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TCN 330/132/33kV Ganmo Work Centre: An Internship Report

Technical Report · July 2023

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 REPORT ON STUDENT INDUSTRIAL

WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

AT

Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN),

330/132/33kV, Ganmo Works Centre

PMB 1463, Afon Road, Ganmo, Kwara State

BY

AKINRINMADE, Daniel Adeniyi

(180379)

Electronic and Electrical Engineering,

Ladoke Akintola University Of Technology,

Ogbomosho, Oyo State.

Being a report submitted to the SIWES unit, Ladoke

Akintola University Of Technology, in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the Student Industrial Work

Experience Scheme (SIWES).

June, 2023
 DEDICATION

To God, who is the source of all knowledge and wisdom, and to lifelong learners who
continually seek to grow and improve themselves.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am deeply grateful and offer my utmost praise to God Almighty, my creator, for
being my unwavering support, the source of my inspiration, wisdom, knowledge, and
understanding throughout this program. His guidance and strength have sustained me.

I extend my heartfelt thanks to my parents for their constant support, cooperation,

encouragement, and understanding throughout the duration of this program. Their
love and belief in me have been invaluable.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the technical staff of TCN Ganmo for
their tireless assistance, guidance, continuous supervision, and patient explanations of
the work involved, despite the demanding nature of the tasks. I am truly grateful to all
the staff members of TCN Ganmo who have contributed in various ways to my
growth and learning. Their contributions are deeply appreciated.

I would like to acknowledge the Principal Manager, Engr. R. A. Odemakinde, and the
Heads of the departments I had the privilege to visit. Their support and guidance have
been instrumental in my professional development.

Lastly, I express my sincere appreciation to Engr. Ajiboye and all the staff members
of the PC&M department for their care, support, understanding, and warm hospitality
throughout the course of my internship. Your kindness and generosity have made a
significant impact on my experience. Thank you all
 DECLARATION

I, AKINRINMADE,Daniel Adeniyi a student of the Electrical and Electronics

Engineering (EEE) Department at Ladoke Akintola University of Technology
(LAUTECH), hereby declare that I have successfully completed the Student Industrial
Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) at Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN),
Ganmo Work Centre, as part of my academic curriculum.

I affirm that the information presented in this report is based on my personal

experiences and observations during the internship period, which took place from
January 2023 to June 2023. I declare that all the sources of knowledge and
information used in this report have been appropriately acknowledged and referenced.
 ABSTRACT

This report provides an overview of the Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme
(SIWES) conducted at the Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN), Ganmo Work
Centre, located on Afon Road, Kwara. It begins by introducing the SIWES program,
outlining its history, objectives, and aims. Additionally, it offers a brief description of
TCN Ganmo Work Centre, highlighting its roles and functions.

The report then focuses on the technical exposure and experience gained from
working in various departments, namely the Electrical Maintenance Department
(EMD), System Operation Department (S/O), and Protection, Control, and Metering
Department (PC&M) at TCN Ganmo Work Centre. It provides insights into the
activities, responsibilities, and skills acquired during the internship in each department.

Furthermore, the report discusses the different types of equipment used at TCN
Ganmo Work Centre, detailing their functions and purposes. It also addresses some of
the challenges and problems encountered during the internship period.

In conclusion, the report offers recommendations to enhance the SIWES program

based on the experiences and observations made during the internship. These
recommendations aim to further improve the program and contribute to the
development of future interns.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
DECLARATION
ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE: THE SIWES

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Importance of SIWES

CHAPTER TWO: TRANSMISSION COMPANY OF NIGERIA (TCN)

2.1 Power System in Nigeria

2.2 About Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN)
2.2.1 Vision and Mission
2.2.2 Scope of Activities
2.3 Brief History of TCN Ganmo Works Centre
2.4 The Organizational Structure of TCN, Ganmo
2.5 The Departments at TCN, Ganmo and Their Functions
2.6 The Posted Departments at TCN, Ganmo

CHAPTER THREE: THE WORK DONE AND WORK EXPERIENCE

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Protection Control And Metering PC&M Department
3.2.1 Materials and Equipment Used
3.2.2 Work Done and Experience Gained
3.2.2.1 Carrier Signaling Test
3.2.2.2 Schedule Maintenance of T2A 150MVA 330/132/0.415kV diverter
switch
3.2.2.3 Protection trip and Calibration test on 33kV Feeders at Ganmo Work
Centre
3.3 Electrical Maintenance Department(EMD)
3.3.1 Materials and Tools Used
3.3.2 Work Done and Experience Gained
3.3.2.1 Battery Bank Maintenance
3.3.2.2 .Switch yard Lightning
3.4 System Operation Department
3.4.1 Materials and Equipment Used
3.4.2 Work Done and Experience Gained

CHAPTER FOUR: THE EQUIPMENT

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Auto-Transformer and Its Functions
4.2.1 Introduction
 4.2.2 Function of Auto-Transformer
4.2.3 Usages of Auto-Transformer in TCN Ganmo Works Centre
4.3 OMICRON CPC 100 + CP TD1
4.3.1 Introduction and application
4.4 Instrument Transformers
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 Types of Instrument Transformers Used in TCN Ganmo Works Centre
4.4.3 Functions of Instrument Transformers
4.4.4 Usages of Voltage Transformer (VT) and Capacitor Voltage
Transformers (CVT)
4.4.5 Usages of Current Transformer (CT)

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary and
5.2 Problem Faced During the SIWES
5.3 Recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDIX I: PHOTO GALLERY
 CHAPTER ONE
INDRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a skills training
program required by Nigerian universities, funded by the Federal Government and
coordinated by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) and the National Universities
Commission (NUC). It aims to prepare students for the industrial work environment
they will encounter after graduation, providing them with practical experience and
exposure to equipment not available in their institutions. The scheme was established
in response to concerns from employers that graduates lacked practical skills
necessary for employment in industries. Initially funded solely by the ITF, the scheme
was later handed over to the NUC and the National Board for Technical Education
(NBTE) in 1979. However, in 1984, the Federal Government returned the
management and implementation of SIWES to the ITF, which has been solely funding
it since July 1985.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

The objectives of the Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) are as
follows:
1. Provide students in higher learning institutions with the opportunity to acquire
industrial skills and experience relevant to their fields of study, including Engineering,
Technology, Environmental studies, and other approved courses. This also includes
specific courses in Colleges of Education, such as NCE (Technical), NCE Agriculture,
NCE (Business), NCE (Fine and Applied Arts), and NCE (Home Economics).
2. Prepare students for the work environment they will encounter after graduation.
3. Expose students to work methods, techniques, and equipment that may not be
available in their educational institutions.
4. Facilitate the transition from academic life to the professional world and enhance
students' networks for future job placements.
5. Enable students to apply their theoretical knowledge in practical work situations,
bridging the gap between theory and practice.
6. Foster greater involvement of employers in the education process and better
prepare students for employment in industries and commerce.
7. Cultivate attitudes and skills conducive to effective interpersonal relationships.
8. Enhance job placement opportunities and strengthen the engagement of employees
in the educational process of preparing students for employment in industries.

1.3 IMPORTANCE OF SIWES

1. It provides students with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in
real life situations.
2. It exposes students to more practical work methods and techniques.
3. It strengthens links between the employers, universities and industrial training
fund (ITF).
4. It also prepares the students for the labour market after graduation.

1
 CHAPTER TWO
TRANSMISSION COMPANY OF NIGERIA

2.1 POWER SYSTEM IN NIGERIA

Electricity is an integral part of our daily lives, powering our homes, offices, and
industries. We often take for granted the seamless availability of electricity, but have
we ever stopped to wonder about the complex processes involved in bringing power
to our fingertips? The generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity are
intricate operations that work together to ensure a reliable and uninterrupted supply of
power as shown in the figure below.

Process involved from power generation to distribution

a) Generation: In Nigeria, electricity production has utilized various sources such as

gas-fired, oil-fired, hydroelectric, and coal-fired power stations. Hydroelectric and
gas-fired systems have been prioritized. Electricity is generated at voltages between
11.5-16kV and then stepped up to 330kV using transformers at power stations. This
step-up is necessary to compensate for power losses (I2R losses) during transmission
over long distances. The power generated from different stations is connected to the
National Grid for transmission.

b) Transmission: The next phase is transmission, where the voltage of 330kV is

transported along transmission lines to reach consumers. At the transmission
substation, the voltage is stepped down to 132kV using transformers. It is then further
transmitted through transmission lines to injection substations.

c) Distribution: Distribution of electricity begins at this stage. The voltage is stepped

down from 132kV to 11kV using distribution transformers. From there, it is further
stepped down to 0.415kV and eventually to 240V before reaching homes and offices
for consumption.

2.2 ABOUT TRANSMISSION COMPANY OF NIGERIA (TCN)

The Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) is a government-owned company that
manages the electricity transmission network in Nigeria. It was incorporated in 2005
and is responsible for evacuating power from generating companies to distribution
companies. TCN's Ganmo Works Centre is located in Kwara State and is currently
headed by the AGM Engr. Tanko.

TCN's licensed activities include electricity transmission, system operation, and

electricity trading. It is responsible for ensuring that electricity is transmitted reliably
and efficiently across the country.

2
2.2.1 VISION AND MISSION
The Company’s vision is to be “a Transmission Company with a solid reputation for
delivering reliable, cost-effective Electric power to end users in Nigeria and in West
Africa Sub-region”. Its mission statement is “to cost effectively provide, operate and
maintain the required assets, equipment and transmission grid network for evacuating
and dispatching high quality Electricity with minimal losses”.

2.2.2 SCOPE OF ACTIVITIES

Activities carried out by TCN include: Electricity transmission, System operation, and
Electricity trading which is ring-fenced. Its major function is to collect generated
Electric Power from Generating Companies and wheel it to Distribution Companies.
TCN comprises of nine Transmission Regions and the National Control Centre
(NCC), viz: Bauchi, Kaduna, Shiroro, Benin, Osogbo, Enugu, Lagos, Kwara and Port-
Harcourt.

2.3 BRIEF HISTORY OF TCN GANMO WORKS CENTRE

Transmission Company of Nigeria, Ganmo was commissioned by late President Umar
Musa Yar’adua GCFR under the administration of Dr. Bukola Saraki, Kwara State
Governor. The Ganmo Works Centre was commissioned on 27th of July, 2009 after
about two years of construction. The commissioned was based on the insufficient
power supply in the vicinity of the Kwara State and its laboring states. The Ganmo
Works Centre is the Area Control Centre (ACC) and has two sub-transmission
stations under its supervision; Ilorin Transmission station and Omu-Aran
Transmission Station.

Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN), Ganmo operating at 330/132/33kV, The

TCN Ganmo is a substation under Oshogbo National Grid, it received High Voltage
Alternating Current (HVAC) of 330kV from Jebba generating station (code name J3G)
and Oshogbo National Grid station (code name H3G). TCN Ganmo step-down the
330kV to 132kV and 33kV, the 132kV are sent to substations under TCN Ganmo
which are Transmission Company of Nigeria, Sawmill, Ilorin operating at 132/33kV
abbreviated as Ilorin TS and Transmission Company of Nigeria, Omu-Aran operating
at 132/33kV abbreviated as Omu-Aran TS. In each of the stations, the 33kV is now
fed to the districts or Distribution Companies as well as the special industries.

3
2.4 THE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF TCN, GANMO
The organizational structure of TCN Ganmo is as below;

Organization structure of TCN, Ganmo Works Centre

2.5 THE DEPARTMENTS AT TCN, GANMO AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

The TCN Ganmo is divided into units of various departments, namely;
1. Administration Department
2. Accounting Department
3. Protection Control and Metering (PC&M) Department
4. Electrical Maintenance Department (EMD)
5. Mechanical Department
6. System Lines Department
7. System Operations Department (SO)

4
8. Communication Department
9. Safety Department
10. Store Department

The functions of the departments above are as follow;

Administration Department: Provides essential administrative support to the

executives and department managers. This includes data processing, file maintenance,
communication, and clerical work.

Accounting Department: Tracks financial information, such as operational expenses,

salaries, donations, capital expenditures, investments, cash flow, and utilities. This
information is used to create a financial history of the company and to give managers
a snapshot of the company's financial health.

Protection Control and Metering (PC&M) Department: Maintains the electrical

and electronic equipment, protects personnel, and maintains and/or configures the
metering equipment of the Ganmo Works Centre and the substations under the TCN
Ganmo Works Centre. This includes installing, commissioning, decommissioning,
maintaining, troubleshooting, and repairing critical systems used for detecting and
responding to power system faults, controlling system devices, metering schemes, and
data voice transfer.

Electrical Maintenance Department (EMD): Installs, commissions, decommissions,

troubleshoots, maintains, and protects the life of the equipment in the TCN Ganmo
Works Centre and the two substations under the company. This includes the TCN
Omu-Aran and TCN Ilorin, both of which are operating at 132/33kV. The department
also maintains the wiring of the office blocks and control room.

Mechanical Department: Installs or mounts breaker stands and circuit breakers,

current transformers, and voltage transformers on switch yards at the Ganmo Works
Centre or the substations. The department also provides reliable transportation for
TCN Ganmo personnel and maintenance crew by maintaining the vehicles used by the
company.

System Lines Department: Maintains the transmission lines wires, transmission lines
poles, and trees that are disturbing the spaces between the transmission lines wire that
cause the feeder to trip on earth fault. The department also tightens and maintains the
lines conductors on the switch yards and repairs the hotspots identified by the
operators on duties of the TCN Ganmo and its substations.

System Operation Department: Manages the flow of electricity throughout the

power system from generation to distribution companies. The SO has the
responsibility for ensuring that the transmission grid lines are reliable and maintaining
the technical stability of the grid through its operations of planning, dispatch, and
control of the electricity on the grid. They are responsible for the functioning and
monitoring the systems of the whole TCN Ganmo works center and protecting the
equipment of the station by monitoring and operates the whole system which includes
GENCOs and DISCOs i.e. decides which power station comes on and when and by

5
how many Mega- Watts (MW), decides which transmission line or transmission
station should be supplied what quantity of Mega-Watts (MW) i.e. load shedding and
also enforce Grid discipline.

Communication Department: Sends and receives information necessary for the

operation of the station. This includes monitoring activities going on within the
station and other activities outside the station that influencing it. The department also
helps to improve the quality of job done in and relating to the station. The equipment
and the control and protection scheme employ communication in order to function.

Safety Department: Ensures the safety of all personnel and assets at the TCN Ganmo
Works Centre. This includes conducting safety audits, implementing safety
procedures, and providing training on safety.

Store Department: Responsible for the procurement, storage, and distribution of all
materials and equipment used at the TCN Ganmo Works Centre. This includes
maintaining inventory records, ordering supplies, and tracking the use of materials.

2.6 THE POSTED DEPARTMENTS AT TCN, GANMO

The departments that I was posted to and the duties are as follow;
1. Protection Control and Metering (PC&M) Department where 8 weeks were
spent and part of the responsibilities along with the maintenance crew is to: carry
out Pre-commissioning tests on all power transformers, Circuit Breakers,
Instrument transformers (CTs and VTs), Relays, Tripping Unit (Chargers and
Battery banks); Design protection schemes for new installed transformers and
feeders; Carry out all relay settings and coordination; Conduct Secondary and
primary injection tests on all station protective relays; Carry out insulation tests,
ratio test, polarity test,magnetization test on power and instrument transformers
as well as processing of Daily Activity Report Chart (DARC), Monthly Progress
Report (MPR), Schedule Annual Preventive Maintenance (SAPM), Key
Performance Index (KPI) etc.
2. Electrical Maintenance Department (EMD) where weeks were spent and part
of the responsibilities along with the maintenance crew is to: Carrying out
schedule maintenance of power transformer of various ratings and capacities;
Conduct insulation test, Dielectric strength test on transformer oil and circuit
Breakers; Service,maintain and repair power circuit breakers such as oil circuit
breaker, Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) circuit breaker, and conduct insulation and
performance test on same and maintenance of battery and charger; Carry out
construction and installation works on a new substation as per the design and
physical positioning of the substation equipment such as CBs, Transformers,
Isolators as well as preparation and processing of monthly maintenance report etc.
3. System Operation Department where 5 weeks were spent and part of the
responsibilities along with the operators is to: Prepare and effect work and test
permit for maintenance staff; Maintain and effect voltage and frequency dispatch
control of the grid system; Prepare and effect scheduled outages; Keep up to date
record of the system’s parameters on hourly basis and relaying of all reports to
the necessary quarters; Guaranteed safety of the maintenance staff and the
equipment etc; Raise trouble report on defective equipment and operation to
appropriate maintenance section and carrying out routine maintenance as well as
daily inspection of all the equipment in the switch yard respectively etc.

6
 CHAPTER THREE
THE WORK DONE & WORK EXPERIENCE

3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides a detailed account of the work performed and the valuable
experience acquired during the training period within each department visited or
attached. A primary and crucial aspect of this experience was the emphasis on safety,
given the high voltage levels and the potential risks involved. It is essential to
highlight that even the slightest mistake within the switch-yard could result in
immediate and fatal electrocution. Therefore, strict adherence to safety protocols and
precautions was paramount before engaging in any work or inspection activities. Prior
authorization in the form of a permit letter from the responsible operator was
mandatory for entry into the switch-yard. The following sections will analyze the
scope of work carried out and the specific experiences gained in each department,
presented in the order of visitation.

3.2 PROTECTION CONTROL AND METERING PC&M DEPARTMENT

I spent 8 weeks in the Protection, Control, and Metering Department, headed by
Engr(Mrs.) Omar Hafsat. The department monitors equipment and system activities,
ensuring the safety of personnel and equipment. It relies on relays and instrument
transformers to carry out its responsibilities, which include corrective maintenance on
Circuit Breakers, Instrument Transformers, and their associated control panels.

3.2.1 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT USED

The materials and equipment used in the Maintenance Department include:
1. Clamp-on ammeter: A tool used to measure the current flowing through a
conductor. It is a non-intrusive device, meaning it does not require the circuit to
be opened in order to take a measurement.
2. Secondary/Primary Current Injection Test Set (SCITs/PCITs): A device used to
simulate faults by injecting a known signal into the circuit. This can be used to
test the operation of protective devices, such as circuit breakers and fuses.
3. Avo-meter: A versatile tool that can be used to measure voltage, current, or
resistance. It is a basic tool that is commonly used in electrical and electronics
work.
4. Tools box: A container that holds various tools, such as spanners, pliers,
screwdrivers, hack saw, Allen key, file, punch, chisels, etc. It is a necessary tool
for any maintenance professional.
5. Cable belt, ferrule, gland, and lugs: Materials used for cable installation. Cable
belt holds cables together or to the wall, cable ferrule is used for cable
identification, cable gland holds the cable firmly at the entrance point, and cable
lug is used for terminating cables neatly and safely.
6. As-built drawings: Drawings used during equipment installation and serve as a
reference during maintenance work. They are important for ensuring that
equipment is installed correctly and for troubleshooting any problems that may
arise.

3.2.2 WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED

During my internship at the Protection, Control, and Metering (PC&M) department, I
gained valuable experience in a variety of tasks, including:

7
1. Carrier signaling test
2. Schedule maintenance of T2A 150MVA 330/132/0.415kV diverter switch
3. Protection trip and calibration test on 33kV feeders at Ganmo Work Centre
4. Installation of instrument transformer at HMA 33kV switch-yard
5. Setting up HMA control panel with energy meter and other protection equipment
in the control room
6. Wiring a Crompton Greaves 33kV gas circuit breaker, XD Boaji SF6 gas circuit
breaker, and other breakers
7. Rehabilitation of Osogbo 330kV incomer line red phase circuit breaker protection
coil

3.2.2.1 Carrier Signaling Test

The carrier signaling test involves sending signals on the 330kV circuit to assess the
status of the circuit protection. This test is conducted to detect distance-related faults,
where signals are transmitted and received by the stations at both ends of the circuit.
The carrier signal is transmitted through the power line using the communication
network. The test is performed by sending a carrier signal from the station along the
line to the source and confirming the reception of the signal at the source, and vice
versa. A special panel is designed for this test in the control room at Ganmo Work
Centre. It is conducted every first working day of the week, following these steps:
1. The operators at the respective source stations (Jebba and Oshogbo) are notified
and prepared for the tests.
2. The IN and OUT switches are set to OUT, and a signal is sent along the line
using the green push button (LAMP TEST) for continuity testing. The signal
reception is confirmed at each source. The switches are then set to IN, and a
signal is received from the respective sources, indicated by the red lamp.
3. A second current is sent along the line as a signal, and the sent and received
signals are confirmed using the same procedure as in steps 1-2, except the push
button used for sending the current is the CARRIER PB.
4. The results of the carrier signaling test are recorded in the system operation log
book.

carrier signaling test

EXPERIENCED GAINED
Experience gained during the course of this work is how to successfully carry out
carrier signaling test on 330kV circuit in order to ascertain the true state of the circuit
protection since it is expected that whenever distance related faults occurs a signal is
sent and received by the station involves

8
3.2.2.2 Schedule Maintenance of T2A 150MVA 330/132/0.415kV diverter switch
Comprehensive preventive maintenance was carried out on T2A 150MVA
330/132/0.415kV diverter switches on all its three number On-Load Tap-Changers.
The diverters switches brought out and properly cleaned after all the carbonized oil
were removed. The compartments were flushed with new transformer oil and the
diverter switches were returned vis-à-vis comprehensive maintenance of the
protection scheme, functional test of the mechanical protection, Buchholz relay,
pressure relief, On-Load Tap Changer (OLTC) oil surge alarm, and trip signals
confirmed okay. Breaker test tripped both remotely and local electrical and the
transformer were restored for service.This involved the following
1. Un-mounting the diverter structure of the three phases, one at a time
2. Thorough cleaning of the diverter and washing with new transformer oil
3. Draining of the carbonized oil from the three diverter chamber
4. Thorough Cleaning of the chamber and replacement of new oil
5. Installing the diverter device back into the oil-filled chamber.

EXPERIENCED GAINED
Experience gained during the course of this work is the process of isolating a
transformer, physical identification of diverter switch vis-a-vis diverter chamber,
pressure relief chamber, Buchholz relay, and process of removing the diverter
switches, cleaning as well as flushing of diverter chamber with new transformer oil

3.2.2.3 Protection trip and Calibration test on 33kV Feeders at Ganmo Work
Centre
Protection trip and calibration test: this was done by disconnecting the three phases
and neutral that comes from the secondary of the CTs into the protective relay.
Secondary Current Injection Test Set kit was used to inject fault current (which will
be more than the CT’s secondary current i.e. 1A) to the relay to see the response of
protective relay which includes the speed of operation, the sensitivity, and the
reliability of the relay when there exist a fault current be it over current or earth fault
and see if the time scheduled for the alarm (tripping) to come up is still intact. The
process is as follows:
1. The test set equipment i.e. Secondary Current Injection Test Set was connected to
220V AC supply.
2. Lead was connected to the station ground and equipment was grounded as well.
3. Current transformer secondary cable was removed from the terminals of the
protective relay on the terminal block.
4. One lead was connected to common; the other to 0-24V, 0-100A terminal on the
equipment and the other end of the leads was connected to terminals of the
protective relay i.e. phase to phase for over current and phase to neutral for earth
fault.
5. Plug Setting (P.S), Pick Up (P.U) time and Time Multiplier Setting (TMS) was
checked from the relay settings and recorded respectively both for over current
and earth fault.
6. Two leads were connected to the breaker protection terminal on the equipment;
the other end was connected to the trip coil of the breaker on the terminals block
respectively and the circuit breaker was kept in open position.

9
7. This equipment is used for simulation of faults by injecting a current double the
plug setting value both for over current and earth fault and record the neTMS
value for both.
8. Protection trip test was carried out by closing the circuit breaker; ensure that the
circuit breaker control knob is on remote and injecting current above the plug
setting on the protective relay to check if the circuit breaker trips on over current
and earth fault respectively.
9. The CT’s secondary terminal was connected back to the relay, and the feeder was
restored back to service.

3.3 ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE DEPARTMET(EMD)

The period spent in this department was 8 weeks. The department is headed by A.A.
Adetoyinbo as the Senior Manager (HOD). The Electrical maintenance department is
responsible for all maintenance of equipment within the Area Control. There exist
preventive maintenance and corrective maintenance.

Preventive maintenance is procedures carried out on the equipment to ensure proper

functioning and avoid breakdown. For example: changing of silica gel, filling of gas
or changing of oil in a circuit breaker, transformer oil filtration, electrolyte topping in
lead acid batteries et cetera.

Corrective maintenance is a type of maintenance that is carried out to correct a

problem on hand. For example: clearing of hotpot, changing of leaking gasket,
changing of lightning bubs, changing of circuit breakers, bleeding of the transformer,
et cetera.

3.3.1 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT USED

The major materials and equipment that are employed during maintenance in this
department are as follows:
1. Battery hydrometer: A hydrometer is used to test the state of charge of a battery
cell. This is performed by measuring the density of the electrolyte, which is
accomplished by measuring the specific gravity of the electrolyte. The greater the
concentration of sulfuric acid, the more dense the electrolyte becomes.
2. Grounding stick/lead and wire: this is used to provide a temporal ground for
conductors that may be partially charged due to induction, around the working site to
avoid electrocution.
3. High Voltage Insulation Resistance Tester (Megger): The Megger is the instrument
uses for measuring the resistance of the insulation. It works on the principle of
comparison, i.e., the resistance of the insulation is compared with the known value of
resistance. If the resistance of the insulation is high, the pointer of the moving coil
deflects towards the infinity, and if it is low, then the pointer indicates zero
resistance.The accuracy of the Megger is high as compared to other instruments.
4. Funnel and Bucket: this is used during jobs that involve oil or battery electrolyte.
5. Hand Pump: this is used for pumping oil from drum to equipment (e.g. oil circuit
breaker, current transformer, voltage transformer, conservator tank, et cetera
6. Hose: usually connected to the hand pump during oil jobs.
7. Gas kit: this contains the gas pipes and nozzles, for the purpose of filling or
refilling Sulphur-hexa-fluoride (SF6) into power circuit breaker.

10
3.3.2 WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED
The scope of major work done as well as the experience gained at EMD includes the
following:
1. Ganmo Battery Bank Maintenance (two 110V and 50V DC).
2. switch-yard Lightning.
3. Annual preventive Maintenance Transformer T1B and T2B 60MVA 132/34.5kV
4. Topping SF6 gas at ilorin TS 132KV gas circuit breaker, and other breakers at
Ganmo TS circuit breakers(330,132,33 KV)
5. Rehabilitation on transformer T1B incomer blue phase line isolator.

3.3.2.1 Battery Bank Maintenance

The electrolyte inside the batteries of the battery banks at Ganmo Works Centre was
observed to be low and required topping up. The battery house consists of two
different Battery Banks, one of which is 2 x 110VDC and one of 50VDC all of which
are wet cells. The 110VDC banks is used for powering the protective relays which
indirectly control the transmission line circuit breakers at the switch yards for 330kV
circuit network, 132kV circuit and 33kV circuit, while the remaining 50VDC is for
communication equipment powering. Each of the batteries output voltage is 2.03V.
110VDC Banks consist of 55 batteries each connected in series that add up to 110V
while the 50VDC Bank consist of 25 batteries connected in series added up to 50V.
The process of the maintenance involves checking the level and specific gravity of the
electrolyte and measuring the output voltage of each battery after they have been fully
charged with an Avo-meter and see whether the expected voltage value is displayed,
else the battery needs to be repaired if it cannot be replaced.

EXPERIENCE GAINED
Experience gained is that when the electrolyte of the batteries got lower and lower,
the overall performance of the batteries is also reduced (i.e. low voltages). The
electrolyte is subjected to the voltage induced by the electrolysis. This is rectified by
topping the low level electrolyte cells with distilled water up to required level
respectively

3.3.2.2 Switch yard Lightning

Switch yard illumination lights ware out of services at 330kV and 132KV switch yard
of Ganmo Works Centre. During the course of troubleshooting, it was discovered that
some bulbs were faulty while in some other places it was either the choke is bad, or
the igniter or the capacitor and even all the three were spoilt in some cases

EXPERIENCE GAINED
Experience gained during the course of this work is how to successfully carry out
troubleshooting problems by identifying and segmenting different session of the
system and testing each segmented position for faults as well as functions of choke,
igniter, and capacitor and how to bypass choke and different types of bulb which are
direct and indirect bulb respectively.

3.4 SYSTEM OPERATION DEPARTMENT

This was the last department visited and the period spent is 5 weeks.The System
Operations Department is responsible for carrying out any sort of operations on
equipment in the switch-yard and control room. Various types of operations carried
out include:

11
1. Electrical Operation: this involves operating equipment using the Electrical
interfaces e.g. switches and knobs on the control panel.
2. Remote Operation: this involves operating equipment from a distant position
from the equipment.
3. Mechanical Operation: e.g. spring charging the motor of a circuit breaker by
manual rotation of the motor to charge the springs.
4. SCADA (System Control and Data Acquisition) operation: SCADA is one of the
solutions available for data acquisition, monitoring and control system covering
large geographical areas. It refers to the combination of data acquisition and
telemetry. SCADA systems are mainly used for the implementation of
monitoring and control system of an equipment or a plant in several industries
like power plants, oil and gas refining, water and waste control,
telecommunications. Use in TCN Ganmo for control and monitoring e.g. opening
and closing of a circuit breaker using the SCADA system from the computer.
Also using this system, data as relates to the condition of an equipment can be
acquired easily e.g. voltage and current reading on a transformer as well as the
power consumption monitoring.
5. Another major aspect of activities carried out in this department is system control
and stability. System control involves the monitoring of the values of energy
generated and comparing with energy consumed; to ensure there is a balance.
When this balance is not there, two things could be done depending on the cause
of imbalance. Load is reduced if energy consumption is greater than generation or
load is increased if energy consumption is less than generation; this activity is
referred to as system stabilizing.

3.4.1 MATERIALS AND TOOLS USED

The major tools and/or equipment used are:
1. Hourly Reading Sheet: this is used for taking hourly readings, which include
transformer voltage and current levels, transformer winding temperature, system
frequency at that hour, load on every available feeder in the station et cetera
2. Frequency Monitor: this helps to read the frequency of the system at a particular
instance. It fluctuates with increase or decrease in system frequency due to
variations in generation and consumption energy values at that time.
3. Log Book: this is a book in which activities taking place in the system are
recorded, for proper system control and stability, and also for reference purposes.
Activities such as when a feeder is out for any reason, application and issuance of
station guarantee, when reports are received from sub-stations under the area
control, when reports are passed to the regional control centre, raising of a trouble
report et cetera are recorded in the log book.
4. Operating Forms: these are booklets that are used during the course of operation.
Examples are the daily log sheet(O. F. 56), trouble and repair report(O. F.19),
application for protection guarantee(O. F.1), order to operate(O.F. 17), station
guarantee (O. F.4), hourly reading sheet, daily inspection sheet(0.F. 57), energy
meter reading sheet, transformers and feeders daily load flow, work permit(O. F.
2), work and test permit (O. F. 3) et cetera
5. Circuit Breaker Spring Charging Handle: this is used to manually spring charge
the circuit breaker in case of failure of the springs to charge automatically.
6. Isolating rod: this is used to carry out isolation manually; some isolators can be
operated remotely (mostly for high voltage levels-132KV and 330KV).

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7. A Desktop Computer System: this is a normal PC with normal windows
operating system used for data collections and cataloguing of data acquired from
the SCADA system for recording purposes and some other utilities of the use of
PC computer e.g. Load Flow.

3.4.2 WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED

The major work done and experience gathered during the attachment in this
department are as
follows:
1. Breaker operation: learnt various means of operating circuit breaker vis-a-vis
mechanical operation, local electrical operation, remote operation or through
automation (i.e. using SCADA network)
2. Inspection and daily checks: this involves a walk around the switch-yard by the
operator, inspecting and checking the working conditions of the equipment,
ensuring the pressure in the SF6 gas circuit breakers are normal, taking readings
of the temperature of the winding of the transformers in the station, test-running
the standby generator to ascertain its working capability so that it can serve as a
backup for the station in a case when the station is out of supply, and checking
the electrolyte level in the batteries (for batteries that use electrolyte) so it does
not get below the minimum, also inspecting the terminals for corrosion.
3. Taking hourly readings from the SCADA system form all the outgoing terminal
feeders. Receiving and passing reports: reports including tripping and transformer
and feeder load flow are received from substations within the area control; reports
of the station activities are also passed to the Regional Control Centre (RCC).
4. How to apply for, and issue station guarantee for several purposes. Also learnt
how to isolate and de-energize a line, also to lift isolation and energize.

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 CHAPTER FOUR
THE EQUIPMENT

4.1 Introduction
This chapter entails the equipment used, the functions of the equipment used and the
descriptions of their usage during the course of this attachment at Transmission
Company of Nigeria, Ganmo. The equipment used are as follow;
1. Auto-Transformer
2. OMICRON CPC100 + CP TD1
3. Instrument Transformers
4. Circuit Breaker
5. Relays
6. Wave Trap
7. Secondary/Primary Current Injection Test kit
8. Insulation Resistance Tester (Megohmmeter otherwise known as Megger)
9. Leakage Current Tester (Clamp on)
10. Grounding/Earthing Transformer
11. Earthing Reactor
12. SCADA System

4.2 AUTO-TRANSFORMER AND ITS FUNCTIONS

4.2.1 Introduction
A transformer is a static machine used for transforming power from one circuit to
another without changing frequency. Auto-transformer is a single-winding
transformer with taps. With primary voltage applied to the primary terminals, the
required secondary voltage from zero volts to the rated primary volts can be availed
from the secondary by varying the taps.

150MVA 330/132/0.415kV Auto transformer

4.2.2 Function of Auto-Transformer

1. Auto-transformer is a power transformer that has incorporated into it a higher
level of control techniques and is mostly used in transmission station. An auto-

14
 transformer is used mainly for the adjustment of line voltages to either change its
value or keep it constant.
2. It functions as step down transformer and it keeps the output voltage i.e.
secondary voltage constant by the use of tap-changer feature of the auto-
transformer.
3. It is a power transformer used in electrical power stations

4.2.3 Usages of Auto-Transformer in TCN Ganmo Works Centre

The following are various ways by which Auto-transformers are being used in TCN
Ganmo Works Centre:
1. Stepping down voltage: Auto-transformers are used to step down the high voltage
alternating current (HVAC) to a lower voltage. This is done by using a tap-
changer, which is a device that allows the user to change the position of the
secondary winding. The two Auto-transformers at TCN Ganmo are used to step
down the 330kV incoming line voltage to 132kV and 132kV to 33kV.
2. Interconnecting systems: Auto-transformers are frequently used in power
applications to interconnect systems operating at different voltage classes. For
example, the 150MVA auto-transformer at TCN Ganmo is used to interconnect
the 330kV incoming line voltage with the 132kV substations.
3. Voltage regulation: On long rural power distribution lines, special auto-
transformers with automatic tap-changing equipment are inserted as voltage
regulators. This ensures that customers at the far end of the line receive the same
average voltage as those closer to the source. The variable ratio of the auto-
transformer compensates for the voltage drop along the line.

4.3 OMICRON CPC 100 + CP TD1

4.3.1 Introduction and its application(s)
The CPC 100 + CP TD1 is a high precision test system for on-site insulation tests of
high voltage systems. It can measure capacitance and dissipation factor (DF) from
15Hz to 400Hz. DF is a measure of the insulation's condition, and a change in DF can
indicate a problem. The CPC 100 + CP TD1 can detect:
1. Insulation failures
2. Aging of insulation
3. Contamination of insulation liquids with particles
4. Water in solid and liquid insulation
5. Partial discharges

The CPC 100 + CP TD1 is a valuable tool for maintaining the safety and reliability of
high voltage systems.

4.4 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

4.4.1 Introduction
Instrument transformers are primary used to provide isolation between the main
primary circuit and the secondary control and measuring devices. This isolation is
achieved by magnetically coupling the two circuits. In addition to isolation, levels in
magnitude are reduced to safer levels.

4.4.2 Types of Instrument Transformers Used in TCN Ganmo Works Centre

Instrument transformers are divided in to two categories:

15
1. Voltage Transformers (VT): VT has a successor called Capacitor Voltage
Transformers (CVT). The primary winding of VT is connected in parallel with
monitoring circuit,
2. Current Transformers (CT): the primary winding of the CT is connected in series
with monitoring circuit.

4.4.3 Functions of Instrument Transformers

1. To transform currents or voltages from a usually high value to a value (usually
5A/1A or 110V AC) suitable for relays and instruments to handle.
2. To insulate the metering circuit from the primary high voltage system.
3. To provide possibilities of standardizing the instruments and relays to a few rated
currents and voltages.

4.4.4 Usages of Voltage Transformer (VT) and Capacitor Voltage Transformers

(CVT)
1. The secondary winding proportionally transform the primary levels to typical
values of 110V phase to phase
2. The secondary voltage can be used in switch gear compartments, where it may be
used to drive motors that open and close circuit breakers.
3. The secondary voltage can be used in voltage regulators, where it can power a tap
changing drive motor of the Power auto-transformer above.
4. It used for protections of both the equipment in the station and personnel.
5. The secondary voltage is used for metering and operating protection relays such
as Over Voltage protection, Under Voltage protection, Over frequency protection,
Under frequency protection, Distance Protection, Transformer Differential
protection et cetera.

4.4.5 USAGES OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER (CT)

1. To transforms the current on the line to that which is suitable for the meters and
relays to function.
2. Metering of power to track energy use.
3. Monitoring of current flow through a circuit. This can be used to monitor the
amount of current drawing by are line and the maximum allow current can be set
on relay to trip on over current protection.
4. Relay of power through an energy grid.
5. Control of the state of circuit (open or closed) in a ground fault circuit interrupter.

4.5 CIRCUIT BREAKERS

4.5.1 Introduction
Electrical circuit breaker is a switching device which can be operated manually as
well as automatically for controlling and protection of electrical power system
respectively. As the modern power system deals with huge currents, the special
attention should be given during designing of circuit breaker to safe interruption of
arc produced during the operation of circuit breaker. There are four type of circuit
breaker namely; Air Circuit Breaker (ACB), Oil Circuit Breaker (OCB), SF6 Circuit
Breaker and Vacuum Circuit Breaker. The types that is employed at TCN Ganmo SF6
Circuit Breaker

4.5.2 Functions of Circuit Breaker

The main functions of circuit breakers are;

16
1. Sense the current flowing in the circuit
2. Measure the current flowing in the circuit
3. Compare the measured current level to its pre-set trip point
4. Act within a predetermined time period by opening the circuit as quickly as
possible to limit the amount of energy that is allowed to flow after the trip point
has been reached.

4.5.3 Usages of Circuit Breaker

1. This equipment is used to make or break a circuit or segment of it, for the
purpose of preventing Electrical Energy from getting to certain segments of the
transmission and/or station. The circuit breaker can operate under normal (when
it is operated deliberately) and abnormal conditions (when its contacts open on
discovery of a fault within its jurisdiction). Its contacts are embedded in a
medium which function as insulation and arc quenching during operation. Its
contacts are not visible to the human eyes; however it could have an indicator
telling whether the circuit breaker is open or closed. The medium could be air, oil,
gas (Sulphur hexa fluoride SF6 gas is widely used), vacuum (absence of oxygen
eliminates combustion). The advantages of Gas Circuit Breaker (GCB) over the
Oil Circuit Breaker (OCB) are as follows;
2. Oil is combustible and could cause fire outbreak if arcing current is very high.
3. Carbonization of the oil takes place when the contacts are made or broken due to
arcing.
4. When the contacts are made or broken, the oil gradually reduces in insulation
strength and may result in breakdown, or must be changed regularly.
5. The GCB provides neater working environment around the breaker than the
OCB.

4.6 RELAYS
4.6.1 Introduction
A relay is automatic device which senses an abnormal condition of electrical circuit
and closes its contacts. These contacts in turns close and complete the circuit breaker
trip coil circuit hence make the circuit breaker tripped for disconnecting the faulty
portion of the electrical circuit from rest of the healthy circuit. There are two type of
protective relays used in TCN which are Electromagnetic type of relay and digital
type relay modern ones which is mostly used now a days.

4.6.2 Types, Functions and Usages of Relays

4.6.2.1 Voltage Sensitive Relay
Voltage relays play a crucial role in detecting abnormal voltage conditions,
specifically over voltage and under voltage. These relays are designed to monitor the
line side of the connected system and provide prestart protection. Here are the key
points about voltage relays:

1. Under-voltage Protection: Under voltage relays trip when the voltage drops below a
predetermined threshold. Sustained low voltage can lead to equipment failure,
especially for devices like transformers, motors, generators, and other voltage-
sensitive equipment. Under-voltage can be caused by system overloads or equipment
malfunctions. Given that many power system loads are in the form of motor loads or
uninterrupted power supplies, it is crucial to address Under-voltage situations
promptly. Under-voltage relays are typically instantaneous devices and should

17
activate whenever the input voltage falls below the set point. Applications of Under-
voltage protection relays include load transfer, voltage regulation, and motor
protection.

2. Over-voltage Protection: Over-voltage relays trip when the voltage rises above a
specified level. Sustained high voltage beyond the rating of transformers, capacitors,
motors, generators, or reactors can lead to equipment failure. Over-voltage can be
caused by various factors, including failure of a load tap changer controller or sudden
loss of customer load. Over-voltage relays can be instantaneous or time-delayed
devices. Applications of Over-voltage protective relays include voltage regulation,
bus and backup protection, and generator protection.

4.6.2.2 Differential Relays

Differential voltage relays respond to the difference between incoming and outgoing
voltages associated with the protected apparatus. The electrical quantities entering and
leaving the system are compared by current transformers. If the net between the
circuits is zero, then there is no fault or problem. If the net is not zero then an internal
problem can be identified. This type of relay is applicable to all parts of the power
system and is often the primary choice for
protection .

4.6.2.3 Power (Phase) Sensitive Relay

Power or phase-sensitive relays monitor six conditions:
1. Phase failure or loss: A relay monitors for voltage with the incorrect phase
sequence, or one or more phases open. This can happen due to a blown fuse, a
mechanical failure, or an open power line.
2. Phase reversal: A relay monitors for a change of 180° in phase. This can happen
due to mis-wiring, faulty incoming power, or power restoration.
3. Phase sequence: A relay monitors for the correct phase sequence. This is
important for three-phase loads.
4. Phase unbalance: A relay operates when the magnitude of one current excesses
the magnitude of another current by a predetermined degree.
5. Power factor: A relay monitors the power factor, which is the cosine of the phase-
angle between the voltage and the current. A bad power factor can lead to a
distorted waveform and higher power use.
6. Ground fault: A relay detects any undesired current path from a point of differing
potential to ground.
7. These relays are used to protect electrical systems from a variety of problems. By
monitoring these conditions, relays can help to prevent outages, damage, and
injuries.

4.6.2.4 Current Sensitive Relay

Current-sensitive relays are used for protective and monitoring purposes. They offer
an advantage over voltage-sensitive relays because they do not respond to back
electromotive force (EMF), which accompanies a phase failure on motor loads. They
can detect a problem on either the line side or the load side in a branch circuit in
which the relay is used.
1. Under-current relays trip when the current drops below a set point. This can
happen if there is a fault with the power supply, or if a loaded motor becomes
unloaded.

18
2. Over-current relays trip when a current rises above a set point. This can be caused
by either the load or the supply, such as a sudden increase in load due to faulty
electronics or physical load on a motor. Additionally, a drop in voltage could also
cause an over-current situation.
3. Differential current relays respond to the difference between incoming and
outgoing currents associated with the protected apparatus. This type of relay is
often used to protect generators and transformers. If there is a fault, the relay will
trip and disconnect the power from the protected apparatus.

4.7 WAVE TRAP

4.7.1 Introduction
Wave traps, also known as line traps, are important components used in substations to
prevent the transmission of high-frequency carrier signals of power line
communication to unwanted destinations.

4.7.2 Functions of Wave Trap

The primary function of a wave trap is to direct the carrier energy on the transmission
line towards the remote line terminal, while isolating it from bus impedance variations
and preventing it from reaching the station bus. This is achieved through a parallel
resonant circuit, which exhibits high impedance at its tuned frequency, thereby
causing most of the carrier energy to flow towards the remote line terminal. The coil
in the wave trap provides a low impedance path for the flow of power frequency
energy. Due to the significant power flow on the transmission line, the coil used in a
wave trap is physically large. The wave trap unit is inserted between the bus bar and
the connection of the coupling capacitor to the line. It consists of an inductance (L)
and capacitance (C) in a parallel tuned circuit. The unit has low impedance for power
frequency (50Hz) and high impedance for the carrier frequency, effectively
preventing the high-frequency carrier signal from entering neighboring lines.

4.8 SECONDARY CURRENT INJECTION TEST SET

It is a method of connecting a secondary injection test set to a trip unit (trip device,
over current module, protection device, OCR, ETU etc.) on a circuit breaker, VT and
CT, and injecting a simulated current to prove it works at different levels.

4.8.1 Functions of Secondary Current Injection Test Set

1. Circuit protection is a critical factor in any electrical system. For safety and
security it is essential that all protection devices are tested effectively. Testing
circuit breakers at their full operating voltages and currents (primary testing) can
be impractical and unnecessary. In this situation secondary current injection
testing is performed.
2. Primary and secondary current injection tests are normally conducted to check
the operation of breaker and their protective relays/devices.
3. The protective devices installed vary from circuit to circuit depending on the
protection needs but typical relays/devices include overload, over current, reverse
power, earth fault, differential protection, et cetera.

4.8.2 Usage and/or Application Secondary Current Injection Test Set

1. Secondary injection testing is normally conducted when the circuit breaker is
closed but is not carrying any current through its main poles. It involves

19
 connection of the circuit breaker to a test set that can inject and measure the
current required in the device relay to cause it to operate.
2. Secondary injection testing normally involves disconnection of the protective
device from its normal VT/CT and connection to a specialist test set that can
inject and measure/record the required operating signal directly into the
protective device relay to cause it to operate the circuit breaker.
3. The testing involves with CT and VT is to disconnect the lines from their main
poles and injects currents and voltages respectively for simulations of the state of
the CT and VT respectively.
4. At the same time it tells us CT ratio by measuring CT secondary current and
dividing it with known applied rated current or leakage current measured with
Clamp on meter.

4.9 INSULATION RESISTANCE TESTER (MEGGER)

4.9.1 Introduction
The Megger is the instrument uses for measuring the resistance of the insulation. It
works on the principle of comparison, i.e., the resistance of the insulation is compared
with the known value of resistance. If the resistance of the insulation is high, the
pointer of the moving coil deflects towards the infinity, and if it is low, then the
pointer indicates zero resistance. The accuracy of the Megger is high as compared to
other instruments

4.9.2 Functions of Megger

Insulation resistance quality of an electrical system degrades with time, environment
condition i.e. temperature, humidity, moisture & dust particles. It also get impacted
negatively due to the presence of electrical & mechanical stress, so it’s become very
necessary to check the IR (Insulation resistance) of equipment at a constant regular
interval to avoid any measure fatal or
electrical shock.

4.9.3 Usage of Megger

A Megohmmeter usually is equipped with three terminals. The "LINE" (or "L")
terminal is the so called "hot" terminal and is connected to the conductor whose
insulation resistance you are measuring. The tests are performed with the circuit de-
energized. The "EARTH" (or "E") terminal is connected to the other side of the
insulation, the ground conductor. The "GUARD" (or "G") terminal provides a return
circuit that bypasses the meter. For example, if you are measuring a circuit having a
current that you do not want to include, you connect that part of the circuit to the
"GUARD" terminal.

IR test application or usage procedure

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4.10 LEAKAGE CURRENT TESTER (CLAMP ON)
4.10.1 Introduction
Clamp-on ammeter or simply 'clamp meter' is an instrument that is used to measure
the current flowing through a conductor.

4.10.2 Functions of Clamp On

In any electrical installation, some current will flow through the protective ground
conductor to ground. This is usually called leakage current. Leakage current most
commonly flows in the insulation surrounding conductors and in the filters protecting
electronic equipment around the home or office. So what's the problem? On circuits
protected by GFCIs (Ground Fault Current Interrupters) e.g. Circuit Breaker, leakage
current can cause unnecessary and intermittent tripping. In extreme cases, it can cause
a rise in voltage on accessible conductive parts.

4.10.3 Usage of Leakage Current Tester

The Clamp-on is use in TCN to detect leakage current in secondary terminal of a CT
while performing maintenance and detecting the start of the windings and insulation
of the CT. The Clamp-on is clamp on the shorted secondary terminals of the CT while
a known current has been injected to the primary side of the CT to test.

4.11 EARTHING TRANSFORMER AND EARTH REACTOR

4.11.1 Introduction
The general purpose of earthing system is to protect life and property in the event of
50/60 Hz faults (short-circuit) and transient phenomena (lightning, switching
operations).

4.11.2 Functions and Usages of Earthing Transformer

1. This is used as earthing for the auto transformer and likewise as auxiliary supply
for station. The earthing transformer serves as the neutral for the secondary of the
transformer as step down of the 33KV at the tertiary to 415V, which is used for
station auxiliary supply.
2. For cases where there is no neutral point available for Neutral Earthing (e.g. for a
delta winding), an earthing transformer may be used to provide a return path for
single phase fault currents.
3. In such cases the impedance of the earthing transformer may be sufficient to act
as effective earthing impedance. Additional impedance can be added in series if
required. A special ‘zigzag’ transformer is sometimes used for earthing delta
winding to provide a low zero sequence impedance and high positive and
negative sequence impedance to fault currents.
4. In a three phase delta connected AC system, an artificial neutral grounding
system may be used. Although no phase conductor is directly connected to
ground, a specially constructed transformer (a "zigzag" transformer) blocks the
power frequency current from flowing to earth, but allows any leakage or
transient current to flow to ground.

4.12 SCADA SYSTEM

Nowadays, computer control is one of the most cost effective solutions for improving
reliability, optimum operation, intelligent control and protection of a power system
network.Having advanced data collection capabilities, SCADA system plays a

21
significant role in power system operation. Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition or simply SCADA is one of the solutions available for data acquisition,
monitor and control systems covering large geographical areas.It refers to the
combination of data acquisition and telemetry.

4.12.1 Functions and Usages of SCADA System

SCADA is a means of controlling from remote location by using communication
technology. It is used to collect data and control processes at the supervisory level.
The SCADA monitored system could be just about an oil refinery plant, a power
generation system, a communication network or even a simple switch. To monitor and
control the automation system, the SCADA collects data from the system and issue
commands accordingly. By using sensors (discrete or analogue) and control relays,
the SCADA collects information about processes and control individual equipment.
The system is supervised by a SCADA master station which collects data from
monitoring devices and issues controls accordingly (either automatically or at the
request of human operators). The SCADA system comprises of,
1. Sensors (either digital or analogue): Sensors control relays that directly interface
with the managed system.
2. Remote telemetry units (RTU): These are small computerized units deployed in
the field at specific sites and locations. It serves as local collection points for
gathering information from sensors and delivering commands to control relays.
3. Communications network: It connects the SCADA master station to the RTU.
4. SCADA master units: These are larger computer consoles that serve as the central
processor for the SCADA system. Master units provide a human interface to the
system and automatically regulate the managed system in response to sensor
inputs.
5. Remote communication server (RCS): The RCS communicates with the RTU and
collect information which is also called master station. The master station, an
HMI (Human Machine Interface) or an HCI (Human Computer Interface)
performs data processing on information gathered from sensors.
The functions of SCADA are discussed below;
1. Data acquisition: Data acquisition refers to acquiring, or collecting, data. This
data is collected in the form of measured analogue current or voltage values or
the open or closed status of contact points. Acquired data can be used locally
within the device collecting it, sent to another device in a substation, or sent from
the substation to one or several databases for use by operators, engineers,
planners, and administration.
2. Supervision: Computer processes and personnel supervise, or monitor, the
conditions and status of the power system using this acquired data. Operators and
engineers monitor the information remotely on computer displays and graphical
wall displays or locally, at the device, on front-panel displays and laptop
computers.
3. Control: Control refers to sending command messages to a device to operate the
Instrumentation and control system and power-system devices. Traditional
supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems rely on operators to
supervise the system and initiate commands from an operator console on the
master computer. Field personnel can also control devices using front-panel push
buttons or a laptop computer .
Some of the functions of SCADA in power distribution system are given below.

22
1. Improving power system efficiency by maintaining an acceptable range of power
factor Limiting peak power demand
2. Continuous monitoring and controlling of various electrical parameters in both
normal and abnormal conditions
3. Trending and alarming to enable operators by addressing the problem spot
4. Historian data and viewing that from remote locations
5. Quick response to customer service interruptions

4.12.2 Applications or Usages of SCADA System

1. Over current Protection: All lines and all electrical equipment must be
protected against prolonged over current. If the cause of the over current is
nearby then automatically that current is interrupted immediately. But if the cause
of the overcurrent is outside the local area then a backup provision automatically
disconnects all affected circuits after a suitable time delay.
2. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition: A supervisory control and data
acquisition system (SCADA) transmits and receives logic or data from events of
controls, metering, measuring, safety and monitoring of process devices such as
Electrical equipment, Instrumentation devices, telecommunication on industrial
applications. Power system elements ranging from pole-mounted switches to
entire power plants can be controlled remotely over long distance communication
links. Remote switching, tele-metering of grids (showing voltage, current, power,
direction, consumption in kWh, etc.), even automatic synchronization is used in
some power systems.
3. Substation Control using SCADA: In substation automation system, SCADA
performs the operations like bus voltage control, bus load balancing, circulating
current control, overload control, transformer fault protection, bus fault protection,
etc. SCADA system continuously monitors the status of various equipment in
substation and accordingly sends control signals to the remote control equipment.
Also, it collects the historical data of the substation and generates the alarms in
the event of electrical accidents or faults.

4.12.3 Feeder Control using SCADA

This automation includes feeder voltage or VAR control and feeder automatic
switching.Feeder voltage control performs voltage regulation and capacitor placement
operations while feeder switching deals with remote switching of various feeders,
detection of faults,identifying fault location, isolating operation and restoration of
service. In this system,SCADA architecture continuously checks the faults and their
location by using wireless fault detector units deployed at various feeding stations. In
addition, it facilitates the remote circuit switching and historical data collection of
feeder parameters and their status. The figure below illustrates feeder automation
using SCADA.

23
 SCADA System of the entire network of TCN Ganmo

Different feeders are automated with modular and integrated devices in order to
decrease the number and duration of outages. Underground and overhead fault
detection devices provide accurate information about transient and permanent faults
so that at the remote side preventive and corrective measures can be performed in
order to reduce the fault repeatability. Ring main units and Remote Control Units
(RTUs) of underground and overhead network responsible for maintenance and
operational duties such as remote load switching, capacitor bank insertion and voltage
regulation. The entire network is connected with a communication medium in order to
facilitate remote energy management at the central monitoring station.

24
 CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary

Throughout my internship at the Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN), I was

immersed in various aspects of power transmission, gaining hands-on experience in
installation, maintenance, calibration, protection, and control. Working in departments
such as the Protection, Control, and Maintenance department, as well as the Electric
Department, I actively contributed to the safety, reliability, and efficient operation of
the power transmission system. Tasks included the calibration and maintenance of
protection relays, installation and maintenance of transformers and feeders, and
routine inspection of switch-yard areas. This internship provided me with valuable
practical insights and skills in the field of power transmission.

5.2 Conclusion

My internship at TCN has been an enriching and invaluable experience. I have had
the privilege of working alongside dedicated professionals and engaging in real-world
projects that have deepened my understanding of power transmission systems.
Through hands-on work with protection relays, transformers, and other vital
components, I have developed technical proficiency and attention to detail.
Additionally, collaborating with a supportive team has enhanced my teamwork skills
and fostered a growth-oriented mindset. This internship has not only solidified my
passion for power transmission but also provided a solid foundation for my future
career in the field.

5.3 Recommendations

Based on my internship experience, I would like to recommend the following:

1. Encourage continued hands-on training: Providing interns with more opportunities

for practical, hands-on experience would further enhance their understanding and
competence in power transmission. This could include workshops, simulation
exercises, and exposure to emerging technologies.
2. Foster mentorship programs: Establishing formal mentorship programs where
experienced professionals can guide and support interns would facilitate knowledge
transfer and professional growth. Mentors can provide valuable insights, share
industry best practices, and help interns navigate their career paths.
3. Promote interdisciplinary collaboration: Encouraging collaboration between
different departments within TCN and other relevant organizations would foster a
holistic understanding of power transmission. Interns could benefit from exposure to
various aspects of the transmission process, expanding their knowledge base and
encouraging interdisciplinary thinking.
4. Emphasize safety training: Enhancing safety training programs for interns,
particularly in high-risk areas such as switch-yards, would ensure their well-being and
promote a culture of safety within the organization. This could include regular safety
workshops, hazard awareness training, and the provision of appropriate personal
protective equipment.

25
By implementing these recommendations, TCN can further enhance its internship
program, providing a platform for interns to develop valuable skills, contribute
meaningfully to the organization, and become future leaders in the power
transmission sector.

In conclusion, my internship at TCN has been a transformative experience, equipping

me with practical skills, industry knowledge, and a passion for power transmission. I
am grateful for the opportunities provided and look forward to applying what I have
learned to make a positive impact in the field.

26
 REFERENCES
[1] Okwaraoh, G. (2017). A report of work done at Home Base Development Limited, Real Estate Developers.
Retrieved from http://www.unn.edu.ng/publications/files

[2] Akerejola, P. O. (2012). Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES). Information and
Guidelines for Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme, (04-04-2012), 5-6.

[3] Olayinka, A. A. (2015). Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) [Conference presentation].
Transmission Company of Nigeria.

[4] Nsong.org. (2018). The Nigeria Electricity System Operator. Retrieved from
http://www.nsong.org/Pages/ContentPageLink1.aspx

[5] Nercng.org. (2018). Transmission. Retrieved from http://www.nercng.org/index.php/home/nesi/404-

transmission

[6] Transmission Company of Nigeria. (2018). About Transmission Company of Nigeria. Retrieved from
http://www.tcnorg.com/index.php/find-tickets/258-about-transmission-company-of-nigeria

[7] PM, E. E. A. A. (Director). (2015). [Film]. Nigeria, Kwara State: Power Holding Company of Nigeria
(PHCN).

[8] Engineering360. IHS ENGINEERING 360. Retrieved from

http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/electrical_electronic_components/relays_timers/protective_monitor
ing_relays

[9] Roy, R. B. (2012). Controlling of Electrical Power System Network by using SCADA. International
Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 3(October 10),

[10] Wikipedia. (2015, February 24). Wikipedia. Retrieved from

https://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powersystemautomation

[11] Technology, E. (2015, September 14). Electrical Technology. Retrieved from

http://www.electricaltechnology.org/2015/09/scada-systems-for-electrical-distribution.html

[12] P. C. & M. Department. (2013). Basic Power Relaying Protection Course-P1 (manual). National Power
Training Institute of Nigeria-NAPTIN, 168-180.

[13] Kolawole, R. O. (2017). Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) [Conference presentation].
Transmission Company of Nigeria.

[14] Taofeeq, O.S. (2018). Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) [Conference presentation].
Transmission Company of Nigeria.
60MVA
TRANSFORMER
CONSERVATOR TANK 60MVA
60MVA TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER COOLING FANS
ON-LOAD TAP
CHANGER

60MVA 132/33 KV
60MVA 132/33 KV
T2B TRANSFORMER
T1B TRANSFORMER
DAILY SWITCHYARD
INSPECTION

60MVA T2B
TRANSFORMER
NAME PLATE
60MVA T1B NEW 300MVA
TRANSFORMER 330/132/33 KV
NAME PLATE TRANSFORMER
 T1A 150MVA
330/132/33
TRANSFORMER

330KV CURRENT
TRANSFORMER

330KV LINE ISOLATOR

330KV SF6 GAS CIRCUIT

MASHALLINE KWIOSK
BREAKER
 LINE ISOLATOR

CONTOL PANEL AND

FREQUENCY METER

132KV SWITCHYARD
REC670 RELAY
INDICATION LEGEND
REC670 PROTECTION
RELAY

RELAY INDICATION
LEGEND

DISCO ALLOCATION
33KV CONTROL
PANNEL
HMA 33KV VOLTAGE
TRANSFORMER
CONTROL BOX CURRENT
TRANSFORMER HMA 33KV CURRENT
TRANSFORMER
CONTROL BOX

CROMPTON GREAVES
33KV CIRCUIT BREAKER

ONLOAD TAP CHANGER

PANEL ONLOAD TAP CHANGER
PANEL

ME ON SAFETY MEGGER TEST KIT VOLTAGE

HELMENT TRANSFORMER
CONTROL PANEL
 FERRULE LABELLING 33KV BAY CT PANEL HMA INSTRUMENT
TRANSFORMER
INSTALLATION

HMA 33KV GAS HMA 33KV GAS MOUNTING OF HMA

CIRCUIT BREAKER CIRCUIT BREAKER 33KV GAS CIRCUIT
PANEL

33KV CURRENT
TRANSFORMER
NAMEPLATE

33KV CURRENT HMA 33KV LINE

TRANSFORMER
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