E
30. Which two of the above statements refer to the Second Triumvirate?.
(1) A, D (2) A, E (3) B, D (4) C, D (5) C, E
Part II- Greek and Roman Literature

Answer the following questions in one language only
Please provide short answers
31. State briefly the way Hesiod describes the nature of the Bad Strife in his Works and Days.
…This goddess is blamed and makes battles thrive and war. She wins no love. Persuades
people to skip work and idle.
Men are forced by god's will to pay her due respect...
32. According to Hesiod's Works and Days, what raw materials were used by Hephaestus under
instructions of Zeus to mould the form of the First Woman?
.(i) Earth and (ii) Water.
33. (i) What is the second race created by Zeus and (ii) why did Zeus hide them away in the myth
of Five Races in Hesiod's Works and Days?
(i) Silver Race

(ii) They dishonoured the Olympian gods. (or any similar idea: not sacrificing to gods,
left their altars bare/ empty, forsook. Renounced/ abandoned gods)
34. (i) From where does Hesiod claim to have sailed once upon a time, according to his Works
and Days, (ii) what was his destination and for what purpose did he sail on that occasion?
(i) He sailed from Aulis to Euboea.

(ii) When he was going to Amphidamas' games.
35. To what mythical account does Procleon's answer 'No-man' in Aristophanes’ play, the Wasps,
refer to?
Odysseus' escape from Cyclops' cave…..
36. What was (i) the charge and (ii) the penalty proposed against Labes, the defendant in the mock
court case arranged by Anticleon for his father Procleon, in Aristophanes’ play the Wasps?
(i) Charge: Labes willfully or feloniously injured one Sicilian cheese by eating it all by
himself.
(ii) Penalty proposed: Figwood collar...
37. Why did Procleon faint at the end of the mock court case in Aristophanes’ play the Wasps?
He has acquitted the defendant for the first time in his career as a juror..
38. What did Philoctetes remember when Neoptolemeus introduced himself to Philoctetes as the
son of Achilles in Sophocles’ play Philoctetes?
…Philoctetes remembered Achilles as his friend, Neoptolemus was his child and Old
Lycomedes was Neoptolemus' foster-father.…..
39. In Sophocles’ play the Philoctetes what persuaded Philoctetes to go to Troy and help the
Greeks to win the war against the Trojans?
Heracles' advice to go to Troy, help the Greeks to win the war against the Trojans and to
get his wound cured by Asclepius, who will be sent to Troy by Heracles.
40. In Sophocles' Philoctetes how did Philoctetes describe Odysseus to Neoptolemus when he
[Philoctetes] was told by him [Neoptolemus] how Odysseus ill-treated and insulted him
[Neoptolemus] as part of the scheme to deceive Philoctetes?
A fellow with a ready tongue for any wicked speech or mischief, to achieve his evil
purposes..
If a student writes the gist of the provided answer in their own words marks will be given.
41. Towards the end of the prologue in Euripides' Alcestis, Apollo foretells about a man on his
way to Admetus' palace. According to this forecast, this man will be (i) sent by whom, for
what purpose and (ii) what is the task he is expected to fulfill in the palace of Admetus?
(i) Sent by Eurystheus, to bring home from Thrace a team of chariot-horses
(ii) To wrest/ save/ free Alcestis from Death
42. In Euripides' Alcestis (i) why did Admetus not invite his father Pheres to attend the funeral of
his wife, Alcestis, and (ii) what was Pheres' argument against the reason?
(i) For not coming forward to die for him [Admetus] / for not volunteering to die for him
his only son.
(ii) Though he is old and has only little time to live, he still loves his life. He has given
him riches and the kingdom to inherit, but is not obliged in any way to give his life. /
Everyone love their life irrespective of age..
43. (i) Who is the anti-type courtesan presented at the out-set of the play and (ii) who is the typical
courtesan conversing with her in Terence' Mother-in-law?
(i) Philotis (ii) Syra…
44. Which characters in Terence's play, the Mother-in-Law are involved in hiding the birth of the
new baby?
Philumena and her mother Myrrina.
45. What is the part of information known to Parmeno but, not to the two fathers-in-law leading
them to welcome the new baby as legitimate in Terence's play the Mother-in-Law?
That the marriage of Pamphilus and Philumina was not consummated …..
46. When Pamphilus, in Terence's play the Mother-in-Law, refuses to take the child and his wife
back, state briefly how the two fathers-in-law intend to resolve the matter?
By talking to Bacchis and asking her to stop the relationship with the son Pamphilus.
47. What did Cicero claim to have heard of Catiline's supporters in his Third speech against
Catiline?
Publius Lentulus had tried to corrupt the envoys of the Allobroges in the hope of
starting a war across the Alps and a Gallic insurrection..
48. In Apollonius' epic poem The Voyage of Argo who built the ship Argo and under which
deities supervision?
Argus built it and under Athena's supervision………..
49. According to Apollonius' The Voyage of Argo (i) from what trouble did the blind prophet
Phineus suffered? (ii) Which of the Argonauts freed him from it?
(i) A kind of birds known as Harpies never allowed Phineus to enjoy his meals……..
(ii) Zetes and Calais, children of Boreas, the North Wind…………………..
50. In Apollonius' The Voyage of Argo, whom did Medea instruct Jason to kill to effect the
escape of herself with the Argonauts in their homeward journey from Colchis?
Apsyrtus Medea's own brother/ Medea's brother……..
48- GREEK AND ROMAN CIVILIZATION II

Time: three hours
August 2019
Important:
 Questions 1 and 6 are compulsory

 Answer four more questions taking two from Part 1(selecting one question from
Section A and one question from Section B) and 2 questions from Part II
 Answer all questions chosen by you in one language only
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NB: The impossibility of providing exact answers for essay type questions needs to be noted and
this Marking Scheme, therefore, intends to provide a rough idea about the answers expected for
each question /section. The candidate may use his /her creativity in answering questions. If any
answer to these essay type questions mention some of the stated points (and perhaps other valid
points not mentioned) and elaborate on them with evidence it can be considered correct and
deserve up to full marks. Also the candidate is expected to provide the answers in essay form
especially in the case of section three of the structured questions which carries seven marks.
Marks can be given for answers provided in point form, if the candidate seems to have run out
of time having answered 90 or 95 percent of questions in essay form.
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PART I- Greek and Roman History
1. Write short notes on any five of the following, giving at least four facts on each.
(1) Ephors
There were five Ephors in Sparta. This office was the most characteristic part of the Spartan
constitution. These were elected annually from the general body of Spartan citizens. Originally
they were the chosen guardians of the richer people and acted as a check upon the tyranny of
the kings. But in time it became the real executive power in the State. They could summon the
assembly and preside. They controlled the military enterprise as two of them accompanied the
king to watch his conduct of war. They could bring to trial any citizen including the king and
were responsible for the maintenance of discipline of the State. In civil cases they acted as the
supreme-court. All departments of administration were controlled by this small body of five
men. The prerogatives of kings in all matters were curtailed by the executive authority of the
Ephors. Only the Senate or the Elders had some power over checking the power of the Ephors.
(2) Krypteia
This was a secret police created by the Spartan government to control the uprisings of the
Helots. This body was formed by armed group of young Spartans. They hid themselves by day
and watched for the prominent Helots and they kidnapped and killed them in the night. Some
scholars believe this to be a kind of military training as the Athenian ephebia. Thus some
Spartan youths who completed their training at the agoge in an outstanding manner were
spotted as potential leaders and were given a chance to test their skills and prove themselves
commendable of the Spartan polity by taking part in the Krypteia.
(3) Themistocles
His contribution in making Athens a greate maritime power needs to be high lighted: Thus his
foresight as a great politician, his policy, Individual characteristics vs those of Aristides, his
contribution to the victory of Salamis will be discussed.
Need to refer /discuss these points to gain full marks.
(4) The Delian League
Candidate will state about the nature of the League,

why it is so named
objective for forming it, its function/ operations,
Athenian officers who contributed towards fulfillment of the objective
how it helped Athens to become an Empire
Refering to/ discussing of any four of these points will earn full marks.
(5) Epaminondas
A Theban patriot. The most skillful general and a tactician of rare ability. He was noted for his
honesty and uprightness. What distinguished him most was his selfless devotion to the cause of
his country. He was a most intimate friend of Pelopidas. Treachery and murder were against
the principles of his conduct. After the liberation of Thebes he reorganized the military force of
Thebes and instituted the famous 'scared band' to guard the citadel. He was sent as a Theban
envoy to Sparta. There he showed great independence of spirit by refusing to sign the peace of
Callias except in the name of the Boeotian Confederacy of which Thebes was the head. In 371
BC he shattered the military prestige of Sparta. His policy was to weaken Spartan power
permanently. In 362 he led another expedition into Peloponnesus to support the Theban party
in Arcadia. He defeated the combined Spartan and Mantinean armies at Mantinea but was
himself killed at the moment of victory.
(6) Roman consulship
When the monarchy was abolished the power of the king was distributed among the two highest
offices of the State known as the consulship. These were the highest executive offices of the state
both in civil and military affairs. They convoked the Senate and the assemblies and presided
over their deliberations. They commanded the army and had full power of life and death over
soldiers. The consuls were elected annually and were invested with the regal imperium which
represented the majesty of the Roman State. It had the right of commanding the army and of
administering justice.
(7) Marius
Marius reduced the stronghold of Jugurtha in quick succession and repulsed a joint attack by
Jugurtha and Bocchus with Sulla's help; His military success gave him immense power; The
civil war between Marius and Sulla began due to a dispute over the command of the first
Mithridatic war.
Marius made friends with an unpopular Tribune Sulpicius and got Sulla's appointment as the
commander of the first Mithridatic war cancelled and had it transferred to himself.
When Sulla departed to Greece after restoring his commandership Marius returned to Rome
and assassinated the supporters of Sulla and the senatorial party. Then got himself elected as
consul for the seventh time.
(8) Gladiators
These were war captives. They were regularly trained to fight with one another and also with
wild beasts until the death of one of the parties to entertain the Roman populace. This cruel
sport had become very popular in Rome, and there were schools for the training of gladiators.
A number of such gladiators escaped from a school at Capua under the leadership of a
Thracian gladiator named Spartacus. He was joined by many runaway slaves and the outbreak
assumed formidable proportions. For two years Spartacus was master of Italy which he laid
waste from one end to the other. He defeated both the consuls in 72 BC but was at last
overpowered by Crassus and was killed. The survivors of insurgents escaped northwards but
were killed by Pompey.
(9) The Second Triumvirate

This was an alliance between Octavius, Mark Antony and Lepidus to divide the Roman world
between themselves for a period of five years. Antony received the two Gauls, Lepidus Spain
and Octavius received the provinces of Sicily, Sardinia and Africa. Anthony and Octavius were
to prosecute the war against Brutus and Cassius the murderers of Julius Caesar. A law was
proposed and implemented, granting the triumvirs the title and powers they had already
assumed. Thus, the second triumvirate received the sanction of law and was made known to the
people. Though sanctioned by law the second triumvirate was unconstitutional as it usurped the
authority of the Senate and the comitia of the people. The first thing the triumvirs did was to
remove their enemies by murder.
(10) Augustus Caesar
First, he was known as Octavius. Octavius was a consul at the Battle of Actium where he
displayed his talents. Then he refused the names of king and dictator to avoid popular jealousy
and suspicion. But, he gradually accumulated all the great offices of the state and thus assumed
supreme power without any outward show of sovereignty. This gave him the title imperator and
had proconsular authority conferred on him. This made him the commander-in-chief of the
Roman armies. Then he received the powers of censorship through which he could control the
appointments to the Senate. Next he assumed the title of Princeps or the 'chief citizen' which
made him the head of the Senate. Thereafter he assumed the title of Augustus. His authority was
completed by the assumption of the tribunician powers which were conferred upon him for life.
Lastly, he became the Pontifix Maximus and became the head of the Roman religion. Thus
having absorbed all the supreme powers of the State he became the first emperor of Rome.
These topics carry lots of information. So if the Student has written 4 acceptable facts/ points for any of
the topic he/she must be given full marks even if they are not mentioned above, and if it is presented in
a proper way.
(4 marks x 5=20)
Section A – Greek History
(2)
( i.) State three outcomes of the reforms of Solon in Athens? (3 marks)
Set the foundation for Athenian Democracy
The poorest citizes received the right to vote in the Ecclesia, to elect archons, to try them after
office
Practically invested people with the supreme control over the administration
Poor were protected from oppression
Athens became the most enlightened state in Greece.
People were relieved from their load of debt
Promited healthy public spirit in people
Athens became the centre of culture and refinement
Athens displayed an intellectual vigour unparalleled to other Greek states.
Any three of the above stated points or closer points will earn full marks.
(ii.) State briefly how Cleisthenes made the Athenian constitution a thoroughgoing democracy.
(5 marks)
Cleisthenes broke up the old noble clans / family combinations by placing their members on a
footing of political equality with the common citizens.
The same result was also achived by the system of election by lot that he established.
He remodeled the Council/ Boule, gave it the supreme control over the administration.
Made people the soverign power in the state.
Answer bearing and discussing above points will earn full marks.
(iii.) Discuss the democratic reforms of Pericles with reference to his aim and policy.
(7 marks)
Pericles' aim was to make Athens the queen of Hellas/ extend her supremacy to mainland and
beyond the seas. He wanted to see Athens the head and centre of great Hellenic Empire. His
democratic reforms laid the foundation for that.
Limited the powers of the court of Areopagus. Part of its control and laws passed to Boule and
mostly to the popular assembly.
Threw opened the archonship to all classes and made it a paid office.
Archons and members of the Council were appointed by lot from all eligible citizens.
Induced all citizens to take part in judicial matters by introducing payments to citizens who
served as jurors.
Members of the Council were also given a payment for carrying out services.
The answer to this section must contain the points stated above.
(3)
(i.) State three remote causes for the Peloponnesian War? (3 marks)
Jealously of Sparta
Grievances of Megara
Envy of Corinth
Discontent of allies
If any three of these are stated full marks will be given
(ii.) Discuss briefly why Athens failed in the Sicilian expedition. (5 marks)
- Appointed Nicias as one of the commanders against his will and insisted on his playing a
part for which he was utterly unsuited/ Incompetence of Nicias as a general
- Recalled Alcibiades at a very critical moment in order to have him tried
- The death of Lamachus, an able general, in the course of the battle.
A brief discussion of these points will earn full marks
(iii.) Assess the political condition of Athens after the Peloponnesian War. (7 marks)
Athens lost her democratic government
Establishment of the Board of Thirty - a pro-Spartan oligarchical government
Overthrow of the Thirty and restoration of Old Democracy in 403 BC
These points and related issues, circumstances will be assessed by the candidate to obtain full
marks.
Section B – Roman History
(4)
(i) At the outset, Punic Wars were seen as a conflict between which expanding Empires and for what
prize? (3 marks)
A conflict between: Rome and Carthage
The prize contended: - Possession of Sicily
(ii) Discuss briefly the causes for the Second Punic War. (5 marks)
Carthage sought revenge on the Romans for the lossess they had suffered as the result of the
First Punic War.
Hannibal attacked Saguntum, the ally of Rome
These two points will be discussed briefly to obtain full marks
(iii) Why do you think Hannibal failed in the Second Punic War? Explain. (7 marks)
The dogged perseverance of the Romans
Hannibal relied on the defection of Romeʾs allies
The defeat of his brother Hasdrubal at the battle of Metaurus
Insufficient support given to Hannibal from home government – Carthage.
These points will be explained appropriately to obtain full marks
(5)
(i) State very briefly Julius Caesar's position after the battle of Munda? (3 marks)
Julius Caesar became the master/ absolute monarch of the Roman world.
Received the title of Imperator for life
Nominated consul for next ten years and dictator for life
His person declared sacred
A guard of knights and senators offered for his protection
Senate took an oath to watch over his safety
Any three of the above points will carry full marks
(ii) Explain briefly the circumstances that led Julius Ceasar to assume supreme power in Rome.
(5 marks)
The acts of the political opponents of Ceasar too were illegal as they violated the dignity of
tribunician office as they prevented two tribunes (Ceasar`s friends) from interposing veto in
caesar`s interest.
Absolute power or monarchy was a necessity as the then government in Rome was incapable of
maintaining order in Rome and abroad – could not deal with the evils (enrichment of the
priviledgd few, corruption of people, oppression of the provinces) of the time. Optimates and
Populares had no consistent policy.
These will be discussed briefly.
(iii) Discuss the social and political reforms of Julius Caesar with reference to how they changed the
Roman government from Republic to an Imperial power. (7 marks)
Social reforms:
- Planted colonies in Carthage and Corinth to prevent overcrowding of Rome.
- Restored agriculture
- Gave relief to debtors by lowering the rate of interest and by allowing them to deduct
what had already been paid from the principle of the debt
- Provided employment to poor by the construction of public buildings
- Restored exiles and passed sumptuary law to check extravagance
- Reformed the calendar
Political reforms:
- Weakened the power of the Senate by increasing its number to 900 and by including
Gauls, Spaniards, and Romans of lowest class into it. Included representatives of
provinces in the Senate. Reduced it to a mere advisory council
- Created new Patrician families and broke exclusiveness of the Patriciate
- Freed municipalities from interference by magistrates
The above points will be mentioned in point form or at least 3 each will be discussed
appropriately to get full marks. (3.5 marks for each portion i.e Social and political reforms)
PART II- Greek and Roman Literature
(6) Comment on the subject matter of any five of the following, referring them to their contexts.
(a) But there are some who till the fields of pride,
And work at evil deeds; Zeus marks them out,
And often, all the cities suffer for
Their wicked schemes
From Hesiod, Works and Days. After refering to how cities with good judges/ politicians
prosper, Hesiod mentions how cities and its population are punished when proud and cruel
judges/ politicians do evil deeds. This admonition is aimed at judges/ politicians and urges them
to be good and righteous following justice. This highlights the religious theme in the poem, the
importance of due reverence to gods and the power of Zeus who decides the fate of all beings.
Also refers to the helplessness of ordinary mortals as their good or bad life conditions depend
partly on the deeds of their leaders and partly on the interference of gods.
(b) Deceit is not my nature; nor am I told

Was it my father`s. I`d rather beat this man
By force than by deception.
Philoctetes of Sophocles. Neoptolemus tells this to Odysseus as the later was asking Neoptolemus
to deceive Philoctetes as part of his stratagem to bring him to Troy to help Greeks to win the
war.
The candidate may discuss the character portrayal of Odysseus and Neoptolemus referring to
their different values. What is the significance of refering to Neoptolemus` father? Who is he?
Psychological dilemma of Neoptolemus when forced to act against his values.
How does Odysseus succeed in receiving Neoptolemus` assistance for his scheme before
Neoptolemus becomes mindful of his values?
Its reference/ connection to relevant themes as ʽNecessityʾ and ʽDuty to one`s country,ʾ
ʽPsychological conflictʾ.
(c) The people you elect to rule over you, because you're taken in by their speech. And on top of that
there are the bribes they get from the subject cities
Wasps of Aristophanes. Anticleon says this to Procleon when it was his turn to prove that
Procleon and fellow jurors are being exploited and abused by the present day politicians they
hold with high regard after procleon presented his point of view against such an argument.
Here Anticleon is stating that it is with their rhetoric skill these demagogues have tricked these
oldmen who once patriotically fought for the country which has openend the path to greatness,
riches and glory of Athens. These men who layed the foundation for that are not treated farely
for their contribution but has to toil as jurors to receive a petty sum of 3 obols per seating per
day. This also refers to political corruption such as accepting bribes from subject cities which
leads to corrupted jurisdiction of Athens.
(d) I beg you, Admetus, do not do this. A stepmother

comes in as an enemy to children.
Alcestis of Euripides. In Alcestis`s address to Admetus requesting him not to remarry.
This is the resolution Alcestis has found to give due significance to her sacrifice. Alcestis has
volunteered to die for Admetus to enable him to live a longer period and by that to enable her
son to inherit the throne and for her daughter to marry with royal dignity. If Admetus
remarries the privileges she intends to secure for her children will be lost as she anticipates.
Student will discuss how this extract refers to themes of the play, such as ʽdifferences in
relationship between man and his wife/ womanʾ, ʽNecessityʾ.
How it helps to depict the character of Admetus as a coward.
(e) I am the most fortunate of men! No one could be so lucky in love!

Now what reward can I give you in return for this message?
Mother-in-law of Terence. Pamphilus says this as he hears of the legitimacy of the child borne
by his wife Philumina. He was made aware of the part of the story that was not known to him so
far, i.e of the identity of the girl he raped once before his marriage to Philumina. This was made
known to him by Mirrina, his mother-in-law, with the help of the ring Pamphilus snatched from
the unknown victim and gave to Bacchis, his mistress.
Student will discuss how a trivial object as a ring resolves the matter in the play bringing a
happy end to it.
Pamphilus as a stock character – young man in love.
This is the same man who was complaining about his sadness and distress.
(f) The last class ranks lowest not only in numbers but in its way of life. This is Catilinaʾs especial
treasure, his picked elect, formed from his own beloved cronies and bosom friends.
Catilines Conspiracy of Cicero. From second Speech delievered to People. The objective here is
to reveal about the supporters of Catiline that comprises of six groups. The reference here is to
the last class. They are worst of all as this class consists of all existing gamblers, adulterers,
debauchees and sensualists. They appear to be dignified and attractive in appearance but are
capable of committing all atrocious crimes. Since these are the closest buddies of Catilina the
intention is to indicate that the character of Catilina is identical and the conspiracy he has
masterminded is just one outcome of that evilness. Cicero was trying to blacken the character of
Catilina in order to persuade the members of the Senate believe his [Cicero`s] charges against
Catilina.
(g) 'You could have no better ally than that artful goddess, Aphrodite. Indeed the happy issue of your
venture hangs on her. But question me no more.'
Voyage of Argo of Apollonius. Onward trip to Colchis, Calais and Zetis rid Phineus, the old
blind prophet, of his trouble from Harpies. Then Phineus fortells of the adventures that awaits
the Argonauts and assures that their venture will depend on the assistance of Aphrodite. This is
a flash-forward on Medea falling in love with Jason as a result of the impending divine scheme,
which was essential for Argonauts to fulfill their mission.
Themes ʽdivine intervention on human affairsʾ is brought to surface. The idea that entire
journey was planned for Jason by gods leading one to suspect Jason`s true heroism.
(4 marks x5=20)
7.
(i) What, in Euripides' Alcestis, are the clues for which the chorus of Phearean citizens is
watchful to find out whether the queen Alcestis is dead? (3 marks)
A basin/bowl of spring water before the front door
A curl of hair hung by the porch
Sound of women wailing
(ii) Discuss briefly the significance of the character of Heracles to the play Alcestis of Euripides.
(5 marks)
Heracles a mythical figure who loves wine and women will come to Admetus` palace on
his way to Thrace. It will provide the poet a chance to display Admetus` hospitality
which raises Admetus` position at least some what equal to that of Alcestis whose
position is elevated to a grand extent due to her self sacrifice. Before this Admetus has
been presented to audience as a coward who attempt to lengthen his life at the expense of
his wife`s death. Since Heracles is known for his love for wine and women Euripides
could show the contrasting scenes of a drunkard reveler and mourning palace crew in a
naturalistic manner. The promiss of Heracles to bring back dead Alcestis looks plausible
as this is known to be a very strong individual who has once visited the under world.
A brief discussion including these points and perhaps some other relevant points is expected.
(iii) Assess the role played by the two slaves in Euripides' Alcestis with appropriate reference to
the text. (7 marks)
One female nurse who is usually a slave woman and a male slave play prominent roles in
the play.
Female slave:
Alcestis is first presented to the audience through the speech of the female slave. Her
noble sacrifice is introduced along with her worries and concerns. It is through this
figure Euripides allows his audience to get a glimps of Alcestis` inner self and true
feelings which otherwise would have been not known to outsiders.
Male slave:
If not for the remarks of the male slave of the behavior of Heracles the tension of the
play will not be developed. It was thanks to the recklessness of the male slave the
function of Heracles become active. He further glorifies Alcestis by exhibiting the loyalty
of the place staff to her and thus enenhancing the value of his recklessness that leads
Heracles to recognize Admetus` hospitality, a quality that brings his status closer to that
of Alcestis, thus qualifying Admetus to receive the resurrected Alcestis at the end of the
play.
8. (i) Name the first three locations where the Argonauts stopped on their way to Colchis, in
Apollonius' the Voyage of Argo, and state very briefly what they did or encountered in each of
these places,? (3 marks)
First Stop: Lemnos

Hypsipyle, the Lemnian queen invites Jason to take the throne and rule Lemnos after
marrying her. She also invites his men to reside there marrying Lemnian women. Yet
when urged by Heracles the Argonauts leave Lemnos to continue their adventure.
Second stop: The land of Doliones whose king was Cyzicus.
The king Cyzicus and Doliones received Argonauts with friendly spirit and Heracles
fighting with earth-born savages and killed them all before leaving that land.
Third stop: Returning to the land of Doliones by mistake in the night they sailed away
from their land. Upon landing there Doliones attacked Argonauts mistaking them to be
pirates. Argonauts killed many Doliones including king Cyzicus.
Listing of the three places and a brief statement of what they did or happened to them will give
full marks.
(ii) In Apollonius' the Voyage of Argo, what was the challenge Aeetes entrusted on Jason in Colchis,
when he made his request for the Golden Fleece? Explain briefly. (5 marks)
Yoking of bronze-footed, fire-breathing bulls, drive them over the hard fallow of the plain,
quickly polughing a four-acre field up to the ridge at either end. Sow the furrows with the
teeth of a monstrous serpent.
Candidate will discuss the above mentioned challenge briefly referring to its objective and
circumstances that led to this
(iii) ' Jason was affected not by true love but by the opportuned intervention of the gods.' Comment
this statement with reference to the love episode of Jason and Medea, in Apollonius' the Voyage
of Argo, providing appropriate evidence from the text. (7 marks)
The candidate will comment on the statement with apt evidence from the text
- the nature of divine intervention in the epic poem with especial refence to this episode.
- Jason`s character portrayal, demeanour and relationship with Medea.
9. (i) List three arguments Cicero was presenting to his audience in his first speech against Catiline?
(3 marks)
Catiline exploiting the patience of the Senate and of Roman people
Catiline planing for calamity since a long time
In bringing this charge against Catiline, Cicero is not acting out of brutality, but a
fulfilment of duty that he has delayed for too long.
Catiline is a terrible schemer with a band of fearsome supporters
Plotting the destruction of everyone and everything in Rome including temples and
habitations of the city.
Catilineʾs self-exile will benefit the city
His private affairs, family life are stained with dishonor (responsible for former wifeʾs
death).
Dangerous man bearing arms
Corrupts youth, by pursuading them to commit crimes
Incorrigibly bad man who revel in crimes

Fellow senators ignore him/ do not keep company with him.
If three out of these are mentioned as the answer it will earn full marks
(ii) Discuss briefly what Cicero was trying to prove to his audience in his second speech against
Catiline. (5 marks)
In the second speech Cicero is trying to prove to the people that Cicero is surrounded by
a gang of supporters who deserv to be exiled from Rome as they are used to all kinds of
criminality and wickedness. Student will discuss briefly the six groups of Catiline
supporters in this regard.
(iii) Explain with appropriate examples from the text how Cicero's oratorical skill is exhibited
through his speeches against Catiline. (7 marks)
It is a well calculate speech where Cicero first attempt to show that his charge against
Catiline was not prompted by anger though he suffered much harm from Catilina, but
out of patriotic feeling to save Rome and its people.
Blackens the character of Catiline in all possible manners to persuade the listeners
(Senate and People) that Catiline is a dangerous man with a similar group of supporters
and terrible schemes, and that he deserves to be killed/ exiled for the benefit of Rome
and its people.
Appeals to pietas and gravitas of Romans as he states that Rome, as a personified deity,
appealed to him to save Rome from this man. Accordingly Cicero dispatched an efficient
band of informants to obtain information about threats to the safety of Rome and its
people.
Mentions in detail of the corrupte nature of Catilineʾs supporters.
Speaks of a case where catilineʾs supporters were caught in action proving what he
stated.

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Department of Examinations - Sri Lanka Confidential

Greek and Roman Civilization

Paper 2 - Structured questions

PART I - Greek and Roman History

Paper 02 (brief summary)

Common Techniques of Marking Answer Scripts.

Example: Question No. 03

MCQ answer scripts: (Template)

Structured essay type and assay type answer scripts:

Preparation of Mark Sheets.

48 - GREEK AND ROMAN CIVILIZATION I- August 2019

Part 1- Greek and Roman History

Select the appropriate answer

(1) Illiriyans, Dorians, Ionians, Scythians

Read the following statements and answer questions 05 and 06.

05. Which of the above statements describe the Spartan Gerusia?

06.Which of the above statements describe the Spartan Apella?

07. Select the appropriate answer to complete the following sentence.

'Thesmothetai' was the common name used to refer to the……………………………..

REASON: Solon introduced Seisachtheia.

(1) The Assertion is correct, but the Reason is incorrect

(6) The Assertion is correct, but the Reason is incorrect

13. Hellenotamiae were ………………………………………

Read the following statements and answer questions 14 and 15.

(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (5) E

16. Read the following statements and answer the question.

24. Which two of the following statements refer to Leges Cornelae.

26. Select the correct answer and fill the blank.

27. Which one of the following statements is correct regarding Cicero

Part II- Greek and Roman Literature

.(i) Earth and (ii) Water.

(i) Silver Race

(i) He sailed from Aulis to Euboea.

Odysseus' escape from Cyclops' cave…..

48- GREEK AND ROMAN CIVILIZATION II

 Questions 1 and 6 are compulsory

PART I- Greek and Roman History

Need to refer /discuss these points to gain full marks.

(4) The Delian League

Candidate will state about the nature of the League,

(6) Roman consulship

(9) The Second Triumvirate

(10) Augustus Caesar

Section A – Greek History

Section B – Roman History

PART II- Greek and Roman Literature

(b) Deceit is not my nature; nor am I told

(d) I beg you, Admetus, do not do this. A stepmother

(e) I am the most fortunate of men! No one could be so lucky in love!

First Stop: Lemnos

Incorrigibly bad man who revel in crimes

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