Set No.

1
II B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, November 2007
THERMODYNAMICS
( Common to Mechanical Engineering and Automobile Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆
1. (a) Define and explain zeroth law of thermodynamics.
(b) Distinguish between adiabatic and isentropic process.
(c) Identify the proper type of system in each case and explain the reason for
your
choice.
i. Electric generator
ii. Domestic tea kettle
iii. Electric fan
iv. A living human being. [4+4+8]

2. In a vessel 10 kg of oxygen is heated in a reversible, non flow, constant

volume
process so that the pressure of oxygen is increased two times that of the
initial
value. The initial temperature is 20oC. Calculate
(a) the final temperature,
(b) the change in internal energy,
(c) the change in enthalpy and
(d) the heat transfer. Take R = 0.259 kj / kg K and Cv = 0.652 kj / kg K for
oxygen. [16]

3. A heat pump working on the reversed Carnot cycle takes in heat from a
reservoir
at 50C and delivers heat to a reservoir at 600C. The heat pump is driven by a
reversible heat engine which, receives heat from a reservoir at 8400C and
rejects
heat to a reservoir at 600C. the reversible heat engine also drives a machine
that
absorbs 30 kW. If the heat pump extracts 17kJ/s from the 50C reservoir,
determine
(a) the rate of heat supply from 8400C source, and
(b) the rate of heat rejection to the 600C sink. [16]

4. (a) Deduce an expression for the non-flow availability for a system.

(b) A 2-kg piece of iron is heated from room temperature of 25oC to 400oC by
a
heat source at 600oC. What is the irreversibility in the process? Assume for
iron Cp=0.450kJ/kgK. [6+10]

5. (a) Taking variation in specific heat into account, derive the following
expression
for Otto cycle d_
_ = [−
1−_
_
× (γ − 1) × loge γ] dcv
cv
(b) Calculate the percentage change in air standard efficiency of a Diesel
cycle
which has the following particulars:
Compression ratio = 20:1 Cut off = 5% of stroke;
cv = 0.71478KJ/Kg 0K, R = 0.287 KJ/Kg 0K, increase in the mean value of
specific heat at constant volume = 2.5%. [8+8]

6. (a) Define
i. Mole fraction
ii. Partial pressure
iii. Partial volume
(b) A mixture consisting of 40% oxygen and 60% nitrogen by volume is
cooled
under constant volume conditions from 1 bar, 850C to a final temperature of
100C. Compute the partial pressures of the constituents and the volumetric
analysis at the final temperature. [6+10]

7. (a) Explain Lenoir cycle with the help of P-V and T-S diagrams.
(b) Derive an expression for its thermal efficiency. [8+8]

8. (a) Discuss the effect of superheat on the efficiency of Rankine cycle with
the help
of T-S diagram.
(b) The following are the mean observations made during test on a steam
turbine.
Duration of test = 2 hrs.
Power developed (turbine coupling) = 4500 kw
Total mass of steam condensed = 50, 000 kg
Steam pressure at stop value = 14 bar
Steam temperature at stop value = 3000C
Barometric height = 76 cm of Hg
Vacuum = 72.5 cm of hg
Calculate the thermal efficiency of the turbine and also its efficiency ratio.
Assume that the condensate is returned to the boiler plant at the exhaust
saturation temperature. [6+10]
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Set No. 2
II B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, November 2007
THERMODYNAMICS
( Common to Mechanical Engineering and Automobile Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆
1. (a) Distinguish between path function and point function.
(b) Differentiate between flow and non-flow process. [8+8]

2. Steam enters a steam condenser with an enthalpy of 2090kJ/kg and

velocity of 510
m/s. The condensate leaves the condenser with an enthalpy of 209 kJ/kg and
with
a velocity of 10m/s. Determine the heat received by the cooling water per kg
of
steam condensed. [16]

3. (a) A Carnot refrigerator gives a C.O.P =5 when it extracts 8350 kJ/min

from
a heat source. Find out the heat rejected to the surroundings and the power
required to run the compressor.
(b) One kg of ice at −50C is exposed to the atmosphere which, is at 250C. the
ice
melts and comes into thermal equilibrium with the atmosphere. Determine
the entropy increase of the universe. Cp for ice is 2.039 kJ/kg K and the
enthalpy of fusion of ice is 333.3 kJ/kg. [8+8]

4. (a) Using Maxwell’s relations deduce the two Tds equations.

(b) Derive the equation
(∂V/∂T)s
(∂V/∂T)p
=
1
γ−1
[8+8]

5. (a) How will you show an adiabatic and throttling process on the Mollier
diagram?
(b) How do you find the specific volume of superheated steam?
(c) Following observations were recorded in an experiment on a separating
throt-
tling calorimeter:
Initial pressure = 3.8 bar
Pressure after throttling = 1.02 bar
Temperature after throttling = 1200C
Water collected in separating calorimeter = 0.45 kg
Steam condensed after throttling = 6.75 kg
Determine the dryness fraction of steam sampled. Take Cp = 2.1 KJ/Kg K.
[4+4+8]
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Set No. 2
6. Determine the combustion equation for one mole of ash - free coal, the
analysis of
which on mass basis gives90% carbon 4% hydrogen 4% oxygen, 1%
nitrogen, and
1% sulphur.
Compute the Air-fuel ratio by mass when 25% excess air is used during the
com-
bustion of the fuel. [16]

7. (a) Explain with the help of suitable graphs the variation of the efficiency
of the
diesel cycle with compression ratio and cut-off ratio.
(b) In an air standard diesel cycle, the compression ratio is 15.Compression
begins
at 0.1MPa, 400c. the heat added is 1.675 MJ/Kg. Find
i. The maximum temperature of the cycle.
ii. The work down per Kg of air.
iii. The cycle efficiency.
iv. The temperature at the end of the isentropic expansion.
v. The cut-off ratio.
vi. The mean effective pressure of the cycle. [6+10]

8. (a) What are the methods employed to increase the thermal efficiency of a
vapour
vapour cycle.
(b) A steam tansies receives steam at a pressure of 20 bar and superheated
to
88.60C. The exhaust pressure is 0.07 bar and the expansion of steam takes
place isentropically. Using steam table only calculate the following
i. Heat supplied
ii. Head rejected
iii. Total change of entropy
iv. Theoretical the thermal efficiency. [6+10]
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Set No. 3
II B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, November 2007
THERMODYNAMICS
( Common to Mechanical Engineering and Automobile Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆
1. (a) Explain with a neat sketch the working principle of a constant volume
gas
thermometer.
(b) Explain the concept of temperature and equality of temperature. [8+8]

2. A cylinder fitted with a piston has an initial volume of 0.1m3 and contains
nitrogen
at 150kpa, 250C. The piston is moved to compress the nitrogen until the
pressure
is 1 Mpa and the temperature is 1500C. The work done on the nitrogen is
20kJ.
Determine the amount of heat transfer from the nitrogen. [16]

3. (a) Prove that Kelvin-planck statement and Clausius statement of Second

law of
thermodynamics are equivalent.
(b) Two reversible heat engines A and B are arranged in series with A
rejecting
heat directly to B through an intermediate reservoir. Engine A receives 200 kJ
of heat from a reservoir at 4210C, and engine B is in thermal communication
with a sink at 4.40C. If the work out put of A is twice that of B find
i. the intermediate temperature between A and B,
ii. the efficiency of each engine and
iii. the heat rejected to the cold sink. [8+8]

4. (a) Using Maxwell’s relations deduce the two Tds equations.

(b) Derive the equation
(∂V/∂T)s
(∂V/∂T)p
=
1
γ−1
[8+8]

5. (a) 4 kg of 0.5 dry stream at 6.0 bar pressure is heated so that it becomes
i. 0.95 dry at 6.0 bar pressure,
ii. dry and saturated at 6.0 bar pressure ,
iii. superheated to 3000C at 6 bar pressure,
iv. superheated to 2500C at 8.0 bar pressure. Determine in each case the
quantity of heat to be supplied.
(b) Explain with a diagram the working principle of Barrel calorimeter to
obtain
the quality of steam. [8+8]

6. (a) Define
i. Mole fraction
ii. Partial pressure
iii. Partial volume
(b) A mixture consisting of 40% oxygen and 60% nitrogen by volume is
cooled
under constant volume conditions from 1 bar, 850C to a final temperature of
100C. Compute the partial pressures of the constituents and the volumetric
analysis at the final temperature. [6+10]

7. (a) Compare the efficiency of the Otto, the diesel cycle and the dual cycle
under
the conditions.
i. Constant maximum pressure and output and.
ii. Constant maximum pressure and temperature,
(b) At the beginning of compression in an air standard Otto cycle, engine
cylinder
temperature is 37.80C, the pressure is 0.99 bars and the volume is
0.000707m3.
At the end of the compression the pressure is 10.55 bars. The heat supplied
to the cycle is 1.5kJ. Calculate
i. The compression ratio
ii. Network per cycle
iii. The mean effective pressure. [8+8]

8. (a) Sketch the Rankine cycle on P-V and T-S diagram and explain clearly
different
process of the cycle. State in what respect it differs from carnot cycle
working
between the same temperature limits.
(b) Dry and saturated steam at pressure 11 bar is supplied to a turbine and
expended isentropicelly to a pressure or 0.07 bar. Calculate the following.
i. Heat supplied
ii. Total change of entropy
iii. Heat rejected
iv. Theoretical thermal efficiency. [8+8]
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Set No. 4
II B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, November 2007
THERMODYNAMICS
( Common to Mechanical Engineering and Automobile Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆
1. (a) Define and explain zeroth law of thermodynamics.
(b) Distinguish between adiabatic and isentropic process.
(c) Identify the proper type of system in each case and explain the reason for
your
choice.
i. Electric generator
ii. Domestic tea kettle
iii. Electric fan
iv. A living human being. [4+4+8]

2. A small water pump is used in an irrigation system. The pump takes water
in from
a river at 100C, 100kpa at a rate of 5 kg/s. The exit line enters a pipe that
goes up
to an elevation 20m above the pump and river, where the water runs into an
open
channel. Assume the process is adiabatic and that the water stays at 100C.
Find
the required pump work. [16]

3. (a) What is absolute temperature scale? Develop this scale from Carnot
theorem
(b) A reversible engine during a cycle of operation interacts with three
thermal
reservoirs maintained at 200K,300K and 400K. It receives 5 MJ of heat from
the reservoir at 400K and produces a net positive work of 840 kJ. Find the
amount and direction of heat interaction with other reservoirs. [8+8]

4. (a) Using Maxwell’s relations deduce the two Tds equations.

(b) Derive the equation
(∂V/∂T)s
(∂V/∂T)p
=
1
γ−1
[8+8]

5. Find the internal energy and enthalpy of unit mass of steam of a pressure
of 7 bar
(a) when its quality is 0.8,
(b) when it is dry and saturated,
(c) superheated, the degree of superheat being 650C. The specific heat of
super-
heated steam at constant pressure is 2.1kJ/kg K. [16]
6. Dry bulb and wet bulb temperature of moist air are found as 300C and
210C
respectively. From the psychometric chart obtain:
(a) Relative humidity
(b) Humidity ratio
(c) Specific enthalpy
(d) Dew point temperature
(e) Specific volume of the mixture. [16]

7. Derive an expression for the efficiency of the dual combustion cycle in

terms of
compression ratio, cut-off ratio and other relevant parameters.
Show that their expression reduces to that for diesel cycle if there is no
constant
volume rise of pressure and that of the Otto cycle if there is no constant
pressure
combustion. [16]

8. A R-12 simple saturation cycle operates at temperature of 350C and -150C

for the
condenser and evaporator respectively. Determine the C.O.P. and power/ton
of
refrigeration of the system using
(a) Refrigeration charts .
(b) R-12 tables. Compare the result. [16]
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