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    Lecture 8

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    owronrawan74
    An IP address is a unique identifier assigned to devices connecting to the Internet. It allows devices to communicate by including the sender and recipient's IP address in each packet. While IPv4 addresses use four sets of numbers separated by dots, IPv6 was developed to support more devices using longer addresses with numbers and letters separated by colons. Devices can have static IP addresses assigned permanently by an ISP or dynamic IP addresses assigned temporarily from a shared pool. DNS servers translate human-friendly domain names to IP addresses to direct internet traffic.

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    Lecture 8

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    owronrawan74
    25 views7 pages
    An IP address is a unique identifier assigned to devices connecting to the Internet. It allows devices to communicate by including the sender and recipient's IP address in each packet. While IPv4 addresses use four sets of numbers separated by dots, IPv6 was developed to support more devices using longer addresses with numbers and letters separated by colons. Devices can have static IP addresses assigned permanently by an ISP or dynamic IP addresses assigned temporarily from a shared pool. DNS servers translate human-friendly domain names to IP addresses to direct internet traffic.

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    An IP address is a unique identifier assigned to devices connecting to the Internet. It allows devices to communicate by including the sender and recipient's IP address in each packet. While IPv4 addresses use four sets of numbers separated by dots, IPv6 was developed to support more devices using longer addresses with numbers and letters separated by colons. Devices can have static IP addresses assigned permanently by an ISP or dynamic IP addresses assigned temporarily from a shared pool. DNS servers translate human-friendly domain names to IP addresses to direct internet traffic.

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    25 views7 pages

    Lecture 8

    Uploaded by

    owronrawan74
    An IP address is a unique identifier assigned to devices connecting to the Internet. It allows devices to communicate by including the sender and recipient's IP address in each packet. While IPv4 addresses use four sets of numbers separated by dots, IPv6 was developed to support more devices using longer addresses with numbers and letters separated by colons. Devices can have static IP addresses assigned permanently by an ISP or dynamic IP addresses assigned temporarily from a shared pool. DNS servers translate human-friendly domain names to IP addresses to direct internet traffic.

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    Lecture 8 IP addressing Networks Fundemantals 1

    What is an IP address? How does IP addressing work?


    An IP address is a unique identifier assigned to a device or domain that connects to the Internet.

    Each IP address is a series of characters, such as '192.168.1.1'. Via DNS resolvers, which translate

    human-readable domain names into IP addresses, users are able to access websites without

    memorizing this complex series of characters. Each IP packet will contain both the IP address of

    the device or domain sending the packet and the IP address of the intended recipient, much like

    how both the destination address and the return address are included on a piece of mail.

    IPv4 vs. IPv6


    The fourth version of IP (IPv4 for short) was introduced in 1983. However, just as there are only

    so many possible permutations for automobile license plate numbers and they have to be

    reformatted periodically, the supply of available IPv4 addresses has become depleted. IPv6

    addresses have many more characters and thus more permutations; however, IPv6 is not yet

    completely adopted, and most domains and devices still have IPv4 addresses.
    Lecture 8 IP addressing Networks Fundemantals 2

    So what is an IP address and why does it matter?


    ‘IP’ stands for Internet Protocol, which is the set of rules that makes it possible for devices to

    communicate over the Internet. With billions of people accessing the Internet every day, unique

    identifiers are necessary to keep track of who is doing what. The Internet Protocol solves this by

    assigning IP numbers to every device accessing the Internet.

    computer’s IP address is like the physical address of a house. If someone calls a pizzeria to order

    a delivery, they need to provide their physical address. Without that address, the pizza delivery

    person will have no idea which house to deliver the pizza to!
    Lecture 8 IP addressing Networks Fundemantals 3

    For example, when a user types a domain name, like google.com, into a web browser, this will

    initiate a request to Google’s web server asking for content (the Google homepage). Once Google

    receives the request, it needs to know where to send the website content. For this reason, the request

    will contain the asker’s IP address. Using the provided IP address, Google can send a response

    back to the user’s device, which will then display that content in the user’s web browser. The

    system that orchestrates all this is called DNS. It works like a phone book for IP addresses so that

    users can access web services using human-friendly domain names. When a user types a domain

    name like ‘facebook.com’ into their browser window, this begins a DNS query which ultimately

    leads to a DNS server translating the domain name into an IP address.

    What’s the difference between IPv4 and IPv6?


    IPv4 and IPv6 are different versions of the Internet Protocol. IPv4 was implemented in 1983 and

    is still in use today. The format for IPv4 addresses is four sets of numbers separated by dots, for

    example: ‘74.125.224.72’. This is a 32-bit format, which means that it allows for 2^32, or about

    4.3 billion, unique IP addresses, which it turns out is not enough for the amount of devices that are

    now on the Internet. The need for more IP addresses led to the implementation of IPv6. IPv6

    addresses use a more complex format that utilizes sets of numbers and letters separated by single

    or double colons, for example: ‘2607:f860:4005:804::200e’. This 128-bit format can support

    2^128 unique addresses. (That computes to a 39-digit number!)


    Lecture 8 IP addressing Networks Fundemantals 4

    IPv6 provides some other updates to IPv4, including security and privacy improvements. Despite

    their differences, both IPv4 and IPv6 have been used concurrently on the web for around a decade.

    The two versions can run in parallel, but special measures had to be implemented to facilitate

    communications between IPv4 and IPv6 devices. This compromise had to be made because so

    much of the web is still running on IPv4 addresses.

    What’s the difference between static IPs and dynamic IPs?


    The limited supply of IPv4 addresses led to the introduction of dynamically assigning IP addresses,

    which is still a very common practice. Most devices connected to the Internet are assigned

    temporary IP addresses. For example, when a home user connects to the Internet on their laptop,

    that user’s ISP assigns them a temporary IP address from a pool of shared IP addresses. This is

    known as a dynamic IP address. This is more cost-effective for the ISP than assigning each user a

    permanent, or static, IP address.


    Lecture 8 IP addressing Networks Fundemantals 5

    IP Addressing
    An IP address is 32-bit long.

    • It is usually written as four decimal numbers separated by dots (periods) (dotted

    decimal notation)

    • In hex, each of the four hexadecimal numbers is called an octet.

    • Example: 137.207.192.003 or 89 CF C0 03

    • An IP address contains a network part and a host part.

    • The number of address bits used to identify the network, and the number to identify

    the host, vary according to the class of the address.

    • Routers or gateways have one or more addresses (depending on the no. of links

    they have) The three main address classes are class A, class B, and class C.

    • By examining the first few bits of an address, IP software can quickly determine

    the address class, and therefore its structure.

    Note:

    • For Class A: Have a first dotted decimal number in the range 1-126

    • For Class B: Have a first dotted decimal number in the range 128-191

    • For Class C: Have a first dotted decimal number in the range 192-223
    Lecture 8 IP addressing Networks Fundemantals 6

    Forms of IP addresses

    Class A :126 networks, each can have up to (16M-2) nodes.

    (1.0.0.0 - 126.0.0.0)

    Class B: (16K-2) networks, each can have up to (64K-2) nodes

    (127.0.0.0 - 191.255.0.0)

    Class C: (2M-2) networks, each can have up to 254 nodes.

    (192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.0)

    Class D: a multicast address.

    (224.0.0.0 - 240.0.0.0)

    Class E: reserved for future use.

    (241.0.0.0 - 248.0.0.0)
    Lecture 8 IP addressing Networks Fundemantals 7

    Example:

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