CHAPTER 3

FORCE
DBS10012 ENGINEERING SCIENCE

Muhammad Sallehuddin bin Ismail

Termimi Hidayat bin Mahyan

Published by:
 CHAPTER 3 FORCE DBS10012 ENGINEERING SCIENCE

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Politeknik Mukah
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Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia

A catalogue record for this book is available

from the National Library of Malaysia

eISBN 978-967-2097-69-3

Editor:
Muhammad Sallehuddin bin Ismail
Termimi Hidayat bin Mahyan
 PREFACE

CHAPTER 3 FORCE is an e-book about engineering science is a broad and diverse field that
encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including mechanical engineering, electrical
engineering, civil engineering, and many others. At the heart of all these disciplines is the
concept of force, which is a fundamental concept in physics. Understanding the principles of
force is crucial for engineers to design and build structures, machines, and systems that can
withstand the stresses and strains of everyday use.

This e-book is an attempt to provide a comprehensive overview of the concept of force in

engineering science. It covers the basic principles of force, including Newton's laws of motion,
and explores how these principles are applied in various engineering disciplines. The book also
delves into the practical applications of force in real-world scenarios, such as the design of
bridges, the construction of buildings, and the operation of machines.

Ultimately, our goal in writing this e-book is to provide engineering students with a valuable
resource that they can use to enhance their understanding of the concept of force in
engineering science. We hope that readers will find this e-book informative, engaging, and
useful as they navigate the complex and fascinating world of engineering.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE

CONCEPT OF FORCE

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Type of Force 1
1.3 Example of Force 3
1.4 Effect of Force 4
1.5 Newton’s Law of Motion 4
1.6 Weight and Mass 8
1.7 Force Acting Against Inclined Planed 11
1.8 Force in Equilibrium 13
1.9 Resolution of Force Method 16
1.10 Resulting Force Method 19

MOMENT OF FORCE

2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Principle of Moment of Force 24
2.3 Centre of gravity 25
TITLE PAGE
2.4 Moment of Force Method 25
2.5 Resulting Moment Method 28

EXAM PAPER MODEL 32

ANSWERS 35
REFERENCES 38
 1.0 CONCEPT OF FORCE

1.1 Introduction
Force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object’s interaction
with another object. The SI unit for force is N, Newton or kgm𝑠 −2 . Force are vector
quantity, describe using magnitude (size) and direction.

Figure 1.1 A girl pulling a basket from the well

1.2 Type of Force

There is various type of force such as Normal Force, Applied Force, magnetic Force, Spring
Force, Electric force, Drag force, Friction Force and Gravity Force.

Figure 1.2 Type of force

01
a. Applied Force
Applied force is define as a force that applied to an object by another object or person.
For example, a man push a box on the floor.

Figure 1.3 A man pushing a box on the floor

b. Frictional Force
The frictional force is the resistance relative motion occur when two objects in contact
with each other.

Pushing force Motion

Friction

Figure 1.4 Frictional force against the pushing force and motion

on the floor
c. Magnetic Force
A force to a magnetic object when it is placed near a magnet or the force acting between
the magnetic poles of two magnets. The frictional force is the resistance relative motion
occur when two object in contact with each other.

Figure 1.5 Magnetic field lines on a magnet

02
d. Electrical Force
The force that acts between two objects that possess electrical charges (positive or
negative).

Figure 1.6 Frictional force against the pushing force and motion

f. Tensional Force
The force that transmitted through a string, rope or wire when it is stretched by forces
acting at both ends.

Figure 1.7 Frictional force against the pushing force and motion

1.3 Example of Force

a.Push the box

b. Pull the trolley
c. Walking
d. Open the door
e.Lifting Object
f. Close the window

03
1.4 Effect of Force

a.Change the size or share of an object

b. Change the direction of a moving object
c. Accelerate or decelerate a moving object
d. Stop a moving object
e.Move a stationary object

Change the
size or shape

Move a stationary Change the

object direction of a
moving object

Accelerate or decelerate
Stop a a
moving object moving object

Figure 1.8 Effect of force infographic

1.5 Newton’s Law of Motion

Newton’s law of motion are three physical laws that describe the relationship between a
body and the forces acting upon it and it motion in response to those forces.

04
a. Newton’s First Law
Newton’s first law states that an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an
unbalanced force. An object in motion continues in motion with the same speed and in
the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. This law is often called
“Law of Inertia”. Every object continues in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight
line unless unbalanced force act on it. (∑F=0)

Figure 1.9 Newton’s Law summarized infographic

b. Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Second law states that the net force on an object will cause it to accelerate
inversely proportional to its mass.

Figure 1.10 Newton’s second Law situation

If the same force is applied to an object with greater mass, the object accelerates at a
slower rate because mass adds inertia.

05
c. Relationship

Relationship between force, mass and acceleration due to gravity (F=ma)

Force, mass and acceleration are connected by Newton’s second law of motion. It can be
written as;

Force = mass, m (kg) x acceleration, a (m/s 2)

Example1.1

What force needed to produce an acceleration of 7 m/s2 in a body of

10kg?
Solution:

Given: Acceleration, a = 7 m/s2

Mass, m = 10kg
Force, F =?
Force, F = Mass, m X Acceleration, a
= 10kg X 7m/s2
= 70 N

Exercise 1

Calculate the force need to lift the object with mass 15kg so that acceleration
reaches 3 m/s2.

Answer: 45N

06
 Exercise 2

A table with a mass of 20kg is drag by a 130N force on a plain surface. Calculate
the acceleration occurred in the situation.

Answer: 6.5m/s2

Exercise 3

A boy pushes a box with a mass of 7kg with a constant acceleration of 4.5 m/s2.
Calculate:
a. Force generated by the boy.
b. The acceleration, if 4kg of items are loaded on the box,
and the same value of force is applied.

Answer: a. 31.5N, b. 2.86m/s2

07
1.6 Weight & Mass

a. Weight
Definition: The force of gravity act on the object.
SI Unit: Newton (N)

Weight = mass, m (kg) x gravitational field, g (9.81)

W = mg

Figure 1.11 Relation between mass and gravity of an object

Weight depend on the size of the object. The bigger the object, the greater
the gravitational pull.

b. Mass

Definition: The amount of material in an object.

SI Unit: Kilogram (KG)

Figure 1.12 The amount of material of an apple

Mass does not change with a body's position, movement or alteration of its
shape, unless material is added or removed.

08
c. Relationship

Relationship between force, mass and acceleration due to gravity (F=mg)

It’s only applicable for cases where the object moved in the vertical direction.

Force = mass, m (kg) x gravitational field, g (9.81)

Force (F)

gravity (g)

Figure 1.13 A box on a table react as a force

Example 1.2

An object with mass 1300g moves from low ground to high ground. Calculate the
minimum amount of force needed to move the object.
Solution:

Given: mass, m = 1300g /1000 = 1.3kg (Convert to Kg)

Force, F = ?

F = mass x gravity
= 1.3kg x 9.81m/s2
= 12.75N

09
 Exercise 1

Calculate the force need to lift the object with mass 15kg.

Answer: 147.15N

Exercise 2

What is the minimum force made by 15 rocks to a table surface if each of the rock
has mass of 3000g?

Answer: 441.45N

Exercise 3

16 tins of creamer are place on the shelf. Each tin has mass 2500g. Calculate the
force made by the tins to the surface of the shelf.

Answer: 392.40N

10
1.7 Force Acting Against Inclined Planed
This type of force happens when there is an inclined plane involve in the situation.

Force = mass, m (kg) x gravitational field, g (9.81m/s 2) sin Ɵ degree of inclination

Figure 1.14 Inclined plane of an object

Example 1.3

Based on the diagram given, calculate the force needed to pull the object along the
inclined plane.

30°

Solution:

Given: mass, m = 4kg

angle, Ɵ = 30°
Force, F = ?

Force, F = mg sin Ɵ
= (4kg) (9.81m/s2) sin 30°
= 19.62N

11
 Exercise 1

The figure below shows an object with a mass of 18 kg moves down a smooth
plane inclined at an angle of 65°. Calculate the force of the object.

F
65°

Answer: 160N

Exercise 2

The figure below shows an object with a mass of 21kg moves down a smooth
plane inclined at an angle of 78°. Calculate the force of the object.

78°

Answer: 201.51N

12
1.8 Force in Equilibrium

Force in equilibrium refers to a state in which all the forces acting on an object or a system
are balanced, resulting in no net force acting on the object or system. In other words, the
forces are in a state of equilibrium, and the object or system is not accelerating.

When an object or system is in equilibrium, it means that the sum of all the forces acting
on it is equal to zero. This principle is known as the principle of equilibrium and is
fundamental in engineering science. The principle of equilibrium can be applied to a wide
range of situations, from designing bridges and buildings to analysing the motion of
objects in space.

a. Balanced Forced

Balanced forces mean that the forces acting on an object or system are equal in size
and opposite in direction, resulting in a state of equilibrium where the object or system
is either at rest or moving with constant velocity

Figure 1.15 the balloon is level (Balance)

13
b. Unbalanced Forced

An unbalanced force is a force that causes an object to move or change its motion.
When two forces acting on an object are unequal, the result is an unbalanced force.
This force can cause the object to speed up, slow down, or change direction. The greater
the unbalanced force, the greater the acceleration of the object.

Figure 1.16 the balloon is not level (unbalance)

Example 1.4

Calculate the net force acting on the block and its direction.

𝐅𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝐍 𝐅𝟐 = 𝟒𝟓𝐍

Solution:

Net Force, F = -𝐹1 + 𝐹2

= - 20N + 45N
= 25N (Object moves to the right)

14
 Exercise 1

𝐅𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝐍 𝐅𝟐 = 𝟒𝟓𝐍
Calculate the net force acting and direction
on the situation and its direction.

𝐅𝟐 = 𝟑𝟎𝐍
Answer: 25N (Object move to upward)

Exercise 2

Calculate the net force acting and direction on the situation and its direction.

𝐅𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐𝐍 𝐅𝟑 = 𝟏𝟕𝐍
𝐅𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐𝐍 𝐅𝟒 = 𝟓𝐍

Answer: 22N (Object move to the right)

Exercise 3

Figure shows some forces acting on the boxes. Calculate: 𝐅𝟒 = 𝟏𝟖𝐍 𝐅𝟓 = 𝟏𝟐𝐍

a) sum of Fx with direction

b) sum of Fy with direction
𝐅𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐𝐍 𝐅𝟑 = 𝟕𝐍

𝐅𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝐍

Answer: Fx = -19N (object move to the left)

Fy = - 2N (object move to downward) 𝐅𝟔 = 𝟑𝟐𝐍

15
c. Resultant Force

The resultant force is described as the total amount of force acting on the object or body
along with the direction of the body. The resultant force is zero when the object is at rest
or it is traveling with the same velocity as the object. The resultant force should be equal
for all the force since all the force is acting in the same direction.

1.9 Resolution of Force Method

Resolution of forces is essentially the technique by which a given quantity of force is divided
into a variable number of components; it is done in such a way that the effect on the body
remains constant. In general, it is done in two mutually perpendicular directions.

Fy

Fr

Ɵ
Fx

Figure 1.17 Resolution of Force diagram

Force at x – axis, 𝐅𝐱 = Force, 𝐅𝐫 x cos x angle between x-axis to force, Ɵ

𝐅𝐱 = 𝐅𝐫 cos Ɵ

Force at y – axis, 𝐅𝐲= Force, 𝐅𝐫 x sin x angle between y-axis to force, Ɵ

𝐅𝐲= 𝐅𝐫 sin Ɵ

16
 Example 1.5

Calculate vertical and horizontal component for the force in figure shown.
Fy

8N

42°
Fx
Solution:

Vertical Component Horizontal Component

𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
= 8 sin 42° = 8 cos 42°

= 8 (0.669) = 8 (0.743)

= 5.35N = 5.95N

Example 1.6

Calculate vertical and horizontal component for the force in figure shown.
Fy

7N

35°
Fx

Solution:

Vertical Component Horizontal Component

𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
= 7 sin (90°-35°) = 7 cos (90°-35°)

= 7 (0.906) = 7 (0.423)

= 5.73N = 4.02N

17
 Exercise 1

Calculate horizontal (Fx) and vertical (Fy) component for the force in figure shown.

Fy

60N

35°
Fx

Answer: 𝑭𝒙 = 49.15N, 𝑭𝒚 = 34.41N

Exercise 2

Calculate vertical (Fy) and horizontal (Fx) component for the force in figure shown.

Fy

93N
65°

Fx

Answer: 𝑭𝒚 = 39.30 N, 𝑭𝒙 = 84.29 N,

18
1.10 Resulting Force Method
The Resultant Force Method is a technique used to calculate the forces acting on a rigid
body. It involves finding the net force and moment acting on the body and using these
values to determine the resulting motion of the body. This method assumes that the body
is rigid and that all forces acting on it can be represented by a single resultant force and
moment. The technique is based on the principles of equilibrium, where the sum of all
forces and moments acting on the body must equal zero in order for it to remain in a state
of equilibrium.

For resolving a force :

𝐅𝐱 = F cos Ɵ

𝐅𝐲= F sin Ɵ

For resulting force :

𝟐
Resultant force, Fr = ටሺ𝐅𝐱 ሻ𝟐 + ൫𝐅𝐲 ൯

𝐅𝐲
Direction or Angle, Ɵ = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝐅
𝐱

Example 1.7

Diagram shows forces acting on an object. Calculate the resulting force acting
on the object.
32N

33°
23N
17N 25N

19
Solution:

Step 1: ▪ Identify how many force places at the axis

▪ Make sure all forces are pointing out the origin axis
▪ Identify the angle for each force
▪ List down Force, Angle, Fx and Fy in a table
▪ Find summation for Fx and Fy
32N

33°
23N
17N 25N

F θ Fx = F cos θ Fy = F sin θ

25 0° 25 cos 0°= 25 N 25 sin 0°= 0 N

32 33° 32 cos 33°= 26.84N 32 sin 33°= 17.43N

23 180° 23 cos 180°= -23 N 20 sin 180°= 0 N

17 180° 17 cos 180°= -17 N 12 sin 180°= 0 N

∑Fx = 11.84 N ∑Fy = 17.43 N

Step 2: ▪ Find and calculate resultant force

2
Resultant force, Fr = ටሺFx ሻ2 + ൫Fy ൯

= √ ሺ11.84ሻ2 + ሺ17.43ሻ2

= √443.99
= 21.07 N

Step 3: ▪ Calculate the degree of acting force

Fy
Direction or Angle, Ɵ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ሺF ሻ
x

17.43
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ሺ )
11.84

= 55.8°

20
Step 4: ▪ Draw the resulting force diagram

Fy = 17.43N

Fr = 21.07N

55.8°
Fx =11.84N

Exercise 1

Diagram shows forces acting on an object. Calculate the resulting force acting
on the object.

4N

50°
7N x

5N

Answer: Fr = 4.84 N, θ = 23.65°

21
 Exercise 2

Diagram shows forces acting on an object. Calculate the resulting force acting
on the object.

45N

13N
40° 120°

37N

Answer: Fr = 23.63N, θ = 3.10°

22
 MOMENT OF FORCE

2.1 Introduction
The moment is the term used to describe the turning effect of a force. The moment of a
force is also called a torque. It is the product of the force multiplied by the perpendicular
distance from the line of action of the force to the pivot or point where the object will
turn. The SI unit for the moment of force is the Newton-meter (Nm).

Force, F

Moment, M

distance, d

Figure 2.1 Moment of force

Moment, M = Force, F x perpendicular distance, d from the point

Below, there are example of force and their moments. Moment are described as clockwise or
anticlockwise, depending on their direction.

Example 2.1

Find the moment of force 12N about point X?

8m

12N
Solution
M=Fxd
= 12N x 8m
= 96Nm (clockwise)
 Exercise 1
23

Find the moment of force 7N about point Y?

7N

Y 30°

5m

Answer:17.5Nm (anti-clockwise)

2.2 Principle of Moment of Force

The principle of moments states that when in equilibrium the total sum of the anti -
clockwise moment is equal to the total sum of the clockwise moment.

Σ anti-clockwise moment = Σ clockwise moment

When a system is stable or balance it is said to be in equilibrium as all the forces acting
on the system cancel each other out. According to Figure 2.2, moments can take place
about point A or point B.

A B

X Y

8m 12m
Moment of Force
100N

Figure 2.2 Principle of moment of force

 If taking moments about point X
anti-clockwise moment = B x 20m 24
clockwise moment = 100N x 8m
B x 20m = 100N x 8m
B = 800Nm / 20m
B = 40N

If taking moments about point Y

anti-clockwise moment = 100N x 12m
clockwise moment = A x 20m
100N x 12m = A x 20m
A = 1200 Nm / 20m
A = 60N

Sum of upward force must equal the downward force:

A + B = 100N (system is stable or balance)

2.3 Centre of Gravity

Centre of gravity is the point at which the distribution of mass is equal in all directions. There
are two methods that can be used to determine the centre of gravity of an object. The
methods are the moment of force method and the resulting moment method.

2.4 Moment of Force Method

F1 F2 F3

d1 d2

M1 M2 M3

ഥ
𝒙
FR

Figure 2.3 Moment of Force Method

25
 Σ anti-clockwise moment = Σ clockwise moment
M1 = M2 + M3
F1(x) = F2 (d1 - x) + F3 ( [d1 + d2] – x )
F1(x) = F2 (d1) - F2 (x) + F3 ( [d1 + d2] ) – F3 (x)
F1(x) + F2 (x) + F3 (x) = F2 (d1) + F3 (d1 + d2)
(F1 + F2 + F3) (x) = F2 (d1) + F3 (d1) + F3 (d2)
x = F2 d1 + F3 d1 + F3 d2
FR

Example 2.2

Using the moment of force method, calculate the centre of gravity, x of the
beam. Assume the beam in Figure 1 is in equilibrium.

8N
7m 10N

2kg
40°

ഥ
𝒙 5m

FR

Figure 1

Solution
F1= 8N

F2= 2kg x 9.81m/s2 = 19.62N

F3= 10N sin 40° = 6.43N

FR= 8N + 19.62N + 6.43N = 34.05N

26
 Σ anti-clockwise moment = Σ clockwise moment
M1 = M 2 + M3
8N (x) = 19.62N (7m - x) + 6.43N ( [7m + 5m] – x )
8N (x) = 137.34Nm - 19.62N (x) + 77.16Nm – 6.43N (x)
8N (x) + 19.62N (x) + 6.43N (x) = 137.34Nm + 77.16Nm
34.05N (x) = 214.5Nm
x = 214.5Nm
34.05N
x = 6.30m

Exercise 1

Find the center of gravity of the beam as shown in Figure 1.1 by using the
moment of force method if the beam is in equilibrium.

4N
6N
12N
30°
4m
45°

6m

ഥ
𝒙
FR

Figure 1.1

Answer: 4.02m

27
 Exercise 2

Calculate the gravity point of the bar as shown in Figure 1.2 by using the
moment of force method. Assume the bar is in equilibrium.

6m
5N
50° 7N 60°
4kg

4m 7m
ഥ
𝒙
2kg
FR

Figure 1.2

Answer: 7.09m

2.5 Resulting Moment Method

F1 F2 F3

d1 d2 d3

M1 M2 M3

ഥ
𝒙
FR

Figure 2.4 Resulting moment method

28
 x=ΣM
ΣF

x = M1 + M2 + M3
F1 + F2 + F3

x = F1 (d1) + F2 (d1 + d2) + F3 (d1+d2 +d3 )

FR

Example 2.3

Using the resulting moment method, calculate the gravity point, x of the beam if the beam
shown in Figure 2 is in equilibrium.

7N

5N 60° 6m

2m 5m

ഥ
𝒙 5kg
FR
Figure 2

Solution

F1= 5N cos 60° = 2.5N

F2= 7N

F3= 5kg x 9.81m/s2 = 49.05N

FR= 2.5N + 7N + 49.05N = 58.55N

x=ΣM
ΣF

x = 2.5N(2m) + 7N(2m + 6m) + 49.05N(2m + 6m + 5m)

2.5N + 7N + 49.05N

x = 5Nm + 56Nm + 637.65Nm

58.55N

x = 698.65Nm
58.55N

x = 11.93m

29
 Exercise 1

Calculate the gravity point of the bar as shown in Figure 1.3 by using the resulting
moment method. Assume the bar is in equilibrium.

7N
2m 7m 8N 5N

4kg 30° 40°

ഥ
𝒙 4m
3kg
FR

Figure 1.3

Answer: 5.08m

30
 Exercise 2

Calculate the gravity point of the bar as shown in Figure 1.4 by using the resulting
moment method. Assume the bar is in equilibrium.

2N
7N 5N
3N 40°

30° 50°

9m 2m 3m

ഥ
𝒙 2kg
FR

Figure 1.4

Answer: 12.16m

31
1hour Structured Questions (50 marks)
This paper consists of FOUR (4) questions. Answer ALL questions.

QUESTION 1

a) List TWO (2) types of force. [2 marks]

b) Define the Newton’s Second Law and state it units. [2 marks]
c) Explain TWO (2) differences between weight and mass. [4 marks]

QUESTION 2

a) Figure 2(a) below shows some forces acting on the black boxes.

10N 9N

9N
3N
8N

15N 7N

Figure 2(a)

Calculate:
i. sum of Fx with direction [3 marks]
ii. sum of Fy with direction [3 marks]

b) Based on given diagram in Figure 2(b). Calculate:

32
 F1 = 11N

60°
F2 = 9N

F3 = 35N

Figure 2(b)

i. sum of Fx [4 marks]
ii. sum of Fy [4 marks]
iii. resultant force, FR [2 marks]
iv. angle, θ [2 marks]

QUESTION 3

a) Define moment of force and its SI unit. [2 marks]

b) Describe principle of moment of force. [4 marks]

33
QUESTION 4

a) Calculate the centre of gravity, x to balance the beam in Figure 4(a). (Given g = 9.81
m/s2)

40N

2kg

2m 5m 6m

F1 30N

Figure 4(a)

[6 marks]

b) Based on given diagram in Figure 4(b), calculate:

4N 7N
60°
3kg 30°

5m 6m 7m

F1 F2 F3

ഥ
𝒙
FR
Figure 4(b)

i. force, F1 [2 marks]

ii. force, F2 [2 marks]

iii. force, F3 [2 marks]

iv. force, FR [2 marks]

v. distance, x [4 marks]

34
QUESTION 1

a) Applied force / Spring force / Drag force / Frictional force / Normal force.
b) Definition: The net force on an object will cause it to accelerate inversely proportional to its
mass.
Unit: Newton (N)
c) Differences between weight and mass

Weight Mass
Characteristic Depends on the size Does not change with a body’s
of the object position, movement or alternation of
its shape.
Si Unit Newton (N) Kilogram (Kg)

QUESTION 2

a) i. sum of Fx with direction

Fx = -9N - 3N + 8N
= - 4N (leftward)

ii. sum of Fy with direction

Fy = 10N + 9N + 7N -15N
= 11N (upward)

i. sum of Fx

Fn  Fx = F cos 

F1 =11N 240° Fx1 =11 cos 240° = -5.5N

F2 = 9N 180° Fx2 = 9 cos 180°= -9N

F3 = 35N 90° Fx3 = 35 cos 90°= 0N

F x = -14.5 N

ii. sum of Fy

35
 Fn  Fy = F sin 

F1 =11N 240° Fy1 =11 sin 240° = -9.53N

F2 = 9N 180° Fy2 = 9 sin 180° = 0N

F3 = 35N 90° Fy3 = 35 sin 90° = 35N

F y = 25.47N

iii. resultant force, FR

𝐹𝑅 = √ሺ−14.5ሻ2 + ሺ25.47ሻ2

= 29.31N

iv. angle, 
  Fy 
 = tan −1  
  Fx


25.47
= tan-1 ( −14.5 )

= 60.35°

QUESTION 3

a) Moment of force is product of the force and the perpendicular distance of its line of action from
that point.
Unit: Newton Meter (Nm)

b) The principle of moments states that when in equilibrium the total sum of
the anti-clockwise moment is equal to the total sum of the clockwise moment.

QUESTION 4

a) The centre of gravity, x

F1 = mg
= (2kg) (9.81)
 = 19.62N
x = F1 d1 + F2 d2 + F3 d3
F1 + F2 + F3
36
= (40N)(2m) + (19.62N)(7m) + (30N)(13m)
40N+19.62N+30N
= 607.34Nm
89.62N
= 6.78m

b) i. force, F1
F1 = mg
= (3kg) (9.81)
= 29.43N

ii. force, F2
F2 = 4 cos 60 o
= 2N

iii. force, F3
F3 = 7 sin 30 o
= 3.5N

iv. force, RF
RF = 29.43N + 2N + 3.5N
= 34.93N

v. distance, x

x = F1 d1 + F2 d2 + F3 d3
F1 + F2 + F3

= (29.43N)(5m) + (2N)(11m) + (3.5N)(18m)

29.43N+2N+3.5N

= 232.15Nm
34.93N
 = 6.65m REFERENCES
37

Azhari Zakaria, Azia Idayu Awang, Hardyta Bujang Pata, Khairani Yaakub and Noor Affande Abdul
(2015). Engineering Science Polytechnic Series. Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd.

Lim Chok Sang, Lee Shok Mee, Mary Chuah, Saw Boo Pheng, T.L. Ung and Dr. Yee Foong (2008). SPM 12
Physics Illustrated. Marshall Cavendish International (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.

Lim Peng Chew and Lim Ching Chai (2012). Nexus SPM A+ Physics. Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.

Muniandy, L. (n.d.). Notes For Engineering Science (Sem 1). Scribd. Retrieved 2021,
from https://www.scribd.com/document/194373321/Notes-For-Engineering-Science-Sem-1.

Stephen Pople (2014). Complete Physics for Cambridge IGCSE Third edition. Oxford University Press.

Types of Forces. (n.d.). The Physics Classroom. Retrieved 2021, from

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-2/Types-of-Forces
This book is a complete study resource for students studying the Engineering Science Course,38
especially Chapter 3: Force. This book contains revision notes with clear and concise
explanations as well as useful diagrams and illustrations to stimulate students' interest and
help them understand the principles and concepts of engineering science. It has exam-model
papers with answers at the back of the book to help students check their understanding of
this topic. This book is carefully planned based on the latest syllabus issued by the Curriculum
Development and Evaluation Division of Polytechnic Education and written by lecturers with
extensive experience.