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An algorithm is a detailed set of instructions to solve a problem or achieve a goal. There are four ways to express an algorithm: written description, flowchart, pseudocode, and computer program. A flowchart uses visual representations like boxes, diamonds, and arrows to show the steps of an algorithm. There are three types of flowcharts: sequence, selection, and iteration. Binary uses the digits 0 and 1 to represent data and is the base-2 number system used in computers. It allows for two states, like ON and OFF, which computers understand. Digital information uses fixed values like high, medium, or low, while analogue information is continuously variable.

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5 views

Revision Note

An algorithm is a detailed set of instructions to solve a problem or achieve a goal. There are four ways to express an algorithm: written description, flowchart, pseudocode, and computer program. A flowchart uses visual representations like boxes, diamonds, and arrows to show the steps of an algorithm. There are three types of flowcharts: sequence, selection, and iteration. Binary uses the digits 0 and 1 to represent data and is the base-2 number system used in computers. It allows for two states, like ON and OFF, which computers understand. Digital information uses fixed values like high, medium, or low, while analogue information is continuously variable.

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itsmeshimrith
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Revision on Theory

1. What is an algorithm?
A detailed design for a solution that gives step by step instructions by taking input
and provide the relevant output.
2. What are the four ways of expressing an algorithm.
a. Written description (Simplest way)
b. Flowchart
c. Pseudocode
d. Program
3. What is a flowchart?
A flowchart is a visual representation of a solution.
4. What are three types of flowcharts?
a. Sequence
b. Selection
c. Iteration
(Refer the note for more information and the questions)
Number Systems
1. What is the base of Binary?
Base 2
2. How many digits does the binary hold and what are they?
2 digits and they are 0s and 1s
3. Why we need binary in computer?
It used to represent data and program instructions because of way in which
computer can understand. And it uses two states as ON and OFF which represents 0
and 1.
4. What is Analogue and Digital?
Analogue – Using signal/information represented by a quantity that is continuously
variable.
Digital – Information represented by certain fixed values. Ex:- high, medium, or low.
Any signal between these values would be meaningless and not used.
5. What is the base of Denary?
Base 10
6. Convert the following binary to denary
a. 11011111
b. 11111000
c. 10001001
d. 10101100
7. Convert the following denary values to binary
a. 206
b. 98
c. 45
d. 36
e. 78
8. Do the binary addition in following
a. 11001000+11110000
b. 11101110+10101010
c. 11001100+11100000
d. 10101110+10101111
9. Convert the following binary values to hexadecimal
a. 11011111
b. 11111000
c. 10001001
d. 10101100
10. Convert the hexadecimal values to binary
a. D6
b. AE
c. 8F
d. 2C
11. Convert the following denary values to binary by using two's complement
a. -25
b. -147
c. -63
d. -88
e. -56
12. Do the Two's complement addition for following values
a. -65+5
b. -78+23
c. 58+(-8)
d. 123+(-12)
e. -77+66
13. Do the following calculation using shift concept (either logical shift or arithmetic
shift)
a. 25*8
b. 40*2
c. 80/4
d. 120/2
e. -38*4
f. -26*8
g. -38/2
h. -26/2
14. What is an embedded computer?
An embedded computer is a combination of computer hardware and software
designed for a specific function.
15. Give some examples that have embedded computer in their system.
Car, Printer, Washing machine, Smart phone, A desktop, Remote
16. What is a computer?
A computer is a machine that takes some kind of input from its surroundings,
processes that input according to given rules, and provide some kind of output.
17. What is meant by input, process and output?
Input – To enter the data into a computer
Process – Performing a series of actions on the inputs according to a given set of
rules.
Output – To display or output data that has been processed or has been stored.
18. What is a function machine?
A diagram that represents a machine that takes an input, applies a rule such as a set of
operations and deliver the answers as an output.
19. What is a computational model?
Computational models describe how algorithms are executed by a machine.
20. What are the three types of Computational models
Sequence
Parallel
Multi-agent
(Refer the note of Machine and Computational Models for more information)
21. What is a computer technology?
Referring to the hardware, software and infrastructure that underpin current and
emerging computer systems.
22. Give some examples of computer technology.
Smartphones
Tablets
Embedded processors
Web servers
Sensors
Hard drives
23. What reason to have huge pile of harmful e-waste?
Due to use up resources of non-renewable materials (resources that can't be
replaced naturally) which cause the damaging people's health and consuming vast
quantities of energy.
(Refer the note and textbook for that chapter – Computing and the Environment
Impact of Technology)

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