Principles of Electrical Engineering Lab 2020-21
Principles of Electrical Engineering Lab 2020-21
Principles of Electrical Engineering Lab 2020-21
BACHUPALLY, HYDERABAD-500090
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this book is a bonafide record of practical work done in the
Principles of Electrical Engineering Laboratory in ........semester of………year during
the academic year ...............by
Name :-……………………………..
Roll.No :-……………………………
Branch :-…………………………….
Date:-…………
Aim:
To Familiarize the electrical Elements, sources, measuring devices and transducers related to electrical
circuits
Apparatus:
Theory
Electrical elements
Resistor :
Resistor is an electronic component whose function is to limit the flow of current in an electric circuit. It is measured in
units called ohms. The symbol for ohm is Ω(omega).
They are available in different values, shapes and sizes. Every material has some resistance. Some materials such as
Rubber, Glass and air have very high opposition to current to flow These materials are called insulators. Other materials
such as Copper, Silver and Aluminum etc, has very low resistance, they are called Conductors.
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Different types of resistors:
Resistor symbols
Capacitor :
A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store
energy electrostatically in an electric field. By contrast, batteries store energy via chemical reactions. The forms of
practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator);
for example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors
are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.
Capacitors are also very commonly used. A lot have their values printed on them, some are marked with 3-digit
codes, and a few are color coded. The same resources listed above for resistors can also help you identify capacitor
values. They are typically marked with an “C” on a circuit board.
Symbol:
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Inductor:
An inductor, also called a coil or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component which resists changes in
electric current passing through it. It consists of a conductor such as a wire, usually wound into a coil. When a
current flows through it, energy is stored in a magnetic field in the coil. When the current flowing through an inductor
changes, the timevarying magnetic field induces a voltage in the conductor,according toFaraday‟s law of electromagnetic
induction, which by Lenz's law opposes the change in current that created it. Inductors, also called coils, can be a bit
harder to figure out their values. If they are color coded, the resources listed for resistors can help, otherwise a good
meter that can measure inductance will be needed.
They are typically marked with an “L” on a circuit board
Symbol:
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Bread Boards:
This is the platform (or chasis) on which any circuit can be ringed up to provide inter connections between electronics
components and devices. The advantage of bread board is, the components can be connected (or) disconnected easily.
It has holes both horizontally and vertically as shown in the figure. The horizontal holes at the top and bottom are having
internal shorts where as in the remaining part vertical holes are shorted internally.
Voltage Source
A voltage source is a two-terminal device whose voltage at any instant of time is constant and is independent
Current Source
An current source is a two-terminal circuit element which supplies the same current to any load resistance connected
across its terminals.
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Multimeter
A multimeter, also known as a volt-ohm meter, is a handheld tester used to measure electrical voltage, current (amperage),
resistance, and other values. Multimeters come in analog and digital versions and are useful for everything from simple
tests, like measuring battery voltage, to detecting faults and complex diagnostics. They are one of the tools preferred by
electricians for troubleshooting electrical problems on motors, appliances, circuits, power supplies, and wiring systems.
Transdusers:
A transducer is an electronic device that converts energy from one form to another. Common examples include
microphones, loudspeakers, thermometers, position and pressure sensors, and antenna. Although not generally thought
of as transducers, photocells, LEDs (light-emitting diodes), and even common light bulbs are transducers.
Examples :
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Exercise:
Calculations:
Result:
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2.Verification of KVL and KCL
Aim:
To verify KCL and KVL for the given Circuit Diagrams.
Apparatus Required:
Theory:
KCL(Kirchoff’sCurrent Law):
Kirchoff’s Current Law states that the sum of the currents flowing towards a node is equal to the sum of current
flowing away from that node. i.e in any network, the algebraic sum of currents in all the branches meeting at a
node is zero.
Σ I= 0
This idea by Kirchhoff is commonly known as the Conservation of Charge, as the current is conserved
around the junction with no loss of current.
Here in this simple single junction example, the current I T leaving the junction is the algebraic sum
of the two currents, I1 and I2 entering the same junction. That is I T = I1 + I2.
Note that we could also write this alternatively as the algebraic sum of: I T - (I 1 + I2 ) = 0.
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Kirchhoff’s voltage law states that the algebraic sum of the potential differences in any loop must be equal
to zero as: ΣV = 0. Since the two resistors, R1 and R2 are wired together in a series connection; they are both part
of the same loop so the same current must flow through each resistor.
Thus the voltage drop across resistor, R1 = I*R1 and the voltage drop across resistor, R2 = I*R2
giving by KVL:
We can see that applying Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law to this single closed loop produces the formula for the
equivalent or total resistance in the series circuit and we can expand on this to find the values of the voltage
drops around the loop.
Circuit Diagram:
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KVL (Kirchoff’sVolatge Law):
Observations:
KCL:
Theoritical Practical
S.No Source I1 I2 I 1+ I 2 I1 I2 I 1+ I 2
Voltage(Vs)
KVL:
Theoritical Practical
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Procedure:
Calculations:
Result:
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3.Verification of Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems
Aim:
To verify Thevenin’s and Nortons theorems and to find the full load current for the given circuit.
Apparatus Required:
Thevenin’s theorem states that any two output terminals ( A & B ) of an active linear network containing
independent sources (it includes voltage and current sources) can be replaced by a simple voltage source of
magnitude Vth in series with a single resistor Rth where Rth is the equivalent resistance of the network when
looking from the output terminals A & B with all sources (voltage and current) removed and replaced by their
internal resistances and the magnitude of Vth is equal to the open circuit voltage across the A & B terminals
Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set a particular value of voltage using RPS and note down the corresponding ammeter readings.
To find VTH
3.Remove the load resistance and measure the open circuit voltage using multimeter (VTH).
To find RTH
4. To find the Thevenin’s resistance, remove the RPS and short circuit it and find the RTH using multimeter.
5. Give the connections for equivalent circuit and set VTHand RTH and note the corresponding ammeter reading.
6. Verify Thevenins theorem.
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Calculations:
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Theoretical and Practical Values
Practical
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Norton’s Theore m
Norton’s Theorem may be stated as Any Linear Electric Network or complex circuit with Current and Voltage
sources can be replaced by an equivalent circuit containing of a single independent Current Source IN and a
Parallel Resistance RN.
To Find I N:
To Find RN:
5.Remove RPS and short circuit the terminal and remove the load and note down the resistance across the two
terminals. Equivalent Circuit:
6. Set I N and RN and note down the ammeter readings.
7. Verify Norton’s theorem.
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Calculations:
Practical
Result:
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4.Verification of superposition theorem
Aim:
To verify the superposition theorem for the given circuit
Apparatus Required:
Theory:
Superposition Theorem:
Superposition theorem states that in a lumped ,linear, bilateral network consisting more number of sources each branch
current(voltage) is the algebraic sum all currents ( branch voltages), each of which is determined by considering one
source at a time and removing all other sources. In removing the sources, voltage and current sources are replaced by
internal resistances.
Circuit diagram:
Procedure:
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Calculations:
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Theoretical and Practical Values
Result:
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5.Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Aim:
To Verify Maximum power transfer theorem.
Apparatus:
Theory :
The power transferred from a supply source to a load is at its maximum when the resistance of the load is equal to
the internal resistance of the source. On the other words" A resistive load will be consumptive maximum power
from the supply when the load resister is equal to the equivalent (Thevenin) network resister"
RL = Rth ……. For maximum power transfer.
IL = Vth / (Rth + RL)
= Vth / (Rth + Rth)
= Vth / 2 Rth
Where,
A graph of RL against P is shown in Fig.(1), the maximum value of power which occurs when R L = Rth.
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Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
Calculations:
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Observation Table:
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Result:
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6.Calculations and Verification of Impedance and Current of RL, RC and RLC series circuits.
Aim:
To study RL, RC and RLC series circuit.
Apparatus Required:
Theory:
RL Series Circuit:
A circuit that contains a pure resistance R connected in series with a coil having pure inductance of L
is known as RL Series Circuit. When an AC supply voltage V is applied the current, I flows in the
circuit. I Rand IL will be the current flowing in the resistor and inductor respectively, but the amount of
current flowing through both the elements will be same as they are connected in series with each other.
The circuit diagram of RL Series Circuit is shown below
Where,
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Circuit Diagram:
RL Circuit:
RC Circuit:
RLC Circuit:
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Phasor Diagram of the RL Series Circuit:
The phasor diagram of the RL Series circuit is shown below
Where,
Z is the total opposition offered to the flow of alternating current by an RL Series circuit and is
called impedance of the circuit. It is measured in ohms (Ω).
Phase Angle :
In RL Series Circuit the current lags the voltage by 90-degree angle known as phase angle. It is
given by the equation
RC Circuit:
A circuit that contains pure resistance R ohms connected in series with a pure capacitor of
capacitance C farads is known as RC Series Circuit. A sinusoidal voltage is applied to an d
current I flows through the resistance (R) and the capacitance (C) of the circuit.The RC Series
circuit is shown in the figure below
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In this experiment, we are mainly interested in verification of Kirchhoff’s voltage law for AC
circuit.
Where,
Where, XC = I/2πfC
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Where,
Z is the total opposition offered to the flow of alternating current by an RC Series circuit and is called
impedance of the circuit. It is measured in ohms (Ω).
Phase angle:
From the phasor diagram shown above it is clear that the current in the circuit leads the applied
voltage by an angle ϕ and this angle is called the phase angle.
The RLC Series Circuit is defined as when a pure resistance of R ohms, a pure inductance of L
Henry and a pure capac itance of C farads are connected together in series combination with each other. As
all the three elements are connected in series so, the current flowing in each element of the circuit will be
same as the total current I flowing in the circuit.
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In the RLC Series Circuit
When the AC voltage is applied through the RLC Series Circuit the resulting current I flows through
the circuit, and thus the voltage across each element will be
VR = IR that is the voltage across the resistance R and is in phase with the current I.
VL = IXL that is the voltage across the inductance L and it leads the current I by an angle of 90
degrees.
VC = IXC that is the voltage across the capacitor C and it lags the current I by an angle of 90
degrees.
The phasor diagram of the RLC Series Circuit when the circuit is acting as an inductive circuit that
means (VL>VC) is shown below and if (VL< VC) the circuit will behave as a capacitive circuit.
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Where,
It is the total opposition offered to the flow of current by an RLC Circuit and is known as
Impedance of the circuit.
Phase Angle:
When XL > XC , the phase angle ϕ is positive. The circuit behaves as a RL series circuit in which
the current lags behind the applied voltage and the power factor is lagging.
When XL < XC , the phase angle ϕ is negative, and the circuit acts as a series RC circuit in which
the current leads the voltage by 90 degrees.
When XL = XC , the phase angle ϕ is zero, as a result, the circuit behaves like a purely resistive
circuit. In this type of circuit, the current and voltage are in phase with each other. The value of
power factor is unity.
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Procedure:
RL Circuit:
Use peak-to-peak readings for all voltage and current measurements in this experiment.
ground leads are both connected to the same point . Record VS (Oscilloscope) andVR.
5. With the oscilloscope still connected as in step 5, measure the phase angle φ betweenVRand
VS.. You may use the AUTOSCALE button to ensure the waveforms are approximately the
same height and press STOP to improve accuracy when taking cursor measurements.
Record this value as φmeas in thetable.
6. Calculatethepeak-to-peakcurrentinthec ircuitbyapplyingOhm'slawtotheresistor. That is,
9. Compute the phase angle φ between VS and VR. Recall that φ=arctan .Record this
value as φcalc in the table, and compare it to the value measured on the oscilloscope.
10. Record this value as φcalcin the table, and compare it to the value measured on the
oscilloscope.
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RC Circuit:
2 Using the resistor R and capacitor C1 , connect the series RC circuit shown in Figure. With the
circuit connected, adjust the supply voltage VSto 2.0 V peak-to-peak at 500 Hz.
CheckthevoltageVSonCHANNEL0oftheoscilloscopeandrecorditsvalueintable
3 Connect CHANNEL 1 of the oscilloscope across capacitor C1. Be sure that the groundleads of
CHANNEL 1 and CHANNEL 0 are connected to ground. Measure VC1. Record the value in table
4 ConnectCHANNEL1oftheoscilloscopeacrossresistorRandmeasureVR.
5 Measure the phase angle φ between VRand VS.
6 Computethepeak-to-peakcurrentIppfromIpp =VR/R.Remember,thecurrentisthesame throughout
the circuit, so this current also flows through thecapacitor.
7 Compute the capacitor’s reactance XC1from XC1= VC1/IPP. Compute C1 from the measured
XC1and compare to your earliermeasurement
8 Compute the total impedance ZTotal by applying Ohm’s law to the circuit. Use the
supply voltage set in step 3 and the current found in step 4. Remember, the impedance has
both a magnitude and a phase angle (measured relative to theresistor).
RLC Circuit:
Use peak-to-peak readings for all voltage and current measurements in this experiment.
1. Construct a table for recording experimental data:
R L f VS VS VR VL VC I XL XC ZT Phase angle (Φ)
kΩ mH Hz (gen) (Osc) Volts Volts Volts mA Ω Ω Ω Degree
Volts Volts meas Calc
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3. With the circuit connected, adjust the function generator’s frequency f to 10 kHz with an
output voltage of 4.0 VPP. Record the actual values of f and VS (generator).
4. Using the 2-channel oscilloscope, connect CHANNEL 0 to measure VS , the voltage across the
source . Connect CHANNEL 1 to measure VR , the voltage across theresistor . Be sure that the
ground leads are both connected to the same point . Record VS (Oscilloscope) andVR.
5. With the oscilloscope still connected as in step 5, measure the phase angle φ betweenVRand
VS.. You may use the AUTOSCALE button to ensure the waveforms are approximately the
same height and press STOP to improve accuracy when taking cursor measurements.
Record this value as φmeas in thetable.
6. Calculatethepeak-to-peakcurrentinthecircuitbyapplyingOhm'slawtotheresistor. That is,
7. Calculate the inductive reactance XLby applying Ohm's law to the inductor. That is,
. Record the calculated reactance in the table.
9. Compute the phase angle φ between VS and VR. Recall that φ=arctan .Record this
value as φcalc in the table, and compare it to the value measured on the oscilloscope.
10. Record this value as φcalcin the table, and compare it to the value measured on the
Oscilloscope
Calculations:
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Model graphs:
RL circuit:
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RC circuit:
Result:
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7. Verification of relation between phase and line quantities in a 3-phase balanced star and delta
connected systems.
Aim:
To verify the relationship between voltages and currents in a three phase transformer for Star
Delta Connection
Apparatus Required:
Theory:
In this type of transformer connection, then primary is connected in star fashion while the
secondary is connected in delta fashion as shown in the Figure 1 below.
The voltages on primary and secondary sides can be represented on the phasor diagram as
shown in the Figure 2 below.
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Circuit Diagram:
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Key points
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8. This system a grounding bank is connected to the system, as shown in Figure 3. Note that
the connected winding is not connected to any external circuit in Figure 3.
9. With a load current equal to 3 times i, each phase of the grounded Y winding provides the
same current i, with the -connected secondary winding of the grounding bank providing the
ampere-turns required to cancel the ampere-turns of the primary winding.
Procedure:
1. Connect the Circuit as per circuit diagram.
2. Adjust the Auto transformer till it reaches 230V and measure primary and secondary
voltages and currents.
3. Repeat the above step for different input voltages
4. Note down the values of phase(voltages and currents) and line(voltages and Currents)
5. Compare the measured values with theoretical values.
Observations:
Calculations:
Result:
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8. Measurement of Active and Reactive Power in a balanced Three-phase circuit.
Aim:
To measure active and reactive power using 2-wattmeters for balanced loads in a 3- phase
circuit.
Apparatus Required:
S. No Apparatus Range Quantity
1. 3 Phase Auto transformer 1 No
2. Ammeter 0-20 A 2 Nos
3. Voltmeter 0-300 V 2 Nos
4. Resistive Load Suitable
5. 1 Φ Transformer 1KVA, 230/415V 3 Nos
6. Connecting wires Required
Theory:
In a 3-phase, 3-wire system, power can be measured using two wattmeter’s for balance loads.
This can be verified by measuring the powerconsumed in each phase. In this circuit, the pressures
coils are connected between two phasesuch that one of the line is coinciding for both the meters.
P 1 + P 2 = 3 VPhIPhCOSø
Power factor Cosø = Cos (tan-1 √3 ((P 1 –P 2)/ (P1 +P 2)))
Considering the above figure (A) in which Two Wattmeter W 1 and W2 are connected, the
instantaneous current through the current coil of Wattmeter, W 1 is given by the equation shown
below.
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Circuit Diagram:
W1
M L
V
C
W2 C
V
L M
Observations:
W1 W2 I1 I2 Vph W1+W2
TYPE OF LOAD (W) (W) (mA) (mA) (V) (W) P
(KW)
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Instantaneous power measured by the Wattmeter, W 1 is
The instantaneous current through the current coil of Wattmeter, W2 is given by the equation
Therefore, the Total Power Measured by the Two Wattmeters W 1 and W2 will be obtained by
adding the equation (1) and (2).
Where P – the total power absorbed in the three loads at any instant.
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Calculations:
Result:
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9. Torque-Speed Characteristics of a Separately/Self Excited DC Shunt/Compound Motor
Aim:
To obtain Torque ~ Speed characteristics of a DC shunt motor by performing brake test
Apparatus Required:
Theory:
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The equation of the motor is V = Eb+ IaRaWhere
Eb= ( P Ia= (Va E b)/ R
The value of „Eb‟ is zero while starting the motor. Hence, the voltage across the armature has tobe
increased gradually.The power developed in the rotor (armature) =EbIa= Tω
Where ω= 2ΠN / 60is the angular velocity of the pulley, in rad/sec.
In a dc motor T α ΦIa,Where Φ= Flux produced by the shunt field per pole Ia=
Armature current
The torque developed in the motor is opposed by the torques due to
(a) Friction and windage
(b) Eddy currents and hysteresis and
(c) Mechanical load connected at the shaft.
Torque ~ Speed:
With increase in load, Iaand Ta increase since the shunt field Φ is constant. The fall inspeed isvery
small as the IaRadrop is very small compared to V.In a dc shunt motor N αEb /
Panel Board:
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Brake drum arrangement:
Circuit diagram:
Procedure:
1. Note down the name plate details.
2. Keep the dc drive potentiometers and field control rheostat at minimum resistance
position.
3. Loosen the rope on the brake drum and put some water inside the rim of the brakedrum.
4. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
5. Switch on the motor and adjust the potentiometers till the armature attains the ratedvoltage and
increase the field rheostat till the motor attains the rated speed.
6. Record the readings of the instruments at no-load condition.
7. Gradually, increase the load on the brake drum and record the readings as per thegiven table.
8. Do not exceed the armature current more than its rated value. Page 48
9. Gradually, reduce the load and switch off the supply.
10. Maintain Constant armature voltage and constant field current during the total experiment.
Tabular Column:
Ia N T1 T2 Shaft
S.No Amp RPM Kg Kg Torque
(j/rad)
Formula Used:
Calculations:
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Result:
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10. Load test on single phase transformer
Aim:
To calculate Efficiency and regulation of Single phase transformer by conducting load test on Single
phase transformer
Apparatus Required:
Transformer Ratings :
Power:2 KVA,
Primary/Secondary :230/415 Volts,8.69/4.82 Amps.
Theory:
A transformer is a static apparatus used to transform a.c. electrical power from one voltage to another
voltage. It works on the principle of mutual induction.In a transformer there are two windings primary
winding & secondary winding. Both these windings are having their internal resistance & leakage current.
When the transformer is loaded there will be voltage drop in the transformer due to the resistance &
reactance of the windings.When the secondary winding of the transformer is completed through a load an
voltage V is applied to the primary winding ,the transformer is said to operate under load condition.
Under this condition transformer copper loss increase with increase in current, due to that efficiency
changes. At half load efficiency is reaches to maximum, it gradually decreases when further load
increases. This is because at half load Cu loss is less and iron loss is also less, but below half load iron loss
will be more which results in less efficiency. This situation happens when transformer is distribution
transformer.
When load increase beyond half load Cu loss will increase which again reduces the efficiency. This
test is performed to determine the efficiency and regulation of a transformer at different load conditions.
REGULATION: If E0 is the load voltage of the secondary side & V, is the terminal voltage of the
secondary side.When it is loaded: Then,
E0 – V = Voltage drop in the transformer when it is loaded.
=Change in the terminal voltage of the transformer when it is loaded.
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Circuit Diagram:
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Voltage regulation of a transformer is the ratio of change in the terminal voltage of the secondary from no
load to load condition.
To its rated voltage, at a particular load current.
i.e % Regulation = E0 -V ×100
V rated
As the load current increases, the voltage drop in the transformer windings also increases &
hence the voltage regulation increases. The Regulation of a transformer should not more than 8%. In a
transformer lower percentage regulation is a better regulation.
EFFICIENCY:
The ratio of output power to the input power of a transformer is called the efficiency of the tr ansformer up to
certain amount of load, efficiency increases with the increases in load and the onward slightly decreases
Procedure:
Connect the circuit diagram such that the supply on LV side and load on HV side as shown in the
fig
1. Gradually increase the voltage using auto transformer till the voltmeter reads the rated voltage,
230v on LV side and also record the voltage on HV side.
2. Maintain the voltage V to be constant for all loads.
3. Switch on the load switches one by one and record the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter
readings. (The load current should not be exceed the rated current,4.82A.)
Switch off the supply and set the auto-transformer at zero position.
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Observations:
Calculations:
Result:
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11. Demonstration of measurement of electrical quantities in DC and AC systems.
Aim:
To demonstrate the measurement of electrical quantities in DC and AC systems.
Apparatus: Voltmeter , Ammeter, Wattmeter
Theory
Voltmeter
It is an electrical instrument used for measuring the potential difference present between two points. These voltmeters are of two types
(i) Analog voltmeter (ii) Digital Voltmeter. This measured voltage can be either of AC or DC Analog voltmeters are made of a dial and
a pointer to show the readings. But those instruments had many disadvantages like no accurate results, no precision etc, so those are
replaced by digital voltmeters with a digital technology in it.
But these analog voltmeters are being used in some parts of the world.
A digital voltmeter (DVM) displays the value of a.c. or d.c voltage being measured directly as discrete numerals in the decimal number.
system. Numerical readout of DVMs is advantageous since it eliminates observational errors committed by operators. The errors on
account of parallax and approximations are entirely eliminated. The use of digital voltmeters increases the speed with which readings
can be taken. Also, the output of digital voltmeters can be fed to memory devices for storage and future computations.
A digital voltmeter is a versatile and accurate voltmeter which has many laboratory applications. On account of developments
in the integrated circuit (IC) technology, it has been possible to reduce the size, power requirements and cost of digital voltmeters. In
fact, for the same accuracy, a digital voltmeter now is less costly than its analog counterpart. The decrease in the size of DVMs on
account of the use of ICs, the portability of the instruments has increased.
DC voltmeter Ac voltmeter
Voltmeter connection Diagram
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Ammeter:
Definition: A device or instrument that is used to measure the current is called the ammeter. The unit of the current is ampere.
So this device measures the current flow in ampere is named as an ammeter or ampere meter. The internal resistance of this
device is ‘0’ however in practical; it has some amount of internal resistance. The measuring range of this device mainly
depends on the resistance value. The ammeter diagram is shown below.
Ammeter Circuit Diagram
The following circuit represents the basic circuit diagram and the connection of the ammeter circuit in series are shown below.
Once this device is connected in series in the circuit, then the total measurand current will flow through the meter.
So the loss of power occurs within ammeter due to their internal resistance & the measurand current.
DC Ammeter AC Ammeter
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Wattmeter
wattmeter consists of two coils namely: fixed coil (Current coil) and moving coil(Pressure Coil).
The current coil is connected in series with the load hence it carries the circuit current.
The potential coil is connected across the load so it carries current proportional to the voltage.
Current Coil(CC):
The current coil in wattmeter is connected along the circuit to carry load current.
The two terminals of the current coils are named as M and L.
M stands for Main side and L stands for Load side.
While connecting the current coil in the circuit, this sequence must be followed strictly.
Pressure Coil (PC):
The Pressure coil is a high resistance coil ( internal series resistance added).
It is connected across the load circuit.
It carries a current proportional to the voltage across its terminals.
The terminals of the pressure coil are marked as ± and V. In some meters it is marked as COM and V.
The first one is the common terminal and the second one is the specified voltage terminal with actual voltage marking as 115V,
230V or 440V.
The common terminal of the pressure coil may be connected after or before the current coil.
Based on this connection, there are two methods of wattmeter connections.
Each method is suitable for one particular case. These two methods of wattmeter connection is explained below;
AC Digital Wattmeter
First method:
1. The pressure coil comes before the current coil moving from supply side.
2. In this method of connection the pressure coil reads the voltage drop in load as well as small drop in current coil.
3. So the power measured will include the power lost in current coil resistance. This is an error.
4. So this method of connection is suitable for the circuit having small load currents, in which case the voltage drop in current coil
will be negligibly small.
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Second Method:
1. In this method the pressure coil is connected across load circuit after the current coil.
2. Now the pressure coil reads the correct voltage, but the current coil will carry a small extra current that is drawn by the pressure
coil. This is an error.
3. This method is suitable for the circuits having large load current.
4. Compared to a large load current, the current drawn by the pressure coil is negligible.
5. When the second method is adopted, a compensating coil is used in series with the pressure coil.
6. The compensating coil is just another current coil connected in reverse sequence. ie, the magnetic effects of current coil and
compensating coil are made to oppose each other. This will nullify the error due to the pressure coil current.
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Result:
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